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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For posthumous names of monarchs, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">List of Chinese monarchs</a>.</div> <p>In China, <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous names</a> were conferred upon Emperors, Empresses, and notable officials by the imperial court up until the fall of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> in 1911. The following list is limited to officials. The name is most often used in the combination surname + posthumous name + "gong 公," as appears in all formal references. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and Qing dynasties, posthumous names of officials were formalized and fixed at two characters. The first character Wen 文 was typically only given to those who had obtained <a href="/wiki/Jinshi_(imperial_examination)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinshi (imperial examination)">Jinshi</a> degree and served in the <a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hanlin Academy</a>. Among all posthumous names, Wenzheng 文正 was considered the most prestigious, followed by Wenzhong 文忠, etc. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_used_in_posthumous_names">Terms used in posthumous names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_posthumous_names&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terms used in posthumous names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%A5%E5%8F%B7#谥法规则" class="extiw" title="zh:谥号">the corresponding article</a> in Chinese</b>.  <i><small>(April 2023)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%E8%B0%A5%E5%8F%B7%23%E8%B0%A5%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99&sl=zh&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Chinese article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_Chinese#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand Chinese">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 313 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Chinese Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at [[:zh:谥号#谥法规则]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|zh|谥号#谥法规则}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_posthumous_names" title="Talk:List of posthumous names">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The "Rules for Posthumous Names" section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yi_Zhou_Shu" title="Yi Zhou Shu">Lost Book of Zhou</a></i> features an elaborate explanation of the terms used in posthumous names. Entries are sorted according to alphabetical order based on <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> romanization. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> Praises (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">上諡</span></span>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> Neutral terms (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">中諡</span></span>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> Deprecations (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">下諡</span></span>)</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:1050px;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:1px;"> </th> <th style="width:50px;">Term </th> <th style="width:130px;">Meaning / origin </th> <th style="width:100px;">Original explanation in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> </th> <th style="width:769px;">Translated explanation in English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="background:blue;"> </td> <td rowspan="5"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">哀</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Āi</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="5">"Lamentable" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">蚤孤短折曰哀</span></span> </td> <td>One who loses their spouse and passes away at an early age is called "lamentable" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">恭仁短折曰哀</span></span> </td> <td>One who is cautious and benevolent but passes away at an early age is called "lamentable" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">德之不建曰哀</span></span> </td> <td>One who is immoral is called "lamentable" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">遭難已甚曰哀</span></span> </td> <td>One who experiences tremendous misery is called "lamentable" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">處死非義曰哀</span></span> </td> <td>One who dies of unnatural causes is called "lamentable" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="16"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">安</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Ān</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="16">"Peaceful" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">好和不爭曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who values peace and does not seek confrontation is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">兆民寧賴曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who brings peace to the society is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">寬容平和曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who is tolerant and gentle is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">寬裕和平曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who is affluent and harmonious is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">所保惟賢曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who respects virtuous individuals is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">中心宅仁曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who is kind and benevolent is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">修己寧民曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who self-cultivates and brings stability to the society is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">務德不爭曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who upholds morality and does not seek confrontation is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">莊敬盡禮曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who is respectful and spares no effort in abiding rituals is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">敬而有禮曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who is respectful and polite is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">貌肅辭定曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who dresses adequately and speaks respectfully is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">止於義理曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who pursues righteousness and principles is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">恭德不勞曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who is courteous and does not trouble others is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">靜正不遷曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who is calm and does not enforce changes wilfully is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">懿恭中禮曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who is courteous and upholds rituals adequately is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">凝重合禮曰安</span></span> </td> <td>One who is dignified and abides by proper rituals is called "peaceful" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">比</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Bǐ</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">"Emulous" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">擇善而從曰比</span></span> </td> <td>One who learns from and performs kind deeds is called "emulous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">事君有黨曰比</span></span> </td> <td>One who identifies with those congenial is called "emulous" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="20" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="20"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">成</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chéng</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="20">"Accomplished" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">安民立政曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who brings peace to the society and establishes principles for politics is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">刑民克服曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who executes law to establish societal order is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">佐相克終曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who assists others and achieves great results is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">制義克服曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who establishes hierarchy and societal order is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">禮樂明具曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who establishes rituals is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">持盈守滿曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who achieves great deeds but remains true to inherent qualities is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">遂物之美曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who achieves beautiful outcomes is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">通達強立曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who is powerful and upright is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">經德秉德曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who is wise, brave, restraint and righteous is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">民和神福曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who brings peace to the society and is worthy of divine protection is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">道兼聖智曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who is wise and conscious is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">夙夜警戒曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who is incessantly prudent is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">曲直赴禮曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who upholds rituals without excuse is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">仁化純被曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who is enlightened and pure is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">不忘久要曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who honors promises is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">德備禮樂曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who is moral and abides by rituals is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">德見於行曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who acts morally is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">久道化隆曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who advocates great enlightenment is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">內德純備曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who is spiritually pure and perfect is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">坤寧化洽曰成</span></span> </td> <td>One who is tranquil and enlightened is called "accomplished" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="7"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">誠</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chéng</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="7">"Sincere" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">純德合天曰誠</span></span> </td> <td>One whose purity and morality conform to natural principles is called "sincere" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">從容中道曰誠</span></span> </td> <td>One who pursues moderation is called "sincere" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">推心御物曰誠</span></span> </td> <td>One who is honest about treasured thoughts is called "sincere" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">秉德純一曰誠</span></span> </td> <td>One who is virtuous and pure is called "sincere" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">明信率下曰誠</span></span> </td> <td>One who leads subordinates with earnest respect is called "sincere" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">肫篤無欺曰誠</span></span> </td> <td>One who is faithful and truthful is called "sincere" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">實心施惠曰誠</span></span> </td> <td>One who is genuinely charitable is called "sincere" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:blue;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">沖</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chōng</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">"Otiose" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">幼少在位曰沖</span></span> </td> <td>One who reigns at an early age is called "otiose" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">幼少短折曰沖</span></span> </td> <td>One who passes away at an early age is called "otiose" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:green;"> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">崇</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chóng</i></span> </td> <td>"Lofty" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">能修其官曰崇</span></span> </td> <td>One who is competent in fulfilling responsibilities is called "lofty" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="7"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">純</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chún</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="7">"Pure" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">中正精粹曰純</span></span> </td> <td>One who is impartial, upright and unsullied is called "pure" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">見素抱樸曰純</span></span> </td> <td>One who entrusts venerable individuals with governance and promotes nomocracy is called "pure" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">安危一心曰純</span></span> </td> <td>One who focuses on creating peace and stability is called "pure" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">志慮忠實曰純</span></span> </td> <td>One whose aspirations and thoughts are faithful is called "pure" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">至誠無息曰純</span></span> </td> <td>One whose beliefs are perennial is called "pure" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">內心和一曰純</span></span> </td> <td>One whose inner thoughts are non-conflicting is called "pure" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">治理精粹曰純</span></span> </td> <td>One who governs with unsullied intent is called "pure" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">慈</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Cí</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">"Merciful" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">視民如子曰慈</span></span> </td> <td>One who regards subjects as sons is called "merciful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">愛育必周曰慈</span></span> </td> <td>One who meticulously care and educate is called "merciful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">撫柔平恕曰慈</span></span> </td> <td>One who is gentle and benevolent is called "merciful" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">聰</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Cōng</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">"Intelligent" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">聲入心通曰聰</span></span> </td> <td>One who is able to comprehend the advice of venerable individuals is called "intelligent" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">邇言必察曰聰</span></span> </td> <td>One who heeds the advice of those on intimate terms is called "intelligent" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">達</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dá</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">"Unprejudiced" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">質直好義曰達</span></span> </td> <td>One who is upright and righteous is called "unprejudiced" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">疏通中理曰達</span></span> </td> <td>One who is impartial is called "unprejudiced" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:green;"> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dà</i></span> </td> <td>"Great" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">則天法堯曰大</span></span> </td> <td>One who follows <a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">heavenly</a> principles and the ways of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Yao</a> is called "great" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">戴</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dài</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">"Esteemed" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">愛民好治曰戴</span></span> </td> <td>One who cares for subjects and promotes good governance is called "esteemed" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">典禮不愆曰戴</span></span> </td> <td>One who abides by rituals and does not err is called "esteemed" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:red;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">蕩</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dàng</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">"Dissolute" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">好內遠禮曰蕩</span></span> </td> <td>One who frequently patronizes concubines and does not abide by rituals is called "dissolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">狂而無據曰蕩</span></span> </td> <td>One who is uncultured and unrestrained is called "dissolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:blue;"> </td> <td rowspan="4"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">悼</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dào</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="4">"Mournful" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">肆行勞祀曰悼</span></span> </td> <td>One who behaves wantonly with no regard for rituals is called "mournful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">中年早夭曰悼</span></span> </td> <td>One who passes away prematurely is called "mournful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">恐懼從處曰悼</span></span> </td> <td>One who is vicious and causes the decline of the state is called "mournful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">未中早夭曰悼</span></span> </td> <td>One who passes away at an early age is called "mournful" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:green;"> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">道</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dào</i></span> </td> <td>"Principled" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">以德化民曰道</span></span> </td> <td>One who governs with kindness is called "principled" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="27" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="27"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">德</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dé</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="27">"Virtuous" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">綏柔士民曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who appeases the <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">literati</a> is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">諫爭不威曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who highlights the mistakes of others and urges their correction but is not haughty is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">謀慮不威曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is meticulous but not haughty is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">貴而好禮曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is patrician but not conceited and impertinent is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">忠和純備曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is loyal, peaceful and pure is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">綏懷來人曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who appeases and shows concern for visitors is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">強直溫柔曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is unyielding, upright and tender is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">勤恤民隱曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who shows concern for the people's sufferings is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">忠誠上實曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is loyal and honest is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">輔世長民曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who assists the ruler in governance is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">寬眾憂役曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is lenient and merciful is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">剛塞簡廉曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who leads a simple and incorrupt life is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">惠和純淑曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is compassionate and kind is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">富貴好禮曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is affluent but not conceited and impertinent is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">功成民用曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who accomplishes great deeds for the society is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">修文來遠曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One whose civil governance attracts foreigners from afar is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">睿智日新曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is farsighted and stays abreast of developments is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">善政養民曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who governs ethically and fosters societal stability is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">尊賢親親曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who respects and cherishes exemplary individuals is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">仁而有化曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is benevolent and enlightened is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">憂在進賢曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is interested in entrusting venerable individuals with governance is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">寬栗擾毅曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is generous and persistent is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">直溫強義曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who is upright, gentle and righteous is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">諫諍不違曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who highlights the mistakes of others and urges their correction is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">周旋中禮曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One whose actions and grooming conform to rituals is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">澤及遐外曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who bestows grace on uncultured and foreign peoples is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">懿修罔懈曰德</span></span> </td> <td>One who behaves morally without negligence is called "virtuous" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:red;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">丁</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dīng</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">"Unscrupulous" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">述善不克曰丁</span></span> </td> <td>One who is unfilial is called "unscrupulous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">述義不悌曰丁</span></span> </td> <td>One who talks about morality but does not act accordingly is called "unscrupulous" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">迷而不悌曰丁</span></span> </td> <td>One who does not rectify mistakes is called "unscrupulous" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:blue;"> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">鼎</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dǐng</i></span> </td> <td>"Outstanding" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">追改前過曰鼎</span></span> </td> <td>One who identifies and rectifies prior mistakes is called "outstanding" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="17" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="17"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">定</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dìng</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="17">"Resolute" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大慮靜民曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who ponders the means to achieve socio-psychological stability is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">安民大慮曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who ponders the means to achieve socio-economic stability is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">純行不爽曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who is morally upright without negligence is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">安民法古曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who emulates the ancestors in creating societal stability is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">純行不二曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One whose actions do not deviate from moral principles is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">追補前過曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who makes up for prior mistakes is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">仁能一眾曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who treats all with benevolence is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">嗣成武功曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who inherits military accomplishments from prior individuals is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">踐行不爽曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who performs duties without negligence is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">審於事情曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who investigates issues prudently is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">德操純固曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One whose morality and ethics are unwavering is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">以勞定國曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who works tirelessly for national stability is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">克綏邦家曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who brings peace to the state is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">靜正無為曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who is pure, upright and follows natural principles is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大應慈仁曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who is merciful and benevolent is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">義安中外曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who governs morally and brings peace to China and beyond is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">鎮靜守度曰定</span></span> </td> <td>One who is calm and abides by law is called "resolute" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="8"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">度</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dù</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="8">"Lawful" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">心能制義曰度</span></span> </td> <td>One who is able to render apposite judgment is called "lawful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">進退可軌曰度</span></span> </td> <td>One whose actions are legally appropriate is called "lawful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">守法緯民曰度</span></span> </td> <td>One who governs based on legal principles is called "lawful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">從容有常曰度</span></span> </td> <td>One whose actions are customary is called "lawful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">禮儀咨善曰度</span></span> </td> <td>One whose actions are informed by morality is called "lawful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">寬裕有容曰度</span></span> </td> <td>One who is magnanimous and welcoming is called "lawful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">創制垂法曰度</span></span> </td> <td>One who establishes principles and regulations is called "lawful" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">懿徽足式曰度</span></span> </td> <td>One whose virtuous actions are models for future generations is called "lawful" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="6"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">端</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Duān</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="6">"Upright" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">守禮執義曰端</span></span> </td> <td>One who abides by rituals and moral code is called "upright" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">聖修式化曰端</span></span> </td> <td>One who self-cultivates according to virtuous principles is called "upright" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">嚴恭蒞下曰端</span></span> </td> <td>One who leads subordinates with dignity and respect is called "upright" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">恭己有容曰端</span></span> </td> <td>One who is respectful and magnanimous is called "upright" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">秉心貞靜曰端</span></span> </td> <td>One who handles issues faithfully and calmly is called "upright" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">守禮自重曰端</span></span> </td> <td>One who abides by rituals and respects oneself is called "upright" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="6"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">敦</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dūn</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="6">"Altruistic" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">善行不怠曰敦</span></span> </td> <td>One who performs kind deeds without negligence is called "altruistic" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">溫仁忠厚曰敦</span></span> </td> <td>One who is benevolent and loyal is called "altruistic" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">能記國善曰敦</span></span> </td> <td>One who is aware of the positive aspects of the state is called "altruistic" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">溫仁厚下曰敦</span></span> </td> <td>One who is benevolent to subordinates is called "altruistic" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">篤親睦族曰敦</span></span> </td> <td>One who cultivates harmonious relationships with family members and friends is called "altruistic" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">樹德純固曰敦</span></span> </td> <td>One whose virtuous behaviors are unwavering is called "altruistic" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:red;"> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">干</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gàn</i></span> </td> <td>"Unruly" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">犯國之紀曰干</span></span> </td> <td>One who violates national law is called "unruly" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="8"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">剛</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gāng</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="8">"Undaunted" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">追補前過曰剛</span></span> </td> <td>One who makes up for prior mistakes is called "undaunted" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">強毅果敢曰剛</span></span> </td> <td>One who is tenacious and courageous is called "undaunted" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">致果殺敵曰剛</span></span> </td> <td>One who valiantly battles enemies is called "undaunted" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">強而能斷曰剛</span></span> </td> <td>One who is powerful and not impressionable is called "undaunted" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">自強不息曰剛</span></span> </td> <td>One who is unwavering in pursuing self-improvement is called "undaunted" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">政刑明斷曰剛</span></span> </td> <td>One who decisively enforces law and implements punishment is called "undaunted" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">威強不屈曰剛</span></span> </td> <td>One who does not yield in the face of brutality is called "undaunted" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">強義果敢曰剛</span></span> </td> <td>One who is righteous and courageous is called "undaunted" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">高</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gāo</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">"High" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">德覆萬物曰高</span></span> </td> <td>One who treats all virtuously is called "high" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">功德盛大曰高</span></span> </td> <td>One whose merit is lofty is called "high" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">覆幬同天曰高</span></span> </td> <td>One whose bestowed grace is equivalent to that of the heaven is called "high" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:green;"> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">革</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gé</i></span> </td> <td>"Revolutionary" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">獻敏成行曰革</span></span> </td> <td>One who advances proposition is called "revolutionary" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:green;"> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">公</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gōng</i></span> </td> <td>"Selfless" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">立志及眾曰公</span></span> </td> <td>One who aspires to serve public interests is called "selfless" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="27" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="27"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">恭</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gōng</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="27">"Deferential" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">尊賢貴義曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who respects exemplary individuals and prioritizes morality is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">敬事供上曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who is meticulous in actions and respects superiors is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">尊賢敬讓曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who respects exemplary individuals and is modest is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">既過能改曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who rectifies prior mistakes is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">執事堅固曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who is steadfast is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">愛民長弟曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who cares for subjects in the same way as elders care for juniors is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">執禮御賓曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who is courteous to guests is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">芘親之闕曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who tolerates the mistakes of family members is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">尊長讓善曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who respects elders and promotes kindness is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">淵源流通曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who has no desire is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">夙夜敬事曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who works tirelessly is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">知過能改曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who owns up to and rectifies mistakes is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">賢而不伐曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who is proficient but not conceited is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">率事以信曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who assumes good faith while handling issues is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">不懈於位曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who does not neglect duties is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">卑以自牧曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who is modest is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">不懈於德曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who does not neglect the pursuit of morality is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">治典不易曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who does not deviate from national law is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">責難於君曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who does not embarrass and discommode the ruler is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">正德美容曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who behaves virtuously and dresses adequately is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">不懈為德曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who does not neglect moral actions is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">正己接物曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who treats others with respect is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">昭事不忒曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who is diligent and does not err is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">勤恤民隱曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who is attentive to people's sufferings is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">莊以蒞下曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who treats subordinates with dignity is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">謙和不懈曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who is modest, gentle and not negligent is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">遜順事上曰恭</span></span> </td> <td>One who is modest and obedient to elders is called "deferential" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="4"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">光</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Guāng</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="4">"Brilliant" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">功格上下曰光</span></span> </td> <td>One whose accomplishments rival that of heaven and <a href="/wiki/Di_(Chinese_concept)" title="Di (Chinese concept)">earth</a> is called "brilliant" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">能紹前業曰光</span></span> </td> <td>One who is worthy of succeeding the achievements of ancestors is called "brilliant" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">居上能謙曰光</span></span> </td> <td>One who accomplishes greater feats than predecessors but remains modest is called "brilliant" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">功烈耿著曰光</span></span> </td> <td>One whose accomplishments are meritorious and noteworthy is called "brilliant" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">廣</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Guǎng</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">"Magnificent" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">美化及遠曰廣</span></span> </td> <td>One whose great deeds have far-reaching impact is called "magnificent" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">所聞能行曰廣</span></span> </td> <td>One who is competent in emulating all things is called "magnificent" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">果</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Guǒ</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">"Motivated" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">好力致勇曰果</span></span> </td> <td>One who is vigorous and courageous is called "motivated" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">好學近智曰果</span></span> </td> <td>One who is studious is called "motivated" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">臨事善斷曰果</span></span> </td> <td>One who is decisive in handling issues is called "motivated" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:green;"> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">暠</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hào</i></span> </td> <td>"Bright" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">綜善典法曰暠</span></span> </td> <td>One who is familiar with ordinances and regulations is called "bright" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="7"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">和</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hé</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="7">"Moderate" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">不剛不柔曰和</span></span> </td> <td>One who is neither overly unrelenting nor lenient is called "moderate" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">推賢讓能曰和</span></span> </td> <td>One who promotes venerable individuals and yields to qualified individuals is called "moderate" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">柔遠能邇曰和</span></span> </td> <td>One who wins over the people and treats them virtuously is called "moderate" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">號令悅民曰和</span></span> </td> <td>One whose policies confer satisfaction to the people is called "moderate" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">敦睦九族曰和</span></span> </td> <td>One who cultivates harmonious relationships among members of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship#Nine_grades_of_relations" title="Chinese kinship">nine grades of relations</a> is called "moderate" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">懷柔胥洽曰和</span></span> </td> <td>One who appeases and cultivates harmonious relationships among the people is called "moderate" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">溫厚無苛曰和</span></span> </td> <td>One who is good-natured and does not treat others ruthlessly is called "moderate" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">厚</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hòu</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">"Kind" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">思慮不爽曰厚</span></span> </td> <td>One who considers meticulously and is uncorrupted is called "kind" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">強毅敦樸曰厚</span></span> </td> <td>One who perseveres in maintaining honesty and simplicity is called "kind" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">敦仁愛眾曰厚</span></span> </td> <td>One who is good-natured and shows care for others is called "kind" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">胡</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hú</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">"Long-lived" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">彌年壽考曰胡</span></span> </td> <td>One who lives to old age is called "long-lived" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">保民耆艾曰胡</span></span> </td> <td>One who ensures societal stability and the welfare of the elders is called "long-lived" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">保民畏懼曰胡</span></span> </td> <td>One who protects the people from terror is called "long-lived" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="background:blue;"> </td> <td rowspan="6"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">懷</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Huái</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="6">"Yearned" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">執義揚善曰懷</span></span> </td> <td>One who persists in performing moral deeds is called "yearned" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">慈仁短折曰懷</span></span> </td> <td>One who is benevolent but passes away at an early age is called "yearned" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">慈仁知節曰懷</span></span> </td> <td>One who is benevolent and understands etiquette is called "yearned" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">失位而死曰懷</span></span> </td> <td>One who loses the rightful position and passes away as a result is called "yearned" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">慈仁哲行曰懷</span></span> </td> <td>One who is benevolent and behaves rationally is called "yearned" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">民思其惠曰懷</span></span> </td> <td>One whose good deeds are remembered by the people is called "yearned" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" style="background:green;"> </td> <td rowspan="8"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">桓</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Huán</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="8">"Fabled" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">闢土服遠曰桓</span></span> </td> <td>One who expands the territories and pacifies those living afar is called "fabled" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">克敬勤民曰桓</span></span> </td> <td>One who is respectful and serves the people diligently is called "fabled" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">闢土兼國曰桓</span></span> </td> <td>One who expands the territories and conquers other states is called "fabled" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">武定四方曰桓</span></span> </td> <td>One who pacifies the world through military might is called "fabled" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">克亟成功曰桓</span></span> </td> <td>One who repeatedly resolves problems is called "fabled" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">克敵服遠曰桓</span></span> </td> <td>One who defeats enemies and pacifies those living afar is called "fabled" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">能成武志曰桓</span></span> </td> <td>One who achieves military aspirations is called "fabled" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">壯以有力曰桓</span></span> </td> <td>One who is powerful and mighty is called "fabled" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="background:red;"> </td> <td rowspan="6"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">荒</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Huāng</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="6">"Unrestrained" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">凶年無榖曰荒</span></span> </td> <td>One who rules over a period of no harvest is called "unrestrained" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">外內從亂曰荒</span></span> </td> <td>One who induces external threats and internal rebellions is called "unrestrained" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">好樂怠政曰荒</span></span> </td> <td>One who indulges in pleasures and neglects governance is called "unrestrained" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">昏亂紀度曰荒</span></span> </td> <td>One who disregards established rules is called "unrestrained" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">從樂不反曰荒</span></span> </td> <td>One who indulges in pleasures and shows no sign of reflection is called "unrestrained" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">狎侮五常曰荒</span></span> </td> <td>One who is frivolous and disregards moral principles is called "unrestrained" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:green;"> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">徽</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Huī</i></span> </td> <td>"Wonderful" </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">元德充美曰徽</span></span> </td> <td>One who is moral and exhibits sagely characteristics is called "wonderful" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wen_文"><span id="Wen_.E6.96.87"></span>Wen 文</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_posthumous_names&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wen 文"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wen 文 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> 韓愈</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a> 白居易</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang Anshi</a> 王安石</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> 朱熹</li></ul></li> <li>Wencheng 文成 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bowen" title="Liu Bowen">Liu Ji</a> 劉基</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> 王阳明</li></ul></li> <li>Wending 文定 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Kezhuang" title="Liu Kezhuang">Liu Kezhuang</a> 劉克莊</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Shixing" title="Shen Shixing">Shen Shixing</a> 申時行</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi">Xu Guangqi</a> 徐光啟</li></ul></li> <li>Wenhe 文和 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tingyu" title="Zhang Tingyu">Zhang Tingyu</a> 張廷玉</li></ul></li> <li>Wenmin 文敏 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mengfu" title="Zhao Mengfu">Zhao Mengfu</a> 趙孟頫</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Qichang" title="Dong Qichang">Dong Qichang</a> 董其昌</li></ul></li> <li>Wenxiang 文襄 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a> 左宗棠</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhidong" title="Zhang Zhidong">Zhang Zhidong</a> 張之洞</li></ul></li> <li>Wenzhen 文貞 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Zheng" title="Wei Zheng">Wei Zheng</a> 魏徵</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Jie_(Ming_Dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Jie (Ming Dynasty) (page does not exist)">Xu Jie</a> 徐階</li></ul></li> <li>Wenzheng 文正 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhongyan" title="Fan Zhongyan">Fan Zhongyan</a> 范仲淹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a> 司馬光</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Heng" title="Xu Heng">Xu Heng</a> 許衡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng_(philosopher)" title="Wu Cheng (philosopher)">Wu Cheng</a> 吳澄</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dongyang" title="Li Dongyang">Li Dongyang</a> 李東陽</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xie_Qian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xie Qian (page does not exist)">Xie Qian</a> 謝遷</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a> 曾國藩</li></ul></li> <li>Wenzhong 文忠 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a> 歐陽修</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Shi</a> 蘇軾</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang Juzheng</a> 張居正</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a> 林則徐</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a> 李鴻章</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wu_武"><span id="Wu_.E6.AD.A6"></span>Wu 武</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_posthumous_names&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wu 武"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wumu 武穆 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Fei" title="Yue Fei">Yue Fei</a> 岳飛</li></ul></li> <li>Wuning 武寧 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Da" title="Xu Da">Xu Da</a> 徐達</li></ul></li> <li>Wulie 武烈 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Jian" title="Sun Jian">Sun Jian</a> 孫堅</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Others">Others</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_posthumous_names&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Zhongsu 忠肅 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qian" title="Yu Qian">Yu Qian</a> 于謙</li></ul></li> <li>Zhongwu 忠武 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang" title="Zhuge Liang">Zhuge Liang</a> 諸葛亮</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Shizhong" title="Han Shizhong">Han Shizhong</a> 韓世忠</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Yuchun" title="Chang Yuchun">Chang Yuchun</a> 常遇春</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a> 李舜臣</li></ul></li> <li>Zhongzheng 忠正 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Kefa" title="Shi Kefa">Shi Kefa</a> 史可法</li></ul></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_posthumous_names&oldid=1210247885">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_posthumous_names&oldid=1210247885</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_history_of_China" title="Category:Cultural history of China">Cultural history of China</a></li></ul></div><div 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