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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic and temporal variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_and_temporal_variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic and temporal variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_and_temporal_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_peninsular_Gulf_coast_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_peninsular_Gulf_coast_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>North peninsular Gulf coast region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_peninsular_Gulf_coast_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-McKeithen_Weeden_Island_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McKeithen_Weeden_Island_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>McKeithen Weeden Island culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McKeithen_Weeden_Island_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="/wiki/File:Weedonislandmound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Weedonislandmound.jpg/220px-Weedonislandmound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Weedonislandmound.jpg/330px-Weedonislandmound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Weedonislandmound.jpg/440px-Weedonislandmound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1955" /></a><figcaption>One of the living mounds at the Weedon island type site.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Weeden Island cultures</b> are a group of related <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological cultures</a> that existed during the Late <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a> (500 - 1000 CE) of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">North American Southeast</a>. The name for this group of cultures was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Weedon_Island_Preserve" title="Weedon Island Preserve">Weedon Island site</a> (despite the dissimilar spellings) in <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay" title="Tampa Bay">Old Tampa Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pinellas_County,_Florida" title="Pinellas County, Florida">Pinellas County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weeden_Island_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weeden Island cultures are defined by ceramics, which fall into two categories, sometimes called secular and sacred. Sacred ceramics are found primarily in <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mounds</a>, while secular ceramics are found primarily in <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">middens</a> and house sites. The two types of ceramics have separate histories, and the secular ceramics show considerable variation between regions. Milanich, et al. compare the Weeden Island sacred complex to the Hopewell and Mississippian complexes, i.e., a ceremonial complex practiced by several cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars believe that the secular components of Weeden Island cultures emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_culture" title="Swift Creek culture">Swift Creek culture</a> during the Middle Woodland Period (ca. 200 - 500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>) in the lower <a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_River" title="Chattahoochee River">Chattahoochee</a>-<a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_River" title="Apalachicola River">Apalachicola</a> river <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> meet. To the east of this Weeden Island heartland, Weeden Island secular components developed out of the <a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford culture</a>, from which the Swift Creek culture had also developed. The sacred or ceremonial component of Weeden Island developed out of the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Yent_Mound" title="Yent Mound">Yent</a> and Green Point traditions. It persisted in some areas until the end of the Woodland period ca. 1200. Weeden Island sites have been found from <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Okefenokee_Swamp" title="Okefenokee Swamp">Okefenokee Swamp</a>, and from south of <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay" title="Tampa Bay">Tampa Bay</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_line" title="Fall line">fall line</a> on the Chattahoochee River at <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia" title="Columbus, Georgia">Columbus, Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the multiple <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographic</a> variants of Weeden Island groups used slightly different subsistence strategies dictated by local <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Small-scale_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-scale agriculture">small-scale agriculture</a> in some areas), a trend toward the semi-<a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation</a> of hardwood <a href="/wiki/Hammock_(ecology)" title="Hammock (ecology)">hammock</a> areas and coastal/<a href="/wiki/Riverine" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverine">riverine</a> marine resources accurately characterizes Weeden Island <a href="/wiki/Subsistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence">subsistence</a> activities in general. </p><p>The site on Weedon Island where Weeden Island sacred ceramics were first described was excavated by <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologist</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Walter_Fewkes" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Walter Fewkes">J. Walter Fewkes</a> in 1923 and 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists now recognize that the Weedon Island site is well outside the heartland of the Weeden Island culture. The Weedon Island site was part of the Weeden Island-related late <a href="/wiki/Manasota_culture" title="Manasota culture">Manasota culture</a>. The Manasota culture developed around 500 BCE, 700 years before the development of the Weeden Island sacred complex. The secular component of the Manasota culture had no connection with the secular components of heartland Weeden Island cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_and_temporal_variants">Geographic and temporal variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weeden_Island_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic and temporal variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Region </td> <td colspan="2">Weeden Island I </td> <td colspan="2">Weeden Island II </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chattahoochee River valley </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds_Historic_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park">Kolomaki culture</a> </td> <td>350 - 750 </td> <td>Wakulla Weeden Island culture </td> <td>750 - 1200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flint River valley (Georgia) and Choctawhatchee River valley (Alabama) </td> <td>"heartland" Weeden Island cultures </td> <td> </td> <td>Wakulla Weeden Island culture </td> <td>750 - 1200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Florida north peninsular Gulf coast </td> <td>North peninsular coast Weeden Island culture </td> <td>200 - 900 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Florida </td> <td>McKeithen Weeden Island culture </td> <td>200 - 700 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northwest Florida </td> <td>Weeden Island Northwest culture </td> <td>300 - 900 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Walton Culture">Fort Walton culture</a> </td> <td>900 - European contact </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southeast Alabama </td> <td>Undefined Weeden Island culture variant(s) </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southwest Georgia </td> <td>Undefined Weeden Island culture variant(s) </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associated culture - Weeden Island ceremonialism adopted by non-Weeden Island culture </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tampa Bay area </td> <td>late <a href="/wiki/Manasota_culture" title="Manasota culture">Manasota culture</a> </td> <td>300 - 800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>North central Florida </td> <td>middle <a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond culture</a> </td> <td>300 - 500 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Recent efforts have refined the Weeden Island culture concept so that the term "Weeden Island" includes several distinct regional manifestations which exhibited the same basic ceremonial complex (most likely associated with shared sociopolitical patterns), but that exhibited significant geographic variations. These include: the North peninsular Gulf Coast variant, found along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf</a> coast from <a href="/wiki/Pasco_County,_Florida" title="Pasco County, Florida">Pasco County</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Aucilla_River" title="Aucilla River">Aucilla River</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond culture</a> in north-central Florida; the <a href="/wiki/McKeithen_Weeden_Island_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="McKeithen Weeden Island culture">McKeithen Weeden Island culture</a> in northernmost inland Florida; the Manasota culture located within the central Peninsular Gulf Coast; the Northwest culture, extending from the Aucilla River through the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Panhandle">Florida Panhandle</a> to Mobile, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>; the early <a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds_Historic_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park">Kolomoki</a> culture, located in the lower Chattahoochee Valley; the later Wakulla Weeden Island culture, in the lower Chattahoochee Valley, the lower <a href="/wiki/Flint_River_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint River (Georgia)">Flint River</a> valley, in southwestern Georgia, and the upper <a href="/wiki/Choctawhatchee_River" title="Choctawhatchee River">Choctawhatchee River</a> valley in southeastern Alabama. Undefined Weeden Island culture variants are found in southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia outside the Kolomoki/Wakulla Weeden Island areas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several attempts have been made to segregate Weeden Island components into chronological phases based on temporal changes in settlement patterns, artifact assemblage, and ceremonial activities, all of which recognize an inherent distinction between the material culture of earlier and later Weedon Island manifestations. It is most widely accepted that the Weeden Island culture be split into two time periods: the <i>Weeden Island I</i> Period (200 AD - 700 AD) and <i>Weeden Island II</i> Period (700 AD - 1200 AD). Some Weeden Island II cultures later developed into local variants of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>, collectively known as <i>proto-Mississippian</i>. </p><p>The Weeden Island culture was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford culture</a> (and the later <a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_culture" title="Swift Creek culture">Swift Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a> cultures in the panhandle). It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua culture</a> in the Cades Pond culture area, by the <a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley culture</a> in the McKeithen culture area and by the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Walton Culture">Fort Walton Culture</a> in the Northwest area (the panhandle). </p><p>Several archaeologists including <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Sears_(archaeologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Sears (archaeologist) (page does not exist)">William Sears</a> indicate "that there was a sharp dichotomy between sacred and the secular" artifacts (particularly ceramics) within the Weeden Island culture, though this pattern has not been observed west of the Aucilla River.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>"The social organization characteristic of ... Weeden Island sites appears to have lain somewhere between the basically egalitarian structure of Archaic hunter-gatherers and the chiefdoms characteristic of Mississippian society...over these centuries, the social, political, and ideological institutions of later Weedon Island agricultural communities and their contemporaries evolved into those associated with the Mississippian".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_peninsular_Gulf_coast_region">North peninsular Gulf coast region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weeden_Island_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: North peninsular Gulf coast region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The north peninsular Gulf coast variant of the Weeden Island culture existed along the Gulf of Mexico coast of Florida from the <a href="/wiki/Aucilla_River" title="Aucilla River">Aucilla River</a> southward to what is now <a href="/wiki/Pasco_County,_Florida" title="Pasco County, Florida">Pasco County</a>. It also included such inland wetland areas as the <a href="/wiki/Cove_of_the_Withlacoochee" class="mw-redirect" title="Cove of the Withlacoochee">Cove of the Withlacoochee</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Citrus_County,_Florida" title="Citrus County, Florida">Citrus County</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Hammock_(wetlands)" title="Gulf Hammock (wetlands)">Gulf Hammock</a> (in southern <a href="/wiki/Levy_County,_Florida" title="Levy County, Florida">Levy County</a>), as well as coastal sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River site</a>. This region has not received as much attention from <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archeologists</a> as have other variants of the Weeden Island culture. While a number of sites have been surveyed, most of the <a href="/wiki/Mound#North_American_archaeology" title="Mound">mounds</a> and shell <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">middens</a> in the area have been disturbed or destroyed by artifact hunters and "borrowing" for road-building material, and there have been no major excavations of sites in the region. </p><p>As in other Weeden Island areas, there is a difference between ceremonial/prestige <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, found primarily in burial mounds, and the utilitarian pottery found in village sites and shell middens. The prevalence of undecorated pottery and the lack of major excavations means that the chronology of the Weeden Island culture in the north peninsular Gulf coast is poorly understood. </p><p>The Weeden Island culture was not uniform over the north peninsular Gulf coast. Ceramics related to the <a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_culture" title="Swift Creek culture">Swift Creek culture</a> are found scattered at early sites throughout the area, but particularly so in <a href="/wiki/Taylor_County,_Florida" title="Taylor County, Florida">Taylor County</a>, the northernmost part of the region. Later sites in Taylor County show some influence from the Fort Walton culture. In <a href="/wiki/Dixie_County,_Florida" title="Dixie County, Florida">Dixie County</a>, to the south of Taylor County, later sites appear to have been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua culture</a>, which developed out of the <a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a> variant of the Weeden Island culture. Later sites in the southern part of the region show influence from the <a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor culture</a>. </p><p>Primary habitation sites were concentrated along the coast, with smaller sites adjacent to inland waterways. The inhabitants left numerous shell middens, composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a> shells, but also including <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">whelk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch</a> shells. Fish of various kinds were another important component of the diet. <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">Sea turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">alligators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> were also consumed. Horticulture was absent or a late introduction, although the inhabitants of the southern end of the region (Pasco and <a href="/wiki/Hernando_County,_Florida" title="Hernando County, Florida">Hernando</a> counties) were growing <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> at the time of first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> contact.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McKeithen_Weeden_Island_culture">McKeithen Weeden Island culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weeden_Island_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: McKeithen Weeden Island culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The McKeithen Weeden Island culture was a regional variant of early Weeden Island culture in north Florida. The area of the McKeithen Weeden Island culture was north of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_River_(Florida)" title="Santa Fe River (Florida)">Santa Fe River</a>, extending east from the <a href="/wiki/Aucilla_River" title="Aucilla River">Aucilla River</a> to the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/St._Johns_River" title="St. Johns River">St. Johns River</a> drainage basin. It lasted about 500 years, from 200 to 700.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The McKeithen culture is named after a landowner who invited <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> to excavate some <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">mounds</a> on his property before vandals destroyed them. The McKeithen site was a village next to a stream with three mounds. These three mounds were created in an isosceles triangle, with the main axis of the triangle pointing towards the summer solstice sunrise. The mounds were likely built between 350-475 CE. Abundant evidence of occupation was found in a crescent around a presumed <a href="/wiki/Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza">plaza</a>, which was essentially bare of <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a>. The three mounds flanked the plaza on three sides. Wood and charcoal found in the village have yielded <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dates</a> of AD 200 to 750.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mounds served different purposes. The one named (arbitrarily) 'B' had a rectangular building on it that has been interpreted to be a temple or the residence of the priest who conducted ceremonies for the dead. The presumed holder of that office was buried inside the building. Evidence of animals chewing on some bones indicate that the body was exposed for a while after death before burial. A tomb of wood and earth was erected over the grave. The tomb and building were then burned, and the ashes scattered. After a ceramic bird head was pushed into the ground at the foot of the grave, a layer of dirt was spread over all of the mound. Three radiocarbon dates for this event average to 354.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mound 'A' was a <a href="/wiki/Charnel_house" title="Charnel house">charnel area</a> where bodies were cleaned and buried temporarily. A wall of posts screened a number of burial pits from the village. Posts up to two feet in diameter apparently were used to mark graves. The decomposed bodies were later removed, and bones were bundled and moved to mound 'C'. Numerous potsherds and many small fire pits are interpreted as evidence of ceremonies connected with processing the bodies. In 354 the wall of posts and other posts were piled up over the empty grave pits and burned.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mound 'C' held a charnel house where bundled bones, typically a skull and limb bones, were stored. After some period of time, the bundles were buried around the periphery of the mound. In about 475, approximately 36 bone bundles were removed from the charnel house and buried. The charnel house was burned, then a fire was built of top of it for a feast. A large bowl with animal heads on its rim, which may have been used for serving ceremonial drinks such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">black drink</a>, was left on the remains of the fire after its bottom was knocked out. At least 17 ceramic vessels, including hollow figurines of animals, were broken and left atop the graves of the bone bundles. The whole mound was then covered with a six-foot layer of earth.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pottery at the McKeithen site has been classified as secular, prestige, and sacred. Secular pots were undecorated, or had minimal decoration, and were all made with clay from local sources. Prestige ware was decorated with lines and dots and sometimes 'painted' with red clay. This prestige ware was found most often in the mounds, but occasionally elsewhere in the village. The sacred vessels, which were found only in the mounds, were elaborately decorated and sometimes were in the shape of animals. Some of the sacred vessels apparently were imported, but the ones with animal shapes usually were made from local clay.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weeden_Island_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpete.org/historic_preservation/historic_landmarks/local_landmarks/docs/Weedon_Island.pdf">"Weedon Island Site"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weedon+Island+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpete.org%2Fhistoric_preservation%2Fhistoric_landmarks%2Flocal_landmarks%2Fdocs%2FWeedon_Island.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeeden+Island+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich et al.:19-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich et al.:10, 21-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1994:8, 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich et al.:22-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1994:221-222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogelson2004" class="citation book cs1">Fogelson, Raymond (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JH-TPFjLk4C&q=wakulla+weeden+island&pg=PA196"><i>Handbook ofNorth American Indians: Southeast</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 196–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-072300-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-072300-0"><bdi>0-16-072300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+ofNorth+American+Indians%3A+Southeast&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=196-97&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-16-072300-0&rft.aulast=Fogelson&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JH-TPFjLk4C%26q%3Dwakulla%2Bweeden%2Bisland%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeeden+Island+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1994:163, 325-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich, et al.:22-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fagan:458</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fagan:460-461</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flheritage.com/facts/reports/contexts/wwwnorfl.pdf">State of Florida Office of Cultural and Historical Programs: Chapter 8. North Peninsular Gulf Coast, 2500 B.P.-A.D. 1600</a> URL retrieved January 14, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Florida Historical Contexts</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1994:348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown:41, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown:46-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown:48-50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown:50-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown:52-3.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weeden_Island_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Robin C. (1994). <i>Florida's First People</i>. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56164-032-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56164-032-8"><bdi>1-56164-032-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florida%27s+First+People&rft.place=Sarasota%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Pineapple+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56164-032-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Robin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeeden+Island+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2005" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Brian M. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientnorthamer0004faga"><i>Ancient North America</i></a></span>. London: Thames and Hudson, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5002-8532-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5002-8532-9"><bdi>978-0-5002-8532-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+North+America&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-5002-8532-9&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientnorthamer0004faga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeeden+Island+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanich1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerald_T._Milanich" title="Jerald T. Milanich">Milanich, Jerald T.</a> (1994). <i>Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida</i>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1273-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1273-2"><bdi>0-8130-1273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Precolumbian+Florida&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8130-1273-2&rft.aulast=Milanich&rft.aufirst=Jerald+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeeden+Island+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanich1995" class="citation book cs1">Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). <i>Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe</i>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1360-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1360-7"><bdi>0-8130-1360-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florida+Indians+and+the+Invasion+from+Europe&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8130-1360-7&rft.aulast=Milanich&rft.aufirst=Jerald+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeeden+Island+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanichCordellKnightKohler1997" class="citation book cs1">Milanich, Jerald T.; Cordell, Ann S.; Knight, Vernon J. Jr.; Kohler, Timothy A.; Sigler-Lavelle, Brenda J. (1997) [1984]. <i>Archaeology of Northern Florida, A.D. 200-900: The McKeithen Weeden Island Culture</i>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1538-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1538-5"><bdi>978-0-8130-1538-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Northern+Florida%2C+A.D.+200-900%3A+The+McKeithen+Weeden+Island+Culture&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1538-5&rft.aulast=Milanich&rft.aufirst=Jerald+T.&rft.au=Cordell%2C+Ann+S.&rft.au=Knight%2C+Vernon+J.+Jr.&rft.au=Kohler%2C+Timothy+A.&rft.au=Sigler-Lavelle%2C+Brenda+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeeden+Island+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanich2002" class="citation book cs1">Milanich, Jerald T. (2002). "Weeden Island Cultures". In Anderson, David G.; Mainfort, Robert C. Jr. (eds.). <i>The Woodland Southeast</i>. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 352–372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1137-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-1137-8"><bdi>0-8173-1137-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weeden+Island+Cultures&rft.btitle=The+Woodland+Southeast&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+Alabama&rft.pages=352-372&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8173-1137-8&rft.aulast=Milanich&rft.aufirst=Jerald+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeeden+Island+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley1949" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, Gordon R. (1949). <i>Archaeology of the Florida Gulf Coast</i>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1603-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1603-0"><bdi>978-0-8130-1603-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+the+Florida+Gulf+Coast&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1603-0&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Gordon+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeeden+Island+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/facts/reports/contexts/wwwccfl.pdf">Anon. 1993. "Chapter 6. North-central Florida, 2500 N>P>-A>D> 1702", in Milanich, Jerald, Ed. <i>Florida Historical Contexts</i>. State of Florida Division of Historical Resources.</a> - retrieved October 31, 2007</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weeden_Island_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weedonislandcenter.org">Weedon Island Preserve</a> - official site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-812">Weeden Island Culture</a>, New George Encyclopedia</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Template:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Template talk:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Late_Woodland_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png/25px-Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">List of archaeological periods (North America)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baum_Site" title="Baum Site">Baum Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beattie_Park_Mound_Group" title="Beattie Park Mound Group">Beattie Park Mound Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_site" title="Book site">Book site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowen_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowen Site (page does not exist)">Bowen Site</a> (12 MA 61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinsfield_I_Site" title="Brinsfield I Site">Brinsfield I Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokaw_Site" title="Brokaw Site">Brokaw Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clampitt_Site" title="Clampitt Site">Clampitt Site</a> (12-LR-329)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_site" title="Fisher site">Fisher site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoye_Site" title="Hoye Site">Hoye Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Maquoketa_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve">Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mound" title="Man Mound">Man Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Park_Site" title="Memorial Park Site">Memorial Park Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottingham Site">Nottingham Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormond_Mound" title="Ormond Mound">Ormond Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_Access_Site" title="St. Croix River Access Site">St. Croix River Access Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommerheim_Park_Archaeological_District" title="Sommerheim Park Archaeological District">Sommerheim Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Agriculture_Farm_Mound" title="University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound">University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemson_Island_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemson Island culture (page does not exist)">Clemson Island culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahoac" title="Manahoac">Manahoac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_phase" title="Oliver phase">Oliver phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Point_complex" title="Princess Point complex">Princess Point complex</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springwells_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springwells phase (page does not exist)">Springwells phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weeden Island culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steuben_point" title="Steuben point">Steuben point</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">Extreme weather events of 535–536</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns culture</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20x20px_Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20x20px_Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Royal_(Florida)_second_copper_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/20px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/30px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/40px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i>Periods</i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Paleoindians" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Paleoindians</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Archaic_period" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Archaic period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Post-Archaic_period" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Post-Archaic period</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasota_culture" title="Manasota culture">Manasota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_period" title="Mount Taylor period">Mount Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwood_culture" title="Norwood culture">Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_period" title="Orange period">Orange period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_culture" title="Pensacola culture">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_culture" title="Swift Creek culture">Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weeden Island</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#McKeithen_Weeden_Island_culture">McKeithen</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#North_peninsular_Gulf_coast_region">North peninsular Gulf coast</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KMMaskPointedNose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/110px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/165px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/220px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Bay#Underwater_archaeological_sites" title="Apalachee Bay">Apalachee Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqui_Esta_Burial_Mound" title="Aqui Esta Burial Mound">Aqui Esta Burial Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Pines_Site" title="Bay Pines Site">Bay Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Lake_Mounds_Archeological_District" title="Bear Lake Mounds Archeological District">Bear Lake Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Heart_West" title="Big Heart West">Big Heart West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mound_City" title="Big Mound City">Big Mound City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mound_Key-Boggess_Ridge_Archeological_District" title="Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge Archeological District">Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Hammock" title="Bird Hammock">Bird Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_Site" title="Blueberry Site">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowers_Bluff_Middens_Archeological_District" title="Bowers Bluff Middens Archeological District">Bowers Bluff Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubba_Midden" title="Bubba Midden">Bubba Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_Lake_Site" title="Burns Lake Site">Burns Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcherpen_Mound" title="Butcherpen Mound">Butcherpen Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayo_Pelau_Archaeological_Site" title="Cayo Pelau Archaeological Site">Cayo Pelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayson_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Cayson Mound and Village Site">Cayson Mound and Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Ostl_Site" title="C. J. Ostl Site">C. J. Ostl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demere_Key" title="Demere Key">Demere Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Den_Cave" title="Devil's Den Cave">Devil's Den Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_Key" title="Dismal Key">Dismal Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_Beach_Site" title="Douglass Beach Site">Douglass Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galt_Island_Archeological_District" title="Galt Island Archeological District">Galt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Patch_Archeological_Site" title="Garden Patch Archeological Site">Garden Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mound" title="Green Mound">Green Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfway_Creek_Site" title="Halfway Creek Site">Halfway Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Ridge_Cemetery_Archeological_Site" title="Hickory Ridge Cemetery Archeological Site">Hickory Ridge Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinson_Mounds" title="Hinson Mounds">Hinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Fields" title="Indian Fields">Indian Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%26J_Hunt_Submerged_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="J&J Hunt Submerged Archaeological Site">J&J Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josslyn_Island_Site" title="Josslyn Island Site">Josslyn Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Prada_Site" title="Jungle Prada Site">Jungle Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Island_Midden_Archeological_Site" title="Kimball Island Midden Archeological Site">Kimball Island Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pithlachocco_Canoe_Site" title="Lake Pithlachocco Canoe Site">Lake Pithlachocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth-Love_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park">Letchworth-Love Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Salt_Spring" title="Little Salt Spring">Little Salt Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madira_Bickel_Mound_State_Archaeological_Site" title="Madira Bickel Mound State Archaeological Site">Madira Bickel Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pardo_Shellworks_Site" title="Mark Pardo Shellworks Site">Mark Pardo Shellworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Circle" title="Miami Circle">Miami Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Cove_Complex" title="Mill Cove Complex">Mill Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Lake_Archeological_District" title="Monroe Lake Archeological District">Monroe Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Key_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Mound Key Archaeological State Park">Mound Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elizabeth_Archeological_Site" title="Mount Elizabeth Archeological Site">Mount Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_(Florida)" title="Mount Royal (Florida)">Mount Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_(Florida)" title="Mount Taylor (Florida)">Mount Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_Key" title="Mullet Key">Mullet Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myakkahatchee_Creek_Archaeological_Site" title="Myakkahatchee Creek Archaeological Site">Myakkahatchee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Live_Oaks_Cemetery" title="Naval Live Oaks Cemetery">Naval Live Oaks Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocoroco" title="Nocoroco">Nocoroco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormond_Mound" title="Ormond Mound">Ormond Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortona_Prehistoric_Village" title="Ortona Prehistoric Village">Ortona Prehistoric Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Hare_Archeological_Site" title="Otis Hare Archeological Site">Otis Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page-Ladson_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Page-Ladson site">Page-Ladson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persimmon_Mound" title="Persimmon Mound">Persimmon Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Site" title="Pierce Site">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineland_Archeological_District" title="Pineland Archeological District">Pineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Island" title="Platt Island">Platt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Site" title="Plaza Site">Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompano_Beach_Mound" title="Pompano Beach Mound">Pompano Beach Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portavant_Mound" title="Portavant Mound">Portavant Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%27s_Bar_Site" title="Porter's Bar Site">Porter's Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mound" title="Princess Mound">Princess Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Mound_Archeological_Site" title="Rock Mound Archeological Site">Rock Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rookery_Mound" title="Rookery Mound">Rookery Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Hammock_Site" title="Ross Hammock Site">Ross Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_site" title="Safety Harbor site">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_River_Slough_Archeological_District" title="Shark River Slough Archeological District">Shark River Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Bluff_Landing" title="Shell Bluff Landing">Shell Bluff Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Creek_Mound_Complex" title="Spruce Creek Mound Complex">Spruce Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Gulf_Breeze" title="Third Gulf Breeze">Third Gulf Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Creek_Archeological_District" title="Thomas Creek Archeological District">Thomas Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_River_Site" title="Turner River Site">Turner River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mound" title="Turtle Mound">Turtle Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Mounds_Archeological_District" title="Twin Mounds Archeological District">Twin Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tampa_Bay_Park" title="Upper Tampa Bay Park">Upper Tampa Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useppa_Island" title="Useppa Island">Useppa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddells_Mill_Pond_Site" title="Waddells Mill Pond Site">Waddells Mill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ball_Wakulla_Springs_State_Park" title="Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park">Wakulla Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yent_Mound" title="Yent Mound">Yent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yon_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Yon Mound and Village Site">Yon Mound and Village</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasota_Key_Offshore" title="Manasota Key Offshore">Manasota Key Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Mineral_Springs_(spring)" title="Warm Mineral Springs (spring)">Warm Mineral Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_point" title="Beaver Lake point">Beaver Lake point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Everglades_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region">Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Native_American_sites_in_Florida" title="Protection of Native American sites in Florida">Protection of Native American sites in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_ring" title="Shell ring">Shell ring</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites#Florida" title="List of shell ring sites">List of shell ring sites#Florida</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_works" title="Shell works">Shell works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_point" title="Simpson point">Simpson point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_point" title="Suwannee point">Suwannee point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Florida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Florida" title="Template:Florida"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000033">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Florida" title="Template talk:Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000033">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000033">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Florida_history" title="Timeline of Florida history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missions_in_Spanish_Florida" title="Missions in Spanish Florida">missions</a></li></ul></li> <li>British Rule <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida" title="History of slavery in Florida">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Leon_County,_Florida" title="Plantations of Leon County, Florida">Plantations of Leon County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_County,_Florida" title="Mosquito County, Florida">Mosquito County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Occupation_Act" title="Armed Occupation Act">Armed Occupation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_ranchos" title="Fishing ranchos">Fishing ranchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway" title="Florida East Coast Railway">Florida East Coast Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_and_development_of_the_Everglades" title="Draining and development of the Everglades">Draining and development of the Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s" title="Florida land boom of the 1920s">Florida land boom of the 1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Disney World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Florida" title="Geography of Florida">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Beaches_of_Florida" title="Category:Beaches of Florida">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_Florida" title="List of bays of Florida">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_the_United_States#Florida" title="List of caves in the United States">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Florida" title="List of counties in Florida">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Florida" title="Category:Lakes of Florida">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Okeechobee" title="Lake Okeechobee">Lake Okeechobee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Florida" title="List of metropolitan areas of Florida">Metro areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Florida" title="List of municipalities in Florida">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Florida" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Florida" title="List of rivers of Florida">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkholes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_springs_in_Florida" title="List of major springs in Florida">Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_state_forests" title="Florida state forests">State forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_parks" title="List of Florida state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Florida" title="Straits of Florida">Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_swamps" title="Florida swamps">Swamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_hurricanes" title="List of Florida hurricanes">Major<br /> hurricanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Florida_Keys_hurricane" title="1919 Florida Keys hurricane">Florida Keys (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Tampa_Bay_hurricane" title="1921 Tampa Bay hurricane">Tampa Bay (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Miami_hurricane" title="1926 Miami hurricane">Miami (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_hurricane" title="1928 Okeechobee hurricane">Okeechobee (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Bahamas_hurricane" title="1929 Bahamas hurricane">Florida Keys (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Treasure_Coast_hurricane" title="1933 Treasure Coast hurricane">Treasure Coast (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane" title="1935 Labor Day hurricane">Labor Day (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Cuba%E2%80%93Florida_hurricane" title="1944 Cuba–Florida hurricane">Dry Tortugas (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Homestead_hurricane" title="1945 Homestead hurricane">Homestead (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Fort_Lauderdale_hurricane" title="1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane">Fort Lauderdale (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1948_Florida_hurricane" title="September 1948 Florida hurricane">South Florida (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Florida_hurricane" title="1949 Florida hurricane">1949 Florida hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Easy_(1950)" title="Hurricane Easy (1950)">Easy (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_King" title="Hurricane King">King (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Donna" title="Hurricane Donna">Donna (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy" title="Hurricane Betsy">Betsy (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Eloise" title="Hurricane Eloise">Eloise (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Elena" title="Hurricane Elena">Elena (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew" title="Hurricane Andrew">Andrew (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Opal" title="Hurricane Opal">Opal (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Charley" title="Hurricane Charley">Charley (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Frances" title="Hurricane Frances">Frances (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Ivan (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne" title="Hurricane Jeanne">Jeanne (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dennis" title="Hurricane Dennis">Dennis (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma" title="Hurricane Wilma">Wilma (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew" title="Hurricane Matthew">Matthew (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Irma (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Michael" title="Hurricane Michael">Michael (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian" title="Hurricane Dorian">Dorian (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ian" title="Hurricane Ian">Ian (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Idalia" title="Hurricane Idalia">Idalia (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Helene" title="Hurricane Helene">Helene (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Milton" title="Hurricane Milton">Milton (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_history_of_Florida" title="Category:African-American history of Florida">African-American</a></li> <li>Brazilian-American culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans#Brazilian_American_communities" title="Brazilian Americans">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida#Demographics" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Florida" title="Crime in Florida">Crime</a></li> <li>Cuban-American culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_migration_to_Miami" title="Cuban migration to Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cuban-American_culture_in_Tampa,_Florida" title="Category:Cuban-American culture in Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Florida" title="Culture of Florida">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Florida" title="Demographics of Florida">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Florida" title="Economy of Florida">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Florida" title="Agriculture in Florida">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_tourism_industry" title="Florida tourism industry">Tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Florida" title="Education in Florida">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_cracker" title="Florida cracker">Florida cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Florida" title="List of people from Florida">Floridians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Florida" title="Government of Florida">Government</a></li> <li>Haitian-American culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora#Delray_Beach" title="Haitian diaspora">Delray Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora#Miami" title="Haitian diaspora">Miami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Florida" title="Homelessness in Florida">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Florida" title="Human trafficking in Florida">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Everglades_region" title="Indigenous people of the Everglades region">Everglades</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Florida">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Florida" title="Politics of Florida">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_ballot_measures" title="List of Florida ballot measures">Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Florida" title="United States congressional delegations from Florida">Congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_congressional_districts" title="Florida's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Puerto Rican culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans#Orlando" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida#Demographics" title="Kissimmee, Florida">Kissimmee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Florida" title="Politics of Florida">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Florida" title="Sports in Florida">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Florida" title="Sports in Florida">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Florida" title="Culture of Florida">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos_in_Florida" title="List of casinos in Florida">Casinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_industry_in_Florida" title="Film industry in Florida">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Man" title="Florida Man">Florida Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Heritage_Trails" title="Florida Heritage Trails">Florida Heritage Trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridiana" title="Floridiana">Floridiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_literature" title="Florida literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Florida" title="Music of Florida">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Florida" title="Category:Mass media in Florida">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Florida" title="List of newspapers in Florida">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Florida" title="List of radio stations in Florida">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Florida" title="List of television stations in Florida">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_symbols" title="List of Florida state symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Florida" title="Flag of Florida">flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Florida" title="Seal of Florida">seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skunk_ape" title="Skunk ape">Skunk ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-Toed_Tom" title="Two-Toed Tom">Two-Toed Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visit_Florida" title="Visit Florida">Visit Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Florida" title="Environment of Florida">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Florida" title="Environmental issues in Florida">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Florida" title="Fauna of Florida">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Florida" title="Category:Flora of Florida">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Reef" title="Florida Reef">Florida Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Florida" title="Geology of Florida">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Florida" title="Climate of Florida">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Florida" title="Climate change in Florida">climate change</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Florida-related_articles" title="Index of Florida-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Florida" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Florida">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Florida" title="Transportation in Florida">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/32px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" 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