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id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Cityscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Neighborhoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Arts and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arts and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theater_and_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater_and_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Theater and performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater_and_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Museums and galleries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Annual events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breweries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breweries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Breweries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breweries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Professional </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 College </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_and_special_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_and_special_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Annual and special events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_and_special_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Parks and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_and_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Government and courts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Public safety </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Public safety subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Public_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Police_and_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_and_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Police and law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_and_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Fire department </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_medical_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_medical_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Emergency medical services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_medical_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Primary and secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Colleges and universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_library_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_library_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Public library system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_library_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Print" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Print </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 TV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Transit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walkability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walkability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Walkability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walkability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freeways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freeways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Freeways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freeways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seaport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seaport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 Seaport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seaport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercity_rail_and_bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercity_rail_and_bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.7 Intercity rail and bus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercity_rail_and_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cleveland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" > 121 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8A%E1%89%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ክሊቭላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክሊቭላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C4%93afaland" title="Clēafaland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Clēafaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="كليفلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كليفلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF_(%D5%95%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D6%85)" title="Քլիվլենտ (Օհայիօ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քլիվլենտ (Օհայիօ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klivlend" title="Klivlend – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klivlend" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کلیولند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلیولند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ক্লিভল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্লিভল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кливленд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кліўленд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кліўленд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кліўлэнд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кліўлэнд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кливланд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кливланд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_(Ohio)" title="Cleveland (Ohio) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cleveland (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Ohio)" title="Cleveland (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Ohio) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cleveland (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ntsxaah%C3%ADl%C4%AF%CC%81" title="Tóntsxaahílį́ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tóntsxaahílį́" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Κλίβελαντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλίβελαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klevlando" title="Klevlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klevlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کلیولند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیولند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_(Ohio)" title="Cleveland (Ohio) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Cleveland (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کليولند – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کليولند" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="클리블랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클리블랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4_(%D5%95%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8)" title="Քլիվլենդ (Օհայո) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քլիվլենդ (Օհայո)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="क्लीवलैंड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्लीवलैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_(Ohio)" title="Cleveland (Ohio) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cleveland (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кливленд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_(Ohio)" title="Cleveland (Ohio) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Cleveland (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="קליבלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליבלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კლივლენდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლივლენდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кливленд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE)" title="Клевалэнд (Огайо) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Клевалэнд (Огайо)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE)" title="Кливленд (Огайо) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кливленд (Огайо)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clevelandia" title="Clevelandia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Clevelandia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C4%ABvlenda" title="Klīvlenda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klīvlenda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klivlandas" title="Klivlandas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klivlandas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_(Ohio)" title="Cleveland (Ohio) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cleveland (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кливленд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1" title="क्लीव्हलँड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्लीव्हलँड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="كليڤلاند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كليڤلاند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кливленд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_(Ohio)" title="Cleveland (Ohio) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cleveland (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E5%B7%9E)" title="クリーブランド (オハイオ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリーブランド (オハイオ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кливленд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4,_%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE" title="Кливленд, Огайо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кливленд, Огайо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кливленд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кливленд – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_(Ohio)" title="Cleveland (Ohio) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cleveland (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کلیڤلاند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلیڤلاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кливленд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cleveland, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="கிளீவ்லாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிளீவ்லாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кливленд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="คลีฟแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลีฟแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кливленд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%CE%B5w%CE%B5land" title="Klεwεland – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Klεwεland" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Клівленд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клівленд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88" title="کلیولینڈ، اوہائیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلیولینڈ، اوہائیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klivlend" title="Klivlend – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Klivlend" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_(Ohio)" title="Cleveland (Ohio) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Cleveland (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%B0" title="克利夫兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克利夫兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="קליוולאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קליוולאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%AB%E8%98%AD" title="卡夫蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡夫蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%B0" title="克利夫兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克利夫兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37320#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cleveland" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cleveland&params=41_29_57_N_81_41_41_W_region:US-OH_type:city(373,000)">41°29′57″N 81°41′41″W / 41.49917°N 81.69472°W / 41.49917; -81.69472</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland,_Ohio&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Ohio, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Ohio. For the metropolitan area, see <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Greater Cleveland</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cleveland (disambiguation)">Cleveland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Ohio, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Cleveland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ohio#Municipalities" title="Administrative divisions of Ohio">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:CLE_script_sign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CLE_script_sign.png/288px-CLE_script_sign.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CLE_script_sign.png/432px-CLE_script_sign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CLE_script_sign.png/576px-CLE_script_sign.png 2x" data-file-width="5158" data-file-height="1746" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Cleveland script sign at <a href="/wiki/Edgewater_Park_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgewater Park (Cleveland)">Edgewater Park</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_skyline_from_Lakewood_Park,_June_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cleveland_skyline_from_Lakewood_Park%2C_June_2024.jpg/288px-Cleveland_skyline_from_Lakewood_Park%2C_June_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cleveland_skyline_from_Lakewood_Park%2C_June_2024.jpg/432px-Cleveland_skyline_from_Lakewood_Park%2C_June_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cleveland_skyline_from_Lakewood_Park%2C_June_2024.jpg/576px-Cleveland_skyline_from_Lakewood_Park%2C_June_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland" title="Downtown Cleveland">Downtown Cleveland</a> skyline</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:73px;max-width:73px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Playhouse_Square_(13917560487).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cleveland_Playhouse_Square_%2813917560487%29.jpg/71px-Cleveland_Playhouse_Square_%2813917560487%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cleveland_Playhouse_Square_%2813917560487%29.jpg/107px-Cleveland_Playhouse_Square_%2813917560487%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cleveland_Playhouse_Square_%2813917560487%29.jpg/142px-Cleveland_Playhouse_Square_%2813917560487%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4400" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Square" title="Playhouse Square">Playhouse Square</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_museum_and_lagoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Art_museum_and_lagoon.jpg/145px-Art_museum_and_lagoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Art_museum_and_lagoon.jpg/218px-Art_museum_and_lagoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Art_museum_and_lagoon.jpg/290px-Art_museum_and_lagoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4774" data-file-height="3148" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:66px;max-width:66px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Garfield_Monument_and_flag_-_Lake_View_Cemetery_-_2015-04-04_(22387453266).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Garfield_Monument_and_flag_-_Lake_View_Cemetery_-_2015-04-04_%2822387453266%29.jpg/64px-Garfield_Monument_and_flag_-_Lake_View_Cemetery_-_2015-04-04_%2822387453266%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Garfield_Monument_and_flag_-_Lake_View_Cemetery_-_2015-04-04_%2822387453266%29.jpg/96px-Garfield_Monument_and_flag_-_Lake_View_Cemetery_-_2015-04-04_%2822387453266%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Garfield_Monument_and_flag_-_Lake_View_Cemetery_-_2015-04-04_%2822387453266%29.jpg/128px-Garfield_Monument_and_flag_-_Lake_View_Cemetery_-_2015-04-04_%2822387453266%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Memorial" title="James A. Garfield Memorial">Garfield Memorial</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Severance_Hall_(30706862372).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Severance_Hall_%2830706862372%29.jpg/140px-Severance_Hall_%2830706862372%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Severance_Hall_%2830706862372%29.jpg/210px-Severance_Hall_%2830706862372%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Severance_Hall_%2830706862372%29.jpg/280px-Severance_Hall_%2830706862372%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Severance_Hall" title="Severance Hall">Severance Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-sunset.jpg/144px-Rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-sunset.jpg/216px-Rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-sunset.jpg/288px-Rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1629" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Side_Market_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/West_Side_Market_2023.jpg/131px-West_Side_Market_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/West_Side_Market_2023.jpg/197px-West_Side_Market_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/West_Side_Market_2023.jpg/262px-West_Side_Market_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Market" title="West Side Market">West Side Market</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_OH_Arcade_(NRHP-60859).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cleveland_OH_Arcade_%28NRHP-60859%29.jpg/153px-Cleveland_OH_Arcade_%28NRHP-60859%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cleveland_OH_Arcade_%28NRHP-60859%29.jpg/230px-Cleveland_OH_Arcade_%28NRHP-60859%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cleveland_OH_Arcade_%28NRHP-60859%29.jpg/306px-Cleveland_OH_Arcade_%28NRHP-60859%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5529" data-file-height="3541" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Arcade" title="Cleveland Arcade">Cleveland Arcade</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cleveland,_Ohio.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cleveland"><img alt="Flag of Cleveland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/100px-Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/150px-Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/200px-Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cleveland" title="Flag of Cleveland">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Cleveland,_Ohio.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Cleveland"><img alt="Official seal of Cleveland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Seal_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/100px-Seal_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Seal_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/150px-Seal_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Seal_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/200px-Seal_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/The_Forest_City" title="The Forest City">The Forest City</a><a href="#cite_note-forest-city-1">[1]</a> (for more, see <a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Cleveland" title="Nicknames of Cleveland">full list</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Progress & Prosperity<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="290" data-zoom="10" data-lat="41.5" data-lon="-81.6875" data-overlays="["_25a36d70894192517cf4d1c9ee2a60cdd783c412"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/41.5/-81.6875/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,41.5,-81.6875,290x290.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Cleveland&groups=_25a36d70894192517cf4d1c9ee2a60cdd783c412" width="290" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,41.5,-81.6875,290x290@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Cleveland&groups=_25a36d70894192517cf4d1c9ee2a60cdd783c412 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Cleveland</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Ohio_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cleveland is located in Ohio"><img alt="Cleveland is located in Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/USA_Ohio_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Ohio_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/USA_Ohio_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Ohio_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/USA_Ohio_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Ohio_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.275%;left:70.325%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Cleveland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Cleveland</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Ohio</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cleveland is located in the United States"><img alt="Cleveland is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.697%;left:73.089%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Cleveland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Cleveland</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cleveland&params=41_29_57_N_81_41_41_W_region:US-OH_type:city(373,000)">41°29′57″N 81°41′41″W / 41.49917°N 81.69472°W / 41.49917; -81.69472</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Ohio" title="List of counties in Ohio">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">July 22, 1796 (1796-07-22)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (<a href="/wiki/Village_(United_States)" title="Village (United States)">village</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">December 23, 1814 (1814-12-23)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (city)</th><td class="infobox-data">March 5, 1836 (1836-03-05)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1990145-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cleaveland" title="Moses Cleaveland">Moses Cleaveland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Strong mayor / Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_City_Council" title="Cleveland City Council">Cleveland City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cleveland" title="Mayor of Cleveland">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Bibb" title="Justin Bibb">Justin Bibb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ohio#Municipalities" title="Administrative divisions of Ohio">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">82.48 sq mi (213.62 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">77.73 sq mi (201.33 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">4.75 sq mi (12.29 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">653 ft (199 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ohio#Municipalities" title="Administrative divisions of Ohio">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">372,624</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2023)<a href="#cite_note-2023_est-6">[6]</a></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">362,656</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">54th</a> in the United States <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ohio">2nd</a> in Ohio</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,793.52/sq mi (1,850.78/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,712,178 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">31st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,398.7/sq mi (926.1/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2020Pop-7">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,185,825 (US: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">33rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Clevelander</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-cleveland-MSA-GDP-8">[8]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Cleveland (MSA)</th><td class="infobox-data">$138.3 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>ZIP Codes<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;display:none"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">44101–44147, 44181, 44188, 44190–44195, 44197–44199 </li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_216" title="Area code 216">216</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clevelandohio.gov/">clevelandohio.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Cleveland<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> is a city in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GR6-11">[10]</a> Located along the southern shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, it is situated across the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States maritime border</a> and lies approximately 60 mi (97 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. Cleveland is the most populous city on Lake Erie, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ohio">second-most populous city</a> in Ohio, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">54th-most populous city</a> in the U.S. with a population of 372,624 in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-USCensusQuickFacts-12">[11]</a> The city anchors the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland metropolitan area</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">33rd-largest</a> in the U.S. at 2.18 million residents, as well as the larger Cleveland–<a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a>–<a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">combined statistical area</a> with 3.63 million residents.<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCSA-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-cle-center-14">[13]</a> Cleveland was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Connecticut Western Reserve</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio" title="Northeast Ohio">Northeast Ohio</a> by General <a href="/wiki/Moses_Cleaveland" title="Moses Cleaveland">Moses Cleaveland</a>, after whom the city was named. The city's location on the river and the lake shore allowed it to grow into a major commercial and industrial <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> by the late 19th century, attracting large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigrants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">migrants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-immigration-migration-15">[14]</a> It was among the <a href="/wiki/Largest_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population_by_decade" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest cities in the United States by population by decade">top 10 largest U.S. cities by population</a> for much of the 20th century, a period that saw the development of the city's cultural institutions.<a href="#cite_note-largest-US-cities-16">[15]</a> By the 1960s, Cleveland's economy began to slow down as <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">manufacturing</a> declined and <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbanization</a> occurred. Cleveland is a <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cleveland" title="Port of Cleveland">port city</a>, connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a>. <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greater_Cleveland" title="Economy of Greater Cleveland">Its economy</a> relies on diverse sectors that include higher education, manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, and biomedicals.<a href="#cite_note-economy-17">[16]</a> The city serves as the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland</a>, as well as several major companies. The GDP for the Greater Cleveland MSA was US$138.3 billion in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-cleveland-MSA-GDP-8">[8]</a> Combined with the <a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron MSA</a>, the eight-county Cleveland–Akron metropolitan economy was $176 billion in 2022, the largest in Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Designated as a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Cleveland is home to several major cultural institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Library" title="Cleveland Public Library">Cleveland Public Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Square" title="Playhouse Square">Playhouse Square</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>. Known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Forest_City" title="The Forest City">The Forest City</a>" among many other <a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Cleveland" title="Nicknames of Cleveland">nicknames</a>, Cleveland serves as the center of the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metroparks" title="Cleveland Metroparks">Cleveland Metroparks</a> nature reserve system.<a href="#cite_note-forest-city-1">[1]</a> The city's major league <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Cleveland" title="Sports in Cleveland">professional sports teams</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a>; <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers" title="Cleveland Cavaliers">Cleveland Cavaliers</a> (basketball; <a href="/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Cleveland Guardians</a> (baseball; <a href="/wiki/MLB" class="mw-redirect" title="MLB">MLB</a>). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cleveland" title="History of Cleveland">History of Cleveland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cleveland" title="Timeline of Cleveland">Timeline of Cleveland</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moses_Cleaveland_statue_in_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Moses_Cleaveland_statue_in_2021.jpg/170px-Moses_Cleaveland_statue_in_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Moses_Cleaveland_statue_in_2021.jpg/255px-Moses_Cleaveland_statue_in_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Moses_Cleaveland_statue_in_2021.jpg/340px-Moses_Cleaveland_statue_in_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_G._C._Hamilton" title="James G. C. Hamilton">James G. C. Hamilton</a>'s 1888 statue of city founder General <a href="/wiki/Moses_Cleaveland" title="Moses Cleaveland">Moses Cleaveland</a></figcaption></figure> Cleveland was established on July 22, 1796, by surveyors of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Land_Company" title="Connecticut Land Company">Connecticut Land Company</a> when they laid out <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a> into townships and a capital city. They named the settlement "Cleaveland" after their leader, General <a href="/wiki/Moses_Cleaveland" title="Moses Cleaveland">Moses Cleaveland</a>, a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moses-20">[19]</a> Cleaveland oversaw the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>–style design of the plan for what would become the modern downtown area, centered on <a href="/wiki/Public_Square,_Cleveland" title="Public Square, Cleveland">Public Square</a>, before returning to Connecticut, never again to visit Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-moses-20">[19]</a> The town's name was often shortened to "Cleveland", even by Cleaveland's original surveyors. A common myth emerged that the spelling was altered by The Cleveland Advertiser in order to fit the name on the newspaper's <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_(publishing)" title="Nameplate (publishing)">masthead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The first permanent European settler in Cleveland was <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Carter_(settler)" title="Lorenzo Carter (settler)">Lorenzo Carter</a>, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerWheeler1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsclevelandconcise0000millpage14_14]-23">[22]</a> The emerging community served as an important supply post for the U.S. during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Battle of Lake Erie</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Locals adopted Commodore <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</a> as a civic hero and erected a <a href="/wiki/Perry_Monument_(Cleveland)" title="Perry Monument (Cleveland)">monument in his honor</a> decades later.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Largely through the efforts of the settlement's first lawyer <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kelley" title="Alfred Kelley">Alfred Kelley</a>, the village of Cleveland was incorporated on December 23, 1814.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose199074-26">[25]</a> In spite of the nearby swampy lowlands and harsh winters, the town's waterfront location proved advantageous, giving it access to Great Lakes trade. It grew rapidly after the 1832 completion of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_and_Erie_Canal" title="Ohio and Erie Canal">Ohio and Erie Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> This key link between the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> connected Cleveland to the Atlantic Ocean via the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> and Hudson River, and later via the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-economy-17">[16]</a> The town's growth continued with added <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">railroad links</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerWheeler1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsclevelandconcise0000millpage51_51]-28">[27]</a> In 1836, Cleveland, then only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga, was officially incorporated as a city, and <a href="/wiki/John_W._Willey" title="John W. Willey">John W. Willey</a> was elected its first mayor.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-29">[28]</a> That same year, it nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ohio_City,_Cleveland" title="Ohio City, Cleveland">Ohio City</a> over a bridge connecting the two communities.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its <a href="/wiki/Municipal_annexation_in_the_United_States" title="Municipal annexation in the United States">annexation</a> by Cleveland in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-29">[28]</a> A center of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> activity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeating202213–15-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Cleveland (code-named "Station Hope") was a major stop on the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> for escaped African American <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a> en route to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The city also served as an <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cleveland in the American Civil War">important center</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeating202238-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Decades later, in July 1894, the wartime contributions of those serving the Union from Cleveland and Cuyahoga County would be honored with the <a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument_(Cleveland)" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)">Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument</a> on Public Square.<a href="#cite_note-soldiers-sailors-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_expansion">Growth and expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Growth and expansion">edit</a>]</div> The Civil War vaulted Cleveland into the first rank of American manufacturing cities and fueled unprecedented growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerWheeler1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsclevelandconcise0000millpage69_69]-37">[36]</a> Its prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes played an important role in its development as an industrial and commercial center. In 1870, <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> in Cleveland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1990937-38">[37]</a> and in 1885, he moved its headquarters to New York City, which had become a center of finance and business.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cleveland_1877.jpg/260px-Cleveland_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cleveland_1877.jpg/390px-Cleveland_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cleveland_1877.jpg/520px-Cleveland_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10704" data-file-height="6544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s-eye_view" title="Bird's-eye view">Bird's-eye view</a> of Cleveland in 1877</figcaption></figure> Cleveland's economic growth and industrial jobs attracted large waves of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> and Eastern Europe as well as <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-immigration-migration-15">[14]</a> Urban growth was accompanied by significant strikes and labor unrest, as workers demanded <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">better wages and working conditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerWheeler1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsclevelandconcise0000millpage87_87–89]-40">[39]</a> Between 1881 and 1886, 70 to 80% of strikes were successful in improving labor conditions in Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-labor-41">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_strikes_in_the_United_States" title="Streetcar strikes in the United States">Cleveland Streetcar Strike of 1899</a> was one of the more violent instances of labor strife in the city during this period.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> By 1910, Cleveland had become known as the "Sixth City" due to its status at the time as the sixth-largest U.S. city.<a href="#cite_note-nicknames-43">[42]</a> Its automotive companies included <a href="/wiki/Peerless_Motor_Company" title="Peerless Motor Company">Peerless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandler_Motor_Car" title="Chandler Motor Car">Chandler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winton_Motor_Carriage_Company" title="Winton Motor Carriage Company">Winton</a>, maker of the first car driven across the U.S. Other manufacturing industries in Cleveland included <a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">steam cars</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/White_Motor_Company" title="White Motor Company">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric cars</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Baker_Motor_Vehicle" title="Baker Motor Vehicle">Baker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerWheeler1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsclevelandconcise0000millpage116_116]-44">[43]</a> The city counted major <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> politicians among its leaders, most prominently the <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Tom_L._Johnson" title="Tom L. Johnson">Tom L. Johnson</a>, who was responsible for the development of the <a href="/wiki/The_Mall_(Cleveland)" title="The Mall (Cleveland)">Cleveland Mall Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The era of the <a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a> in Cleveland architecture saw wealthy patrons support the establishment of the city's major cultural institutions. The most prominent among them were the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>, which opened in 1916,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsobject-lessonspage9_9]-46">[45]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a>, established in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg200043–44-47">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inviting_Immigrants_to_Cleveland_Poster_(6279784636).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Inviting_Immigrants_to_Cleveland_Poster_%286279784636%29.jpg/170px-Inviting_Immigrants_to_Cleveland_Poster_%286279784636%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Inviting_Immigrants_to_Cleveland_Poster_%286279784636%29.jpg/255px-Inviting_Immigrants_to_Cleveland_Poster_%286279784636%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Inviting_Immigrants_to_Cleveland_Poster_%286279784636%29.jpg/340px-Inviting_Immigrants_to_Cleveland_Poster_%286279784636%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="2562" /></a><figcaption>1917 multilingual poster in English, Italian, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, advertising English classes for immigrants in Cleveland</figcaption></figure> In addition to the large immigrant population, African American migrants from the rural <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> arrived in Cleveland (among other Northeastern and Midwestern cities) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> for jobs, constitutional rights, and relief from <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">racial discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-african-americans-48">[47]</a> By 1920, the year in which the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Cleveland Indians</a> won their <a href="/wiki/1920_World_Series" title="1920 World Series">first World Series championship</a>, Cleveland had grown into a densely-populated metropolis of 796,841, making it the fifth-largest city in the nation,<a href="#cite_note-largest-US-cities-16">[15]</a> with a foreign-born population of 30%.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> At this time, Cleveland saw the rise of radical labor movements, most prominently the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW), in response to the conditions of the largely immigrant and migrant workers. In 1919, the city attracted national attention amid the <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a> for the <a href="/wiki/May_Day_riots_of_1919" title="May Day riots of 1919">Cleveland May Day Riots</a>, in which local <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and IWW demonstrators clashed with anti-socialists.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The riots occurred during the broader <a href="/wiki/US_Strike_wave_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="US Strike wave of 1919">strike wave</a> that swept the U.S. that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecher2020[httpsarchiveorgdetailsstrike0000brec_t8h1page110_110]-52">[51]</a> Cleveland's population continued to grow throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondon1979[httpsarchiveorgdetailsclevelandprodigy0000condpage99_99]-53">[52]</a> The decade saw the establishment of the city's <a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Square" title="Playhouse Square">Playhouse Square</a>,<a href="#cite_note-playhouse-54">[53]</a> and the rise of the risqué <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland#Short_Vincent" title="Downtown Cleveland">Short Vincent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The Bal-Masque balls of the avant-garde <a href="/wiki/Kokoon_Arts_Club" title="Kokoon Arts Club">Kokoon Arts Club</a> scandalized the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsWaldman201185–87-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> came to prominence in Cleveland during this period.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosbrook201310-60">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> first took effect in Ohio in May 1919 (although it was not well-enforced in Cleveland), became law with the <a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a> in 1920, and was eventually <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">repealed</a> nationally by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-prohibition-61">[60]</a> The ban on alcohol led to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">speakeasies</a> throughout the city and organized crime gangs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mayfield_Road_Mob" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayfield Road Mob">Mayfield Road Mob</a>, who smuggled bootleg liquor across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> from Canada into Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-prohibition-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euclid_Avenue_1918_CP06293_-_DPLA_-_c71a7b0702bca63a585bd2365a66f7c6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Euclid_Avenue_1918_CP06293_-_DPLA_-_c71a7b0702bca63a585bd2365a66f7c6.jpg/220px-Euclid_Avenue_1918_CP06293_-_DPLA_-_c71a7b0702bca63a585bd2365a66f7c6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Euclid_Avenue_1918_CP06293_-_DPLA_-_c71a7b0702bca63a585bd2365a66f7c6.jpg/330px-Euclid_Avenue_1918_CP06293_-_DPLA_-_c71a7b0702bca63a585bd2365a66f7c6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Euclid_Avenue_1918_CP06293_-_DPLA_-_c71a7b0702bca63a585bd2365a66f7c6.jpg/440px-Euclid_Avenue_1918_CP06293_-_DPLA_-_c71a7b0702bca63a585bd2365a66f7c6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6213" data-file-height="4972" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euclid_Avenue_(Cleveland)" title="Euclid Avenue (Cleveland)">Euclid Avenue</a> and East 9th Street with the Hickox Building in 1918</figcaption></figure> The era of the <a href="/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper">flapper</a> marked the beginning of the golden age in Downtown Cleveland retail, centered on major department stores <a href="/wiki/Higbee%27s" title="Higbee's">Higbee's</a>, Bailey's, the <a href="/wiki/May_Company_Ohio" title="May Company Ohio">May Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_%26_Son" title="William Taylor & Son">Taylor's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halle_Brothers_Co." title="Halle Brothers Co.">Halle's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sterling-Lindner_Co." title="Sterling-Lindner Co.">Sterling Lindner Davis</a>, which collectively represented one of the largest and most fashionable shopping districts in the country, often compared to New York's <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In 1929, Cleveland hosted the first of many <a href="/wiki/National_Air_Races" title="National Air Races">National Air Races</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a> flew to the city from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Air_Derby" title="Women's Air Derby">Women's Air Derby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Van_Sweringen_brothers" title="Van Sweringen brothers">Van Sweringen brothers</a> commenced construction of the <a href="/wiki/Terminal_Tower" title="Terminal Tower">Terminal Tower</a> skyscraper in 1926 and oversaw it to completion in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarwood2003134–135-66">[65]</a> By the time the building was dedicated as part of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Union_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Union Terminal">Cleveland Union Terminal</a> in 1930, the city had a population of over 900,000.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-29">[28]</a> Cleveland was hit hard by the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillerWheeler1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsclevelandconcise0000millpage146_146]"Industrialist_[[Cyrus_S._Eaton|Cyrus_Eaton]]_would_later_say_that_Cleveland_was_hurt_more_by_the_Depression_than_any_other_city_in_the_United_States"_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerWheeler1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsclevelandconcise0000millpage146_146]"Industrialist_[[Cyrus_S._Eaton|Cyrus_Eaton]]_would_later_say_that_Cleveland_was_hurt_more_by_the_Depression_than_any_other_city_in_the_United_States"-67">[66]</a> A center of <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">union activity</a>, the city saw significant <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor struggles</a> in this period, including strikes by workers against <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Body" title="Fisher Body">Fisher Body</a> in 1936 and against <a href="/wiki/Republic_Steel" title="Republic Steel">Republic Steel</a> in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-labor-41">[40]</a> The city was also aided by major federal works projects sponsored by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerWheeler1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsclevelandconcise0000millpage136_136–139]-68">[67]</a> In commemoration of the centennial of Cleveland's incorporation as a city, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Exposition" title="Great Lakes Exposition">Great Lakes Exposition</a> debuted in June 1936 at the city's <a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Harbor" title="North Coast Harbor">North Coast Harbor</a>, along the Lake Erie shore north of downtown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1976106–107-69">[68]</a> Conceived by Cleveland's business leaders as a way to revitalize the city during the Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroplane_View_of_Union_Terminal_Group_and_Public_Square_(NBY_1512).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aeroplane_View_of_Union_Terminal_Group_and_Public_Square_%28NBY_1512%29.jpg/170px-Aeroplane_View_of_Union_Terminal_Group_and_Public_Square_%28NBY_1512%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aeroplane_View_of_Union_Terminal_Group_and_Public_Square_%28NBY_1512%29.jpg/255px-Aeroplane_View_of_Union_Terminal_Group_and_Public_Square_%28NBY_1512%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aeroplane_View_of_Union_Terminal_Group_and_Public_Square_%28NBY_1512%29.jpg/340px-Aeroplane_View_of_Union_Terminal_Group_and_Public_Square_%28NBY_1512%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of <a href="/wiki/Public_Square_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Square (Cleveland)">Public Square</a> and the then-new <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Union_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Union Terminal">Cleveland Union Terminal</a> in 1930</figcaption></figure> On December 7, 1941, Imperial Japan <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacked Pearl Harbor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">declared war</a> on the U.S. Two of the victims of the attack were Cleveland natives – Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isaac_C._Kidd" title="Isaac C. Kidd">Isaac C. Kidd</a> and ensign William Halloran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrechtBanks20158-71">[70]</a> The attack signaled America's entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. A major hub of the "<a href="/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy" title="Arsenal of Democracy">Arsenal of Democracy</a>", Cleveland under Mayor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lausche" title="Frank Lausche">Frank Lausche</a> contributed massively to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">U.S. war effort</a> as the fifth largest manufacturing center in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrechtBanks201554-72">[71]</a> During his tenure, Lausche also oversaw the establishment of the Cleveland Transit System, the predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority">Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RTA-history-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_and_early_21st_centuries">Late 20th and early 21st centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late 20th and early 21st centuries">edit</a>]</div> After the war, Cleveland initially experienced an <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">economic boom</a>, and businesses declared the city to be the "best location in the nation".<a href="#cite_note-nicknames-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In 1949, the city was named an <a href="/wiki/All-America_City_Award" title="All-America City Award">All-America City</a> for the first time, and in 1950, its population reached 914,808.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-29">[28]</a> In sports, the Indians won the <a href="/wiki/1948_World_Series" title="1948 World Series">1948 World Series</a>, the hockey team, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Barons_(1937%E2%80%931973)" title="Cleveland Barons (1937–1973)">Barons</a>, became champions of the American Hockey League, and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Browns</a> dominated professional <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">football</a> in the 1950s. As a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was declared the "City of Champions" in sports at this time.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Additionally, the 1950s saw the rising popularity of a new music genre that local <a href="/wiki/WKNR" title="WKNR">WJW (AM)</a> disc jockey <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a> dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>".<a href="#cite_note-freed-76">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_(34552871444).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_%2834552871444%29.jpg/170px-Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_%2834552871444%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_%2834552871444%29.jpg/255px-Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_%2834552871444%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_%2834552871444%29.jpg/340px-Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_%2834552871444%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Key_Tower" title="Key Tower">Key Tower</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Eternal_Life" title="Fountain of Eternal Life">Fountain of Eternal Life</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Fredericks" title="Marshall Fredericks">Marshall Fredericks</a></figcaption></figure> However, by the 1960s, Cleveland's economy began to slow down, and residents increasingly sought new housing in the suburbs, reflecting the national trends of suburban growth following federally subsidized highways.<a href="#cite_note-suburbs-77">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">Industrial restructuring</a>, particularly in the steel and automotive industries, resulted in the loss of numerous jobs in Cleveland and the region, and the city suffered economically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerWheeler1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsclevelandconcise0000millpage183_183]-78">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Cuyahoga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of the Cuyahoga River">burning of the Cuyahoga River</a> in June 1969 brought national attention to the issue of <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">industrial pollution</a> in Cleveland and served as a catalyst for the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">American environmental movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-cuyahoga-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">Housing discrimination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a> against African Americans led to racial unrest in Cleveland and numerous other Northern U.S. cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothstein201714-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In Cleveland, the <a href="/wiki/Hough_riots" title="Hough riots">Hough riots</a> erupted from July 18 to 24, 1966,<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Glenville_Shootout" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenville Shootout">Glenville Shootout</a> took place on July 23, 1968.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In November 1967, Cleveland became the first major American city to elect an African American mayor, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stokes" title="Carl Stokes">Carl B. Stokes</a>, who served from 1968 to 1971 and played an instrumental role in restoring the Cuyahoga River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1973[httpsarchiveorgdetailspromisesofpowerp00stokpage42_42]-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-stokes-cuyahoga-85">[84]</a> During the 1970s, Cleveland became known as "Bomb City U.S.A." due to several bombings that shook the city, mostly due to organized crime rivalries.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> In December 1978, during the turbulent tenure of <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a> as mayor, Cleveland became the first major American city since the Great Depression to enter into a <a href="/wiki/Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">financial default</a> on federal loans.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1980s recession in the United States">national recession</a> of the early 1980s "further eroded the city's traditional economic base."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerWheeler1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsclevelandconcise0000millpage183_183]-78">[77]</a> While unemployment during the period peaked in 1983, Cleveland's rate of 13.8% was higher than the national average due to the closure of several steel production centers.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The city began a gradual economic recovery under Mayor <a href="/wiki/George_Voinovich" title="George Voinovich">George V. Voinovich</a> in the 1980s. Downtown saw the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Key_Tower" title="Key Tower">Key Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/200_Public_Square" title="200 Public Square">200 Public Square</a> skyscrapers, as well as the development of the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Sports_and_Entertainment_Complex" title="Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex">Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex</a> – consisting of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Field" title="Progressive Field">Progressive Field</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Mortgage_FieldHouse" title="Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse">Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse</a> – and North Coast Harbor, including the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Browns Stadium">Cleveland Browns Stadium</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Science_Center" title="Great Lakes Science Center">Great Lakes Science Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Although the city emerged from default in 1987,<a href="#cite_note-timeline-29">[28]</a> it later suffered from the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">subprime mortgage crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Nevertheless, by the turn of the 21st century, Cleveland succeeded in developing a more diversified economy and gained a national reputation as a center for healthcare and the arts.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-92">[91]</a> The city's downtown and several neighborhoods have experienced significant population growth since 2010, while overall population decline has slowed.<a href="#cite_note-2020census-93">[92]</a> Challenges remain for the city, with improvement of city schools,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> economic development of neighborhoods, and continued efforts to tackle poverty, <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ohio" title="Homelessness in Ohio">homelessness</a>, and urban blight being top municipal priorities.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-34_Night_view_of_Cleveland,_Ohio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ISS-34_Night_view_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.jpg/220px-ISS-34_Night_view_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ISS-34_Night_view_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.jpg/330px-ISS-34_Night_view_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ISS-34_Night_view_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.jpg/440px-ISS-34_Night_view_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="4088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> satellite photograph of Cleveland at night</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, the city has a total area of 82.47 square miles (213.60 km2), of which 77.70 square miles (201.24 km2) is land and 4.77 square miles (12.35 km2) is water.<a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-97">[96]</a> The shore of Lake Erie is 569 feet (173 m) above <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">sea level</a>; however, the city lies on a series of irregular bluffs lying roughly parallel to the lake. In Cleveland these bluffs are cut principally by the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a>, Big Creek, and <a href="/wiki/Euclid_Creek" title="Euclid Creek">Euclid Creek</a>. The land rises quickly from the lake shore elevation of 569 feet. Public Square, less than one mile (1.6 km) inland, sits at an elevation of 650 feet (198 m), and Hopkins Airport, 5 miles (8 km) inland from the lake, is at an elevation of 791 feet (241 m).<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Cleveland borders several <a href="/wiki/Inner_suburb" title="Inner suburb">inner-ring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburb" title="Streetcar suburb">streetcar suburbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-suburbs-77">[76]</a> To the west, it borders <a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio" title="Lakewood, Ohio">Lakewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_River,_Ohio" title="Rocky River, Ohio">Rocky River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fairview_Park,_Ohio" title="Fairview Park, Ohio">Fairview Park</a>, and to the east, it borders <a href="/wiki/Shaker_Heights,_Ohio" title="Shaker Heights, Ohio">Shaker Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Heights,_Ohio" title="Cleveland Heights, Ohio">Cleveland Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Euclid,_Ohio" title="South Euclid, Ohio">South Euclid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Cleveland,_Ohio" title="East Cleveland, Ohio">East Cleveland</a>. To the southwest, it borders <a href="/wiki/Linndale,_Ohio" title="Linndale, Ohio">Linndale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Ohio" title="Brooklyn, Ohio">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio">Parma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brook_Park,_Ohio" title="Brook Park, Ohio">Brook Park</a>. To the south, the city borders <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Heights,_Ohio" title="Newburgh Heights, Ohio">Newburgh Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Heights,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio">Cuyahoga Heights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights,_Ohio" title="Brooklyn Heights, Ohio">Brooklyn Heights</a> and to the southeast, it borders <a href="/wiki/Warrensville_Heights,_Ohio" title="Warrensville Heights, Ohio">Warrensville Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple_Heights,_Ohio" title="Maple Heights, Ohio">Maple Heights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garfield_Heights,_Ohio" title="Garfield Heights, Ohio">Garfield Heights</a>. To the northeast, along the shore of Lake Erie, Cleveland borders <a href="/wiki/Bratenahl,_Ohio" title="Bratenahl, Ohio">Bratenahl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euclid,_Ohio" title="Euclid, Ohio">Euclid</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Skyline_2015.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyline of Cleveland from University Circle at daylight (2015)."><img alt="Skyline of Cleveland from University Circle at daylight (2015)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cleveland_Skyline_2015.png/1000px-Cleveland_Skyline_2015.png" decoding="async" width="1000" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cleveland_Skyline_2015.png/1500px-Cleveland_Skyline_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cleveland_Skyline_2015.png/2000px-Cleveland_Skyline_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="572" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Skyline_2015.png" title="File:Cleveland Skyline 2015.png"> </a></div>Skyline of Cleveland from <a href="/wiki/University_Circle" title="University Circle">University Circle</a> at daylight (2015).</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Cle_Skyline_December_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyline of Cleveland at night, with Key Tower, 200 Public Square, and the Terminal Tower at the center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cle_Skyline_December_2020.jpg/1000px-Cle_Skyline_December_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cle_Skyline_December_2020.jpg/1500px-Cle_Skyline_December_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cle_Skyline_December_2020.jpg/2000px-Cle_Skyline_December_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="1533" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cle_Skyline_December_2020.jpg" title="File:Cle Skyline December 2020.jpg"> </a></div>Skyline of Cleveland at night, with <a href="/wiki/Key_Tower" title="Key Tower">Key Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/200_Public_Square" title="200 Public Square">200 Public Square</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Terminal_Tower" title="Terminal Tower">Terminal Tower</a> at the center</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Clewinter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Downtown Cleveland from Lake Erie, January 2022"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Clewinter.jpg/1000px-Clewinter.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Clewinter.jpg/1500px-Clewinter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Clewinter.jpg/2000px-Clewinter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="744" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Clewinter.jpg" title="File:Clewinter.jpg"> </a></div>Downtown Cleveland from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, January 2022</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architecture">Architecture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cleveland" title="List of tallest buildings in Cleveland">List of tallest buildings in Cleveland</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cleveland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cleveland">National Register of Historic Places listings in Cleveland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euclid_facades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Euclid_facades.jpg/170px-Euclid_facades.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Euclid_facades.jpg/255px-Euclid_facades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Euclid_facades.jpg/340px-Euclid_facades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Facades of buildings along Euclid Avenue</figcaption></figure> Cleveland's downtown architecture is diverse. Many of the city's government and civic buildings, including <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_City_Hall" title="Cleveland City Hall">City Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County_Courthouse" title="Cuyahoga County Courthouse">Cuyahoga County Courthouse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Library" title="Cleveland Public Library">Cleveland Public Library</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_Auditorium" title="Public Auditorium">Public Auditorium</a>, are clustered around the open Cleveland Mall and share a common <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical architecture</a>. They were built in the early 20th century as the result of the 1903 Group Plan. They constitute one of the most complete examples of City Beautiful design in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence198020–25-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Completed in 1927 and dedicated in 1930 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_City_Center" title="Tower City Center">Cleveland Union Terminal</a> complex, the Terminal Tower was the tallest building in North America outside New York City until 1964 and the tallest in the city until 1991.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomanCook200576-101">[100]</a> It is a prototypical <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> skyscraper. The two other major skyscrapers on Public Square, Key Tower (the tallest building in Ohio) and 200 Public Square, combine elements of <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> architecture with <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">postmodern</a> designs.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Running east from Public Square through University Circle is <a href="/wiki/Euclid_Avenue_(Cleveland)" title="Euclid Avenue (Cleveland)">Euclid Avenue</a>, which was known as "Millionaires' Row" for its prestige and elegance as a residential street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECigliano19911–2-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In the late 1880s, writer <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Taylor" title="Bayard Taylor">Bayard Taylor</a> described it as "the most beautiful street in the world".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpton1910507-106">[105]</a> Nicknamed Cleveland's "Crystal Palace", the five-story <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Arcade" title="Cleveland Arcade">Cleveland Arcade</a> (also known as the Old Arcade) was built in 1890 and renovated in 2001 as a <a href="/wiki/Hyatt" title="Hyatt">Hyatt</a> Regency Hotel.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Another major architectural landmark, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Trust_Company_Building" title="Cleveland Trust Company Building">Cleveland Trust Company Building</a>, was completed in 1907 and renovated in 2015 as a downtown <a href="/wiki/Heinen%27s_Fine_Foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinen's Fine Foods">Heinen's</a> supermarket.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Cleveland's historic <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical architecture">ecclesiastical architecture</a> includes the Presbyterian <a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Church_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Stone Church (Cleveland)">Old Stone Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">onion domed</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Theodosius_Russian_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral">St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> and the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Evangelist_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist (Cleveland, Ohio)">Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist</a> along with several other ethnically inspired Catholic churches.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcade_(48249762776).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cleveland Arcade, 1890"><img alt="Cleveland Arcade, 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Arcade_%2848249762776%29.jpg/226px-Arcade_%2848249762776%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Arcade_%2848249762776%29.jpg/338px-Arcade_%2848249762776%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Arcade_%2848249762776%29.jpg/451px-Arcade_%2848249762776%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Arcade" title="Cleveland Arcade">Cleveland Arcade</a>, 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Trust_Company_Building,_Euclid_Avenue_and_East_9th_Street,_Cleveland,_OH.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cleveland Trust Company Building, 1907"><img alt="Cleveland Trust Company Building, 1907" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cleveland_Trust_Company_Building%2C_Euclid_Avenue_and_East_9th_Street%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH.jpg/200px-Cleveland_Trust_Company_Building%2C_Euclid_Avenue_and_East_9th_Street%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cleveland_Trust_Company_Building%2C_Euclid_Avenue_and_East_9th_Street%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH.jpg/300px-Cleveland_Trust_Company_Building%2C_Euclid_Avenue_and_East_9th_Street%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cleveland_Trust_Company_Building%2C_Euclid_Avenue_and_East_9th_Street%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH.jpg/400px-Cleveland_Trust_Company_Building%2C_Euclid_Avenue_and_East_9th_Street%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3955" data-file-height="2966" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Trust_Company_Building" title="Cleveland Trust Company Building">Cleveland Trust Company Building</a>, 1907</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_lobby.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Connor Palace Theatre, 1922"><img alt="Connor Palace Theatre, 1922" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Palace_lobby.jpg/201px-Palace_lobby.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Palace_lobby.jpg/301px-Palace_lobby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Palace_lobby.jpg/402px-Palace_lobby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="2312" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Connor_Palace" title="Connor Palace">Connor Palace Theatre</a>, 1922</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Skyline_(26381354620).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terminal Tower from Euclid Avenue"><img alt="Terminal Tower from Euclid Avenue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cleveland_Skyline_%2826381354620%29.jpg/225px-Cleveland_Skyline_%2826381354620%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cleveland_Skyline_%2826381354620%29.jpg/338px-Cleveland_Skyline_%2826381354620%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cleveland_Skyline_%2826381354620%29.jpg/450px-Cleveland_Skyline_%2826381354620%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Terminal_Tower" title="Terminal Tower">Terminal Tower</a> from Euclid Avenue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Foyer,_Severance_Hall,_University_Circle,_Cleveland,_OH_-_52992001701.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand foyer of Severance Hall, 1931"><img alt="Grand foyer of Severance Hall, 1931" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Grand_Foyer%2C_Severance_Hall%2C_University_Circle%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH_-_52992001701.jpg/200px-Grand_Foyer%2C_Severance_Hall%2C_University_Circle%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH_-_52992001701.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Grand_Foyer%2C_Severance_Hall%2C_University_Circle%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH_-_52992001701.jpg/300px-Grand_Foyer%2C_Severance_Hall%2C_University_Circle%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH_-_52992001701.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Grand_Foyer%2C_Severance_Hall%2C_University_Circle%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH_-_52992001701.jpg/400px-Grand_Foyer%2C_Severance_Hall%2C_University_Circle%2C_Cleveland%2C_OH_-_52992001701.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grand foyer of <a href="/wiki/Severance_Hall" title="Severance Hall">Severance Hall</a>, 1931</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Cleveland" title="Neighborhoods in Cleveland">Neighborhoods in Cleveland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illuminated_West_Side_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Illuminated_West_Side_Market.jpg/220px-Illuminated_West_Side_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Illuminated_West_Side_Market.jpg/330px-Illuminated_West_Side_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Illuminated_West_Side_Market.jpg/440px-Illuminated_West_Side_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3091" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ohio_City,_Cleveland" title="Ohio City, Cleveland">Ohio City</a> neighborhood at night</figcaption></figure> The Cleveland City Planning Commission has officially designated 34 neighborhoods in Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Centered on Public Square, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland" title="Downtown Cleveland">Downtown Cleveland</a> is the city's central business district, encompassing a wide range of subdistricts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nine-Twelve_District" title="Nine-Twelve District">Nine-Twelve District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Campus_District" title="Campus District">Campus District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Center_(Cleveland)" title="Civic Center (Cleveland)">Civic Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_4th_Street_(Cleveland)" title="East 4th Street (Cleveland)">East 4th Street</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Square" title="Playhouse Square">Playhouse Square</a>. It also historically included the lively <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland#Short_Vincent" title="Downtown Cleveland">Short Vincent</a> entertainment district.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutka201237-114">[113]</a> Mixed-use areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_District,_Cleveland" title="Warehouse District, Cleveland">Warehouse District</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland#Superior_Arts_District" title="Downtown Cleveland">Superior Arts District</a>, are occupied by industrial and office buildings as well as restaurants, cafes, and bars.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-92">[91]</a> The number of <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">condominiums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loft_apartment" class="mw-redirect" title="Loft apartment">lofts</a>, and apartments has been on the increase since 2000 and especially 2010, reflecting downtown's growing population.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_City_Neighborhoods_with_Names.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cleveland_City_Neighborhoods_with_Names.png/220px-Cleveland_City_Neighborhoods_with_Names.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cleveland_City_Neighborhoods_with_Names.png/330px-Cleveland_City_Neighborhoods_with_Names.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cleveland_City_Neighborhoods_with_Names.png/440px-Cleveland_City_Neighborhoods_with_Names.png 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="2125" /></a><figcaption>Neighborhoods of Cleveland</figcaption></figure> Clevelanders geographically define themselves in terms of whether they live on the east or west side of the Cuyahoga River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECondon1967[httpsarchiveorgdetailscleveland0000georpage9mode2up_9]"For_all_practical_purposes,_though_–_and_hang_the_technicalities_–_everything_east_of_the_[Cuyahoga]_river_constitutes_the_East_Side._Everything_west_of_the_river_can_be_considered_the_West_Side._That_is_the_realistic_view_taken_by_Clevelanders._When_two_Clevelanders_meet_for_the_first_time,_they_fence_conversationally_until_the_vital_question_of_East_or_West_is_answered._Knowing_which_side_of_town_a_new_acquaintance_comes_from_makes_a_subtle_difference"_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondon1967[httpsarchiveorgdetailscleveland0000georpage9mode2up_9]"For_all_practical_purposes,_though_–_and_hang_the_technicalities_–_everything_east_of_the_[Cuyahoga]_river_constitutes_the_East_Side._Everything_west_of_the_river_can_be_considered_the_West_Side._That_is_the_realistic_view_taken_by_Clevelanders._When_two_Clevelanders_meet_for_the_first_time,_they_fence_conversationally_until_the_vital_question_of_East_or_West_is_answered._Knowing_which_side_of_town_a_new_acquaintance_comes_from_makes_a_subtle_difference"-116">[115]</a> The East Side includes the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Buckeye%E2%80%93Shaker" title="Buckeye–Shaker">Buckeye–Shaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckeye%E2%80%93Woodhill" title="Buckeye–Woodhill">Buckeye–Woodhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central,_Cleveland" title="Central, Cleveland">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collinwood" title="Collinwood">Collinwood</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Nottingham,_Ohio" title="Nottingham, Ohio">Nottingham</a>), <a href="/wiki/Euclid%E2%80%93Green" title="Euclid–Green">Euclid–Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Cleveland" title="Fairfax, Cleveland">Fairfax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenville,_Cleveland" title="Glenville, Cleveland">Glenville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goodrich%E2%80%93Kirtland_Park" title="Goodrich–Kirtland Park">Goodrich–Kirtland Park</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Asiatown,_Cleveland" title="Asiatown, Cleveland">Asiatown</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hough,_Cleveland" title="Hough, Cleveland">Hough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinsman,_Cleveland" title="Kinsman, Cleveland">Kinsman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Miles" title="Lee–Miles">Lee–Miles</a> (including Lee–Harvard and Lee–Seville), <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Cleveland" title="Mount Pleasant, Cleveland">Mount Pleasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Clair%E2%80%93Superior" title="St. Clair–Superior">St. Clair–Superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union%E2%80%93Miles_Park" title="Union–Miles Park">Union–Miles Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_Circle" title="University Circle">University Circle</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Italy, Cleveland">Little Italy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The West Side includes the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Centre" title="Brooklyn Centre">Brooklyn Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark%E2%80%93Fulton" title="Clark–Fulton">Clark–Fulton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cudell,_Cleveland" title="Cudell, Cleveland">Cudell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Shoreway" title="Detroit–Shoreway">Detroit–Shoreway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_Cleveland" title="Edgewater, Cleveland">Edgewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_City,_Cleveland" title="Ohio City, Cleveland">Ohio City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Brooklyn" title="Old Brooklyn">Old Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockyards,_Cleveland" title="Stockyards, Cleveland">Stockyards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Cleveland" title="Tremont, Cleveland">Tremont</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Cleveland#Duck_Island" title="Tremont, Cleveland">Duck Island</a>), <a href="/wiki/West_Boulevard" title="West Boulevard">West Boulevard</a>, and the four neighborhoods colloquially known as <a href="/wiki/West_Park,_Cleveland" title="West Park, Cleveland">West Park</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamm%27s_Corners" title="Kamm's Corners">Kamm's Corners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Cleveland" title="Jefferson, Cleveland">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellaire%E2%80%93Puritas,_Cleveland" title="Bellaire–Puritas, Cleveland">Bellaire–Puritas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hopkins,_Cleveland" title="Hopkins, Cleveland">Hopkins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Valley,_Cleveland" title="Cuyahoga Valley, Cleveland">Cuyahoga Valley</a> neighborhood (including <a href="/wiki/The_Flats" title="The Flats">the Flats</a>) is situated between the East and West Sides, while <a href="/wiki/Broadway%E2%80%93Slavic_Village" title="Broadway–Slavic Village">Broadway–Slavic Village</a> is sometimes referred to as the South Side.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Several neighborhoods have begun to attract the return of the middle class that left the city for the suburbs in the 1960s and 1970s. These neighborhoods are on both the West Side (Ohio City, Tremont, Detroit–Shoreway, and Edgewater) and the East Side (Collinwood, Hough, Fairfax, and Little Italy). Much of the growth has been spurred on by attracting <a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">creative class</a> members, which has facilitated new residential development and the transformation of old industrial buildings into loft spaces for artists.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-CLE-hustles-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> Cleveland </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.51892em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:6.9177777777778em;height:1.5em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.4177777777778em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">36</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.4177777777778em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">22</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.26492em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">2.5</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.0511111111111em;height:1.6666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7177777777778em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">39</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.5511111111111em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">24</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.55448em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.1</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.8511111111111em;height:1.8222222222222em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6733333333333em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">47</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.3511111111111em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">31</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.905em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.8</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.9733333333333em;height:2.1444444444444em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.117777777778em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">60</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.4733333333333em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">41</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.92532em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.8</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.151111111111em;height:2.1888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.34em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">71</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.6511111111111em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">51</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.94564em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.8</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.228888888889em;height:2.0777777777778em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.306666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">80</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7288888888889em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">61</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.86436em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.7</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.751111111111em;height:1.9888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.74em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">84</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.251111111111em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">66</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.80848em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.6</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.54em;height:2.0111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.551111111111em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">82</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.04em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">64</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.99644em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.9</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.784444444444em;height:2.0555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.84em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">76</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.2844444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">57</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.8288em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.6</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.6066666666667em;height:1.9111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.517777777778em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">64</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.1066666666667em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">47</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.71196em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.4</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.5177777777778em;height:1.6222222222222em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.14em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">51</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.0177777777778em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">37</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.51892em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.5733333333333em;height:1.3555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9288888888889em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">40</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.0733333333333em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">28</div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Metric conversion</th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.51892em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">76</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:6.9177777777778em;height:1.5em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.4177777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">2</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.4177777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">−5</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.26492em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">63</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.0511111111111em;height:1.6666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7177777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">4</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.5511111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">−5</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.55448em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">78</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.8511111111111em;height:1.8222222222222em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6733333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">8</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.3511111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">−1</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.905em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">95</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.9733333333333em;height:2.1444444444444em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.117777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">16</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.4733333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">5</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.92532em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">96</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.151111111111em;height:2.1888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.34em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">22</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.6511111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">11</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.94564em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">97</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.228888888889em;height:2.0777777777778em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.306666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">27</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7288888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">16</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.86436em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">93</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.751111111111em;height:1.9888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.74em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">29</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.251111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">19</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.80848em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">90</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.54em;height:2.0111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.551111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">28</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.04em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">18</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.99644em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">100</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.784444444444em;height:2.0555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.84em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">24</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.2844444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">14</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.8288em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">91</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.6066666666667em;height:1.9111111111111em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.517777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">18</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.1066666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">8</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.71196em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">86</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.5177777777778em;height:1.6222222222222em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.14em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">11</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.0177777777778em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">3</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.51892em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">76</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.5733333333333em;height:1.3555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9288888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">5</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.0733333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">−2</div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Typical of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>, Cleveland exhibits a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a> with four distinct seasons, which lies in the <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid continental">humid continental</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Dfa)<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> zone. The climate is transitional with the Cfa <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a>. Summers are hot and humid, while winters are cold and snowy. East of the mouth of the Cuyahoga, the land elevation rises rapidly in the south. Together with the prevailing winds off Lake Erie, this feature is the principal contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">lake-effect snow</a> that is typical in Cleveland (especially on the city's East Side) from mid-November until the surface of the lake freezes, usually in late January or early February. The lake effect causes a relative differential in geographical snowfall totals across the city. On the city's far West Side, the Hopkins neighborhood only reached 100 inches (254 cm) of snowfall in a season three times since record-keeping for snow began in 1893.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> By contrast, seasonal totals approaching or exceeding 100 inches (254 cm) are not uncommon as the city ascends into the Heights on the east, where the region known as the "<a href="/wiki/Snowbelt" title="Snowbelt">Snow Belt</a>" begins. Extending from the city's East Side and its suburbs, the Snow Belt reaches up the Lake Erie shore as far as <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The all-time record high in Cleveland of 104 °F (40 °C) was established on June 25, 1988,<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> and the all-time record low of −20 °F (−29 °C) was set on January 19, 1994.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> On average, July is the warmest month with a mean temperature of 74.5 °F (23.6 °C), and January, with a mean temperature of 29.1 °F (−1.6 °C), is the coldest. Normal yearly <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> based on the 30-year average from 1991 to 2020 is 41.03 inches (1,042 mm).<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The least precipitation occurs on the western side and directly along the lake, and the most occurs in the eastern suburbs. Parts of <a href="/wiki/Geauga_County,_Ohio" title="Geauga County, Ohio">Geauga County</a> to the east receive over 44 inches (1,100 mm) of liquid precipitation annually.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Cleveland (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hopkins_International_Airport" title="Cleveland Hopkins International Airport">Hopkins Airport</a>), 1991–2020 normals,<a href="#cite_note-128">[b]</a> extremes 1871–present<a href="#cite_note-129">[c]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 (23) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77 (25) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83 (28) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88 (31) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104 (40) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101 (38) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82 (28) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77 (25) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">104 (40) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.9 (14.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.8 (16.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8 (21.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.3 (26.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.7 (30.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.8 (33.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.7 (33.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.3 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.8 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.5 (26.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.9 (20.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.0 (15.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">93.9 (34.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (2.1) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.5 (3.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.1 (8.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.1 (15.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.1 (21.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.8 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.7 (28.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.0 (27.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.6 (24.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.7 (17.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.3 (10.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.4 (4.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60.8 (16.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (−1.6) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (−0.5) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.9 (3.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.4 (10.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.2 (16.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.4 (21.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.5 (23.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.0 (22.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.4 (19.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.1 (12.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.0 (6.7) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52.4 (11.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (−5.4) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (−4.6) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (−0.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.8 (4.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4 (10.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.1 (16.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.3 (18.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9 (17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.1 (13.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.5 (8.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (2.6) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (−2.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.0 (6.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (−17.1) </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (−15.6) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (−11.0) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (−3.4) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (2.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.9 (7.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.3 (11.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.6 (10.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.0 (6.1) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (−6.2) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (−12.3) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−2.2 (−19.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−20 (−29) </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−17 (−27) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5 (−21) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (−12) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (−4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 (−1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41 (5) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 (3) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 (0) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 (−7) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (−18) </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−15 (−26) </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−20 (−29) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.99 (76) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.49 (63) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.06 (78) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.75 (95) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.79 (96) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.83 (97) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.67 (93) </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.56 (90) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.93 (100) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.60 (91) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.37 (86) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.99 (76) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.03 (1,042) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.4 (47) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.1 (38) </td> <td style="background: #00006B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10.8 (27) </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (6.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.25) </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">4.5 (11) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.2 (31) </td> <td style="background: #3232FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63.8 (162) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (19) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (19) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (13) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (3.8) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (11) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.8 (27) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.7 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.6 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">158.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) </th> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.4 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000E4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #ADAD94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.0 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122.3 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">216.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">263.6 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.6 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">307.2 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">262.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.0 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169.5 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.8 </td> <td style="background: #7B7B7B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.8 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,280 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAAsun-132">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-133">[130]</a> (sunshine data) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Cleveland </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Average sea temperature °F (°C) </th> <td style="background:#1010FF;color:#FFFFFF;">34.0 (1.1) </td> <td style="background:#0909FF;color:#FFFFFF;">33.2 (0.6) </td> <td style="background:#0C0CFF;color:#FFFFFF;">33.5 (0.8) </td> <td style="background:#4848FF;color:#FFFFFF;">40.6 (4.8) </td> <td style="background:#9A9AFF;color:#000000;">50.5 (10.3) </td> <td style="background:#FFD344;color:#000000;">66.5 (19.2) </td> <td style="background:#FF6B00;color:#000000;">76.2 (24.5) </td> <td style="background:#FF6900;color:#000000;">76.3 (24.6) </td> <td style="background:#FFA000;color:#000000;">71.2 (21.8) </td> <td style="background:#FAFAFF;color:#000000;">62.0 (16.7) </td> <td style="background:#9A9AFF;color:#000000;">50.5 (10.3) </td> <td style="background:#3D3DFF;color:#FFFFFF;">39.3 (4.1) </td> <td style="background:#ADADFF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">52.8 (11.6) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mean daily daylight hours </th> <td style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;">10.0 </td> <td style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;">11.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;">13.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;">15.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;">15.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;">15.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;">14.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;">11.0 </td> <td style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;">10.0 </td> <td style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;">9.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF37;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">12.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-133">[130]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Cleveland" title="Sustainable Cleveland">Sustainable Cleveland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_in_Cleveland,_Ohio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bridge_in_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.jpg/220px-Bridge_in_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bridge_in_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.jpg/330px-Bridge_in_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bridge_in_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.jpg/440px-Bridge_in_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The west bank of <a href="/wiki/The_Flats" title="The Flats">the Flats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a> in Downtown Cleveland, with <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_Pavilion" title="Jacobs Pavilion">Jacobs Pavilion</a>, Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Amphitheater" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphitheater">amphitheater</a></figcaption></figure> With its extensive cleanup of its Lake Erie shore and the Cuyahoga River, Cleveland has been recognized by national media as an environmental success story and a national leader in environmental protection.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-cuyahoga-79">[78]</a> Since the city's industrialization, the Cuyahoga River had become so affected by industrial pollution that it "caught fire" a total of 13 times beginning in 1868.<a href="#cite_note-burning-river-134">[131]</a> It was the river fire of June 1969 that spurred the city to action under Mayor Carl B. Stokes, and played a key role in the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> in 1972 and the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> later that year.<a href="#cite_note-stokes-cuyahoga-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-burning-river-134">[131]</a> Since that time, the Cuyahoga has been extensively cleaned up through the efforts of the city and the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Ohio Environmental Protection Agency">Ohio Environmental Protection Agency</a> (OEPA).<a href="#cite_note-NYT-cuyahoga-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> In addition to continued efforts to improve freshwater and air quality, Cleveland is now exploring renewable energy. The city's two main electrical utilities are <a href="/wiki/FirstEnergy" title="FirstEnergy">FirstEnergy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Power" title="Cleveland Public Power">Cleveland Public Power</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_initiatives" title="List of climate change initiatives">climate action plan</a>, updated in December 2018, has a 2050 target of 100% <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable power</a>, along with reduction of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">greenhouse gases</a> to 80% below the 2010 level.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> In recent decades, Cleveland has been working to address the issue of <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algal blooms</a> on Lake Erie, fed primarily by agricultural runoff, which have presented new environmental challenges for the city and for northern Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cleveland" title="Demographics of Cleveland">Demographics of Cleveland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">606</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,075</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+77.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,071</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+464.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,034</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+180.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">43,417</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+154.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">92,829</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+113.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">160,146</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+72.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">261,353</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+63.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">381,768</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+46.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">560,663</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+46.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">796,841</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+42.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">900,429</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">878,336</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">914,808</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">876,050</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−4.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">750,903</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−14.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">573,822</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−23.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">505,616</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−11.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">478,403</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">396,815</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−17.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">372,624</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023 est.</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">362,656</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a> records and <a href="/wiki/Population_Estimates_Program" title="Population Estimates Program">Population Estimates Program</a> data.<a href="#cite_note-largest-US-cities-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-2010census-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-USCensusQuickFacts-12">[11]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Historical racial/ethnic composition </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race/ethnicity</th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-2020census-93">[92]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-2010census-138">[135]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-pop-139">[136]</a></th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-pop-139">[136]</a></th> <th>1940<a href="#cite_note-pop-139">[136]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic Whites">White</a> (non-Hispanic)</td> <td>32.1%</td> <td>33.4%</td> <td>47.8%</td> <td>59.4%<a href="#cite_note-15%-140">[d]</a></td> <td>90.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black or African American</a> (non-Hispanic)</td> <td>47.5%</td> <td>52.4%</td> <td>46.6%</td> <td>38.3%</td> <td>9.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a></td> <td>13.1%</td> <td>10.0%</td> <td>4.6%</td> <td>1.9%<a href="#cite_note-15%-140">[d]</a></td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> (non-Hispanic) <a href="#cite_note-141">[e]</a></td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Native American (non-Hispanic)</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a> (non-Hispanic)</td> <td>3.8%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> At the 2020 census, there were 372,624 people and 170,549 households in Cleveland. The population density was 4,901.51 inhabitants per square mile (1,892.5/km2). The median household income was $30,907 and the per capita income was $21,223. 32.7% of the population was living below the poverty line. Of the city's population over the age of 25, 17.5% held a bachelor's degree or higher, and 80.8% had a high school diploma or equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-USCensusQuickFacts-12">[11]</a> The median age was 36.6 years.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit">[update]</a>, the racial and ethnic composition of the city was 47.5% African American, 32.1% <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic Whites">non-Hispanic white</a>, 13.1% <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a>, 2.8% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a>, 0% <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a>, 0.2% Native American, and 3.8% from <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">two or more races</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020census-93">[92]</a> 85.3% of Clevelanders age five and older spoke only English at home, while 14.7% spoke a language other than English, including <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States" title="Arabic language in the United States">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese language in the United States">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Russian language in the United States">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>).<a href="#cite_note-USCensusQuickFacts-12">[11]</a> The city's <a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">spoken accent</a> is an advanced form of <a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American English</a>, similar to other Great Lakes cities, but distinctive from the rest of Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiloh_Baptist_Church_Cleveland_Ohio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_Cleveland_Ohio.jpg/200px-Shiloh_Baptist_Church_Cleveland_Ohio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_Cleveland_Ohio.jpg/300px-Shiloh_Baptist_Church_Cleveland_Ohio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_Cleveland_Ohio.jpg/400px-Shiloh_Baptist_Church_Cleveland_Ohio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Originally built in 1905 as the Jewish Temple B'nai Jeshurun, this building on Cleveland's East Side, today known as the <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="Shiloh Baptist Church (Cleveland, Ohio)">Shiloh Baptist Church</a>, now serves an African American congregation.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Theodosius_Russian_Orthodox_Cathedral_(Cleveland,_Ohio)_-_exterior_photographed_from_A_Christmas_Story_House_property.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Saint_Theodosius_Russian_Orthodox_Cathedral_%28Cleveland%2C_Ohio%29_-_exterior_photographed_from_A_Christmas_Story_House_property.jpg/200px-Saint_Theodosius_Russian_Orthodox_Cathedral_%28Cleveland%2C_Ohio%29_-_exterior_photographed_from_A_Christmas_Story_House_property.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Saint_Theodosius_Russian_Orthodox_Cathedral_%28Cleveland%2C_Ohio%29_-_exterior_photographed_from_A_Christmas_Story_House_property.jpg/300px-Saint_Theodosius_Russian_Orthodox_Cathedral_%28Cleveland%2C_Ohio%29_-_exterior_photographed_from_A_Christmas_Story_House_property.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Saint_Theodosius_Russian_Orthodox_Cathedral_%28Cleveland%2C_Ohio%29_-_exterior_photographed_from_A_Christmas_Story_House_property.jpg/400px-Saint_Theodosius_Russian_Orthodox_Cathedral_%28Cleveland%2C_Ohio%29_-_exterior_photographed_from_A_Christmas_Story_House_property.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4262" data-file-height="3041" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/St._Theodosius_Russian_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral">St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Cleveland" title="Tremont, Cleveland">Tremont</a></div></div></div></div></div> In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Cleveland saw a massive influx of immigrants from Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> empires, most of whom were attracted by manufacturing jobs.<a href="#cite_note-immigration-migration-15">[14]</a> As a result, Cleveland and Cuyahoga County today have substantial communities of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> (especially in West Park), <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italians</a> (especially in Little Italy), <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">Germans</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>-Eastern European ethnicities, including <a href="/wiki/Czech_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech American">Czechs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian American">Lithuanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian American">Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak American">Slovaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian American">Ukrainians</a>, and ex-<a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Americans" title="Slovene Americans">Slovenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian American">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian American">Serbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-immigration-migration-15">[14]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Ohioans#Hungarians_in_Cleveland" title="Hungarian Ohioans">Hungarians within Cleveland proper</a> was, at one time, so great that the city boasted the highest concentration of Hungarians in the world outside of <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> Cleveland has a long-established <a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Judaism_in_Greater_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews and Judaism in Greater Cleveland">Jewish community</a>, historically centered on the East Side neighborhoods of Glenville and Kinsman, but now mostly concentrated in East Side suburbs such as Cleveland Heights and <a href="/wiki/Beachwood,_Ohio" title="Beachwood, Ohio">Beachwood</a>, location of the <a href="/wiki/Maltz_Museum_of_Jewish_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage">Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the South. Between 1910 and 1970, the black population of Cleveland, largely concentrated on the city's East Side, increased significantly as a result of the First and <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migrations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-african-americans-48">[47]</a> Cleveland's Latino community consists primarily of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in the United States">Puerto Ricans</a>, as well as smaller numbers of immigrants from Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South</a> and Central America, and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> The city's Asian community, centered on historical Asiatown, consists of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese</a>, and other groups.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> Additionally, the city and the county have significant communities of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-albanians-149">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab American">Arabs</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinians</a>),<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">French</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek American">Greeks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scots</a>,<a href="#cite_note-immigration-migration-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indian American">West Indians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-immigration-migration-15">[14]</a> A 2020 analysis found Cleveland to be the most ethnically and racially diverse major city in Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> The influx of immigrants in the 19th and early 20th centuries drastically transformed Cleveland's religious landscape. From a homogeneous settlement of New England <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, it evolved into a city with a diverse religious composition. The predominant faith among Clevelanders today is Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, Protestant, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a>), with Jewish, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> minorities.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Immigration">edit</a>]</div> Within Cleveland, the neighborhoods with the highest foreign-born populations are Asiatown/Goodrich–Kirtland Park (32.7%), Clark–Fulton (26.7%), West Boulevard (18.5%), Brooklyn Centre (17.3%), Downtown (17.2%), University Circle (15.9%, with 20% in Little Italy), and Jefferson (14.3%).<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> Recent waves of immigration have brought new groups to Cleveland, including <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopians</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> as well as immigrants from Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former USSR</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> Southeast Europe (especially <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>),<a href="#cite_note-albanians-149">[144]</a> the Middle East, East Asia, and Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-immigration-migration-15">[14]</a> In the 2010s, the immigrant population of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County began to see significant growth, becoming a major center for immigration in the Great Lakes region.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> A 2019 study found Cleveland to be the city with the shortest average processing time in the nation for immigrants to become <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">U.S. citizens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> The city's annual One World Day in Rockefeller Park includes a naturalization ceremony of new immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-culturalgardens-165">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greater_Cleveland" title="Economy of Greater Cleveland">Economy of Greater Cleveland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Reserve_Bank,_Cleveland,_Ohio_LCCN2010630382.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Federal_Reserve_Bank%2C_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_LCCN2010630382.jpg/220px-Federal_Reserve_Bank%2C_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_LCCN2010630382.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Federal_Reserve_Bank%2C_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_LCCN2010630382.jpg/330px-Federal_Reserve_Bank%2C_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_LCCN2010630382.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Federal_Reserve_Bank%2C_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_LCCN2010630382.jpg/440px-Federal_Reserve_Bank%2C_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_LCCN2010630382.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6407" data-file-height="3914" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland</a> on East 6th Street</figcaption></figure> Cleveland's location on the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie has been key to its growth as a major commercial center.<a href="#cite_note-economy-17">[16]</a> Steel and many other manufactured goods emerged as leading industries.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-labor-41">[40]</a> The city has since diversified its economy in addition to its manufacturing sector.<a href="#cite_note-economy-17">[16]</a> Established in 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland</a> is one of 12 U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Banks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fed-167">[162]</a> Its downtown building, located on East 6th Street and <a href="/wiki/Superior_Avenue" title="Superior Avenue">Superior Avenue</a>, was completed in 1923 by the Cleveland architectural firm <a href="/wiki/Walker_and_Weeks" title="Walker and Weeks">Walker and Weeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohannesen199941-168">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> The headquarters of the Federal Reserve System's Fourth District, the bank employs 1,000 people and maintains branch offices in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fed-167">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commerce_by_Daniel_Chester_French,_1912_-_Cleveland,_Ohio_-_DSC07918.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Commerce_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_1912_-_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_-_DSC07918.JPG/170px-Commerce_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_1912_-_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_-_DSC07918.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Commerce_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_1912_-_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_-_DSC07918.JPG/255px-Commerce_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_1912_-_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_-_DSC07918.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Commerce_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_1912_-_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_-_DSC07918.JPG/340px-Commerce_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_1912_-_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_-_DSC07918.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Commerce by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Howard_M._Metzenbaum_United_States_Courthouse" title="Howard M. Metzenbaum United States Courthouse">Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse</a> on <a href="/wiki/Superior_Avenue" title="Superior Avenue">Superior Avenue</a></figcaption></figure> Cleveland and Cuyahoga County are home to <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies <a href="/wiki/Cleveland-Cliffs" title="Cleveland-Cliffs">Cleveland-Cliffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Corporation" title="Progressive Corporation">Progressive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherwin-Williams_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherwin-Williams Company">Sherwin-Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parker-Hannifin" class="mw-redirect" title="Parker-Hannifin">Parker-Hannifin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Key_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Key Bank">KeyCorp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Travel_Centers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel Centers of America">Travel Centers of America</a>. Other large companies based in the city and the county include <a href="/wiki/Aleris" title="Aleris">Aleris</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Greetings" title="American Greetings">American Greetings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_Industrial_Technologies" title="Applied Industrial Technologies">Applied Industrial Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Corporation" title="Eaton Corporation">Eaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_City_Realty_Trust" title="Forest City Realty Trust">Forest City Realty Trust</a>, Heinen's Fine Foods, <a href="/wiki/Hyster-Yale_Materials_Handling" title="Hyster-Yale Materials Handling">Hyster-Yale Materials Handling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Electric" title="Lincoln Electric">Lincoln Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_Mutual_of_Ohio" title="Medical Mutual of Ohio">Medical Mutual of Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moen_Incorporated" title="Moen Incorporated">Moen Incorporated</a>, <a href="/wiki/NACCO_Industries" title="NACCO Industries">NACCO Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordson_Corporation" title="Nordson Corporation">Nordson Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/OM_Group" title="OM Group">OM Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swagelok" title="Swagelok">Swagelok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirby_Company" title="Kirby Company">Kirby Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Things_Remembered" title="Things Remembered">Things Remembered</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Federal_S%26L" title="Third Federal S&L">Third Federal S&L</a>, <a href="/wiki/TransDigm_Group" title="TransDigm Group">TransDigm Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamix" title="Vitamix">Vitamix</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> maintains the <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Glenn Research Center</a> in Cleveland. <a href="/wiki/Jones_Day" title="Jones Day">Jones Day</a>, one of the largest law firms in the U.S., was founded in Cleveland in 1893.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> Healthcare plays a major role in Cleveland's economy. The city's "Big Three" hospital systems are the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center" title="University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center">University Hospitals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MetroHealth" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroHealth">MetroHealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> The Cleveland Clinic is the largest private employer in the state of Ohio, with a workforce of over 55,000 as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> It carries the distinction of being one of the best hospital systems in the world.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> The clinic is led by Croatian-born president and CEO Tomislav Mihaljevic and it is affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> University Hospitals includes the University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and its <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Babies_%26_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital">Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital</a>. Cliff Megerian serves as that system's CEO.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> MetroHealth on the city's west side is led by president and CEO Christine Alexander-Rager.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> Formerly known as City Hospital, it operates one of two Level I trauma centers in the city, and has various locations throughout Greater Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> In 2013, Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Global_Center_for_Health_Innovation" title="Global Center for Health Innovation">Global Center for Health Innovation</a> opened with 235,000 square feet (21,800 m2) of display space for healthcare companies across the world.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> To take advantage of the proximity of universities and other medical centers in Cleveland, the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans Administration">Veterans Administration</a> moved the region's VA hospital from suburban <a href="/wiki/Brecksville" class="mw-redirect" title="Brecksville">Brecksville</a> to a new facility in University Circle.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:743px;max-width:743px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Clinic_Miller_Family_Pavilion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cleveland_Clinic_Miller_Family_Pavilion.jpg/241px-Cleveland_Clinic_Miller_Family_Pavilion.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cleveland_Clinic_Miller_Family_Pavilion.jpg/362px-Cleveland_Clinic_Miller_Family_Pavilion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cleveland_Clinic_Miller_Family_Pavilion.jpg/482px-Cleveland_Clinic_Miller_Family_Pavilion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center.png/218px-University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center.png/327px-University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center.png/436px-University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center.png 2x" data-file-width="3086" data-file-height="2559" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:274px;max-width:274px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MetroHealth_Medical_Center,_Cleveland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MetroHealth_Medical_Center%2C_Cleveland.jpg/272px-MetroHealth_Medical_Center%2C_Cleveland.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MetroHealth_Medical_Center%2C_Cleveland.jpg/408px-MetroHealth_Medical_Center%2C_Cleveland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MetroHealth_Medical_Center%2C_Cleveland.jpg/544px-MetroHealth_Medical_Center%2C_Cleveland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Cleveland's "Big Three" hospitals – The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_Hospitals_of_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="University Hospitals of Cleveland">University Hospitals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MetroHealth" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroHealth">MetroHealth</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arts and culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Cleveland" title="Category:Culture of Cleveland">Category:Culture of Cleveland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_School_(arts_community)" title="Cleveland School (arts community)">Cleveland School (arts community)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater_and_performing_arts">Theater and performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Theater and performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Playhouse_Square_at_dusk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Playhouse_Square_at_dusk.jpg/170px-Playhouse_Square_at_dusk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Playhouse_Square_at_dusk.jpg/255px-Playhouse_Square_at_dusk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Playhouse_Square_at_dusk.jpg/340px-Playhouse_Square_at_dusk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4024" data-file-height="6048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Square" title="Playhouse Square">Playhouse Square</a></figcaption></figure> Cleveland's Playhouse Square is the second largest performing arts center in the U.S. behind New York City's <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Center" title="Lincoln Center">Lincoln Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> It includes the <a href="/wiki/State_Theatre_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Theatre (Cleveland)">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connor_Palace" title="Connor Palace">Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Theatre" title="Allen Theatre">Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Theatre" title="Hanna Theatre">Hanna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Theatre_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Theatre (Cleveland)">Ohio</a> theaters.<a href="#cite_note-playhouse-54">[53]</a> The theaters host <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Broadway musicals</a>, special concerts, speaking engagements, and other events throughout the year. Playhouse Square's resident performing arts companies include <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Ballet_(founded_2014)" title="Cleveland Ballet (founded 2014)">Cleveland Ballet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_International_Film_Festival" title="Cleveland International Film Festival">Cleveland International Film Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Play_House" title="Cleveland Play House">Cleveland Play House</a>, Cleveland State University Department of Theatre and Dance, DANCECleveland, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Theater_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Theater Festival">Great Lakes Theater Festival</a>, and the Tri-C Jazz Fest.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> A city with strong traditions in theater and <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>, Cleveland has produced many renowned performers, most prominently comedian <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> Outside Playhouse Square is <a href="/wiki/Karamu_House" title="Karamu House">Karamu House</a>, the oldest African American theater in the nation, established in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> On the West Side, the Gordon Square Arts District in the Detroit–Shoreway neighborhood is the location of the Capitol Theatre, the <a href="/wiki/Near_West_Theatre" title="Near West Theatre">Near West Theatre</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Off-Off-Broadway" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-Off-Broadway">Off-Off-Broadway</a> playhouse, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Theatre" title="Cleveland Public Theatre">Cleveland Public Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CLE-hustles-120">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dobama_Theatre" title="Dobama Theatre">Dobama Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beck_Center_for_the_Arts" title="Beck Center for the Arts">Beck Center for the Arts</a> are based in Cleveland's streetcar suburbs of Cleveland Heights and Lakewood respectively.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st_2.jpg/220px-Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st_2.jpg/330px-Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st_2.jpg/440px-Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Conductor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st" title="Franz Welser-Möst">Franz Welser-Möst</a> leading the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a></figcaption></figure> The Cleveland Orchestra is widely considered one of the world's finest orchestras, and often referred to as the finest in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> It is one of the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(orchestras)" title="Big Five (orchestras)">Big Five</a>" major orchestras in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg2000522-187">[182]</a> The orchestra plays at <a href="/wiki/Severance_Hall" title="Severance Hall">Severance Hall</a> in University Circle during the winter and at <a href="/wiki/Blossom_Music_Center" title="Blossom Music Center">Blossom Music Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Falls,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio">Cuyahoga Falls</a> during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> The city is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Pops_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Pops Orchestra">Cleveland Pops Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo%27s_Fire" title="Apollo's Fire">Apollo's Fire</a> Baroque Orchestra, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra_Youth_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra Youth Orchestra">Cleveland Youth Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Youth_Orchestra" title="Contemporary Youth Orchestra">Contemporary Youth Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Youth_Wind_Symphony" title="Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony">Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony</a>, and the biennial <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_International_Piano_Competition" title="Cleveland International Piano Competition">Cleveland International Piano Competition</a> which has, in the past, often featured the Cleveland Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> One Playhouse Square, now the headquarters for Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasters</a>, was initially used as the broadcast studios of WJW (AM), where disc jockey Alan Freed first popularized the term "rock and roll".<a href="#cite_note-freed-76">[75]</a> Beginning in the 1950s, Cleveland gained a strong reputation as a key breakout market for rock music.<a href="#cite_note-rock-n-roll-190">[185]</a> Its popularity in the city was so great that Billy Bass, the program director at the <a href="/wiki/WMMS" title="WMMS">WMMS</a> radio station, referred to Cleveland as "The Rock and Roll Capital of the World".<a href="#cite_note-rock-n-roll-190">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Agora_Theatre_and_Ballroom" title="Agora Theatre and Ballroom">Cleveland Agora Theatre and Ballroom</a> has served as a major venue for rock concerts in the city since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> From 1974 through 1980, the city hosted the <a href="/wiki/World_Series_of_Rock" title="World Series of Rock">World Series of Rock</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Stadium" title="Cleveland Stadium">Cleveland Municipal Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToman199764–65-192">[187]</a> Jazz and R&B have a long history in Cleveland. Many major figures in jazz performed in the city, including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CLEjazz-193">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosbrook201332–33,_59,_126-194">[189]</a> Legendary pianist <a href="/wiki/Art_Tatum" title="Art Tatum">Art Tatum</a> regularly played in Cleveland clubs in the 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-CLEjazz-193">[188]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">gypsy jazz</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Django_Reinhardt" title="Django Reinhardt">Django Reinhardt</a> gave his U.S. debut performance in Cleveland in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> Prominent jazz artist <a href="/wiki/Noble_Sissle" title="Noble Sissle">Noble Sissle</a> was a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Central_High_School_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="Central High School (Cleveland, Ohio)">Cleveland Central High School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a> worked and performed in Cleveland early in his career.<a href="#cite_note-CLEjazz-193">[188]</a> The Tri-C Jazz Fest has been held annually in Cleveland at Playhouse Square since 1980, and the Cleveland Jazz Orchestra was established in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosbrook2013193-196">[191]</a> The city has a history of <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polka</a> music being popular both past and present and is the location of the <a href="/wiki/Polka_Hall_of_Fame" title="Polka Hall of Fame">Polka Hall of Fame</a>. There is even a subgenre called <a href="/wiki/Slovenian-style_polka" title="Slovenian-style polka">Cleveland-style polka</a>, named after the city. The music's popularity is due in part to the success of <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Yankovic" title="Frankie Yankovic">Frankie Yankovic</a>, a Cleveland native who was considered "America's Polka King".<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> There is a significant <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a> scene in Cleveland. In 1997, the Cleveland hip hop group <a href="/wiki/Bone_Thugs-n-Harmony" title="Bone Thugs-n-Harmony">Bone Thugs-n-Harmony</a> won a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rap_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group" title="Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group">Grammy</a> for their song "<a href="/wiki/Tha_Crossroads" title="Tha Crossroads">Tha Crossroads</a>".<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_Cleveland" title="Category:Films set in Cleveland">Category:Films set in Cleveland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Films_shot_in_Cleveland" title="Category:Films shot in Cleveland">Category:Films shot in Cleveland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg/220px--Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="104" data-mwtitle="Cleveland_Fire_Department,_1900.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Fire_Department,_1900.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg/Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg/Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg/Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg/Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg/Cleveland_Fire_Department%2C_1900.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Cleveland Fire Department (1900) by the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Manufacturing_Company" title="Edison Manufacturing Company">Edison Company</a>, one of the first films made in Cleveland</figcaption></figure> The first film shot in Cleveland was in 1897 by the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Manufacturing_Company" title="Edison Manufacturing Company">company</a> of Ohioan <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cle-Enc-Film-199">[194]</a> Before <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> became the center for <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">American cinema</a>, filmmaker Samuel Brodsky and playwright Robert McLaughlin operated a film studio at the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Andrews_(chemist)" title="Samuel Andrews (chemist)">Andrews</a> mansion on Euclid Avenue (now the <a href="/wiki/WEWS-TV" title="WEWS-TV">WEWS-TV</a> studio).<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> There they produced major <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent-era</a> features, such as <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Toys_(film)" title="Dangerous Toys (film)">Dangerous Toys</a> (1921), which are now considered <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost</a>. Brodsky also directed the weekly Plain Dealer Screen Magazine that ran in theaters in Cleveland and Ohio from 1917 to 1924.<a href="#cite_note-Cle-Enc-Film-199">[194]</a> In addition, Cleveland hosted over a dozen <a href="/wiki/Sponsored_film" title="Sponsored film">sponsored film</a> studios, including <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9craft_Productions" title="Cinécraft Productions">Cinécraft Productions</a>, which still operates in Ohio City.<a href="#cite_note-Cle-Enc-Film-199">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> In the "<a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">talkie</a>" era, Cleveland featured in several <a href="/wiki/Major_film_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Major film studio">major studio</a> films, such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Curtiz" title="Michael Curtiz">Michael Curtiz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pre-Code_Hollywood" title="Pre-Code Hollywood">pre-Code</a> classic <a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Again_(1933_film)" title="Goodbye Again (1933 film)">Goodbye Again</a> (1933) with <a href="/wiki/Warren_William" title="Warren William">Warren William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Blondell" title="Joan Blondell">Joan Blondell</a>. Players from the <a href="/wiki/1948_Cleveland_Indians_season" title="1948 Cleveland Indians season">1948 Cleveland Indians</a> appeared in <a href="/wiki/The_Kid_from_Cleveland" title="The Kid from Cleveland">The Kid from Cleveland</a> (1949). <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Fortune_Cookie" title="The Fortune Cookie">The Fortune Cookie</a> (1966) was set and filmed in the city and marked the first onscreen pairing of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Matthau" title="Walter Matthau">Walter Matthau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a>. Labor struggles in Cleveland were depicted in <a href="/wiki/Native_Land" title="Native Land">Native Land</a> (1942), narrated by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewison" title="Norman Jewison">Norman Jewison</a>'s <a href="/wiki/F.I.S.T._(film)" title="F.I.S.T. (film)">F.I.S.T.</a> (1978) with <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a>. Clevelander <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jarmusch" title="Jim Jarmusch">Jim Jarmusch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stranger_Than_Paradise" title="Stranger Than Paradise">Stranger Than Paradise</a> (1984) – a <a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">deadpan</a> comedy about two New Yorkers who travel to Florida by way of Cleveland – was a favorite of the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>. <a href="/wiki/Major_League_(film)" title="Major League (film)">Major League</a> (1989) reflected the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians#1960–1993:_The_33-year_slump" title="Cleveland Guardians">perennial struggles</a> of the Cleveland Indians, while <a href="/wiki/American_Splendor_(film)" title="American Splendor (film)">American Splendor</a> (2003) reflected the life of Cleveland graphic novelist <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Pekar" title="Harvey Pekar">Harvey Pekar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kill_the_Irishman" title="Kill the Irishman">Kill the Irishman</a> (2011) depicted the 1970s turf war between <a href="/wiki/Danny_Greene" title="Danny Greene">Danny Greene</a> and the Cleveland crime family.<a href="#cite_note-Cle-Enc-Film-199">[194]</a> Cleveland has doubled for other locations in films. The wedding and reception scenes in <a href="/wiki/The_Deer_Hunter" title="The Deer Hunter">The Deer Hunter</a> (1978), while set in suburban Pittsburgh, were shot in Cleveland's Tremont neighborhood. <a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Story" title="A Christmas Story">A Christmas Story</a> (1983) was set in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, but drew many external shots from Cleveland. The opening shots of <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One_(film)" title="Air Force One (film)">Air Force One</a> (1997) were filmed in and above Severance Hall, and <a href="/wiki/Judas_and_the_Black_Messiah" title="Judas and the Black Messiah">Judas and the Black Messiah</a> (2021) was filmed in Cleveland, although set in Chicago. Downtown Cleveland doubled for <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_3" title="Spider-Man 3">Spider-Man 3</a> (2007), <a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a> (2012), and <a href="/wiki/The_Fate_of_the_Furious" title="The Fate of the Furious">The Fate of the Furious</a> (2017), and for <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(comics)" title="Metropolis (comics)">Metropolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn" title="James Gunn">James Gunn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Superman_(2025_film)" title="Superman (2025 film)">Superman</a> (2025). Future productions are handled by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Film_Commission" title="Greater Cleveland Film Commission">Greater Cleveland Film Commission</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Leader_Building" title="Leader Building">Leader Building</a> on Superior Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-Cle-Enc-Film-199">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> In television, the city is the setting for the popular network sitcom <a href="/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show" title="The Drew Carey Show">The Drew Carey Show</a>, starring Cleveland native <a href="/wiki/Drew_Carey" title="Drew Carey">Drew Carey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_in_Cleveland" title="Hot in Cleveland">Hot in Cleveland</a>, a comedy that aired on <a href="/wiki/TV_Land" title="TV Land">TV Land</a>, premiered on June 16, 2010, and ran for six seasons until its finale on June 3, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hustles" title="Cleveland Hustles">Cleveland Hustles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> reality show co-created by <a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a>, was filmed in the city.<a href="#cite_note-CLE-hustles-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langston_Hughes_cph.3a43849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Langston_Hughes_cph.3a43849.jpg/170px-Langston_Hughes_cph.3a43849.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Langston_Hughes_cph.3a43849.jpg/255px-Langston_Hughes_cph.3a43849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Langston_Hughes_cph.3a43849.jpg/340px-Langston_Hughes_cph.3a43849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jazz_poetry" title="Jazz poetry">Jazz poet</a> and resident Clevelander <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a></figcaption></figure> Cleveland has a thriving literary and poetry community, with regular poetry readings at bookstores, coffee shops, and various other venues.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> In 1925, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian Futurist</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Vladimir Mayakovsky</a> came to Cleveland and gave a poetry <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recitation</a> to the city's ethnic working class, as part of his trip to America.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_University_Poetry_Center" title="Cleveland State University Poetry Center">Cleveland State University Poetry Center</a> serves as an academic center for poetry in the city.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a>, preeminent poet of the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> and child of an itinerant couple, lived in Cleveland as a teenager and attended Central High School in Cleveland in the 1910s.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> At Central High, the young writer was taught by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Maria_Chesnutt" title="Helen Maria Chesnutt">Helen Maria Chesnutt</a>, daughter of Cleveland-born African American novelist <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> Hughes authored some of his earliest poems, plays, and short stories in Cleveland and contributed to the school newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> The African American avant-garde poet <a href="/wiki/Russell_Atkins" title="Russell Atkins">Russell Atkins</a> lived in the city as well.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> The American modernist poet <a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Hart Crane</a> was born in nearby <a href="/wiki/Garrettsville,_Ohio" title="Garrettsville, Ohio">Garrettsville, Ohio</a> in 1899. His adolescence was divided between Cleveland and Akron before he moved to New York City in 1916. Aside from factory work during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he served as a reporter to <a href="/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer" title="The Plain Dealer">The Plain Dealer</a> for a short period, before achieving recognition in the <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">Modernist</a> literary scene.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> On the Case Western Reserve University campus, a statue of Crane, designed by sculptor <a href="/wiki/William_McVey_(sculptor)" title="William McVey (sculptor)">William McVey</a>, stands behind the Kelvin Smith Library.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> Cleveland was the home of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Shuster" title="Joe Shuster">Joe Shuster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Siegel" title="Jerry Siegel">Jerry Siegel</a>, who created the comic book character <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> Both attended <a href="/wiki/Glenville_High_School" title="Glenville High School">Glenville High School</a>, and their early collaborations resulted in the creation of "The Man of Steel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicca2013[httpsarchiveorgdetailssuperboysamazing0000riccpage100_100]-217">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a>, noted author of <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a>, was born in Cleveland in 1934; his family subsequently moved to nearby <a href="/wiki/Painesville,_Ohio" title="Painesville, Ohio">Painesville</a>, though Ellison moved back to Cleveland in 1949. As a young man, he published a series of short stories appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_News" title="Cleveland News">Cleveland News</a>, and performed in a number of productions for the Cleveland Play House.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> Cleveland is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Award</a>, established by poet and philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Edith_Anisfield_Wolf" title="Edith Anisfield Wolf">Edith Anisfield Wolf</a> in 1935, which recognizes books that have made important contributions to the understanding of racism and human diversity.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> Presented by the <a href="/wiki/The_Cleveland_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cleveland Foundation">Cleveland Foundation</a>, it remains the only American book prize focusing on works that address racism and diversity.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Museums and galleries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Cleveland" title="List of museums in Cleveland">List of museums in Cleveland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_(8687300870).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%288687300870%29.jpg/200px-Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%288687300870%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%288687300870%29.jpg/300px-Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%288687300870%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%288687300870%29.jpg/400px-Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%288687300870%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3934" data-file-height="2738" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> lies at the edge of Wade Lagoon in <a href="/wiki/University_Circle" title="University Circle">University Circle</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_August_2015_47_(Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cleveland_August_2015_47_%28Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum%29.jpg/200px-Cleveland_August_2015_47_%28Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cleveland_August_2015_47_%28Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum%29.jpg/300px-Cleveland_August_2015_47_%28Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cleveland_August_2015_47_%28Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum%29.jpg/400px-Cleveland_August_2015_47_%28Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> on the shores of Lake Erie</div></div></div></div></div> Cleveland has two main <a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">art museums</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> is a major American art museum, with a collection that includes more than 60,000 works of art ranging from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">ancient masterpieces</a> to <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary pieces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Cleveland" title="Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland">Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland</a> showcases established and emerging artists, particularly from the Cleveland area, through hosting and producing temporary exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-MOCA-Cle-222">[217]</a> Both museums offer free admission to visitors, with the Cleveland Museum of Art declaring their museum free and open "for the benefit of all the people forever."<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-MOCA-Cle-222">[217]</a> The two museums are part of Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/University_Circle" title="University Circle">University Circle</a>, a 550-acre (2.2 km2) concentration of cultural, educational, and medical institutions located 5 miles (8.0 km) east of downtown. In addition to the art museums, the neighborhood includes the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Botanical_Garden" title="Cleveland Botanical Garden">Cleveland Botanical Garden</a>, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals, <a href="/wiki/Severance_Hall" title="Severance Hall">Severance Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maltz_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Maltz Performing Arts Center">Maltz Performing Arts Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_Historical_Society" title="Western Reserve Historical Society">Western Reserve Historical Society</a>. Also located at University Circle is the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cinematheque" title="Cleveland Cinematheque">Cleveland Cinematheque</a> at the Cleveland Institute of Art.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a>-designed <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> is located on Cleveland's Lake Erie waterfront at North Coast Harbor downtown. Neighboring attractions include <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Browns Stadium">Cleveland Browns Stadium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Science_Center" title="Great Lakes Science Center">Great Lakes Science Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SS_William_G._Mather_(1925)" title="SS William G. Mather (1925)">Steamship Mather Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="International Women's Air & Space Museum">International Women's Air & Space Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/USS_Cod" title="USS Cod">USS Cod</a>, a World War II <a href="/wiki/Gato-class_submarine" title="Gato-class submarine">submarine</a>. Designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Levi_Scofield" title="Levi Scofield">Levi T. Scofield</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument_(Cleveland)" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)">Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument</a> at Public Square is Cleveland's major Civil War memorial and a major attraction in the city.<a href="#cite_note-soldiers-sailors-36">[35]</a> Other city attractions include <a href="/wiki/Grays_Armory" title="Grays Armory">Grays Armory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Masonic_Temple" title="Cleveland Masonic Temple">Cleveland Masonic Temple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Cleveland" title="Children's Museum of Cleveland">Children's Museum of Cleveland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> A Cleveland holiday attraction, especially for fans of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Shepherd" title="Jean Shepherd">Jean Shepherd</a>'s A Christmas Story, is the <a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Story_House" title="A Christmas Story House">Christmas Story House and Museum</a> in Tremont.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_events">Annual events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Annual events">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feast_of_the_Assumption_in_Little_Italy_Cleveland_(36388057482).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Feast_of_the_Assumption_in_Little_Italy_Cleveland_%2836388057482%29.jpg/220px-Feast_of_the_Assumption_in_Little_Italy_Cleveland_%2836388057482%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Feast_of_the_Assumption_in_Little_Italy_Cleveland_%2836388057482%29.jpg/330px-Feast_of_the_Assumption_in_Little_Italy_Cleveland_%2836388057482%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Feast_of_the_Assumption_in_Little_Italy_Cleveland_%2836388057482%29.jpg/440px-Feast_of_the_Assumption_in_Little_Italy_Cleveland_%2836388057482%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Feast_of_the_Assumption_Festival" title="Cleveland Feast of the Assumption Festival">Feast of the Assumption</a> in Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/University_Circle#Little_Italy" title="University Circle">Little Italy</a></figcaption></figure> Cleveland hosts the WinterLand holiday display lighting festival annually at Public Square,<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_International_Film_Festival" title="Cleveland International Film Festival">Cleveland International Film Festival</a> has been held in the city since 1977.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_National_Air_Show" title="Cleveland National Air Show">Cleveland National Air Show</a>, an indirect successor to the National Air Races, has been held at the city's <a href="/wiki/Burke_Lakefront_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Burke Lakefront Airport">Burke Lakefront Airport</a> since 1964.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> The Great Lakes Burning River Fest, a two-night music and beer festival at Whiskey Island, has been sponsored by the Great Lakes Brewing Company since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> Many ethnic festivals are held in Cleveland throughout the year. These include the annual <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Feast_of_the_Assumption_Festival" title="Cleveland Feast of the Assumption Festival">Feast of the Assumption</a> in Little Italy,<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> Russian <a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a> in Rockefeller Park,<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> the Puerto Rican Parade and Cultural Festival in Clark–Fulton,<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> the Cleveland Asian Festival in Asiatown,<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> the Tremont Greek Fest,<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> and the St. Mary Romanian Festival in West Park.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> Cleveland also hosts annual Polish <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amigus-dyngus" title="Śmigus-dyngus">Dyngus Day</a> and Slovene <a href="/wiki/Kurentovanje" title="Kurentovanje">Kurentovanje</a> celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> The city's annual <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a> parade brings hundreds of thousands to the streets of Downtown.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Thyagaraja_Festival" title="Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival">Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival</a> held each spring at Cleveland State University is the largest Indian classical music and dance festival in the world outside of India.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> Since 1946, the city has annually marked One World Day in the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cultural_Gardens" title="Cleveland Cultural Gardens">Cleveland Cultural Gardens</a> in Rockefeller Park, celebrating all of its ethnic communities.<a href="#cite_note-culturalgardens-165">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Side_Market_Cleveland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/West_Side_Market_Cleveland.jpg/220px-West_Side_Market_Cleveland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/West_Side_Market_Cleveland.jpg/330px-West_Side_Market_Cleveland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/West_Side_Market_Cleveland.jpg/440px-West_Side_Market_Cleveland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The historic <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Market" title="West Side Market">West Side Market</a> in Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Ohio_City,_Cleveland" title="Ohio City, Cleveland">Ohio City</a> neighborhood</figcaption></figure> Cleveland's mosaic of ethnic communities and their various culinary traditions have long played an important role in defining the city's cuisine. Local mainstays include an abundance of Slavic, Hungarian, and Central-Eastern European contributions, such as <a href="/wiki/Kielbasa" title="Kielbasa">kielbasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuffed_cabbage" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuffed cabbage">stuffed cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goulash" title="Goulash">goulash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicken_paprikash" title="Chicken paprikash">chicken paprikash</a>. <a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a> cuisines are also prominent in Cleveland, as are <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a>, and numerous other ethnic cuisines. Vendors at the <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Market" title="West Side Market">West Side Market</a> in Ohio City offer many ethnic foods for sale.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> In addition, the city boasts a vibrant <a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_the_United_States" title="Barbecue in the United States">barbecue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">soul food</a> scene.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> Cleveland has plenty of <a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">corned beef</a>, with nationally renowned Slyman's Deli, on the near East Side, a perennial winner of various accolades for its celebrated sandwich.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> Another famed sandwich, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Boy" title="Polish Boy">Polish Boy</a>, is a popular <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street food</a> and Cleveland original frequently sold at downtown <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog_cart" title="Hot dog cart">hot dog carts</a> and stadium concession stands.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> With its <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar</a> roots well intact, and plenty of Lake Erie <a href="/wiki/Yellow_perch" title="Yellow perch">perch</a> available, the tradition of Friday night <a href="/wiki/Fish_fry" title="Fish fry">fish fries</a> remains alive and thriving in Cleveland, particularly in ethnic parish-based settings, especially during the season of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> For dessert, the Cleveland <a href="/wiki/Cassata#United_States" title="Cassata">Cassata Cake</a> is a unique treat invented in the local Italian community and served in Italian establishments throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> Another popular dessert, the locally crafted Russian Tea Biscuit, is common in many Jewish bakeries in Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> Cleveland is noted in the world of celebrity food culture. Famous local figures include chef <a href="/wiki/Michael_Symon" title="Michael Symon">Michael Symon</a> and food writer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruhlman" title="Michael Ruhlman">Michael Ruhlman</a>, both of whom achieved local and national attention for their contributions to the culinary world. In 2007, Symon helped gain the spotlight when he was named "<a href="/wiki/The_Next_Iron_Chef" title="The Next Iron Chef">The Next Iron Chef</a>" on the <a href="/wiki/Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network</a>. That same year, Ruhlman collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain" title="Anthony Bourdain">Anthony Bourdain</a>, to do an episode of his <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain:_No_Reservations" title="Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations">Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations</a> focusing on Cleveland's restaurant scene.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breweries">Breweries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Breweries">edit</a>]</div> Ohio produces the fifth most beer in the U.S., with its largest brewery being Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Brewing_Company" title="Great Lakes Brewing Company">Great Lakes Brewing Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> Cleveland has had a long history of brewing, tied to many of its ethnic immigrants, and has reemerged as a regional leader in production.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> Dozens of breweries exist in the city limits, including large producers such as <a href="/wiki/Market_Garden_Brewery" title="Market Garden Brewery">Market Garden Brewery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platform_Beer_Company" title="Platform Beer Company">Platform Beer Company</a>. Breweries can be found throughout the city, but the highest concentration is in the Ohio City neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> Cleveland hosts expansions from other countries as well, including the Scottish <a href="/wiki/BrewDog" title="BrewDog">BrewDog</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Staatliches_Hofbr%C3%A4uhaus_in_M%C3%BCnchen#Franchises" title="Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München">Hofbrauhaus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Cleveland" title="Sports in Cleveland">Sports in Cleveland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Progressive_Field,_June_2019_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Progressive_Field%2C_June_2019_%285%29.jpg/200px-Progressive_Field%2C_June_2019_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Progressive_Field%2C_June_2019_%285%29.jpg/300px-Progressive_Field%2C_June_2019_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Progressive_Field%2C_June_2019_%285%29.jpg/400px-Progressive_Field%2C_June_2019_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Field" title="Progressive Field">Progressive Field</a> has served as home to the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Cleveland Guardians</a> since 1994.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:FirstEnergy_Stadium_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FirstEnergy_Stadium_2014.jpg/200px-FirstEnergy_Stadium_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FirstEnergy_Stadium_2014.jpg/300px-FirstEnergy_Stadium_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FirstEnergy_Stadium_2014.jpg/400px-FirstEnergy_Stadium_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1607" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a> games attract large crowds to <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Bank_Field" title="Huntington Bank Field">Huntington Bank Field</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavs_Opener_6512.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cavs_Opener_6512.jpg/200px-Cavs_Opener_6512.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cavs_Opener_6512.jpg/300px-Cavs_Opener_6512.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cavs_Opener_6512.jpg/400px-Cavs_Opener_6512.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers" title="Cleveland Cavaliers">Cleveland Cavaliers</a> pregame festivities at <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Mortgage_FieldHouse" title="Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse">Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse</a></div></div></div></div></div> Cleveland's major professional sports teams are the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Cleveland Guardians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers" title="Cleveland Cavaliers">Cleveland Cavaliers</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>). Other professional teams include the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Monsters" title="Cleveland Monsters">Cleveland Monsters</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">American Hockey League</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Charge" title="Cleveland Charge">Cleveland Charge</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBA_G_League" title="NBA G League">NBA G League</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Crunch" title="Cleveland Crunch">Cleveland Crunch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Major_League_Indoor_Soccer_(2022-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major League Indoor Soccer (2022-present)">Major League Indoor Soccer</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_SC" title="Cleveland SC">Cleveland SC</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League" title="National Premier Soccer League">National Premier Soccer League</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Fusion" title="Cleveland Fusion">Cleveland Fusion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Football_Alliance" title="Women's Football Alliance">Women's Football Alliance</a>). Local sporting venues include <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Field" title="Progressive Field">Progressive Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Bank_Field" title="Huntington Bank Field">Huntington Bank Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Mortgage_FieldHouse" title="Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse">Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wolstein_Center" title="Wolstein Center">Wolstein Center</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Public_Auditorium" title="Public Auditorium">Public Auditorium</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional">Professional</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Professional">edit</a>]</div> Major League <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>League </th> <th>Venue </th> <th>Est. in CLE </th> <th>Championships (in Cleveland) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Bank_Field" title="Huntington Bank Field">Huntington Bank Field</a> </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>8 (4 <a href="/wiki/All-America_Football_Conference" title="All-America Football Conference">AAFC</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers" title="Cleveland Cavaliers">Cleveland Cavaliers</a> </td> <td>Basketball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Mortgage_FieldHouse" title="Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse">Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse</a> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Cleveland Guardians</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Field" title="Progressive Field">Progressive Field</a> </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>2 </td></tr></tbody></table> Minor League <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>League </th> <th>Venue </th> <th>Est. in CLE </th> <th>Championships (in Cleveland) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Charge" title="Cleveland Charge">Cleveland Charge</a> </td> <td>Basketball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NBA_G_League" title="NBA G League">NBA G League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Public_Auditorium" title="Public Auditorium">Public Auditorium</a> </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Monsters" title="Cleveland Monsters">Cleveland Monsters</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">American Hockey League</a> </td> <td>Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Crunch" title="Cleveland Crunch">Cleveland Crunch</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor Soccer">Indoor Soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Indoor_Soccer_(2022-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major League Indoor Soccer (2022-present)">Major League Indoor Soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I-X_Center" title="I-X Center">I-X Center</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>5 (3 <a href="/wiki/National_Professional_Soccer_League_(1984%E2%80%932001)" title="National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001)">NPSL</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Major_Arena_Soccer_League_2" title="Major Arena Soccer League 2">M2</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Indoor_Soccer_(2022-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major League Indoor Soccer (2022-present)">MLIS</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Pro_Soccer" title="Cleveland Pro Soccer">Cleveland Pro Soccer</a> </td> <td>Soccer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MLS_Next_Pro" title="MLS Next Pro">MLS Next Pro</a> </td> <td>TBA </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> The Cleveland Guardians – known as the Indians from 1915 to 2021 – won the <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> in <a href="/wiki/1920_World_Series" title="1920 World Series">1920</a> and <a href="/wiki/1948_World_Series" title="1948 World Series">1948</a>. They also won the <a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a> pennant, making the World Series in the <a href="/wiki/1954_World_Series" title="1954 World Series">1954</a>, <a href="/wiki/1995_World_Series" title="1995 World Series">1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/1997_World_Series" title="1997 World Series">1997</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2016_World_Series" title="2016 World Series">2016 seasons</a>. Between <a href="/wiki/1995_MLB_season" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 MLB season">1995</a> and <a href="/wiki/2001_MLB_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 MLB season">2001</a>, Jacobs Field (now known as Progressive Field) sold out 455 consecutive games, a Major League Baseball record until it was broken in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> Historically, the Browns have been among the most successful franchises in <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> history, winning eight titles during a short period of time – <a href="/wiki/1946_Cleveland_Browns_season" title="1946 Cleveland Browns season">1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/1947_Cleveland_Browns_season" title="1947 Cleveland Browns season">1947</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_Cleveland_Browns_season" title="1948 Cleveland Browns season">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/1949_Cleveland_Browns_season" title="1949 Cleveland Browns season">1949</a>, <a href="/wiki/1950_NFL_Championship_Game" title="1950 NFL Championship Game">1950</a>, <a href="/wiki/1954_NFL_Championship_Game" title="1954 NFL Championship Game">1954</a>, <a href="/wiki/1955_NFL_Championship_Game" title="1955 NFL Championship Game">1955</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1964_NFL_Championship_Game" title="1964 NFL Championship Game">1964</a>. The Browns have never played in a <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>, getting close five times by making it to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Football_League_championship#AFL_Championship_Game_and_NFL_Championship_Game_(1966–1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the National Football League championship">NFL</a>/<a href="/wiki/AFC_Championship_Game" title="AFC Championship Game">AFC Championship Game</a> in <a href="/wiki/1968_NFL_Championship_Game" title="1968 NFL Championship Game">1968</a>, <a href="/wiki/1969_NFL_Championship_Game" title="1969 NFL Championship Game">1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_NFL_playoffs#Conference_championships" title="1986–87 NFL playoffs">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_NFL_playoffs#AFC_Championship:_Denver_Broncos_38,_Cleveland_Browns_33" title="1987–88 NFL playoffs">1987</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_NFL_playoffs#AFC_Championship:_Denver_Broncos_37,_Cleveland_Browns_21" title="1989–90 NFL playoffs">1989</a>. Former owner <a href="/wiki/Art_Modell" title="Art Modell">Art Modell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns_relocation_controversy" title="Cleveland Browns relocation controversy">relocation of the Browns</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1995_NFL_season" title="1995 NFL season">1995 season</a> (to <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> creating the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens" title="Baltimore Ravens">Ravens</a>), caused tremendous heartbreak and resentment among local fans.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> Cleveland mayor, <a href="/wiki/Michael_R._White_(politician)" title="Michael R. White (politician)">Michael R. White</a>, worked with the NFL and Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tagliabue" title="Paul Tagliabue">Paul Tagliabue</a> to bring back the Browns beginning in the <a href="/wiki/1999_NFL_season" title="1999 NFL season">1999 season</a>, retaining all team history.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> In Cleveland's earlier football history, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Bulldogs" title="Cleveland Bulldogs">Cleveland Bulldogs</a> won the <a href="/wiki/NFL_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL Championship">NFL Championship</a> in <a href="/wiki/1924_NFL_season" title="1924 NFL season">1924</a>,<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cleveland_Rams" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cleveland Rams">Cleveland Rams</a> won the NFL Championship in <a href="/wiki/1945_NFL_season" title="1945 NFL season">1945</a> before relocating to Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> The Cavaliers won the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Conference_(NBA)" title="Eastern Conference (NBA)">Eastern Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NBA_season" title="2006–07 NBA season">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NBA_season" title="2014–15 NBA season">2015</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NBA_season" title="2015–16 NBA season">2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NBA_season" title="2016–17 NBA season">2017</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NBA_season" title="2017–18 NBA season">2018</a> but were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/2007_NBA_Finals" title="2007 NBA Finals">NBA Finals</a> by the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs" title="San Antonio Spurs">San Antonio Spurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/2015_NBA_Finals" title="2015 NBA Finals">then by</a> the Golden State Warriors, respectively. The Cavs won the Conference again in 2016 and won their first NBA Championship coming back from a 3–1 deficit, finally defeating the <a href="/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors" title="Golden State Warriors">Golden State Warriors</a>. Afterwards, over 1.3 million people attended a parade held in the Cavs' honor on June 22, 2016, in downtown Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> Previously, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Rosenblums" title="Cleveland Rosenblums">Cleveland Rosenblums</a> dominated the original <a href="/wiki/American_Basketball_League_(1925%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Basketball League (1925–55)">American Basketball League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondon1979[httpsarchiveorgdetailsclevelandprodigy0000condpage145_145]-262">[257]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Pipers" title="Cleveland Pipers">Cleveland Pipers</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/George_Steinbrenner" title="George Steinbrenner">George Steinbrenner</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/American_Basketball_League_(1961%E2%80%9363)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Basketball League (1961–63)">American Basketball League</a> championship in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston2015176–178-263">[258]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Monsters" title="Cleveland Monsters">Cleveland Monsters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">American Hockey League</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2016_Calder_Cup_playoffs" title="2016 Calder Cup playoffs">2016 Calder Cup</a>. They were the first Cleveland AHL team to do so since the <a href="/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_AHL_season" title="1963–64 AHL season">1964</a> Barons.<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College">College</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: College">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>League </th> <th>Venue </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_Vikings" title="Cleveland State Vikings">Cleveland State Vikings</a> </td> <td>19 Varsity (8 men's, 10 women's, 1 co-ed) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horizon_League" title="Horizon League">Horizon League</a>) </td> <td>various – including: <a href="/wiki/Krenzler_Field" title="Krenzler Field">Krenzler Field</a> (soccer) <a href="/wiki/Wolstein_Center" title="Wolstein Center">Wolstein Center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_Vikings_men%27s_basketball" title="Cleveland State Vikings men's basketball">men's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_Vikings_women%27s_basketball" title="Cleveland State Vikings women's basketball">women's</a> basketball) <a href="/wiki/Woodling_Gym" title="Woodling Gym">Woodling Gym</a> (wrestling and volleyball) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Case Western Reserve Spartans</a> </td> <td>17 Varsity (9 men's, 8 women's) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_III" title="NCAA Division III">NCAA Division III</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_Athletic_Association" title="University Athletic Association">University Athletic Association</a>) </td> <td>various – including: <a href="/wiki/DiSanto_Field" title="DiSanto Field">DiSanto Field</a> (<a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans_football" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans football">football</a>, soccer) Veale Athletic Center (men's and women's basketball) </td></tr> </tbody></table> Collegiately, NCAA Division I <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_Vikings" title="Cleveland State Vikings">Cleveland State Vikings</a> have 19 varsity sports, nationally known for their <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_Vikings_men%27s_basketball" title="Cleveland State Vikings men's basketball">Cleveland State Vikings men's basketball</a> team.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> NCAA Division III <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Case Western Reserve Spartans</a> have 17 varsity sports, most known for their <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans_football" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans football">Case Western Reserve Spartans football</a> team.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-American_Conference" title="Mid-American Conference">Mid-American Conference</a> (MAC) are in Cleveland. The conference stages both its <a href="/wiki/Mid-American_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="Mid-American Conference men's basketball tournament">men's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid-American_Conference_women%27s_basketball_tournament" title="Mid-American Conference women's basketball tournament">women's</a> basketball tournaments at Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_and_special_events">Annual and special events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Annual and special events">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Marathon" title="Cleveland Marathon">Cleveland Marathon</a> has been hosted annually since 1978,<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> and a monument commemorating one of Cleveland's most prominent track and field athletes, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a>, stands at the city's Fort Huntington Park.<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> The second <a href="/wiki/American_Chess_Congress" title="American Chess Congress">American Chess Congress</a>, a predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/US_Chess_Championship" title="US Chess Championship">U.S. Championship</a>, was held in Cleveland in 1871, and won by <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Mackenzie" title="George Henry Mackenzie">George Henry Mackenzie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> The 1921 and 1957 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Open_Chess_Championship" title="U.S. Open Chess Championship">U.S. Open Chess Championships</a> took place in the city, and were won by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lasker" title="Edward Lasker">Edward Lasker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a>, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Open_(chess)" title="Cleveland Open (chess)">Cleveland Open</a> is held annually.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> In 2014, Cleveland hosted the ninth official <a href="/wiki/2014_Gay_Games" title="2014 Gay Games">Gay Games</a> ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> In July 2024, the city hosted the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Masters_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American Masters Games">Pan American Masters Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Parks and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metroparks" title="Cleveland Metroparks">Cleveland Metroparks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Parks_District" title="Cleveland Public Parks District">Cleveland Public Parks District</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Cleveland_-_Cleveland_Sunrise_(47288342872).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Downtown_Cleveland_-_Cleveland_Sunrise_%2847288342872%29.jpg/220px-Downtown_Cleveland_-_Cleveland_Sunrise_%2847288342872%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Downtown_Cleveland_-_Cleveland_Sunrise_%2847288342872%29.jpg/330px-Downtown_Cleveland_-_Cleveland_Sunrise_%2847288342872%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Downtown_Cleveland_-_Cleveland_Sunrise_%2847288342872%29.jpg/440px-Downtown_Cleveland_-_Cleveland_Sunrise_%2847288342872%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4024" /></a><figcaption>Cleveland and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> in winter from Edgewater Park</figcaption></figure> Known locally as the "Emerald Necklace", the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Olmsted</a>-inspired <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metroparks" title="Cleveland Metroparks">Cleveland Metroparks</a> encircle Cleveland and Cuyahoga County. The city proper encompasses the Metroparks' Brookside and Lakefront Reservations, as well as significant parts of the Rocky River, Washington, and Euclid Creek Reservations. The Lakefront Reservation, which provides public access to Lake Erie, consists of four parks: Edgewater Park, <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Island_(Cleveland)" title="Whiskey Island (Cleveland)">Whiskey Island–Wendy Park</a>, East 55th Street Marina, and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Park,_Cleveland" title="Gordon Park, Cleveland">Gordon Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> Three more parks fall under the jurisdiction of the Euclid Creek Reservation: Euclid Beach, Villa Angela, and Wildwood Marina.<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> Further south, bike and hiking trails in the <a href="/wiki/Brecksville_Reservation" title="Brecksville Reservation">Brecksville</a> and Bedford Reservations, along with Garfield Park, provide access to trails in the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Valley_National_Park" title="Cuyahoga Valley National Park">Cuyahoga Valley National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> Also included in the Metroparks system is the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metroparks_Zoo" title="Cleveland Metroparks Zoo">Cleveland Metroparks Zoo</a>, established in 1882. Located in Big Creek Valley, the zoo has one of the largest collections of <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> in North America.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> In addition to the Metroparks, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Parks_District" title="Cleveland Public Parks District">Cleveland Public Parks District</a> oversees the city's neighborhood parks, the largest of which is the historic <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Park" title="Rockefeller Park">Rockefeller Park</a>. The latter is notable for its late 19th century landmark bridges, the Rockefeller Park Greenhouse, and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cultural_Gardens" title="Cleveland Cultural Gardens">Cleveland Cultural Gardens</a>, which celebrate the city's ethnic diversity.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-culturalgardens-165">[160]</a> Just outside of Rockefeller Park, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Botanical_Garden" title="Cleveland Botanical Garden">Cleveland Botanical Garden</a> in University Circle, established in 1930, is the oldest civic garden center in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Aquarium" title="Greater Cleveland Aquarium">Greater Cleveland Aquarium</a>, located in the historic FirstEnergy Powerhouse in the <a href="/wiki/The_Flats" title="The Flats">Flats</a>, is the only independent, free-standing aquarium in the state of Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cleveland" title="Mayor of Cleveland">Mayor of Cleveland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_City_Council" title="Cleveland City Council">Cleveland City Council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_City_Hall_rotunda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cleveland_City_Hall_rotunda.jpg/170px-Cleveland_City_Hall_rotunda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cleveland_City_Hall_rotunda.jpg/255px-Cleveland_City_Hall_rotunda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cleveland_City_Hall_rotunda.jpg/340px-Cleveland_City_Hall_rotunda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1597" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_City_Hall" title="Cleveland City Hall">Cleveland City Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_and_courts">Government and courts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Government and courts">edit</a>]</div> Cleveland operates on a <a href="/wiki/Strong-mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong-mayor">mayor–council (strong mayor)</a> form of government, in which the mayor is the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">chief executive</a> and the city council serves as the legislative branch. City council members are elected from 17 <a href="/wiki/Ward_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (politics)">wards</a> to four-year terms. From 1924 to 1931, the city briefly experimented with a <a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">council–manager government</a> under <a href="/wiki/William_R._Hopkins" title="William R. Hopkins">William R. Hopkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Morgan" title="Daniel E. Morgan">Daniel E. Morgan</a> before returning to the mayor–council system.<a href="#cite_note-politics-281">[276]</a> Cleveland is served by Cleveland Municipal Court, the first municipal court in the state.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> The city also anchors the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Ohio" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio">U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio</a>, based at the <a href="/wiki/Carl_B._Stokes_United_States_Courthouse" title="Carl B. Stokes United States Courthouse">Carl B. Stokes U.S. Courthouse</a> and the historic <a href="/wiki/Howard_M._Metzenbaum_United_States_Courthouse" title="Howard M. Metzenbaum United States Courthouse">Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse</a>. The Chief Judge for the Northern District is <a href="/wiki/Sara_Elizabeth_Lioi" title="Sara Elizabeth Lioi">Sara Elizabeth Lioi</a> and the Clerk of Court is Sandy Opacich.<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> The U.S. Attorney is <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_C._Lutzko" title="Rebecca C. Lutzko">Rebecca C. Lutzko</a> and the U.S. Marshal is Peter Elliott.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> The office of the mayor has been held by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Bibb" title="Justin Bibb">Justin Bibb</a> since 2022.<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> Previous mayors include progressive Democrat Tom L. Johnson, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>-era <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/BakerHostetler" title="BakerHostetler">BakerHostetler</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton D. Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hitz_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Hitz Burton">Harold Hitz Burton</a>, two-term Ohio Governor and Senator <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Lausche" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank J. Lausche">Frank J. Lausche</a>, former U.S. Health, Education, and Welfare Secretary <a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Celebrezze" title="Anthony J. Celebrezze">Anthony J. Celebrezze</a>, two-term Ohio Governor and Senator George V. Voinovich, former U.S. Congressman Dennis Kucinich, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_B._Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl B. Stokes">Carl B. Stokes</a>, the first African American mayor of a major U.S. city. <a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Jackson" title="Frank G. Jackson">Frank G. Jackson</a> was the city's longest-serving mayor.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> The President of Cleveland City Council is Blaine Griffin, the council <a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority Leader</a> is Kerry McCormack, and the <a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Majority Whip</a> is <a href="/wiki/Jasmin_Santana" title="Jasmin Santana">Jasmin Santana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> Patricia Britt serves as the Clerk of Council.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> Historically, from the Civil War era to the 1940s, Cleveland had been dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, with the notable exceptions of the Johnson and Baker mayoral administrations.<a href="#cite_note-politics-281">[276]</a> Businessman and Senator <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a> was among Cleveland's most influential Republican figures, both locally and nationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner201033-290">[285]</a> Another nationally prominent Ohio Republican, former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a>, was born in Cuyahoga County's <a href="/wiki/Defunct_townships_of_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Defunct townships of Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Orange Township</a> (today the Cleveland suburb of <a href="/wiki/Moreland_Hills,_Ohio" title="Moreland Hills, Ohio">Moreland Hills</a>). His resting place is the <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Memorial" title="James A. Garfield Memorial">James A. Garfield Memorial</a> in Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery" title="Lake View Cemetery">Lake View Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> Today Cleveland is a major stronghold for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> in Ohio. Although local elections are nonpartisan, Democrats still dominate every level of government.<a href="#cite_note-politics-281">[276]</a> Politically, Cleveland and several of its neighboring suburbs comprise <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_congressional_districts" title="Ohio's congressional districts">Ohio</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 11th congressional district">11th congressional district</a>. The district is represented by <a href="/wiki/Shontel_Brown" title="Shontel Brown">Shontel Brown</a>, one of five Democrats representing the state of Ohio in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> Cleveland has hosted three Republican <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">national conventions</a>, in <a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924</a>, <a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> Additionally, the city hosted the Radical Republican <a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)#Cleveland_convention" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">convention of 1864</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> Although Cleveland has not hosted a national convention for the Democrats, it has hosted several national election debates, including the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_debates#Second_presidential_debate_(Music_Hall)" title="1980 United States presidential debates">second 1980 U.S. presidential debate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates#October_5:_Vice_presidential_debate_(Case_Western_Reserve_University)" title="2004 United States presidential debates">2004 U.S. vice presidential debate</a>, one <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums#February_26,_2008_-_MSNBC_9:00pm_EST_-_Cleveland,_Ohio,_Cleveland_State_University" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">2008 Democratic primary debate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates#September_29_presidential_debate_(Case_Western_Reserve_University)" title="2020 United States presidential debates">first 2020 U.S. presidential debate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-debates-295">[290]</a> Founded in 1912, the <a href="/wiki/City_Club_of_Cleveland" title="City Club of Cleveland">City Club of Cleveland</a> provides a platform for national and local debates and discussions. Known as Cleveland's "Citadel of Free Speech", it is one of the oldest continuous independent free speech and debate forums in the country.<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_safety">Public safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Public safety">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Division_of_Police_Ford_PIU_No._254.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cleveland_Division_of_Police_Ford_PIU_No._254.jpg/200px-Cleveland_Division_of_Police_Ford_PIU_No._254.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cleveland_Division_of_Police_Ford_PIU_No._254.jpg/300px-Cleveland_Division_of_Police_Ford_PIU_No._254.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cleveland_Division_of_Police_Ford_PIU_No._254.jpg/400px-Cleveland_Division_of_Police_Ford_PIU_No._254.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4881" data-file-height="2746" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cleveland Police utility vehicle</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Fire_Department_Rosenbauer_Ladder_7_(17695818112).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cleveland_Fire_Department_Rosenbauer_Ladder_7_%2817695818112%29.jpg/200px-Cleveland_Fire_Department_Rosenbauer_Ladder_7_%2817695818112%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cleveland_Fire_Department_Rosenbauer_Ladder_7_%2817695818112%29.jpg/300px-Cleveland_Fire_Department_Rosenbauer_Ladder_7_%2817695818112%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cleveland_Fire_Department_Rosenbauer_Ladder_7_%2817695818112%29.jpg/400px-Cleveland_Fire_Department_Rosenbauer_Ladder_7_%2817695818112%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="1048" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Division_of_Fire" title="Cleveland Division of Fire">Cleveland Division of Fire</a> ladder truck</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Clevelandmedic4atnight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Clevelandmedic4atnight.jpg/200px-Clevelandmedic4atnight.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Clevelandmedic4atnight.jpg/300px-Clevelandmedic4atnight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Clevelandmedic4atnight.jpg/400px-Clevelandmedic4atnight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cleveland EMS ambulance</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_and_law_enforcement">Police and law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Police and law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Division_of_Police" title="Cleveland Division of Police">Cleveland Division of Police</a></div> Like in other major American cities, crime in Cleveland is concentrated in areas with higher rates of poverty and lower access to jobs.<a href="#cite_note-HUD-298">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> In recent decades, the rate of crime in the city, although higher than the national average, experienced a significant decline, following a nationwide trend in falling crime rates.<a href="#cite_note-HUD-298">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> However, as in other major U.S. cities, crime in Cleveland saw an abrupt rise in 2020–21.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> Cleveland's law enforcement agency is the Cleveland Division of Police, established in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-CLEpolice-302">[297]</a> The division had roughly 1,100 sworn officers as of 2024, covering five police districts.<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> The district system was introduced in the 1930s by Cleveland Public Safety Director <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Ness" title="Eliot Ness">Eliot Ness</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Untouchables_(law_enforcement)" title="Untouchables (law enforcement)">Untouchables</a>), who later <a href="/wiki/1947_Cleveland_mayoral_election" title="1947 Cleveland mayoral election">ran for mayor of Cleveland</a> in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-CLEpolice-302">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_police" title="Chief of police">Chief of Police</a> is Dorothy A. Todd.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County_Sheriff%27s_Office" title="Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Office">Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Office</a> is based in Downtown Cleveland at the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Center_Complex" title="Justice Center Complex">Justice Center Complex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_department">Fire department</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Fire department">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Division_of_Fire" title="Cleveland Division of Fire">Cleveland Division of Fire</a></div> Cleveland is served by the <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a> of the Cleveland Division of Fire, established in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> The fire department operates out of 22 active fire stations throughout the city in five battalions. Each Battalion is commanded by a Battalion Chief, who reports to an on-duty Assistant Chief.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> The Division of Fire operates a <a href="/wiki/Fire_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire apparatus">fire apparatus</a> fleet of twenty-two engine companies, eight ladder companies, three tower companies, two task force <a href="/wiki/Rescue_squad" title="Rescue squad">rescue squad</a> companies, hazardous materials ("haz-mat") unit, and numerous other special, support, and reserve units. The <a href="/wiki/Fire_chief" title="Fire chief">Chief of Department</a> is Anthony Luke.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_medical_services">Emergency medical services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Emergency medical services">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_EMS" title="Cleveland EMS">Cleveland EMS</a></div> Cleveland EMS is operated by the city as its own municipal third-service EMS division. Cleveland EMS is the primary provider of <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Life_Support" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Life Support">Advanced Life Support</a> and ambulance transport within the city of Cleveland, while Cleveland Fire assists by providing fire response medical care.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> Although a merger between the fire and EMS departments was proposed in the past, the idea was subsequently abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> Cleveland serves as headquarters to <a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_District_9" title="Coast Guard District 9">Coast Guard District 9</a> and is responsible for all <a href="/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a> operations on the five Great Lakes, the Saint Lawrence Seaway, and surrounding states accumulating 6,700 miles of shoreline and 1,500 miles of international shoreline with Canada. It reports up through the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a>. Station Cleveland Harbor, located in North Coast Harbor, has a responsibility covering about 550 square miles of the federally navigable waters of Lake Erie, including the Cuyahoga and <a href="/wiki/Rocky_River_(Ohio)" title="Rocky River (Ohio)">Rocky</a> rivers, as well as a number of their tributaries.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ohio" title="Education in Ohio">Education in Ohio</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelbert_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Adelbert_Hall.jpg/200px-Adelbert_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Adelbert_Hall.jpg/300px-Adelbert_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Adelbert_Hall.jpg/400px-Adelbert_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Hall" title="Adelbert Hall">Adelbert Hall</a> on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Public_Library_(16287504700).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cleveland_Public_Library_%2816287504700%29.jpg/200px-Cleveland_Public_Library_%2816287504700%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cleveland_Public_Library_%2816287504700%29.jpg/300px-Cleveland_Public_Library_%2816287504700%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cleveland_Public_Library_%2816287504700%29.jpg/400px-Cleveland_Public_Library_%2816287504700%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Interior of the 1925 main building of the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Library" title="Cleveland Public Library">Cleveland Public Library</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary">Primary and secondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metropolitan_School_District" title="Cleveland Metropolitan School District">Cleveland Metropolitan School District</a> is the second-largest <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_education" class="mw-redirect" title="K–12 education">K–12</a> district in the state of Ohio. It is the only district in Ohio under the direct control of the mayor, who appoints a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_education" title="Board of education">school board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> Approximately 1 square mile (2.6 km2) of Cleveland's Buckeye–Shaker neighborhood is part of the <a href="/wiki/Shaker_Heights_City_School_District" title="Shaker Heights City School District">Shaker Heights City School District</a>. The area, which has been a part of the Shaker school district since the 1920s, permits these Cleveland residents to pay the same school taxes as the Shaker residents, as well as vote in the Shaker school board elections.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> There are several private and parochial schools in Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_High_School_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine High School (Cleveland, Ohio)">Benedictine High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Central_Catholic_High_School" title="Cleveland Central Catholic High School">Cleveland Central Catholic High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Gerson_School" title="Eleanor Gerson School">Eleanor Gerson School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ignatius_High_School_(Cleveland)" title="Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland)">St. Ignatius High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_Academy_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="Saint Joseph Academy (Cleveland, Ohio)">St. Joseph Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villa_Angela-St._Joseph_High_School" title="Villa Angela-St. Joseph High School">Villa Angela-St. Joseph High School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Martin_de_Porres_High_School_(Cleveland)" title="St. Martin de Porres High School (Cleveland)">St. Martin de Porres</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities">edit</a>]</div> Cleveland is home to a number of colleges and universities. Most prominent among them is <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a> (CWRU), a widely recognized research and teaching institution based in <a href="/wiki/University_Circle" title="University Circle">University Circle</a> with several major graduate programs.<a href="#cite_note-higher-ed-317">[312]</a> University Circle also contains the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Art" title="Cleveland Institute of Art">Cleveland Institute of Art</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Music" title="Cleveland Institute of Music">Cleveland Institute of Music</a>. Downtown Cleveland is home to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_University" title="Cleveland State University">Cleveland State University</a>, a public research university with eight constituent colleges, and the metropolitan campus of <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Community_College" title="Cuyahoga Community College">Cuyahoga Community College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-higher-ed-317">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Technical_College" title="Ohio Technical College">Ohio Technical College</a> is also based in Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a> Cleveland's suburban universities and colleges include <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Wallace_University" title="Baldwin Wallace University">Baldwin Wallace University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berea,_Ohio" title="Berea, Ohio">Berea</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Carroll_University" title="John Carroll University">John Carroll University</a> in <a href="/wiki/University_Heights,_Ohio" title="University Heights, Ohio">University Heights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ursuline_College" title="Ursuline College">Ursuline College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pepper_Pike,_Ohio" title="Pepper Pike, Ohio">Pepper Pike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-higher-ed-317">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_library_system">Public library system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Public library system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Library" title="Cleveland Public Library">Cleveland Public Library</a></div> Established in 1869,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramer1972[httpsarchiveorgdetailsopenshelvesopenm0000crampage14_14–15]-319">[314]</a> the Cleveland Public Library is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_libraries_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the largest libraries in the United States">largest public libraries</a> in the nation with a collection of over 10 million materials in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-CPL21AR-320">[315]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/John_Griswold_White" title="John Griswold White">John G. White</a> Special Collection includes the largest <a href="/wiki/Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">chess library</a> in the world,<a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a> as well as a significant collection of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and rare books on the Middle East and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a> The library's main building was designed by <a href="/wiki/Walker_and_Weeks" title="Walker and Weeks">Walker and Weeks</a> and dedicated in 1925,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohannesen199968–69-324">[319]</a> under head librarian <a href="/wiki/Linda_Eastman" title="Linda Eastman">Linda Eastman</a>, the first woman to lead a major library system in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a> Between 1904 and 1920, 15 <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">libraries</a> built with funds from <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> were opened in the city.<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> Known as the "People's University", the library presently maintains 27 branches.<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> It serves as the headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/CLEVNET" title="CLEVNET">CLEVNET</a> library consortium, which includes 47 public library systems in Northeast Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_media_in_Cleveland" title="List of mass media in Cleveland">List of mass media in Cleveland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print">Print</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Print">edit</a>]</div> Cleveland's primary daily newspaper is <a href="/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer" title="The Plain Dealer">The Plain Dealer</a> and its associated online publication, Cleveland.com.<a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a> Defunct major newspapers include the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Press" title="Cleveland Press">Cleveland Press</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_News" title="Cleveland News">Cleveland News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> Additional publications include <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Magazine" title="Cleveland Magazine">Cleveland Magazine</a>, a regional culture magazine published monthly;<a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crain_Communications" title="Crain Communications">Crain's Cleveland Business</a>, a weekly business newspaper;<a href="#cite_note-333">[328]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Scene" title="Cleveland Scene">Cleveland Scene</a>, a free <a href="/wiki/Alternative_newspaper" title="Alternative newspaper">alternative weekly</a> paper which absorbed its competitor, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Free_Times" title="Cleveland Free Times">Cleveland Free Times</a>, in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-334">[329]</a> The digital <a href="/wiki/Belt_Magazine" title="Belt Magazine">Belt Magazine</a> was founded in Cleveland in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine was published in Cleveland from 1925 to 1927.<a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:WOIO_WUAB_(3422960432).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WOIO_WUAB_%283422960432%29.jpg/200px-WOIO_WUAB_%283422960432%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WOIO_WUAB_%283422960432%29.jpg/300px-WOIO_WUAB_%283422960432%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WOIO_WUAB_%283422960432%29.jpg/400px-WOIO_WUAB_%283422960432%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Square" title="Reserve Square">Reserve Square</a> building in Downtown Cleveland, home to the studios of Cleveland <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/WOIO" title="WOIO">WOIO</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">CW</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/WUAB" title="WUAB">WUAB</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RNC_Cleveland_2016_(28219246801).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RNC_Cleveland_2016_%2828219246801%29.jpg/200px-RNC_Cleveland_2016_%2828219246801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RNC_Cleveland_2016_%2828219246801%29.jpg/300px-RNC_Cleveland_2016_%2828219246801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RNC_Cleveland_2016_%2828219246801%29.jpg/400px-RNC_Cleveland_2016_%2828219246801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_%26_Son" title="William Taylor & Son">Six Six Eight Building</a> on Euclid Avenue – home base of <a href="/wiki/IHeart_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="IHeart Media">iHeart Media</a>'s Cleveland radio stations, including <a href="/wiki/WTAM" title="WTAM">WTAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/WARF" title="WARF">WARF</a>, <a href="/wiki/WAKS" title="WAKS">WAKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/WGAR-FM" title="WGAR-FM">WGAR</a>, <a href="/wiki/WMMS" title="WMMS">WMMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/WMJI" title="WMJI">WMJI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WHLK" title="WHLK">WHLK</a></div></div></div></div></div> Several ethnic publications are based in Cleveland. These include the <a href="/wiki/Call_and_Post" title="Call and Post">Call and Post</a>, a weekly newspaper that primarily serves the city's African American community;<a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Jewish_News" title="Cleveland Jewish News">Cleveland Jewish News</a>, a weekly <a href="/wiki/Jewish_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish newspaper">Jewish newspaper</a>;<a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a> the bi-weekly <a href="/wiki/Russian-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-language">Russian-language</a> Cleveland Russian Magazine;<a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Mandarin</a> Erie Chinese Journal;<a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a> La Gazzetta Italiana in English and Italian;<a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a> the Ohio Irish American News;<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> and the Spanish language Vocero Latino News.<a href="#cite_note-343">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV">TV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: TV">edit</a>]</div> The Cleveland-area <a href="/wiki/Television_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Television market">television market</a> is served by 11 full power stations, including <a href="/wiki/WKYC" title="WKYC">WKYC</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>), <a href="/wiki/WEWS-TV" title="WEWS-TV">WEWS-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), <a href="/wiki/WJW_(TV)" title="WJW (TV)">WJW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>), <a href="/wiki/WDLI-TV" title="WDLI-TV">WDLI-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grit_(TV_network)" title="Grit (TV network)">Grit</a>), <a href="/wiki/WOIO" title="WOIO">WOIO</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>), <a href="/wiki/WVPX-TV" title="WVPX-TV">WVPX-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion</a>), <a href="/wiki/WVIZ" title="WVIZ">WVIZ</a> (<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>), <a href="/wiki/WUAB" title="WUAB">WUAB</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">CW</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rock_Entertainment_Sports_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Entertainment Sports Network">RESN</a>), <a href="/wiki/WRLM_(TV)" title="WRLM (TV)">WRLM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Christian_Television" title="Tri-State Christian Television">TCT</a>), <a href="/wiki/WBNX-TV" title="WBNX-TV">WBNX-TV</a> (independent), and <a href="/wiki/WQHS-DT" title="WQHS-DT">WQHS-DT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a>). As of 2021,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit">[update]</a> the market, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Akron" class="mw-redirect" title="Akron">Akron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton</a> areas, was the 19th-largest in the country, as measured by <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen Media Research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Mike_Douglas_Show" title="The Mike Douglas Show">The Mike Douglas Show</a>, a nationally <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">syndicated</a> daytime talk show, began in Cleveland in 1961 on KYW-TV (now WKYC),<a href="#cite_note-345">[340]</a> while <a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Exchange" title="The Morning Exchange">The Morning Exchange</a> on WEWS-TV served as the model for <a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_America" title="Good Morning America">Good Morning America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Conway" title="Tim Conway">Tim Conway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Anderson" title="Ernie Anderson">Ernie Anderson</a> first established themselves in Cleveland while working together at KYW-TV and later WJW-TV (now WJW). Anderson both created and performed as the immensely popular Cleveland horror host <a href="/wiki/Ghoulardi" title="Ghoulardi">Ghoulardi</a> on WJW-TV's Shock Theater, and was later succeeded by the long-running <a href="/wiki/Late_night_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Late night television">late night</a> duo <a href="/wiki/Big_Chuck_and_Lil%27_John" title="Big Chuck and Lil' John">Big Chuck and Lil' John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeranHeldenfels1997135–136-347">[342]</a> Another Anderson protégé – <a href="/wiki/Ron_Sweed" title="Ron Sweed">Ron Sweed</a> – would become a popular Cleveland late night movie host in his own right as "The Ghoul".<a href="#cite_note-348">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> Cleveland is directly served by 29 full power <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> and <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> radio stations, 21 of which are licensed to the city. Music <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">stations</a> – which are frequently the highest-rated in the market – include <a href="/wiki/WQAL" title="WQAL">WQAL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot adult contemporary">hot adult contemporary</a>), <a href="/wiki/WDOK" title="WDOK">WDOK</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music" title="Adult contemporary music">adult contemporary</a>), <a href="/wiki/WFHM" class="mw-redirect" title="WFHM">WFHM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemporary">Christian contemporary</a>), <a href="/wiki/WAKS" title="WAKS">WAKS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio" title="Contemporary hit radio">contemporary hits</a>), <a href="/wiki/WHLK" title="WHLK">WHLK</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adult_hits" title="Adult hits">adult hits</a>), <a href="/wiki/WMJI" title="WMJI">WMJI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classic_hits" title="Classic hits">classic hits</a>), <a href="/wiki/WMMS" title="WMMS">WMMS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">active rock</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hot_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot talk">hot talk</a>), <a href="/wiki/WNCX" title="WNCX">WNCX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a>), <a href="/wiki/WNWV" title="WNWV">WNWV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>), <a href="/wiki/WGAR-FM" title="WGAR-FM">WGAR-FM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>), <a href="/wiki/WZAK" title="WZAK">WZAK</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary" title="Urban adult contemporary">urban adult contemporary</a>), <a href="/wiki/WENZ" title="WENZ">WENZ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mainstream_urban" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream urban">mainstream urban</a>), and <a href="/wiki/WCLV" title="WCLV">WCLV</a> (classical).<a href="#cite_note-349">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-radio-350">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a> WMMS also serves as the FM flagship for the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers" title="Cleveland Cavaliers">Cleveland Cavaliers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Cleveland Guardians</a>, while WNCX is an FM flagship for the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a>. <a href="/wiki/All-news_radio" title="All-news radio">News</a>/<a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk</a> stations include <a href="/wiki/WHK_(AM)" title="WHK (AM)">WHK</a>, <a href="/wiki/WTAM" title="WTAM">WTAM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WERE" title="WERE">WERE</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Radio" title="Golden Age of Radio">Golden Age of Radio</a>, WHK was the first radio station to broadcast in Ohio, and one of the first in the country.<a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a> WTAM is the AM <a href="/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)" title="Flagship (broadcasting)">flagship</a> for both the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Cleveland Guardians.<a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a> Sports stations include <a href="/wiki/WKNR" title="WKNR">WKNR</a> (<a href="/wiki/ESPN_Radio" title="ESPN Radio">ESPN</a>), <a href="/wiki/WARF" title="WARF">WARF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Sports_Radio" title="Fox Sports Radio">Fox</a>) and <a href="/wiki/WKRK-FM" title="WKRK-FM">WKRK-FM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Infinity_Sports_Network" title="Infinity Sports Network">Infinity</a>), with WKNR and WKRK-FM serving as co-flagship stations for the Cleveland Browns, and WARF airing the Cleveland Monsters and – though primarily an English language station – Spanish broadcasts of Cleveland Guardians home games.<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious</a> stations include <a href="/wiki/WCCD" title="WCCD">WCCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/WHKW" title="WHKW">WHKW</a>, <a href="/wiki/WCCR_(AM)" title="WCCR (AM)">WCCR</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WCRF-FM" title="WCRF-FM">WCRF</a>. As the regional <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> affiliate, <a href="/wiki/WKSU" title="WKSU">WKSU</a> serves all of Northeast Ohio (including both the Cleveland and Akron markets).<a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a> <a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">College</a> stations include <a href="/wiki/WBWC" title="WBWC">WBWC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Wallace" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin Wallace">Baldwin Wallace</a>), <a href="/wiki/WCSB_(FM)" title="WCSB (FM)">WCSB</a> (Cleveland State), <a href="/wiki/WJCU" title="WJCU">WJCU</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Carroll_University" title="John Carroll University">John Carroll</a>), and <a href="/wiki/WRUW-FM" title="WRUW-FM">WRUW-FM</a> (Case Western Reserve).<a href="#cite_note-radio-350">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/WJMO" title="WJMO">WJMO</a> serves as the only full power, full time Spanish language station in the city. It features a Spanish variety format, mixing talk shows and music programs.<a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Cleveland" title="Transportation in Cleveland">Transportation in Cleveland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transit">Transit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Transit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority">Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_Cleveland" title="Streetcars in Cleveland">Streetcars in Cleveland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RTA_Green_Line_train.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RTA_Green_Line_train.png/220px-RTA_Green_Line_train.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RTA_Green_Line_train.png/330px-RTA_Green_Line_train.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RTA_Green_Line_train.png/440px-RTA_Green_Line_train.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/RTA_Rapid_Transit" title="RTA Rapid Transit">RTA</a> train approaches <a href="/wiki/Settlers_Landing_station" title="Settlers Landing station">Settlers Landing station</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Line" title="Waterfront Line">Waterfront Line</a></figcaption></figure> Cleveland has a bus and rail <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">mass transit</a> system operated by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (RTA). The <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">rail</a> portion is officially called the <a href="/wiki/RTA_Rapid_Transit" title="RTA Rapid Transit">RTA Rapid Transit</a>, but local residents refer to it as The Rapid. It consists of three <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">light rail</a> lines, known as the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Line_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Line (Cleveland)">Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Line (Cleveland)">Green</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Line" title="Waterfront Line">Waterfront Lines</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Heavy_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rail">heavy rail</a> line, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Line (Cleveland)">Red Line</a>. In 2008, RTA completed the <a href="/wiki/HealthLine" title="HealthLine">HealthLine</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> line, for which naming rights were purchased by the Cleveland Clinic and University Hospitals. It runs along Euclid Avenue from downtown through University Circle, ending at the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Stokes_Station_at_Windermere" title="Louis Stokes Station at Windermere">Louis Stokes Station at Windermere</a> in East Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a> In 1968, Cleveland became the first city in the nation to have a direct rail transit connection linking the city's downtown to its major airport.<a href="#cite_note-RTA-history-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walkability">Walkability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Walkability">edit</a>]</div> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Walk_Score" title="Walk Score">Walk Score</a> ranked Cleveland the 17th most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the U.S., with a Walk Score of 57, a Transit Score of 45, and a Bike Score of 55 (out of a maximum of 100). Cleveland's most walkable areas can be found in the Downtown, Ohio City, Detroit–Shoreway, University Circle, and Buckeye–Shaker neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a> Like other major cities, the urban density of Cleveland reduces the need for private vehicle ownership. In 2016, 23.7% of Cleveland households lacked a car, while the national average was 8.7%. Cleveland averaged 1.19 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.<a href="#cite_note-363">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guardians_of_Traffic_(30137077771).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Guardians_of_Traffic_%2830137077771%29.jpg/220px-Guardians_of_Traffic_%2830137077771%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Guardians_of_Traffic_%2830137077771%29.jpg/330px-Guardians_of_Traffic_%2830137077771%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Guardians_of_Traffic_%2830137077771%29.jpg/440px-Guardians_of_Traffic_%2830137077771%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>One of the "Guardians of Traffic" at the <a href="/wiki/Hope_Memorial_Bridge" title="Hope Memorial Bridge">Hope Memorial Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> Cleveland's road system consists of numbered streets running roughly north–south, and named avenues, which run roughly east–west. The numbered streets are designated "east" or "west", depending on where they lie in relation to Ontario Street, which bisects Public Square.<a href="#cite_note-364">[359]</a> The two downtown avenues which span the Cuyahoga change names on the west side of the river. Superior Avenue becomes Detroit Avenue on the West Side, and Carnegie Avenue becomes Lorain Avenue. The bridges that make these connections are the <a href="/wiki/Hope_Memorial_Bridge" title="Hope Memorial Bridge">Hope Memorial (Lorain–Carnegie) Bridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Superior_Bridge" title="Detroit–Superior Bridge">Veterans Memorial (Detroit–Superior) Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freeways">Freeways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Freeways">edit</a>]</div> Cleveland is served by three two-digit <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">interstate highways</a> – <a href="/wiki/Interstate_71" title="Interstate 71">Interstate 71</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_77" title="Interstate 77">Interstate 77</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90" title="Interstate 90">Interstate 90</a> – and by two three-digit interstates – <a href="/wiki/Interstate_480_(Ohio)" title="Interstate 480 (Ohio)">Interstate 480</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_490_(Ohio)" title="Interstate 490 (Ohio)">Interstate 490</a>. Running due east–west through the West Side suburbs, I-90 turns northeast at the junction with I-490, and is known as the Cleveland Inner Belt.<a href="#cite_note-innerbelt-367">[362]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Memorial_Shoreway" title="Cleveland Memorial Shoreway">Cleveland Memorial Shoreway</a> carries <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_2" title="Ohio State Route 2">Ohio State Route 2</a> along its length, and at varying points carries <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_6" title="U.S. Route 6">US 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_20" title="U.S. Route 20">US 20</a> and I-90.<a href="#cite_note-368">[363]</a> At the junction with the Shoreway, I-90 makes a 90-degree turn in the area known as <a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a>, then continues northeast.<a href="#cite_note-369">[364]</a> The Jennings Freeway (<a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_176" title="Ohio State Route 176">State Route 176</a>) connects I-71 just south of I-90 to I-480.<a href="#cite_note-innerbelt-367">[362]</a> A third highway, the Berea Freeway (<a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_237" title="Ohio State Route 237">State Route 237</a> in part), connects I-71 to the airport and forms part of the boundary between Brook Park and Cleveland's Hopkins neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Airports">edit</a>]</div> Cleveland is a major North American air market, serving 4.93 million people.<a href="#cite_note-cle-center-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hopkins_International_Airport" title="Cleveland Hopkins International Airport">Cleveland Hopkins International Airport</a> is the city's primary major airport and an <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airport</a> that serves the broader region. Originally known as Cleveland Municipal Airport, it was the first municipally owned airport in the country.<a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a> Cleveland Hopkins is a significant regional air freight hub hosting <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">FedEx Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/UPS_Airlines" title="UPS Airlines">UPS Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Postal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a>, and major commercial freight carriers. In addition to Hopkins, Cleveland is served by <a href="/wiki/Burke_Lakefront_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Burke Lakefront Airport">Burke Lakefront Airport</a>, on the north shore of downtown between Lake Erie and the Shoreway. Burke is primarily a commuter and business airport.<a href="#cite_note-372">[367]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seaport">Seaport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Seaport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cleveland" title="Port of Cleveland">Port of Cleveland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Cleveland_Air_Show_(52340170867).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2022_Cleveland_Air_Show_%2852340170867%29.jpg/220px-2022_Cleveland_Air_Show_%2852340170867%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2022_Cleveland_Air_Show_%2852340170867%29.jpg/330px-2022_Cleveland_Air_Show_%2852340170867%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2022_Cleveland_Air_Show_%2852340170867%29.jpg/440px-2022_Cleveland_Air_Show_%2852340170867%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4024" /></a><figcaption>Shipping containers at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cleveland" title="Port of Cleveland">Port of Cleveland</a> as seen from Lake Erie</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cleveland" title="Port of Cleveland">Port of Cleveland</a>, at the Cuyahoga River's mouth, is a major bulk freight and container terminal on Lake Erie, receiving much of the raw materials used by the region's manufacturing industries.<a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a> The Port of Cleveland is the only container port on the Great Lakes with bi-weekly container service between Cleveland and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Port of Antwerp</a> in Belgium on a Dutch service called the Cleveland-Europe Express.<a href="#cite_note-374">[369]</a> In addition to freight, the Port of Cleveland welcomes regional and international tourists who pass through the city on <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_passenger_steamers" title="Great Lakes passenger steamers">Great Lakes cruises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intercity_rail_and_bus">Intercity rail and bus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Intercity rail and bus">edit</a>]</div> Cleveland has a long <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_railroad_history" title="Cleveland railroad history">history</a> as a major railroad hub in North America. Today, <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> provides service to Cleveland, via the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Limited_(Amtrak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Limited (Amtrak)">Capitol Limited</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_Limited" title="Lake Shore Limited">Lake Shore Limited</a> routes, which stop at <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Lakefront_Station" title="Cleveland Lakefront Station">Cleveland Lakefront Station</a>. Additionally, Cleveland hosts several inter-modal freight railroad terminals, for Norfolk Southern, CSX and several smaller companies.<a href="#cite_note-376">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a> National <a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity bus">intercity bus</a> service is provided by <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Bus_Station_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="Greyhound Bus Station (Cleveland, Ohio)">station</a> located behind Playhouse Square.<a href="#cite_note-378">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/METRO_RTA" class="mw-redirect" title="METRO RTA">Akron Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Transit_Alternative" title="Brunswick Transit Alternative">Brunswick Transit Alternative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laketran" title="Laketran">Laketran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorain_County_Transit" title="Lorain County Transit">Lorain County Transit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medina_County_Transit" title="Medina County Transit">Medina County Transit</a> provide connecting bus service to the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. <a href="/wiki/Geauga_County_Transit" title="Geauga County Transit">Geauga County Transit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portage_Area_Regional_Transportation_Authority" title="Portage Area Regional Transportation Authority">Portage Area Regional Transportation Authority (PARTA)</a> also offer connecting bus service in their neighboring areas.<a href="#cite_note-379">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-73763-0004,_Leipzig,_Cyrus_S._Eaton_im_Haus_der_Wissenschaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-73763-0004%2C_Leipzig%2C_Cyrus_S._Eaton_im_Haus_der_Wissenschaft.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-73763-0004%2C_Leipzig%2C_Cyrus_S._Eaton_im_Haus_der_Wissenschaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-73763-0004%2C_Leipzig%2C_Cyrus_S._Eaton_im_Haus_der_Wissenschaft.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-73763-0004%2C_Leipzig%2C_Cyrus_S._Eaton_im_Haus_der_Wissenschaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-73763-0004%2C_Leipzig%2C_Cyrus_S._Eaton_im_Haus_der_Wissenschaft.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-73763-0004%2C_Leipzig%2C_Cyrus_S._Eaton_im_Haus_der_Wissenschaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_S._Eaton" title="Cyrus S. Eaton">Cyrus S. Eaton</a> and his wife Anne in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> in 1960</figcaption></figure> Cleveland maintains cultural, economic, and educational ties with 28 <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a> around the world. It concluded its first sister city partnership with <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-CLEsisters-380">[375]</a> In addition, Cleveland hosts the <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Slovenia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Slovenia">Consulate General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a>, which, until Slovene independence in 1991, served as an official consulate for <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a> The Cleveland Clinic operates the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic_Abu_Dhabi" title="Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi">Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi</a> hospital, two outpatient clinics in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, and a hospital campus in London.<a href="#cite_note-382">[377]</a> The Cleveland Council on World Affairs was established in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a> Historically, Cleveland industrialist <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_S._Eaton" title="Cyrus S. Eaton">Cyrus S. Eaton</a>, an apprentice of <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>, played a significant role in promoting dialogue between the U.S. and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a> In October 1915 at Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_National_Hall_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="Bohemian National Hall (Cleveland, Ohio)">Bohemian National Hall</a>, Czech American and Slovak American representatives signed the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Agreement" title="Cleveland Agreement">Cleveland Agreement</a>, calling for the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">joint Czech and Slovak state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sister cities of Cleveland<a href="#cite_note-CLEsisters-380">[375]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (Egypt) 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bahir_Dar" title="Bahir Dar">Bahir Dar</a> (Ethiopia) 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> (India) 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> (Israel) 2019</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> (Romania) 1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> (Slovakia) 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> (Turkey) 2023</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (South Africa) 2023</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_(county)" title="Cleveland (county)">Cleveland</a> (United Kingdom) 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a> (Guinea) 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a> (Albania) 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> (Poland) 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Heidenheim_an_der_Brenz" title="Heidenheim an der Brenz">Heidenheim an der Brenz</a> (Germany) 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a> (Israel) 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a> (Nigeria) 1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a> (Rwanda) 2023</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a> (Lithuania) 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> (Peru) 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> (Slovenia) 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">Mayo</a> (Ireland) 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Miskolc" title="Miskolc">Miskolc</a> (Hungary) 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a> (Serbia) 2023</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> (France) 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Segundo_Montes,_Moraz%C3%A1n" title="Segundo Montes, Morazán">Segundo Montes</a> (El Salvador) 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> (Taiwan) 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tema" title="Tema">Tema</a> (Ghana) 2023</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a> (Italy) 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a> (Russia) 1990</li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Cleveland" title="List of people from Cleveland">List of people from Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_references_to_Cleveland_in_popular_culture" title="List of references to Cleveland in popular culture">List of references to Cleveland in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cleveland" title="USS Cleveland">USS Cleveland</a>, 4 ships</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkliːvlənd/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KLEEV-lənd</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Official records for Cleveland kept at downtown from January 1871 to May 1941, and at Hopkins Airport since June 1941. For more information, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threadex.rcc-acis.org">ThreadEx</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15%-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-15%_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-15%_140-1">b</a> From 15% sample </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Included <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islanders</a> until the year 2000 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-forest-city-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forest-city_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forest-city_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/forest-city">"Forest City"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Cleveland_History" title="The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History">The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>. June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forest+City&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2020-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Ff%2Fforest-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/municipal-symbols">"Municipal Symbols"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. October 3, 2022. 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Retrieved June 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Find+a+County&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Counties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naco.org%2FCounties%2FPages%2FFindACounty.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensusQuickFacts-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusQuickFacts_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusQuickFacts_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusQuickFacts_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusQuickFacts_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/clevelandcityohio">"Cleveland"</a>. QuickFacts. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. 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The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>. February 25, 2019. 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Retrieved August 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Historical&rft.atitle=St.+Theodosius+Cathedral&rft.aulast=Rotman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Dubelko%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclevelandhistorical.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clevelandmemory.org/sacredlandmarks/index-old.shtml">"Cleveland Sacred Landmarks"</a>. Cleveland State University. Retrieved May 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cleveland+Sacred+Landmarks&rft.pub=Cleveland+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clevelandmemory.org%2Fsacredlandmarks%2Findex-old.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.countyplanning.us/projects/urban-tree-canopy-assessment-update/urban-tree-canopy-assessment-update-cleveland-neighborhoods/">"Urban Tree Canopy Assessment Update: Cleveland Neighborhoods"</a>. Cuyahoga County Planning Commission. Retrieved July 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+Tree+Canopy+Assessment+Update%3A+Cleveland+Neighborhoods&rft.pub=Cuyahoga+County+Planning+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.countyplanning.us%2Fprojects%2Furban-tree-canopy-assessment-update%2Furban-tree-canopy-assessment-update-cleveland-neighborhoods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy" class="citation web cs1">Roy, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/906">"The Theatrical Grill"</a>. Cleveland Historical. Cleveland State University. Retrieved June 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Historical&rft.atitle=The+Theatrical+Grill&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclevelandhistorical.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutka201237-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutka201237_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutka2012">Dutka 2012</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExner2016" class="citation news cs1">Exner, Rich (May 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/2016/05/how_downtown_cleveland_is_chan.html">"How downtown Cleveland is changing: by the numbers"</a>. The Plain Dealer. 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Everything west of the river can be considered the West Side. That is the realistic view taken by Clevelanders. When two Clevelanders meet for the first time, they fence conversationally until the vital question of East or West is answered. Knowing which side of town a new acquaintance comes from makes a subtle difference". </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExner2023" class="citation news cs1">Exner, Rich (November 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/11/get-to-know-clevelands-east-side-12-neighborhood-profiles.html">"Get to know Cleveland's East Side"</a>. The Plain Dealer. 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WKYC. Retrieved August 8, 2023. <q>Cleveland is very distinctive from the rest of Ohio in its accent [with] that backwards 'A' and that that long drawn out 'O.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mike+Polk+Jr.+investigates+the+%27Cleveland+Accent%27&rft.date=2020-10-22&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=Mike+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wkyc.com%2Farticle%2Fentertainment%2Ftelevision%2Fprograms%2Fwhats-new%2Fmike-polk-jr-investigates-the-cleveland-accent%2F95-56345205-fe40-490b-8f7c-8bc05c95edf7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2017" class="citation news cs1">McIntyre, Michael K. (January 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland.com/tipoff/2017/01/clevelanders_probably_think_th.html">"Clevelanders probably think they don't have an accent, but we do, and so do others in the Midwest"</a>. The Plain Dealer. Retrieved August 8, 2023. <q>[The accent is] nasal and marked by a raised 'a' that makes 'cat' sound like 'cayat,' a fronted 'o' that makes 'box' sound like 'bahx.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Clevelanders+probably+think+they+don%27t+have+an+accent%2C+but+we+do%2C+and+so+do+others+in+the+Midwest&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Ftipoff%2F2017%2F01%2Fclevelanders_probably_think_th.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hungarians">"Hungarians"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hungarians&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fh%2Fhungarians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/j/jews-judaism">"Jews & Judaism"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jews+%26+Judaism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fj%2Fjews-judaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hispanic-community">"Hispanic Community"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hispanic+Community&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fh%2Fhispanic-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/asiatown">"Asiatown"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Asiatown&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fa%2Fasiatown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-albanians-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-albanians_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-albanians_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/albanians">"Albanians"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanians&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fa%2Falbanians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/arab-americans">"Arab Americans"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arab+Americans&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fa%2Farab-americans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/armenians">"Armenians"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. January 10, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenians&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2021-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fa%2Farmenians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/french">"French"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=French&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Ff%2Ffrench&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/g/greeks">"Greeks"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greeks&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fg%2Fgreeks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenberge2020" class="citation news cs1">Vandenberge, Jordan (January 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/iranian-americans-in-cleveland-keeping-close-eye-on-rising-tensions-between-us-iran">"Iranian-Americans in Cleveland keeping close eye on rising tensions between US, Iran"</a>. WEWS-TV. Retrieved June 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iranian-Americans+in+Cleveland+keeping+close+eye+on+rising+tensions+between+US%2C+Iran&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft.aulast=Vandenberge&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news5cleveland.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Firanian-americans-in-cleveland-keeping-close-eye-on-rising-tensions-between-us-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/t/turks-cleveland">"Turks in Cleveland"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. October 2, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turks+in+Cleveland&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Ft%2Fturks-cleveland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosby2020" class="citation news cs1">Mosby, Chris (January 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patch.com/ohio/cleveland/3-ohio-cities-among-nation-s-most-diverse-u-s-news">"3 Ohio Cities Among Nation's Most Diverse: U.S. News"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Patch_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patch (website)">Patch</a>. Retrieved May 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patch&rft.atitle=3+Ohio+Cities+Among+Nation%27s+Most+Diverse%3A+U.S.+News&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft.aulast=Mosby&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatch.com%2Fohio%2Fcleveland%2F3-ohio-cities-among-nation-s-most-diverse-u-s-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/religion">"Religion"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 12, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fr%2Freligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statisticalatlas.com/place/Ohio/Cleveland/National-Origin">"National Origin in Cleveland, Ohio"</a>. Statistical Atlas. Retrieved May 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Origin+in+Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Statistical+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatisticalatlas.com%2Fplace%2FOhio%2FCleveland%2FNational-Origin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrown2019" class="citation web cs1">Drown, Hannah (August 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland.com/news/2019/08/ethiopian-cultural-garden-marks-first-cultural-garden-in-cleveland-to-represent-an-african-nation.html">"New Ethiopian Cultural Garden first in Cleveland to represent an African nation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer" title="The Plain Dealer">The Plain Dealer</a>. Retrieved June 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Ethiopian+Cultural+Garden+first+in+Cleveland+to+represent+an+African+nation&rft.pub=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft.aulast=Drown&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F08%2Fethiopian-cultural-garden-marks-first-cultural-garden-in-cleveland-to-represent-an-african-nation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/i/indians-asian">"Indians (Asian)"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. February 21, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indians+%28Asian%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fi%2Findians-asian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/russians">"Russians"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 30, 2023. Retrieved June 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russians&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fr%2Frussians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/soviet-and-post-soviet-immigration">"Soviet and Post-Soviet Immigration"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. October 7, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Immigration&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fs%2Fsoviet-and-post-soviet-immigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExner2018" class="citation news cs1">Exner, Rich (April 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/2018/04/among_counties_cuyahoga_near_t.html">"Among counties, Cuyahoga near top in Midwest for attracting immigrants"</a>. The Plain Dealer. 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Retrieved June 19, 2023. <q>The Cleveland Orchestra is America's finest, still.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Cleveland+Orchestra%2C+America%27s+Finest%2C+Restarts+Recording&rft.date=2020-10-09&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F10%2F09%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fcleveland-orchestra-classical-music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg2000522-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenberg2000522_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosenberg2000">Rosenberg 2000</a>, p. 522. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clevelandorchestra.com/about/mission-and-history/">"Mission & History"</a>. 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Retrieved June 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cleveland+on+Film&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fc%2Fcleveland-film&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/andrewss-folly">"Andrews's Folly"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. July 2, 2021. 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Retrieved May 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Historical&rft.atitle=Cinecraft+Productions%3A+The+Historic+Film+Company+produced+by+a+Love+Story&rft.aulast=Dubelko&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclevelandhistorical.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorona2024" class="citation news cs1">Morona, Joey (June 24, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2024/06/its-a-bird-its-a-plane-no-its-superman-strolling-the-streets-of-cleveland.html">"It's a bird! It's a plane! No, it's Superman strolling the streets of Cleveland"</a>. 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The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>. Retrieved May 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cleveland+Hopkins+International+Airport&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft.aulast=Culley&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fc%2Fcleveland-hopkins-international-airport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/b/burke-lakefront-airport">"Burke Lakefront Airport"</a>. 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Retrieved August 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSX+Intermodal+Terminal+Details&rft.pub=CSX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intermodal.com%2Findex.cfm%2Fchannel-partners%2Flocations-served%2Fterminal-details%2F%3Fterminal_id%3D13%26Core%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nscorp.com/content/nscorp/en/shipping-options/intermodal/terminals-and-schedules/cleveland-ohio.html">"Cleveland, OH: Terminals & Schedules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern">Norfolk Southern</a>. Retrieved August 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cleveland%2C+OH%3A+Terminals+%26+Schedules&rft.pub=Norfolk+Southern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nscorp.com%2Fcontent%2Fnscorp%2Fen%2Fshipping-options%2Fintermodal%2Fterminals-and-schedules%2Fcleveland-ohio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thisiscleveland.com/planning-tools/visitor-services/getting-to-cleveland">"Getting to Cleveland"</a>. Destination Cleveland. Retrieved June 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Getting+to+Cleveland&rft.pub=Destination+Cleveland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisiscleveland.com%2Fplanning-tools%2Fvisitor-services%2Fgetting-to-cleveland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riderta.com/fact-sheet-out-county-transfers">"Out-of-County Transfers"</a>. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. Retrieved June 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out-of-County+Transfers&rft.pub=Greater+Cleveland+Regional+Transit+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riderta.com%2Ffact-sheet-out-county-transfers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CLEsisters-380">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CLEsisters_380-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CLEsisters_380-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/cleveland-sister-city-partnerships">"Cleveland Sister City Partnerships"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. December 14, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cleveland+Sister+City+Partnerships&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fcleveland-sister-city-partnerships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/slovenes">"Slovenes"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slovenes&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fs%2Fslovenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoutré2023" class="citation news cs1">Coutré, Lydia (February 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crainscleveland.com/health-care/cleveland-clinics-second-outpatient-facility-london-will-open-fall">"Cleveland Clinic London to open second outpatient building this fall"</a>. Crain's Cleveland Business. Retrieved July 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crain%27s+Cleveland+Business&rft.atitle=Cleveland+Clinic+London+to+open+second+outpatient+building+this+fall&rft.date=2023-02-15&rft.aulast=Coutr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crainscleveland.com%2Fhealth-care%2Fcleveland-clinics-second-outpatient-facility-london-will-open-fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-council-world-affairs">"Cleveland Council on World Affairs"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cleveland+Council+on+World+Affairs&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fc%2Fcleveland-council-world-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/eaton-cyrus-stephen">"Eaton, Cyrus Stephen"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. July 30, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eaton%2C+Cyrus+Stephen&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fe%2Featon-cyrus-stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurik2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Burik, Paul (October 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-agreement-1915">"Cleveland Agreement of 1915"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved June 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cleveland+Agreement+of+1915&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2020-10-03&rft.aulast=Burik&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fc%2Fcleveland-agreement-1915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsWaldman2011" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Henry; Waldman, Lawrence (2011). Out of the Kokoon. Cleveland: Cleveland Public Library and Cleveland Artists Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615534008" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615534008"><bdi>978-0615534008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Kokoon&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Cleveland+Public+Library+and+Cleveland+Artists+Foundation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0615534008&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Waldman%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbrechtBanks2015" class="citation book cs1">Albrecht, Brian; Banks, James (2015). Cleveland in World War II. Charleston: The History Press (Arcadia). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62619-882-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62619-882-1"><bdi>978-1-62619-882-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Charleston&rft.pub=The+History+Press+%28Arcadia%29&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62619-882-1&rft.aulast=Albrecht&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Banks%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrecher2020" class="citation book cs1">Brecher, Jeremy (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/strike0000brec_t8h1">Strike!</a>. Oakland, CA: PM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-808-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-808-9"><bdi>978-1-62963-808-9</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strike%21&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-62963-808-9&rft.aulast=Brecher&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrike0000brec_t8h1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCigliano1991" class="citation book cs1">Cigliano, Jan (1991). Showplace of America: Cleveland's Euclid Avenue, 1850–1910. Kent, OH: <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873384452" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873384452"><bdi>978-0873384452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Showplace+of+America%3A+Cleveland%27s+Euclid+Avenue%2C+1850%E2%80%931910&rft.place=Kent%2C+OH&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0873384452&rft.aulast=Cigliano&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondon1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_E._Condon" title="George E. Condon">Condon, George E.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleveland0000geor">Cleveland: The Best Kept Secret</a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936323-08-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936323-08-1"><bdi>978-1-936323-08-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland%3A+The+Best+Kept+Secret&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-1-936323-08-1&rft.aulast=Condon&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleveland0000geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondon1979" class="citation book cs1">Condon, George E. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clevelandprodigy0000cond">Cleveland: Prodigy of the Western Reserve</a>. Tulsa: Continental Heritage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0932986061" title="Special:BookSources/978-0932986061"><bdi>978-0932986061</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland%3A+Prodigy+of+the+Western+Reserve&rft.place=Tulsa&rft.pub=Continental+Heritage+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0932986061&rft.aulast=Condon&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclevelandprodigy0000cond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramer1972" class="citation book cs1">Cramer, C. H. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/openshelvesopenm0000cram">Open Shelves and Open Minds: A History of the Cleveland Public Library</a>. Cleveland: The Press of Case Western Reserve University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0829502190" title="Special:BookSources/978-0829502190"><bdi>978-0829502190</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Shelves+and+Open+Minds%3A+A+History+of+the+Cleveland+Public+Library&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=The+Press+of+Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0829502190&rft.aulast=Cramer&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopenshelvesopenm0000cram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutka2012" class="citation book cs1">Dutka, Alan F. (2012). Cleveland's Short Vincent: The Theatrical Grill and Its Notorious Neighbors. Cleveland: Cleveland Landmarks Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0936760322" title="Special:BookSources/978-0936760322"><bdi>978-0936760322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland%27s+Short+Vincent%3A+The+Theatrical+Grill+and+Its+Notorious+Neighbors&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Cleveland+Landmarks+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0936760322&rft.aulast=Dutka&rft.aufirst=Alan+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeranHeldenfels1997" class="citation book cs1">Feran, Tom; Heldenfels, R. D. (1997). Ghoulardi: Inside Cleveland TV's Wildest Ride. Cleveland: Gray & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1886228184" title="Special:BookSources/978-1886228184"><bdi>978-1886228184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghoulardi%3A+Inside+Cleveland+TV%27s+Wildest+Ride&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Gray+%26+Co&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1886228184&rft.aulast=Feran&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Heldenfels%2C+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarwood2003" class="citation book cs1">Harwood, Herbert H. Jr. (2003). Invisible Giants: The Empires of Cleveland's Van Sweringen Brothers. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34163-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34163-9"><bdi>0-253-34163-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invisible+Giants%3A+The+Empires+of+Cleveland%27s+Van+Sweringen+Brothers&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-253-34163-9&rft.aulast=Harwood&rft.aufirst=Herbert+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner2010" class="citation book cs1">Horner, William T. (2010). Ohio's Kingmaker: Mark Hanna, Man and Myth. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1894-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1894-9"><bdi>978-0-8214-1894-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ohio%27s+Kingmaker%3A+Mark+Hanna%2C+Man+and+Myth&rft.place=Athens%2C+OH&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1894-9&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannesen1999" class="citation book cs1">Johannesen, Eric (1999). A Cleveland Legacy: The Architecture of Walker and Weeks. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-589-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-589-6"><bdi>0-87338-589-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cleveland+Legacy%3A+The+Architecture+of+Walker+and+Weeks&rft.place=Kent%2C+OH&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-87338-589-6&rft.aulast=Johannesen&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2022" class="citation book cs1">Keating, W. Dennis (2022). Cleveland and the Civil War. Charleston: The History Press (Arcadia). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1467147736" title="Special:BookSources/978-1467147736"><bdi>978-1467147736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland+and+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Charleston&rft.pub=The+History+Press+%28Arcadia%29&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1467147736&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=W.+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1980" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Michael (1980). Make No Little Plans. Cleveland: <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_Historical_Society" title="Western Reserve Historical Society">Western Reserve Historical Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911704-24-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-911704-24-8"><bdi>0-911704-24-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+No+Little+Plans&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Western+Reserve+Historical+Society&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-911704-24-8&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2015" class="citation book cs1">Livingston, Bill (2015). George Steinbrenner's Pipe Dream: The ABL Champion Cleveland Pipers. Kent, OH: Black Squirrel Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60635-261-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60635-261-8"><bdi>978-1-60635-261-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Steinbrenner%27s+Pipe+Dream%3A+The+ABL+Champion+Cleveland+Pipers&rft.place=Kent%2C+OH&rft.pub=Black+Squirrel+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-60635-261-8&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerWheeler1997" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Carol Poh; Wheeler, Robert A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill">Cleveland: A Concise History, 1796–1996</a> (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253211477" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253211477"><bdi>978-0253211477</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland%3A+A+Concise+History%2C+1796%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0253211477&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Carol+Poh&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclevelandconcise0000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosbrook2013" class="citation book cs1">Mosbrook, Joe (2013) [Originally published in 2003 by Northeast Ohio Jazz Society]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/scholbks/135/">Cleveland Jazz History</a> (2nd ed.). Cleveland: MSL Academic Endeavors (Cleveland State University). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936323-41-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936323-41-8"><bdi>978-1-936323-41-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland+Jazz+History&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MSL+Academic+Endeavors+%28Cleveland+State+University%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-936323-41-8&rft.aulast=Mosbrook&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengagedscholarship.csuohio.edu%2Fscholbks%2F135%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1976" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Philip (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevmembks/52/">Cleveland: Confused City on a Seesaw</a>. Columbus, OH: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Press" title="Ohio State University Press">Ohio State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814202647" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814202647"><bdi>978-0814202647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland%3A+Confused+City+on+a+Seesaw&rft.place=Columbus%2C+OH&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0814202647&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengagedscholarship.csuohio.edu%2Fclevmembks%2F52%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicca2013" class="citation book cs1">Ricca, Brad (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/superboysamazing0000ricc">Super Boys: The Amazing Adventures of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster – the Creators of Superman</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312643805" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312643805"><bdi>978-0312643805</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Super+Boys%3A+The+Amazing+Adventures+of+Jerry+Siegel+and+Joe+Shuster+%E2%80%93+the+Creators+of+Superman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0312643805&rft.aulast=Ricca&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuperboysamazing0000ricc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1990" class="citation book cs1">Rose, William Ganson (1990). Cleveland: The Making of a City. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873384285" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873384285"><bdi>978-0873384285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland%3A+The+Making+of+a+City&rft.place=Kent%2C+OH&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0873384285&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=William+Ganson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Donald (2000). Second to None: The Cleveland Orchestra Story. Cleveland: Gray & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1886228245" title="Special:BookSources/978-1886228245"><bdi>978-1886228245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+to+None%3A+The+Cleveland+Orchestra+Story&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Gray+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1886228245&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothstein2017" class="citation book cs1">Rothstein, Richard (2017). <a href="/wiki/The_Color_of_Law" title="The Color of Law">The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America</a>. New York: Liveright (W. W. Norton & Company). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1631492853" title="Special:BookSources/978-1631492853"><bdi>978-1631492853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Color+of+Law%3A+A+Forgotten+History+of+How+Our+Government+Segregated+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Liveright+%28W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company%29&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1631492853&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stokes" title="Carl Stokes">Stokes, Carl B.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/promisesofpowerp00stok">Promises of Power</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671216023" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671216023"><bdi>978-0671216023</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Promises+of+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0671216023&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Carl+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpromisesofpowerp00stok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToman1997" class="citation book cs1">Toman, James (1997). Cleveland Stadium: The Last Chapter. Cleveland: Cleveland Landmarks Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0936760100" title="Special:BookSources/978-0936760100"><bdi>978-0936760100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland+Stadium%3A+The+Last+Chapter&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Cleveland+Landmarks+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0936760100&rft.aulast=Toman&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomanCook2005" class="citation book cs1">Toman, James; Cook, Daniel (2005). Cleveland's Towering Treasure. Cleveland: Cleveland Landmarks Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0936760209" title="Special:BookSources/978-0936760209"><bdi>978-0936760209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland%27s+Towering+Treasure&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Cleveland+Landmarks+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0936760209&rft.aulast=Toman&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Cook%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1991" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Evan H. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/object-lessons">Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</a>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0940717107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0940717107"><bdi>978-0940717107</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Object+Lessons%3A+Cleveland+Creates+an+Art+Museum&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Cleveland+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0940717107&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Evan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fobject-lessons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton1910" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Harriet Taylor (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historywesternr01cutlgoog">History of the Western Reserve</a>. Chicago and New York: The Lewis Publishing Company – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Western+Reserve&rft.place=Chicago+and+New+York&rft.pub=The+Lewis+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Harriet+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorywesternr01cutlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Cleveland" title="Bibliography of Cleveland">Bibliography of Cleveland</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondon2006" class="citation book cs1">Condon, George E. (2006). West of the Cuyahoga. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873388542" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873388542"><bdi>978-0873388542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+of+the+Cuyahoga&rft.place=Kent%2C+OH&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0873388542&rft.aulast=Condon&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1981" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Edmund H. (1981). Cleveland: Village to Metropolis. Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-091170429-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-091170429-7"><bdi>978-091170429-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland%3A+Village+to+Metropolis&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Western+Reserve+Historical+Society&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-091170429-7&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Edmund+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannesen1979" class="citation book cs1">Johannesen, Eric (1979). Cleveland Architecture, 1876–1976. Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-091170421-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-091170421-1"><bdi>978-091170421-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland+Architecture%2C+1876%E2%80%931976&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Western+Reserve+Historical+Society&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-091170421-1&rft.aulast=Johannesen&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabowski2019" class="citation book cs1">Grabowski, John J. (2019). Cleveland A to Z: An Essential Compendium for Visitors and Residents Alike. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1606353905" title="Special:BookSources/978-1606353905"><bdi>978-1606353905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland+A+to+Z%3A+An+Essential+Compendium+for+Visitors+and+Residents+Alike&rft.place=Kent%2C+OH&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1606353905&rft.aulast=Grabowski&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabowskiGrabowski2000" class="citation book cs1">Grabowski, John J.; Grabowski, Diane Ewart (2000). Cleveland: A History in Motion. Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1886483385" title="Special:BookSources/978-1886483385"><bdi>978-1886483385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleveland%3A+A+History+in+Motion&rft.place=Carlsbad%2C+CA&rft.pub=Heritage+Media&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1886483385&rft.aulast=Grabowski&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Grabowski%2C+Diane+Ewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACleveland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Cleveland at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cleveland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Cleveland">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" class="extiw" title="c:Cleveland">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Cleveland,_Ohio" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Cleveland, Ohio">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cleveland" class="extiw" title="q:Cleveland">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cleveland" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Cleveland">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cleveland" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Cleveland">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cleveland" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Cleveland">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cleveland" class="extiw" title="voy:Cleveland">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clevelandohio.gov/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisiscleveland.com/">Destination Cleveland, official tourism website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gcpartnership.com/">Greater Cleveland Partnership</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ech.cwru.edu/">The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History</a> at <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clevelandhistorical.org/">Cleveland Historical</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_University" title="Cleveland State University">Cleveland State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clevelandmemory.org">Cleveland Memory Project</a> at Cleveland State University</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio" title="Portal:Ohio">Ohio</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/19px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/29px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/38px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_City_of_Cleveland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleveland" title="Template:Cleveland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cleveland" title="Template talk:Cleveland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cleveland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cleveland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_City_of_Cleveland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cleveland%2C_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Cleveland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cleveland" title="History of Cleveland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cleveland" title="Timeline of Cleveland">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cleveland" title="Demographics of Cleveland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greater_Cleveland" title="Economy of Greater Cleveland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_media_in_Cleveland" title="List of mass media in Cleveland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cleveland" title="Flag of Cleveland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Cleveland" title="Nicknames of Cleveland">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Cleveland" title="List of people from Cleveland">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Cleveland" title="List of public art in Cleveland">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cleveland" title="List of tallest buildings in Cleveland">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">MSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio" title="Northeast Ohio">CSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Cleveland" title="Bibliography of Cleveland">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cleveland" title="Mayor of Cleveland">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_City_Council" title="Cleveland City Council">City Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_City_Hall" title="Cleveland City Hall">City Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metropolitan_School_District" title="Cleveland Metropolitan School District">Cleveland Metro School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_Heights_City_School_District" title="Shaker Heights City School District">Shaker Heights City School District</a> (part)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Lausche_State_Office_Building" title="Frank J. Lausche State Office Building">Lausche State Office Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Celebrezze_Federal_Building" title="Anthony J. Celebrezze Federal Building">Celebrezze Federal Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_District_9" title="Coast Guard District 9">Coast Guard District 9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">NASA Glenn Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_M._Metzenbaum_United_States_Courthouse" title="Howard M. Metzenbaum United States Courthouse">Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_B._Stokes_United_States_Courthouse" title="Carl B. Stokes United States Courthouse">Stokes U.S. Courthouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_EMS" title="Cleveland EMS">EMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Division_of_Fire" title="Cleveland Division of Fire">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Division_of_Police" title="Cleveland Division of Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Cleveland" title="Transportation in Cleveland">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority">RTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Memorial_Shoreway" title="Cleveland Memorial Shoreway">Shoreway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Superior_Bridge" title="Detroit–Superior Bridge">Detroit–Superior Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Memorial_Bridge" title="Hope Memorial Bridge">Hope Memorial Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Burke_Lakefront_Airport" title="Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport">Burke Lakefront Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hopkins_International_Airport" title="Cleveland Hopkins International Airport">Hopkins International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodtime_III" title="Goodtime III">Goodtime III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cleveland" title="Port of Cleveland">Port of Cleveland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Healthcare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Education_Campus" title="Health Education Campus">Health Education Campus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center" title="University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center">University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Babies_%26_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital">Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroHealth" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroHealth">MetroHealth System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_Charity_Medical_Center" title="St. Vincent Charity Medical Center">St. Vincent Charity Medical Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Cleveland" title="Category:Culture of Cleveland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cleveland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cleveland">Historic places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_Club_of_Cleveland" title="City Club of Cleveland">City Club of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Arcade" title="Cleveland Arcade">Cleveland Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Library" title="Cleveland Public Library">Cleveland Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Trust_Company_Building" title="Cleveland Trust Company Building">Cleveland Trust Company Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunham_Tavern" title="Dunham Tavern">Dunham Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Street_Cemetery" title="Erie Street Cemetery">Erie Street Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_Avenue_(Cleveland)" title="Euclid Avenue (Cleveland)">Euclid Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grays_Armory" title="Grays Armory">Grays Armory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery" title="Lake View Cemetery">Lake View Cemetery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Memorial" title="James A. Garfield Memorial">James A. Garfield Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Monument_(Cleveland)" title="Perry Monument (Cleveland)">Perry Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Square,_Cleveland" title="Public Square, Cleveland">Public Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument_(Cleveland)" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)">Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_Tower" title="Terminal Tower">Terminal Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Market" title="West Side Market">West Side Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Cleveland" title="List of museums in Cleveland">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Story_House" title="A Christmas Story House">A Christmas Story House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_Historical_Society" title="Western Reserve Historical Society">Cleveland History Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Cleveland" title="Children's Museum of Cleveland">Children's Museum of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hungarian_Museum" title="Cleveland Hungarian Museum">Cleveland Hungarian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozad%E2%80%93Bates_House" title="Cozad–Bates House">Cozad–Bates House Interpretive Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dittrick_Museum_of_Medical_History" title="Dittrick Museum of Medical History">Dittrick Museum of Medical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Science_Center" title="Great Lakes Science Center">Great Lakes Science Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_William_G._Mather_(1925)" title="SS William G. Mather (1925)">Steamship William G. Mather Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Science_Center#NASA_Glenn_Visitor_Center" title="Great Lakes Science Center">NASA Glenn Visitors Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="International Women's Air & Space Museum">International Women's Air & Space Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American_Museum_of_Cleveland" title="Italian American Museum of Cleveland">Italian American Museum of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland#Learning_Center_and_Money_Museum" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Learning Center and Money Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Cleveland" title="Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland">Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Museum-Archives" title="Ukrainian Museum-Archives">Ukrainian Museum-Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cod" title="USS Cod">USS Cod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Parks and nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Botanical_Garden" title="Cleveland Botanical Garden">Cleveland Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metroparks" title="Cleveland Metroparks">Cleveland Metroparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Metroparks_Zoo" title="Cleveland Metroparks Zoo">Cleveland Metroparks Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Park,_Cleveland" title="Gordon Park, Cleveland">Gordon Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Aquarium" title="Greater Cleveland Aquarium">Greater Cleveland Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Foundation_Centennial_Lake_Link_Trail" title="Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail">Lake Link Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mall_(Cleveland)" title="The Mall (Cleveland)">The Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Park" title="Rockefeller Park">Rockefeller Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cultural_Gardens" title="Cleveland Cultural Gardens">Cleveland Cultural Gardens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Park,_Cleveland" title="Wade Park, Cleveland">Wade Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Park,_Cleveland" title="Willard Park, Cleveland">Willard Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Performing arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Ballet_(founded_2014)" title="Cleveland Ballet (founded 2014)">Cleveland Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cinematheque" title="Cleveland Cinematheque">Cleveland Cinematheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severance_Hall" title="Severance Hall">Severance Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Playhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Playhouse">Cleveland Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Theatre" title="Cleveland Public Theatre">Cleveland Public Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Theater" title="Great Lakes Theater">Great Lakes Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamu_House" title="Karamu House">Karamu House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltz_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Maltz Performing Arts Center">Maltz Performing Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_West_Theatre" title="Near West Theatre">Near West Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Square" title="Playhouse Square">Playhouse Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talespinner_Children%27s_Theatre" title="Talespinner Children's Theatre">Talespinner Children's Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Sports, concert, and convention venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora_Theatre_and_Ballroom" title="Agora Theatre and Ballroom">Agora Theatre and Ballroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Masonic_Temple" title="Cleveland Masonic Temple">Cleveland Masonic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Bank_Field" title="Huntington Bank Field">Huntington Bank Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Convention_Center_of_Cleveland" title="Huntington Convention Center of Cleveland">Huntington Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-X_Center" title="I-X Center">I-X Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobs_Pavilion" title="Jacobs Pavilion">Jacobs Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Field" title="Progressive Field">Progressive Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Auditorium" title="Public Auditorium">Public Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Mortgage_FieldHouse" title="Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse">Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolstein_Center" title="Wolstein Center">Wolstein Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Feast_of_the_Assumption_Festival" title="Cleveland Feast of the Assumption Festival">Feast of the Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amigus-dyngus#Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Śmigus-dyngus">Dyngus Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_International_Film_Festival" title="Cleveland International Film Festival">International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Kurentovanje" title="Cleveland Kurentovanje">Kurentovanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_in_the_United_States#Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Saint Patrick's Day in the United States">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetest_Day" title="Sweetest Day">Sweetest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Thyagaraja_Festival" title="Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival">Thyagaraja Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Cleveland" title="Neighborhoods in Cleveland">Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadway%E2%80%93Slavic_Village" title="Broadway–Slavic Village">Broadway–Slavic Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Centre" title="Brooklyn Centre">Brooklyn Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye%E2%80%93Shaker" title="Buckeye–Shaker">Buckeye–Shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye%E2%80%93Woodhill" title="Buckeye–Woodhill">Buckeye–Woodhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central,_Cleveland" title="Central, Cleveland">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark%E2%80%93Fulton" title="Clark–Fulton">Clark–Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collinwood" title="Collinwood">Collinwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudell,_Cleveland" title="Cudell, Cleveland">Cudell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Valley,_Cleveland" title="Cuyahoga Valley, Cleveland">Cuyahoga Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Flats" title="The Flats">The Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Island_(Cleveland)" title="Whiskey Island (Cleveland)">Whiskey Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Shoreway" title="Detroit–Shoreway">Detroit–Shoreway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland" title="Downtown Cleveland">Downtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_District" title="Campus District">Campus District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Center_(Cleveland)" title="Civic Center (Cleveland)">Civic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_4th_Street_(Cleveland)" title="East 4th Street (Cleveland)">East 4th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Sports_and_Entertainment_Complex" title="Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex">Gateway District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-Twelve_District" title="Nine-Twelve District">Nine-Twelve District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Harbor" title="North Coast Harbor">North Coast Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland#Short_Vincent" title="Downtown Cleveland">Short Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland#Superior_Arts_District" title="Downtown Cleveland">Superior Arts District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse_District,_Cleveland" title="Warehouse District, Cleveland">Warehouse District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_Cleveland" title="Edgewater, Cleveland">Edgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%E2%80%93Green" title="Euclid–Green">Euclid–Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Cleveland" title="Fairfax, Cleveland">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenville,_Cleveland" title="Glenville, Cleveland">Glenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodrich%E2%80%93Kirtland_Park" title="Goodrich–Kirtland Park">Goodrich–Kirtland Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatown,_Cleveland" title="Asiatown, Cleveland">Asiatown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hough,_Cleveland" title="Hough, Cleveland">Hough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsman,_Cleveland" title="Kinsman, Cleveland">Kinsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Miles" title="Lee–Miles">Lee–Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Cleveland" title="Mount Pleasant, Cleveland">Mount Pleasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_City,_Cleveland" title="Ohio City, Cleveland">Ohio City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brooklyn" title="Old Brooklyn">Old Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair%E2%80%93Superior" title="St. Clair–Superior">St. Clair–Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockyards,_Cleveland" title="Stockyards, Cleveland">Stockyards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Cleveland" title="Tremont, Cleveland">Tremont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Cleveland#Duck_Island" title="Tremont, Cleveland">Duck Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union%E2%80%93Miles_Park" title="Union–Miles Park">Union–Miles Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Circle" title="University Circle">University Circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_Circle#Little_Italy" title="University Circle">Little Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Boulevard" title="West Boulevard">West Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Park,_Cleveland" title="West Park, Cleveland">West Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellaire%E2%80%93Puritas,_Cleveland" title="Bellaire–Puritas, Cleveland">Bellaire–Puritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins,_Cleveland" title="Hopkins, Cleveland">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Cleveland" title="Jefferson, Cleveland">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamm%27s_Corners" title="Kamm's Corners">Kamm's Corners</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Cleveland" title="Sports in Cleveland">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Major League</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>NFL: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a></li> <li>NBA: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers" title="Cleveland Cavaliers">Cleveland Cavaliers</a></li> <li>MLB: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Cleveland Guardians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Minor League</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G League: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Charge" title="Cleveland Charge">Cleveland Charge</a></li> <li>MLIS: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Crunch" title="Cleveland Crunch">Cleveland Crunch</a></li> <li>AHL: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Monsters" title="Cleveland Monsters">Cleveland Monsters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">College</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>NCAA D1 (Horizon League): <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_Vikings" title="Cleveland State Vikings">Cleveland State Vikings</a></li> <li>NCAA D3 (UAA): <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Spartans" title="Case Western Reserve Spartans">Case Western Reserve Spartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nearby_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Nearby_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Nearby cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <dl><dt>Throughout the regional area</dt></dl> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Cleveland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Cleveland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Cleveland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Put-In-Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Put-In-Bay">Put-In-Bay</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> <a href="/wiki/Chatham-Kent" title="Chatham-Kent">Chatham-Kent</a>, Ontario <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erie" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie">Erie</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Cleveland<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Ohio" title="Mansfield, Ohio">Mansfield</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akron" class="mw-redirect" title="Akron">Akron</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dt>Throughout Cuyahoga County</dt></dl> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Cleveland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Cleveland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Cleveland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bratenahl,_Ohio" title="Bratenahl, Ohio">Bratenahl</a> <a href="/wiki/Euclid,_Ohio" title="Euclid, Ohio">Euclid</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio" title="Lakewood, Ohio">Lakewood</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocky_River,_Ohio" title="Rocky River, Ohio">Rocky River</a> <a href="/wiki/Fairview_Park,_Ohio" title="Fairview Park, Ohio">Fairview Park</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Downtown Cleveland<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/South_Euclid,_Ohio" title="South Euclid, Ohio">South Euclid</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Cleveland,_Ohio" title="East Cleveland, Ohio">East Cleveland</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Heights,_Ohio" title="Cleveland Heights, Ohio">Cleveland Heights</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaker_Heights,_Ohio" title="Shaker Heights, Ohio">Shaker Heights</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linndale,_Ohio" title="Linndale, Ohio">Linndale</a> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Ohio" title="Brooklyn, Ohio">Brooklyn</a> <a href="/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio">Parma</a> <a href="/wiki/Brook_Park,_Ohio" title="Brook Park, Ohio">Brook Park</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Heights,_Ohio" title="Newburgh Heights, Ohio">Newburgh Heights</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Heights,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio">Cuyahoga Heights</a> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights,_Ohio" title="Brooklyn Heights, Ohio">Brooklyn Heights</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warrensville_Heights,_Ohio" title="Warrensville Heights, Ohio">Warrensville Heights</a> <a href="/wiki/Maple_Heights,_Ohio" title="Maple Heights, Ohio">Maple Heights</a> <a href="/wiki/Garfield_Heights,_Ohio" title="Garfield Heights, Ohio">Garfield Heights</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dt>Throughout North America</dt></dl> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Cleveland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Cleveland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Cleveland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td>Detroit</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%">Chicago</td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Cleveland<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%">New York City</td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Template:Cuyahoga County, Ohio"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Template talk:Cuyahoga County, Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuyahoga County, Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga County, Ohio</a>, United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleveland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City_(Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (Ohio)">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Village,_Ohio" title="Bay Village, Ohio">Bay Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachwood,_Ohio" title="Beachwood, Ohio">Beachwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Ohio" title="Bedford, Ohio">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Heights,_Ohio" title="Bedford Heights, Ohio">Bedford Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berea,_Ohio" title="Berea, Ohio">Berea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecksville,_Ohio" title="Brecksville, Ohio">Brecksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadview_Heights,_Ohio" title="Broadview Heights, Ohio">Broadview Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Park,_Ohio" title="Brook Park, Ohio">Brook Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Ohio" title="Brooklyn, Ohio">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Heights,_Ohio" title="Cleveland Heights, Ohio">Cleveland Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cleveland,_Ohio" title="East Cleveland, Ohio">East Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid,_Ohio" title="Euclid, Ohio">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview_Park,_Ohio" title="Fairview Park, Ohio">Fairview Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_Heights,_Ohio" title="Garfield Heights, Ohio">Garfield Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Heights,_Ohio" title="Highland Heights, Ohio">Highland Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Ohio" title="Independence, Ohio">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio" title="Lakewood, Ohio">Lakewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndhurst,_Ohio" title="Lyndhurst, Ohio">Lyndhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Heights,_Ohio" title="Maple Heights, Ohio">Maple Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield_Heights,_Ohio" title="Mayfield Heights, Ohio">Mayfield Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleburg_Heights,_Ohio" title="Middleburg Heights, Ohio">Middleburg Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Olmsted,_Ohio" title="North Olmsted, Ohio">North Olmsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Royalton,_Ohio" title="North Royalton, Ohio">North Royalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Falls,_Ohio" title="Olmsted Falls, Ohio">Olmsted Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio">Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parma_Heights,_Ohio" title="Parma Heights, Ohio">Parma Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Pike,_Ohio" title="Pepper Pike, Ohio">Pepper Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Heights,_Ohio" title="Richmond Heights, Ohio">Richmond Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_River,_Ohio" title="Rocky River, Ohio">Rocky River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Hills,_Ohio" title="Seven Hills, Ohio">Seven Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_Heights,_Ohio" title="Shaker Heights, Ohio">Shaker Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon,_Ohio" title="Solon, Ohio">Solon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Euclid,_Ohio" title="South Euclid, Ohio">South Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongsville,_Ohio" title="Strongsville, Ohio">Strongsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Heights,_Ohio" title="University Heights, Ohio">University Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrensville_Heights,_Ohio" title="Warrensville Heights, Ohio">Warrensville Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westlake,_Ohio" title="Westlake, Ohio">Westlake</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg/120px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg/160px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1141" /><figcaption>Map of Ohio highlighting Cuyahoga County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Village_(Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Village (Ohio)">Villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentleyville,_Ohio" title="Bentleyville, Ohio">Bentleyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratenahl,_Ohio" title="Bratenahl, Ohio">Bratenahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights,_Ohio" title="Brooklyn Heights, Ohio">Brooklyn Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagrin_Falls,_Ohio" title="Chagrin Falls, Ohio">Chagrin Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Heights,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio">Cuyahoga Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_Mills,_Ohio" title="Gates Mills, Ohio">Gates Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwillow,_Ohio" title="Glenwillow, Ohio">Glenwillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Hills,_Ohio" title="Highland Hills, Ohio">Highland Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Valley,_Ohio" title="Hunting Valley, Ohio">Hunting Valley</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linndale,_Ohio" title="Linndale, Ohio">Linndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield,_Ohio" title="Mayfield, Ohio">Mayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreland_Hills,_Ohio" title="Moreland Hills, Ohio">Moreland Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Heights,_Ohio" title="Newburgh Heights, Ohio">Newburgh Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Randall,_Ohio" title="North Randall, Ohio">North Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood,_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Oakwood, Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Oakwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange,_Ohio" title="Orange, Ohio">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_View,_Ohio" title="Valley View, Ohio">Valley View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton_Hills,_Ohio" title="Walton Hills, Ohio">Walton Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodmere,_Ohio" title="Woodmere, Ohio">Woodmere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Townships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagrin_Falls_Township,_Ohio" title="Chagrin Falls Township, Ohio">Chagrin Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Township,_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Olmsted Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Olmsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defunct_townships_of_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Defunct townships of Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Paper townships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Ohio (state)">Ohio portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Ohio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ohio" title="Template:Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ohio" title="Template talk:Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Ohio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ohio-related_articles" title="Index of Ohio-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ohio" title="Outline of Ohio">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ohio" title="Climate change in Ohio">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio#Geography" title="Ohio">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ohio" title="Government of Ohio">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ohio" title="Administrative divisions of Ohio">administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Ohio" title="United States congressional delegations from Ohio">congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ohio" title="Elections in Ohio">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ohio" title="Law of Ohio">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Ohio" title="List of people from Ohio">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ohio_state_symbols" title="List of Ohio state symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/With_God,_all_things_are_possible" title="With God, all things are possible">motto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Ohio" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Ohio">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio" title="Portal:Ohio">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ohio" title="Abortion in Ohio">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ohio_culture" title="Category:Ohio culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ohio" title="Crime in Ohio">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio#Demographics" title="Ohio">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">African Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ohio" title="Economy of Ohio">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ohio" title="Education in Ohio">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="List of colleges and universities in Ohio">colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Ohio" title="Gun laws in Ohio">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ohio" title="Homelessness in Ohio">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ohio">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ohio" title="Politics of Ohio">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Ohio" title="Sports in Ohio">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Ohio" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Ohio" title="Appalachian Ohio">Appalachian Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_region" title="Bluegrass region">The Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_till_plains_(Ohio)" title="Glacial till plains (Ohio)">Glacial till plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Black_Swamp" title="Great Black Swamp">Great Black Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Lake_Erie_Islands" title="List of Lake Erie Islands">List of Lake Erie Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Mahoning Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Valley" title="Miami Valley">Miami Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio" title="Northeast Ohio">Northeast Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ohio" title="Northwest Ohio">Northwest Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacationland_(Ohio)" title="Vacationland (Ohio)">Vacationland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_statistical_areas" title="Ohio statistical areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Massillon,_Ohio,_metropolitan_area" title="Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area" title="Dayton metropolitan area">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Ashland_metropolitan_area" title="Huntington–Ashland metropolitan area">Huntington–Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima%E2%80%93Van_Wert%E2%80%93Wapakoneta,_OH,_combined_statistical_area" title="Lima–Van Wert–Wapakoneta, OH, combined statistical area">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield%E2%80%93Ashland%E2%80%93Bucyrus,_OH_Combined_Statistical_Area" title="Mansfield–Ashland–Bucyrus, OH Combined Statistical Area">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Ohio" title="Erie County, Ohio">Sandusky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weirton%E2%80%93Steubenville_metropolitan_area" title="Weirton–Steubenville metropolitan area">Steubenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area" title="Toledo metropolitan area">Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Youngstown–Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ohio" title="List of municipalities in Ohio">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Falls,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio">Cuyahoga Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin,_Ohio" title="Dublin, Ohio">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyria,_Ohio" title="Elyria, Ohio">Elyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid,_Ohio" title="Euclid, Ohio">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio" title="Hamilton, Ohio">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettering,_Ohio" title="Kettering, Ohio">Kettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio" title="Lakewood, Ohio">Lakewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio" title="Lorain, Ohio">Lorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Ohio" title="Middletown, Ohio">Middletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_Ohio" title="Newark, Ohio">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio">Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio" title="Springfield, Ohio">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Ohio" title="List of counties in Ohio">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Ohio" title="Adams County, Ohio">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_County,_Ohio" title="Allen County, Ohio">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland_County,_Ohio" title="Ashland County, Ohio">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabula_County,_Ohio" title="Ashtabula County, Ohio">Ashtabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_County,_Ohio" title="Athens County, Ohio">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auglaize_County,_Ohio" title="Auglaize County, Ohio">Auglaize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_County,_Ohio" title="Belmont County, Ohio">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Ohio" title="Brown County, Ohio">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Ohio" title="Butler County, Ohio">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Ohio" title="Carroll County, Ohio">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign_County,_Ohio" title="Champaign County, Ohio">Champaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Ohio" title="Clark County, Ohio">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont_County,_Ohio" title="Clermont County, Ohio">Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Ohio" title="Clinton County, Ohio">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbiana_County,_Ohio" title="Columbiana County, Ohio">Columbiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coshocton_County,_Ohio" title="Coshocton County, Ohio">Coshocton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Ohio" title="Crawford County, Ohio">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darke_County,_Ohio" title="Darke County, Ohio">Darke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_County,_Ohio" title="Defiance County, Ohio">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Ohio" title="Delaware County, Ohio">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Ohio" title="Erie County, Ohio">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Ohio" title="Fairfield County, Ohio">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Ohio" title="Fayette County, Ohio">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Ohio" title="Franklin County, Ohio">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Ohio" title="Fulton County, Ohio">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_County,_Ohio" title="Gallia County, Ohio">Gallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geauga_County,_Ohio" title="Geauga County, Ohio">Geauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Ohio" title="Greene County, Ohio">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_County,_Ohio" title="Guernsey County, Ohio">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Ohio" title="Hamilton County, Ohio">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Ohio" title="Hancock County, Ohio">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Ohio" title="Hardin County, Ohio">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Ohio" title="Harrison County, Ohio">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Ohio" title="Henry County, Ohio">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_County,_Ohio" title="Highland County, Ohio">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocking_County,_Ohio" title="Hocking County, Ohio">Hocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_County,_Ohio" title="Holmes County, Ohio">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_County,_Ohio" title="Huron County, Ohio">Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Ohio" title="Jackson County, Ohio">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Ohio" title="Jefferson County, Ohio">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Ohio" title="Knox County, Ohio">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Ohio" title="Lake County, Ohio">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Ohio" title="Lawrence County, Ohio">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licking_County,_Ohio" title="Licking County, Ohio">Licking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_County,_Ohio" title="Logan County, Ohio">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorain_County,_Ohio" title="Lorain County, Ohio">Lorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_County,_Ohio" title="Lucas County, Ohio">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Ohio" title="Madison County, Ohio">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_County,_Ohio" title="Mahoning County, Ohio">Mahoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Ohio" title="Marion County, Ohio">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_County,_Ohio" title="Medina County, Ohio">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meigs_County,_Ohio" title="Meigs County, Ohio">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Ohio" title="Mercer County, Ohio">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_County,_Ohio" title="Miami County, Ohio">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Ohio" title="Monroe County, Ohio">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Ohio" title="Montgomery County, Ohio">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Ohio" title="Morgan County, Ohio">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrow_County,_Ohio" title="Morrow County, Ohio">Morrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_County,_Ohio" title="Muskingum County, Ohio">Muskingum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_County,_Ohio" title="Noble County, Ohio">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_County,_Ohio" title="Ottawa County, Ohio">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulding_County,_Ohio" title="Paulding County, Ohio">Paulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Ohio" title="Perry County, Ohio">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickaway_County,_Ohio" title="Pickaway County, Ohio">Pickaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Ohio" title="Pike County, Ohio">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage_County,_Ohio" title="Portage County, Ohio">Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preble_County,_Ohio" title="Preble County, Ohio">Preble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Ohio" title="Putnam County, Ohio">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_County,_Ohio" title="Richland County, Ohio">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_County,_Ohio" title="Ross County, Ohio">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandusky_County,_Ohio" title="Sandusky County, Ohio">Sandusky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scioto_County,_Ohio" title="Scioto County, Ohio">Scioto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_County,_Ohio" title="Seneca County, Ohio">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Ohio" title="Shelby County, Ohio">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stark_County,_Ohio" title="Stark County, Ohio">Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_County,_Ohio" title="Summit County, Ohio">Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumbull_County,_Ohio" title="Trumbull County, Ohio">Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarawas_County,_Ohio" title="Tuscarawas County, Ohio">Tuscarawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Ohio" title="Union County, Ohio">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wert_County,_Ohio" title="Van Wert County, Ohio">Van Wert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinton_County,_Ohio" title="Vinton County, Ohio">Vinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Ohio" title="Warren County, Ohio">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Ohio" title="Washington County, Ohio">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Ohio" title="Wayne County, Ohio">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_County,_Ohio" title="Williams County, Ohio">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_County,_Ohio" title="Wood County, Ohio">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_County,_Ohio" title="Wyandot County, Ohio">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio" title="Portal:Ohio">Ohio portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame_(1949–2023)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:All-America City Award Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:All-America City Award Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:All-America City Award Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame_(1949–2023)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/All-America_City_Award" title="All-America City Award">All-America City Award</a> Hall of Fame (1949–2023)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Three-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, VA</a> (1963, 1984, 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, PA</a> (1962, 1974, 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, NC</a> (1951, 1969, 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, IN</a> (1958, 1981, 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, MA</a> (1949, 1951, 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, OH</a> (1949, 1950, 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, OH</a> (1951, 1978, 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delray_Beach,_Florida" title="Delray Beach, Florida">Delray Beach, FL</a> (1993, 2001, 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg, TX</a> (1968, 1995, 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, TX</a> (1964, 1993, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastonia,_North_Carolina" title="Gastonia, North Carolina">Gastonia, NC</a> (1963, 2000, 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, MI</a> (1949, 1960, 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina" title="Hickory, North Carolina">Hickory, NC</a> (1967, 1987, 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, MO</a> (1961, 1982, 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurinburg,_North_Carolina" title="Laurinburg, North Carolina">Laurinburg, NC</a> (1956, 1967, 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_South_Carolina" title="Mount Pleasant, South Carolina">Mount Pleasant, SC</a> (2010, 2018, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, VA</a> (1959, 2013, 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a> (1981, 1998, 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward, AK</a> (1963, 1965, 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport, LA</a> (1953, 1980, 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, MA</a> (1972, 2009, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, WA</a> (1975, 2004, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, WA</a> (1956, 1984, 1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, OH</a> (1980, 1981, 1995, 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, AK</a> (1956, 1965, 1985, 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, MD</a> (1952, 1977, 1991, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, OH</a> (1958, 1987, 1992, 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina" title="Fayetteville, North Carolina">Fayetteville, NC</a> (1985, 2001, 2011, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, IN</a> (1983, 1998, 2009, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Island,_Nebraska" title="Grand Island, Nebraska">Grand Island, NE</a> (1955, 1967, 1981, 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, VA</a> (1972, 2002, 2014, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, KY</a> (1963, 1995, 2012, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria, IL</a> (1953, 1966, 1989, 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, PA</a> (1949, 1951, 1957, 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland" title="Rockville, Maryland">Rockville, MD</a> (1954, 1961, 1977, 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, OH</a> (1950, 1983, 1984, 1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Five-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleveland, OH</a> (1949, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque, IA</a> (2007, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, TX</a> (1969, 2010, 2018, 2020, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, CT</a> (1958, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, CA</a> (1999, 2004, 2015, 2017, 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo, MS</a> (1967, 1989, 1999, 2011, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, KS</a> (1961, 1993, 1999, 2009, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, MA</a> (1949, 1960, 1965, 1981, 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Six-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, IA</a> (1949, 1977, 1982, 2003, 2010, 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, AZ</a> (1950, 1958, 1980, 1989, 2009, 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seven-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, MO</a> (1950, 1951, 1986, 1994, 2006, 2017, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, VA</a> (1952, 1979, 1982, 1988, 1996, 2012, 2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nine-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio, TX</a> (1949, 1951, 1983, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Midwestern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Midwestern_United_States" title="Template:Midwestern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Midwestern_United_States" title="Template talk:Midwestern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Midwestern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Midwestern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Midwestern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Culture" title="Midwestern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Physical_geography" title="Midwestern United States">Geography</a></li> <li>Economy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Political_trends" title="Midwestern United States">Government and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#History" title="Midwestern United States">History</a></li> <li>Sports</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Subregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Northern Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">East North Central states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">West North Central states</a></li> <li><a href="#Cultural_overlap">Southern Midwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">State capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Pierre, South Dakota">Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template talk:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Great Lakes megalopolis</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">RPA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Lakes region cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area"> Buffalo–Niagara Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Detroit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Ports" title="Twin Ports">Duluth–Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie%E2%80%93Meadville,_PA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie–Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area">Erie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_metropolitan_area" title="Grand Rapids metropolitan area">Grand Rapids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_metropolitan_area" title="Green Bay metropolitan area">Green Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo%E2%80%93Portage_metropolitan_area" title="Kalamazoo–Portage metropolitan area">Kalamazoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing%E2%80%93East_Lansing_metropolitan_area" title="Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area">Lansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_metropolitan_area" title="Milwaukee metropolitan area">Milwaukee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Welland, Ontario">Welland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niles,_Michigan" title="Niles, Michigan">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_New_York" title="Rochester metropolitan area, New York">Rochester, New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend%E2%80%93Mishawaka_metropolitan_area" title="South Bend–Mishawaka metropolitan area">South Bend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area" title="Toledo metropolitan area">Toledo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_metropolitan_area" title="Traverse City metropolitan area">Traverse City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Waterloo Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario" title="Cambridge, Ontario">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/145px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/218px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/290px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="704" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surrounding cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Bloomington metropolitan area, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington%E2%80%93Normal" title="Bloomington–Normal">Bloomington–Normal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal,_Illinois" title="Normal, Illinois">Normal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Massillon,_Ohio,_metropolitan_area" title="Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area">Canton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana_metropolitan_area" title="Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area">Champaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area" title="Dayton metropolitan area">Dayton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire%E2%80%93Chippewa_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Eau Claire–Chippewa Falls metropolitan area">Eau Claire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana" title="Elkhart, Indiana">Elkhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansville_metropolitan_area" title="Evansville metropolitan area">Evansville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo%E2%80%93Moorhead" title="Fargo–Moorhead">Fargo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_IN_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Wayne, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area">Fort Wayne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Cities" title="Fox Cities">Fox Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_metropolitan_area" title="Indianapolis metropolitan area">Indianapolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin" title="Janesville, Wisconsin">Janesville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin">Beloit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley,_IL_MSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley, IL MSA">Kankakee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee,_Illinois" title="Kankakee, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse%E2%80%93Onalaska" title="La Crosse–Onalaska">La Crosse–Onalaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onalaska,_Wisconsin" title="Onalaska, Wisconsin">Onalaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Lafayette metropolitan area, Indiana">Lafayette</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_metropolitan_area" title="Madison metropolitan area">Madison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Mahoning Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Greater Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laval,_Quebec" title="Laval, Quebec">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longueuil" title="Longueuil">Longueuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Pittsburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria metropolitan area, Illinois">Peoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Rockford metropolitan area, Illinois">Rockford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_Minnesota" title="Rochester metropolitan area, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec" title="Saguenay, Quebec">Saguenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota_metropolitan_area" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota metropolitan area">St. Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Midland,_and_Bay_City_metropolitan_area" title="Saginaw, Midland, and Bay City metropolitan area">Saginaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan" title="Saginaw, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux Falls metropolitan area">Sioux Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Illinois">Springfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_neighbourhoods_of_Sudbury" title="Urban neighbourhoods of Sudbury">urban neighbourhoods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_metropolitan_area" title="Syracuse metropolitan area">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute_metropolitan_area" title="Terre Haute metropolitan area">Terre Haute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica%E2%80%93Rome_metropolitan_area" title="Utica–Rome metropolitan area">Utica–Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa" title="Bettendorf, Iowa">Bettendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Moline,_Illinois" title="East Moline, Illinois">East Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_metropolitan_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City metropolitan community">Greater Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities of states south of region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_metropolitan_area" title="Elizabethtown metropolitan area">Elizabethtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky" title="Elizabethtown, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="Louisville metropolitan area">Louisville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_metropolitan_area,_Kansas" title="Topeka metropolitan area, Kansas">Topeka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_metropolitan_area" title="Wheeling metropolitan area">Wheeling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other metro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_and_Hamilton_Area" title="Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area">Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_East" title="Metro East">Metro East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Other megaregions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Ohio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ohio_county_seats" title="Template:Ohio county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ohio_county_seats" title="Template talk:Ohio county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Ohio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland,_Ohio" title="Ashland, Ohio">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens,_Ohio" title="Athens, Ohio">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Ohio" title="Batavia, Ohio">Batavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellefontaine,_Ohio" title="Bellefontaine, Ohio">Bellefontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Ohio" title="Bowling Green, Ohio">Bowling Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan,_Ohio" title="Bryan, Ohio">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucyrus,_Ohio" title="Bucyrus, Ohio">Bucyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadiz,_Ohio" title="Cadiz, Ohio">Cadiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell,_Ohio" title="Caldwell, Ohio">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ohio" title="Cambridge, Ohio">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrollton,_Ohio" title="Carrollton, Ohio">Carrollton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celina,_Ohio" title="Celina, Ohio">Celina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardon,_Ohio" title="Chardon, Ohio">Chardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circleville,_Ohio" title="Circleville, Ohio">Circleville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coshocton,_Ohio" title="Coshocton, Ohio">Coshocton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance,_Ohio" title="Defiance, Ohio">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware,_Ohio" title="Delaware, Ohio">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaton,_Ohio" title="Eaton, Ohio">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyria,_Ohio" title="Elyria, Ohio">Elyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findlay,_Ohio" title="Findlay, Ohio">Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio" title="Fremont, Ohio">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipolis,_Ohio" title="Gallipolis, Ohio">Gallipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ohio" title="Georgetown, Ohio">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Ohio" title="Greenville, Ohio">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio" title="Hamilton, Ohio">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsboro,_Ohio" title="Hillsboro, Ohio">Hillsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironton,_Ohio" title="Ironton, Ohio">Ironton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Ohio" title="Jackson, Ohio">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Ohio" title="Jefferson, Ohio">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenton,_Ohio" title="Kenton, Ohio">Kenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Ohio" title="Lancaster, Ohio">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Ohio" title="Lebanon, Ohio">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima,_Ohio" title="Lima, Ohio">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon,_Ohio" title="Lisbon, Ohio">Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan,_Ohio" title="Logan, Ohio">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ohio" title="London, Ohio">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Ohio" title="Mansfield, Ohio">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Ohio" title="Marion, Ohio">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marysville,_Ohio" title="Marysville, Ohio">Marysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McArthur,_Ohio" title="McArthur, Ohio">McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McConnelsville,_Ohio" title="McConnelsville, Ohio">McConnelsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina,_Ohio" title="Medina, Ohio">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millersburg,_Ohio" title="Millersburg, Ohio">Millersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gilead,_Ohio" title="Mount Gilead, Ohio">Mount Gilead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Ohio" title="Mount Vernon, Ohio">Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon,_Ohio" title="Napoleon, Ohio">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lexington,_Ohio" title="New Lexington, Ohio">New Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Philadelphia,_Ohio" title="New Philadelphia, Ohio">New Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_Ohio" title="Newark, Ohio">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Ohio" title="Norwalk, Ohio">Norwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ohio" title="Ottawa, Ohio">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painesville,_Ohio" title="Painesville, Ohio">Painesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulding,_Ohio" title="Paulding, Ohio">Paulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeroy,_Ohio" title="Pomeroy, Ohio">Pomeroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Clinton,_Ohio" title="Port Clinton, Ohio">Port Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Ohio" title="Portsmouth, Ohio">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna,_Ohio" title="Ravenna, Ohio">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandusky,_Ohio" title="Sandusky, Ohio">Sandusky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney,_Ohio" title="Sidney, Ohio">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio" title="Springfield, Ohio">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clairsville,_Ohio" title="St. Clairsville, Ohio">St. Clairsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steubenville,_Ohio" title="Steubenville, Ohio">Steubenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin,_Ohio" title="Tiffin, Ohio">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy,_Ohio" title="Troy, Ohio">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sandusky,_Ohio" title="Upper Sandusky, Ohio">Upper Sandusky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Ohio" title="Urbana, Ohio">Urbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wert,_Ohio" title="Van Wert, Ohio">Van Wert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapakoneta,_Ohio" title="Wapakoneta, Ohio">Wapakoneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Ohio" title="Warren, Ohio">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Court_House,_Ohio" title="Washington Court House, Ohio">Washington Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wauseon,_Ohio" title="Wauseon, Ohio">Wauseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waverly,_Ohio" title="Waverly, Ohio">Waverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Union,_Ohio" title="West Union, Ohio">West Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Ohio" title="Wilmington, Ohio">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodsfield,_Ohio" title="Woodsfield, Ohio">Woodsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooster,_Ohio" title="Wooster, Ohio">Wooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia,_Ohio" title="Xenia, Ohio">Xenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanesville,_Ohio" title="Zanesville, Ohio">Zanesville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USPopulousCities" title="Template talk:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">100 most populous cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="26"> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="51"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado" title="Aurora, Colorado">Aurora, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleveland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu, Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="76"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada" title="North Las Vegas, Nevada">North Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California" title="Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving,_Texas" title="Irving, Texas">Irving, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland,_Texas" title="Garland, Texas">Garland, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_St._Lucie,_Florida" title="Port St. Lucie, Florida">Port St. Lucie, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a></li> </ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Cities ranked by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> population estimates for July 1, 2022.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37320#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37320#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37320#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147735082">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205966/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdCvPcj33MDBF4HDyf6rq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4010292-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79086863">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119512925">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119512925">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628443">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge316468&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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[\"CITEREFBrecher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurik2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCainRodriguez2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastele2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCho2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCigliano1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCondon1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCondon1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCondon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoutré2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCramer1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCulley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaprile2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawidziak2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeJong2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeMarco2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeNatale2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorwart2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrown2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubelko\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDutka2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddings2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEng2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExner2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFearing\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeranHeldenfels1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorence\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFobes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGearino2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibansShelley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlusac2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodrich2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabowski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabowskiGrabowski2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuerrieri2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammack2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanken2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardison\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarwood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggs2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppert2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohannesen1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohannesen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeating2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotlowitz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKottekGreiserBeckRudolf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroll2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanese\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitt2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivingston2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivingston2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaag2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansfield2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarino2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntyre2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeiksins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichener2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerWheeler1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMio1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorona2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosbrook2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosby2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNalewicki2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;GradyRotman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOndrey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOut_of_Home_Advertising_Association_of_America2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkovic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiepenburg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolanskyTrexler2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolk2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress_Release2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaponi\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFRicca2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonnick\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothstein2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotmanDubelko\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSallingCyran2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegall2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShakarian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnook2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStapleton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuchetka2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheiss2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToledoRoy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomanCook2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpton1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValencic2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentic2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandenberge2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVosburgh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWashington2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWizner2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyatt-Brown2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYarborough2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Crime\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"All-American City Award Hall of Fame\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bots\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 97,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 85,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 137,\n [\"Cleveland\"] = 1,\n [\"Climate chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 21,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cuyahoga County, Ohio\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 30,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"GNIS\"] = 1,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 3,\n [\"Great Lakes Megalopolis\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Midwestern United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 8,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Ohio\"] = 1,\n [\"Ohio county seats\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 44,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 4,\n [\"Start date\"] = 3,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"USPopulousCities\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikidatacoord\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","18.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","16.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","11.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","10.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","200","8.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","4.8"],["citation0 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