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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Neighborhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bosnian_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnian_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bosnian population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnian_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_companies_and_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_companies_and_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Major companies and institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_companies_and_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arts and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Professional sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amateur_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Amateur sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Chess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Parks and recreation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_federal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_federal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>State and federal government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_federal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Colleges and universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Primary and secondary schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads_and_highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads_and_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Roads and highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads_and_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro_light_rail_and_subway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro_light_rail_and_subway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Metro light rail and subway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro_light_rail_and_subway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Port_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Port authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroad_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroad_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Railroad service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroad_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Bus service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Taxi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Louis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanct_Hlo%C3%B0wigesburg" title="Sanct Hloðwigesburg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sanct Hloðwigesburg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A)" title="سانت لويس (ميزوري) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سانت لويس (ميزوري)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_(Missouri)" title="Saint Louis (Missouri) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Saint Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_(Missouri)" title="Saint Louis (Missouri) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Saint Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent-Luis" title="Sent-Luis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sent-Luis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سنت لوئیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سنت لوئیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="St. Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8" title="সেন্ট লুইস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেন্ট লুইস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_(Missouri)" title="St. Louis (Missouri) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="St. Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96%D1%81" title="Сент-Луіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сент-Луіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96%D1%81" title="Сэнт-Луіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэнт-Луіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Сейнт Луис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сейнт Луис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_City,_Missouri" title="Saint Louis City, Missouri – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Saint Louis City, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_(Missouri)" title="St. Louis (Missouri) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="St. Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_(Missouri)" title="Saint Louis (Missouri) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saint Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_(kapital_sa_kondado)" title="St. Louis (kapital sa kondado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="St. Louis (kapital sa kondado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="St. Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_N%C3%A1zhah" title="Béésh Názhah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Názhah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Σαιντ Λούις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαιντ Λούις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_(Misuri)" title="San Luis (Misuri) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="San Luis (Misuri)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_Luiso" title="Sankta Luiso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankta Luiso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_(Missouri)" title="Saint Louis (Missouri) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saint Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سنت لوئیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت لوئیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Louis_(Missouri)" title="Saint-Louis (Missouri) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint-Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="St. Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%84%DB%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="سنت لۊئيس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سنت لۊئيس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="세인트루이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세인트루이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A9_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Սենթ Լուիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սենթ Լուիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="St. Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis,_Missouri" title="Saint Louis, Missouri – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Saint Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="St. Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_(Missouri)" title="St. Louis (Missouri) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="St. Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Сент-Луис – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сент-Луис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1" title="סנט לואיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנט לואיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸೈಂಟ್ ಲೂಯಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೈಂಟ್ ಲೂಯಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="St. Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სენტ-ლუისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სენტ-ლუისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="St. Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="St. Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis,_Missouri" title="Saint Louis, Missouri – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Saint Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbs_Sancti_Ludovici" title="Urbs Sancti Ludovici – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Urbs Sancti Ludovici" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentluisa" title="Sentluisa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sentluisa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent_Luisas" title="Sent Luisas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sent Luisas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_(Missouri)" title="Saint Louis (Missouri) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Saint Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Сент Луис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сент Луис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="St. Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സെയ്ന്റ് ലൂയിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെയ്ന്റ് ലൂയിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80)" title="सेंट लुईस (मिसूरी) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेंट लुईस (मिसूरी)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89)" title="سانت لويس (ميزورى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سانت لويس (ميزورى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Сэнт Луис – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сэнт Луис" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Сент-Луис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сент-Луис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_(Missouri)" title="Saint Louis (Missouri) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saint Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="セントルイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セントルイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Сент-Луис – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сент-Луис" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_(Missor%C3%AD)" title="Saint Louis (Missorí) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Saint Louis (Missorí)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="سنت لویز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سنت لویز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_(Missouri)" title="St. Louis (Missouri) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="St. Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_(Missouri)" title="St. Louis (Missouri) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="St. Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Сент-Луис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сент-Луис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_(Missouri)" title="Saint Louis (Missouri) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Saint Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Сент Луис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сент Луис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="St. Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saint Louis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis,_Missouri" title="Saint Louis, Missouri – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Saint Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF)" title="செயின்ட் லூயிஸ் (மிசோரி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செயின்ட் லூயிஸ் (மிசோரி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Сент-Луис – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сент-Луис" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="సెయింట్ లూయిస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సెయింట్ లూయిస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เซนต์หลุยส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซนต์หลุยส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97%D1%81" title="Сент-Луїс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сент-Луїс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B3" title="سینٹ لوئس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سینٹ لوئس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_(Missouri)" title="Saint Louis (Missouri) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Saint Louis (Missouri)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="St. Louis, Missouri" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%88%E5%AF%86%E8%8B%8F%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89" title="圣路易斯（密苏里州） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣路易斯（密苏里州）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1" title="סאנט לואיס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאנט לואיס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF" title="聖路易斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖路易斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="St. Louis" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent_Loisos_(M%C4%97s%C5%ABris)" title="Sent Loisos (Mėsūris) – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sent Loisos (Mėsūris)" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Louis&params=38_37_38_N_90_11_52_W_region:US-MO_type:city(302,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°37′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°11′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.62722°N 90.19778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.62722; -90.19778</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Missouri, United States. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Louis (disambiguation)">St. Louis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/St._Louis" title="Special:EditPage/St. Louis">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22St.+Louis%22">"St. Louis"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22St.+Louis%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22St.+Louis%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22St.+Louis%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22St.+Louis%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22St.+Louis%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">St. Louis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runner_Fountain_and_Old_Courthouse_and_Arch_(5618845531).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Runner_Fountain_and_Old_Courthouse_and_Arch_%285618845531%29.jpg/288px-Runner_Fountain_and_Old_Courthouse_and_Arch_%285618845531%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Runner_Fountain_and_Old_Courthouse_and_Arch_%285618845531%29.jpg/432px-Runner_Fountain_and_Old_Courthouse_and_Arch_%285618845531%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Runner_Fountain_and_Old_Courthouse_and_Arch_%285618845531%29.jpg/576px-Runner_Fountain_and_Old_Courthouse_and_Arch_%285618845531%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Old_Courthouse_(St._Louis)" title="Old Courthouse (St. Louis)">Old Courthouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_St._Louis" title="Downtown St. Louis">Downtown St. Louis</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG/113px-St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG/170px-St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG/226px-St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">Saint Louis Art Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Busch_Pano_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Busch_Pano_2022.jpg/171px-Busch_Pano_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Busch_Pano_2022.jpg/257px-Busch_Pano_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Busch_Pano_2022.jpg/342px-Busch_Pano_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7915" data-file-height="3918" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Busch_Stadium" title="Busch Stadium">Busch Stadium</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Climatron_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Climatron_-_panoramio.jpg/150px-Climatron_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Climatron_-_panoramio.jpg/225px-Climatron_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Climatron_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Climatron_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Louis_Union_Station_(17577826564).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/St._Louis_Union_Station_%2817577826564%29.jpg/134px-St._Louis_Union_Station_%2817577826564%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/St._Louis_Union_Station_%2817577826564%29.jpg/201px-St._Louis_Union_Station_%2817577826564%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/St._Louis_Union_Station_%2817577826564%29.jpg/268px-St._Louis_Union_Station_%2817577826564%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Union_Station" title="St. Louis Union Station">Union Station</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_St._Louis,_Missouri.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of St. Louis"><img alt="Flag of St. Louis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg/100px-Flag_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg/150px-Flag_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg/200px-Flag_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_St._Louis" title="Flag of St. Louis">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_St._Louis,_Missouri.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of St. Louis"><img alt="Official seal of St. Louis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg/98px-Seal_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg/148px-Seal_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg/197px-Seal_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1270" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_St._Louis,_Missouri.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of St. Louis"><img alt="Official logo of St. Louis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Logo_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg/100px-Logo_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Logo_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg/150px-Logo_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Logo_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg/200px-Logo_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="455" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Gateway to the West",<sup id="cite_ref-Globosapiens.net_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globosapiens.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gateway City,<sup id="cite_ref-Globosapiens.net_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globosapiens.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mound City,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lou,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rome of the West,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> River City, The STL, St. Lou</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="290" data-zoom="10" data-lat="38.6386" data-lon="-90.2463" data-overlays="["_1c6fb96e3c213bcdda4881253f3b57c1bd347a2f"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/38.6386/-90.2463/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,38.6386,-90.2463,290x290.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=St._Louis&revid=1256372699&groups=_1c6fb96e3c213bcdda4881253f3b57c1bd347a2f" width="290" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,38.6386,-90.2463,290x290@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=St._Louis&revid=1256372699&groups=_1c6fb96e3c213bcdda4881253f3b57c1bd347a2f 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of St. Louis</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Louis is located in Missouri"><img alt="St. Louis is located in Missouri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.456%;left:81.721%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St. Louis"><img alt="St. Louis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>St. Louis</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Missouri</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Louis is located in the United States"><img alt="St. Louis is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.065%;left:59.773%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St. Louis"><img alt="St. Louis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>St. Louis</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Louis&params=38_37_38_N_90_11_52_W_region:US-MO_type:city(302,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°37′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°11′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.62722°N 90.19778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.62722; -90.19778</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">CSA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis–St. Charles–Farmington, MO–IL</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metro</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_MO-IL_MSA" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, MO-IL MSA">St. Louis, MO-IL</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">February 14, 1764</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1822</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Board_of_Aldermen" title="St. Louis Board of Aldermen">Board of Aldermen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_St._Louis" title="Mayor of St. Louis">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tishaura_Jones" title="Tishaura Jones">Tishaura Jones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Board_of_Aldermen" title="St. Louis Board of Aldermen">President, Board of Aldermen</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Megan_Green" title="Megan Green">Megan Green</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">Treasurer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Adam Layne</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Comptroller" title="Comptroller">Comptroller</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Darlene Green (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Congressional representative</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cori_Bush" title="Cori Bush">Cori Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">66.17 sq mi (171.39 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">61.72 sq mi (159.85 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">4.45 sq mi (11.53 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">910.4 sq mi (2,357.8 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,458 sq mi (21,910 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-St._Louis_Elevation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St._Louis_Elevation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">466 ft (142 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-St._Louis_elevation_2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St._Louis_elevation_2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">614 ft (187 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">301,578</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2021)<sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2021_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">293,310</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">76th</a><br />Midwest: 13th<br />Missouri: 2nd</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,886.23/sq mi (1,886.59/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,156,323 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">22nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,368.6/sq mi (914.5/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,809,299 (US: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">21st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Statistical Area">CSA</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,914,230 (US: <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">St. Louisan; Saint Louisan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Greater St. Louis</th><td class="infobox-data">$209.9 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%926" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−6">UTC−6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; display:none"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">63101–63141<br />63143–63147<br />63150–63151<br />63155–63158<br />63160<br />63163–63164<br />63166–63167<br />63169<br />63171<br />63177–63180<br />63182<br />63188<br />63190<br />63195<br />63197–63199</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_314" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 314">314/557</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standards" title="Federal Information Processing Standards">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29-65000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stlouis-mo.gov">stlouis-mo<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>St. Louis</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">saynt <span style="font-size:90%">LOO</span>-iss, sənt-</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">independent city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. It is located near the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a> rivers. In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a> had a population of 301,578,<sup id="cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">its metropolitan area</a>, which extends into <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, had an estimated population of over 2.8 million. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Missouri" title="List of metropolitan areas of Missouri">largest metropolitan area in Missouri</a> and the second-largest in Illinois. The city's <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">combined statistical area</a> is the 20th-largest in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The land that became St. Louis had been occupied by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> cultures for thousands of years before <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European settlement</a>. The city was founded on February 14, 1764, by French fur traders <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Antoine_de_St._Maxent" title="Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent">Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lacl%C3%A8de" title="Pierre Laclède">Pierre Laclède</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Chouteau" title="Auguste Chouteau">Auguste Chouteau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cazorla_et_al_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cazorla_et_al-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They named it for King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, and it quickly became the regional center of the French <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>. In 1804, the United States acquired St. Louis as part of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>. In the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River; from 1870 until the 1920 census, it was the fourth-largest city in the country. It separated from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis County</a> in 1877, becoming an <a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">independent city</a> and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">Louisiana Purchase Exposition</a>, also known as the St. Louis World's Fair, and the <a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Louis is designated as one of 173 <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global cities</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GDP of Greater St. Louis was $209.9 billion in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Louis has a diverse economy with strengths in the service, manufacturing, trade, transportation, and aviation industries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to fifteen <a href="/wiki/Fortune_1000" title="Fortune 1000"><i>Fortune</i> 1000</a> companies, seven of which are also <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500"><i>Fortune</i> 500</a> companies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federal agencies headquartered in the city or with significant operations there include the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a>. </p><p>Major <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research universities</a> in Greater St. Louis include <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University" title="Saint Louis University">Saint Louis University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93St._Louis" title="University of Missouri–St. Louis">University of Missouri–St. Louis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_Medical_Center" title="Washington University Medical Center">Washington University Medical Center</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_West_End,_St._Louis" title="Central West End, St. Louis">Central West End</a> neighborhood hosts an agglomeration of <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_St._Louis" title="List of hospitals in St. Louis">medical and pharmaceutical institutions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Barnes-Jewish_Hospital" title="Barnes-Jewish Hospital">Barnes-Jewish Hospital</a>. </p><p>St. Louis has <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_St._Louis" title="Sports in St. Louis">four professional sports teams</a>: the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals" title="St. Louis Cardinals">St. Louis Cardinals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Blues" title="St. Louis Blues">St. Louis Blues</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_City_SC" title="St. Louis City SC">St. Louis City SC</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_BattleHawks" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis BattleHawks">St. Louis BattleHawks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">United Football League</a>. The city's attractions include the 630-foot (192 m) <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_St._Louis" title="Downtown St. Louis">Downtown St. Louis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Zoo">St. Louis Zoo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Art Museum">St. Louis Art Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bellefontaine_Cemetery" title="Bellefontaine Cemetery">Bellefontaine Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Louis" title="History of St. Louis">History of St. Louis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_St._Louis" title="Timeline of St. Louis">Timeline of St. Louis</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mississippian_culture_and_European_exploration">Mississippian culture and European exploration</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> 1690s–1763<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a> 1763–1800<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> 1800–1803<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> 1803–present </p> </blockquote> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Chouteau_Mansion,_St._Louis._Mo_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Old_Chouteau_Mansion%2C_St._Louis._Mo_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Old_Chouteau_Mansion%2C_St._Louis._Mo_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Old_Chouteau_Mansion%2C_St._Louis._Mo_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Old_Chouteau_Mansion%2C_St._Louis._Mo_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Old_Chouteau_Mansion%2C_St._Louis._Mo_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Old_Chouteau_Mansion%2C_St._Louis._Mo_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2758" /></a><figcaption>The home of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Chouteau" title="Auguste Chouteau">Auguste Chouteau</a> is in St. Louis. <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Antoine_de_St._Maxent" title="Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent">Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cazorla_et_al_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cazorla_et_al-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chouteau, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lacl%C3%A8de" title="Pierre Laclède">Pierre Laclède</a> founded St. Louis in 1764.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Louis_before_1762" title="History of St. Louis before 1762">History of St. Louis before 1762</a></div> <p>The area that became St. Louis was a center of the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>, which built numerous temple and residential <a href="/wiki/Earthwork_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthwork (archaeology)">earthwork</a> <a href="/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builder (people)">mounds</a> on both sides of the Mississippi River. Their major regional center was at <a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Cahokia Mounds">Cahokia Mounds</a>, active from 900 to 1500. Due to numerous major <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">earthworks</a> within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the "Mound City". These mounds were mostly demolished during the city's development. Historic Native American tribes in the area encountered by early Europeans included the <a href="/wiki/Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan">Siouan</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Osage_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Osage people">Osage people</a>, whose territory extended west, and the <a href="/wiki/Illiniwek" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiniwek">Illiniwek</a>. </p><p>European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolliet" title="Louis Jolliet">Louis Jolliet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Jacques Marquette</a> traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">La Salle</a> claimed the region for France as part of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">La Louisiane</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. The earliest European settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a> (also known as Upper Louisiana) were built by the French during the 1690s and early 1700s at <a href="/wiki/Cahokia,_Illinois" title="Cahokia, Illinois">Cahokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Fort de Chartres</a>. Migrants from the French villages on the east side of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, such as Kaskaskia, also founded <a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a> in the 1730s. </p><p>In 1764, after France lost the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lacl%C3%A8de" title="Pierre Laclède">Pierre Laclède</a> and his stepson <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Chouteau" title="Auguste Chouteau">Auguste Chouteau</a> founded what was to become the city of St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (French lands east of the Mississippi had been ceded to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and the lands west of the Mississippi to Spain; Catholic France and Spain were 18th-century allies. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> were cousins, both from the House of Bourbon.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (August 2019)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup>) The French families built the city's economy on the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> with the Osage, and with more distant tribes along the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>. French colonists used <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Missouri" title="History of slavery in Missouri">African slaves</a> as domestic servants and workers in the city. </p><p>During the negotiations for the 1763 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a>, French negotiators agreed to transfer France's colonial territories west of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers to <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> to compensate for Spanish territorial losses during the war. These areas remained under Spanish control until 1803, when they were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native Americans in the 1780 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Louis" title="Battle of St. Louis">Battle of St. Louis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Louis_(1763%E2%80%931803)" title="History of St. Louis (1763–1803)">History of St. Louis (1763–1803)</a></div> <p>The founding of St. Louis was preceded by a trading business between <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Antoine_de_St._Maxent" title="Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent">Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lacl%C3%A8de" title="Pierre Laclède">Pierre Laclède (Liguest)</a> in late 1763. St. Maxent invested in a Mississippi River expedition led by Laclède, who searched for a location to base the company's fur trading operations. Though <a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a> was already established as a trading center, he sought a place less prone to flooding. He found an elevated area overlooking the flood plain of the Mississippi River, not far south from its confluence with the Missouri and Illinois rivers. In addition to having an advantageous natural drainage system, there were nearby forested areas to supply timber and grasslands which could easily be converted for agricultural purposes. Laclède declared that this place "might become, hereafter, one of the finest cities in America". He dispatched his 14-year-old stepson, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Chouteau" title="Auguste Chouteau">Auguste Chouteau</a>, to the site, with the support of 30 settlers in February 1764.<sup id="cite_ref-wade3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laclède arrived at the future town site two months later and produced a plan for St. Louis based on the New Orleans street plan. The default block size was 240 by 300 feet, with just three long avenues running parallel to the west bank of the Mississippi. He established a public corridor of 300 feet fronting the river, but later this area was released for private development.<sup id="cite_ref-wade3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-louis-attack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This photograph of a mural titled Indian Attack on the Village of St. Louis, 1780, depicts the Battle of St. Louis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/St-louis-attack.jpg/220px-St-louis-attack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/St-louis-attack.jpg/330px-St-louis-attack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/St-louis-attack.jpg/440px-St-louis-attack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2831" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>The mural <i>Indian Attack on the Village of St. Louis</i>, 1780, depicts that during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Louis" title="Battle of St. Louis">Battle of St. Louis</a> in 1780.</figcaption></figure> <p>For the city's first few years, it was not recognized by any governments. Although the settlement was thought to be under the control of the Spanish government, no one asserted any authority over it, and thus St. Louis had no local government. This vacuum led Laclède to assume civil control, and all problems were disposed in public settings, such as communal meetings. In addition, Laclède granted new settlers lots in town and the surrounding countryside. In hindsight, many of these original settlers thought of these first few years as "the golden age of St. Louis".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1763, the Native Americans in the region around St. Louis began expressing dissatisfaction with the victorious British, objecting to their refusal to continue to the French tradition of supplying gifts to Natives. Odawa chieftain <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(Odawa_leader)" title="Pontiac (Odawa leader)">Pontiac</a> began forming a pan-tribal alliance to counter British control over the region but received little support from the indigenous residents of St. Louis. By 1765, the city began receiving visits from representatives of the British, French, and Spanish governments. </p><p>St. Louis was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> in 1800 (although all of the colonial lands continued to be administered by Spanish officials), then sold by the French to the U.S. in 1803 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>. St. Louis became the capital of, and gateway to, the new territory. Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Three_Flags_Day" title="Three Flags Day">the official transfer of authority</a> was made, the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson. The expedition departed from St. Louis in May 1804 along the Missouri River to explore the vast territory. There were hopes of finding a water route to the Pacific Ocean, but the party had to go overland in the Upper West. They reached the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River in summer 1805. They returned, reaching St. Louis on September 23, 1806. Both Lewis and Clark lived in St. Louis after the expedition. Many other explorers, settlers, and trappers (such as <a href="/wiki/Ashley%27s_Hundred" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashley's Hundred">Ashley's Hundred</a>) would later take a similar route to the West. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Louis_(1804%E2%80%931865)" title="History of St. Louis (1804–1865)">History of St. Louis (1804–1865)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Louis_(1866%E2%80%931904)" title="History of St. Louis (1866–1904)">History of St. Louis (1866–1904)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="St. Louis in the American Civil War">St. Louis in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_men_pose,_104_Locust_Street,_St._Louis,_Missouri_in_1852_at_Lynch%27s_Slave_Market_-_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/White_men_pose%2C_104_Locust_Street%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri_in_1852_at_Lynch%27s_Slave_Market_-_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-White_men_pose%2C_104_Locust_Street%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri_in_1852_at_Lynch%27s_Slave_Market_-_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/White_men_pose%2C_104_Locust_Street%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri_in_1852_at_Lynch%27s_Slave_Market_-_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-White_men_pose%2C_104_Locust_Street%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri_in_1852_at_Lynch%27s_Slave_Market_-_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/White_men_pose%2C_104_Locust_Street%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri_in_1852_at_Lynch%27s_Slave_Market_-_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-White_men_pose%2C_104_Locust_Street%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri_in_1852_at_Lynch%27s_Slave_Market_-_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3771" data-file-height="3020" /></a><figcaption>White men pose in 1852 at Lynch's <a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">slave market</a> at 104 Locust Street.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city elected its first municipal legislators (called trustees) in 1808. <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">Steamboats</a> first arrived in St. Louis in 1817, improving connections with <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and eastern markets. Missouri was admitted as a state in 1821. St. Louis was incorporated as a city in 1822, and continued to develop largely due to its busy <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> and trade connections. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Saint_Louis_and_Riverfront,_1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/City_of_Saint_Louis_and_Riverfront%2C_1874.jpg/220px-City_of_Saint_Louis_and_Riverfront%2C_1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/City_of_Saint_Louis_and_Riverfront%2C_1874.jpg/330px-City_of_Saint_Louis_and_Riverfront%2C_1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/City_of_Saint_Louis_and_Riverfront%2C_1874.jpg/440px-City_of_Saint_Louis_and_Riverfront%2C_1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption>City of St. Louis and Riverfront, 1874</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Louis,_Mo._tornado_May_27,_1896_south_broadway.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/St._Louis%2C_Mo._tornado_May_27%2C_1896_south_broadway.JPG/220px-St._Louis%2C_Mo._tornado_May_27%2C_1896_south_broadway.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/St._Louis%2C_Mo._tornado_May_27%2C_1896_south_broadway.JPG/330px-St._Louis%2C_Mo._tornado_May_27%2C_1896_south_broadway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/St._Louis%2C_Mo._tornado_May_27%2C_1896_south_broadway.JPG/440px-St._Louis%2C_Mo._tornado_May_27%2C_1896_south_broadway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5446" data-file-height="4245" /></a><figcaption>South Broadway had a tornado on May 27, 1896.</figcaption></figure> <p>Immigrants from Ireland and Germany arrived in St. Louis in significant numbers starting in the 1840s, and the population of St. Louis grew from less than 20,000 inhabitants in 1840, to 77,860 in 1850, to more than 160,000 by 1860. By the mid-1800s, St. Louis had a greater population than New Orleans. </p><p>Settled by many Southerners in a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_slave_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and slave states">slave state</a>, the city was split in political sympathies and became polarized during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. In 1861, 28 civilians were killed in a <a href="/wiki/Camp_Jackson_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Jackson Affair">clash with Union troops</a>. The war hurt St. Louis economically, due to the <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union blockade</a> of river traffic to the south on the Mississippi River. The <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Arsenal" title="St. Louis Arsenal">St. Louis Arsenal</a> constructed <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclads</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Missouri" title="History of slavery in Missouri">Slaves</a> worked in many jobs on the waterfront and on the riverboats. Given the city's location close to the <a href="/wiki/Free_and_slave_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and slave states">free state</a> of Illinois and others, some slaves escaped to freedom. Others, especially women with children, sued in court in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom suits">freedom suits</a>, and several prominent local attorneys aided slaves in these suits. About half the slaves achieved freedom in hundreds of suits before the American Civil War. The printing press of abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a> was destroyed for the third time by townsfolk. He was murdered the next year in nearby <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a>. </p><p>After the war, St. Louis profited via trade with the West, aided by the 1874 completion of the <a href="/wiki/Eads_Bridge" title="Eads Bridge">Eads Bridge</a>, named for its design engineer. Industrial developments on both banks of the river were linked by the bridge, the second in the Midwest over the Mississippi River after the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis. The bridge connects St. Louis, Missouri to <a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis,_Illinois" title="East St. Louis, Illinois">East St. Louis, Illinois</a>. The Eads Bridge became a symbolic image of the city of St. Louis, from the time of its erection until 1965 when the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> Bridge was constructed. The bridge crosses the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede's Landing, to the north, and the grounds of the Gateway Arch, to the south. Today the road deck has been restored, allowing vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross the river. The St. Louis MetroLink light rail system has used the rail deck since 1993. An estimated 8,500 vehicles pass through it daily. </p><p>On August 22, 1876, the city of St. Louis voted to <a href="/wiki/Urban_secession" title="Urban secession">secede</a> from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis County</a> and become an independent city, and, following a recount of the votes in November, officially did so in March 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a> caused significant upheaval, in a fight for the eight-hour day and the banning of child labor.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Industrial production continued to increase during the late 19th century. Major corporations such as the <a href="/wiki/Anheuser-Busch" title="Anheuser-Busch">Anheuser-Busch</a> brewery, <a href="/wiki/Ralston_Purina" title="Ralston Purina">Ralston Purina</a> company and <a href="/wiki/Desloge_Consolidated_Lead_Company" title="Desloge Consolidated Lead Company">Desloge Consolidated Lead Company</a> were established at St. Louis which was also home to several <a href="/wiki/Brass_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Brass era">brass era</a> automobile companies, including the <a href="/wiki/Success_Automobile_Manufacturing_Company" title="Success Automobile Manufacturing Company">Success Automobile Manufacturing Company</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Louis is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Wainwright_Building" title="Wainwright Building">Wainwright Building</a>, a skyscraper designed in 1892 by architect <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Louis_(1905%E2%80%931980)" title="History of St. Louis (1905–1980)">History of St. Louis (1905–1980)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_St._Louis_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_St._Louis_1904.jpg/220px-Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_St._Louis_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_St._Louis_1904.jpg/330px-Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_St._Louis_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_St._Louis_1904.jpg/440px-Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_St._Louis_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>The Government Building is at the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">1904 World's Fair</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1900, the entire streetcar system was shut down by a <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_streetcar_strike_of_1900" title="St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900">several months-long strike</a>, with significant unrest occurring in the city & violence against the striking workers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, the city hosted the <a href="/wiki/1904_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 World's Fair">World's Fair</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">Olympics</a>, becoming the first non-European city to host the games.<sup id="cite_ref-1904_Olympics_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1904_Olympics-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formal name for the 1904 World's Fair was the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">Louisiana Purchase Exposition</a>. Permanent facilities and structures remaining from the fair are located in <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)" title="Forest Park (St. Louis)">Forest Park</a>, and other notable structures within the park's boundaries include the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">St. Louis Art Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Zoo" title="Saint Louis Zoo">St. Louis Zoo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_History_Museum" title="Missouri History Museum">Missouri History Museum</a>, and Tower Grove Park and the Botanical Gardens. </p><p>After the Civil War, social and racial discrimination in housing and employment were common in St. Louis. In 1916, during the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow Era</a>, St. Louis passed a residential segregation ordinance<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying that if 75% of the residents of a neighborhood were of a certain race, no one from a different race was allowed to move in.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That ordinance was struck down in a court challenge, by the NAACP,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which racial covenants were used to prevent the sale of houses in certain neighborhoods to "persons not of Caucasian race".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Who are these racists and in what way did racial covenants restrict house sales? (December 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Again, St. Louisans offered a lawsuit in challenge, and such covenants were ruled unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in 1948 in <i><a href="/wiki/Shelley_v._Kraemer" title="Shelley v. Kraemer">Shelley v. Kraemer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Douglass_University" title="Douglass University">Douglass University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black university">historically black university</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Bowles" title="Benjamin F. Bowles">B. F. Bowles</a> in St. Louis, and at the time no other college in St. Louis County admitted black students.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first half of the 20th century, St. Louis was a destination in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> of African Americans from the rural South seeking better opportunities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> campaigned to integrate war factories. In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights activists</a> protested at the construction of the Gateway Arch to publicize their effort to gain entry for African Americans into the skilled trade unions, where they were underrepresented. The Department of Justice filed the first suit against the unions under the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between 1900 and 1929, St. Louis, had about 220 automakers, close to 10 percent of all American carmakers, about half of which built cars exclusively in St. Louis. Notable names include Dorris, Gardner and Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first part of the century, St. Louis had some of the worst <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_States" title="Air pollution in the United States">air pollution in the United States</a>. In April 1940, the city banned the use of soft coal mined in nearby states. The city hired inspectors to ensure that only <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> was burned. By 1946, the city had reduced air pollution by about 75%.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FromLacledesLanding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/FromLacledesLanding.JPG/170px-FromLacledesLanding.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/FromLacledesLanding.JPG/255px-FromLacledesLanding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/FromLacledesLanding.JPG/340px-FromLacledesLanding.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Arch</a> (completed 1965) is visible from <a href="/wiki/Laclede%27s_Landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Laclede's Landing">Laclede's Landing</a>, the remaining section of St. Louis's commercial riverfront.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a></i> educational segregation continued into the 1950s, and <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> segregation continued into the 1970s, leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement. Students have been bused mostly from the city to county school districts to have opportunities for integrated classes, although the city has created magnet schools to attract students.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Louis, like many <a href="/wiki/Midwestern" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwestern">Midwestern</a> cities, expanded in the early 20th century due to industrialization, which provided jobs to new generations of immigrants and migrants from the South. It reached its peak population of 856,796 at the 1950 census.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">Suburbanization</a> from the 1950s through the 1990s dramatically reduced the city's population, as did restructuring of industry and loss of jobs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The effects of suburbanization were exacerbated by the small geographical size of St. Louis due to its earlier decision to become an independent city, and it lost much of its tax base. During the 19th and 20th century, most major cities aggressively annexed surrounding areas as residential development occurred away from the central city; however, St. Louis was unable to do so.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> projects were built in the 1950s, as the city worked to replace old and substandard housing. Some of these were poorly designed and resulted in problems. One prominent example, <a href="/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoe" title="Pruitt–Igoe">Pruitt–Igoe</a>, became a symbol of failure in public housing, and was torn down less than two decades after it was built. </p><p>Since the 1980s, several revitalization efforts have focused on <a href="/wiki/Downtown_St._Louis" title="Downtown St. Louis">Downtown St. Louis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Louis_(1981%E2%80%93present)" title="History of St. Louis (1981–present)">History of St. Louis (1981–present)</a></div> <p>The urban revitalization projects that started in the 1980s continued into the new century. The city's <a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Historic_District_(St._Louis,_Missouri)" title="Washington Avenue Historic District (St. Louis, Missouri)">old garment district</a>, centered on Washington Avenue in the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_St._Louis" title="Downtown St. Louis">Downtown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downtown_West,_St._Louis" title="Downtown West, St. Louis">Downtown West</a> neighborhoods, experienced major development starting in the late 1990s as many of the old factory and warehouse buildings were converted into lofts. The <a href="/wiki/American_Planning_Association" title="American Planning Association">American Planning Association</a> designated Washington Avenue as one of 10 Great Streets for 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cortex_Innovation_Community" title="Cortex Innovation Community">Cortex Innovation Community</a>, located within the city's <a href="/wiki/Central_West_End,_St._Louis" title="Central West End, St. Louis">Central West End</a> neighborhood, was founded in 2002 and has become a multi-billion dollar economic engine for the region, with companies such as Microsoft and Boeing currently leasing office space.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_Southeast,_St._Louis" title="Forest Park Southeast, St. Louis">Forest Park Southeast</a> neighborhood in the central corridor has seen major investment starting in the early 2010s. Between 2013 and 2018, over $50 million worth of residential construction has been built in the neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the neighborhood has increased by 19% from the 2010 to 2020 Census.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Rams" title="St. Louis Rams">St. Louis Rams</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> controversially returned to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in 2016. The city of St. Louis sued the NFL in 2017, alleging the league breached its own relocation guidelines to profit at the expense of the city. In 2021, the NFL and Rams owner <a href="/wiki/Stan_Kroenke" title="Stan Kroenke">Stan Kroenke</a> agreed to settle out of court with the city for $790 million.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_St._Louis" title="Geography of St. Louis">Geography of St. Louis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Landmarks_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmarks of St. Louis">Landmarks of St. Louis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_St._Louis" title="List of public art in St. Louis">List of public art in St. Louis</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Photo </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> </td> <td>At 630 feet (190 m), the Gateway Arch is the world's tallest <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arch</a> and tallest human-made <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monument</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built as a monument to the <a href="/wiki/Westward_expansion_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Westward expansion of the United States">westward expansion of the United States</a>, it is the centerpiece of <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Gateway Arch National Park</a> which was known as Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gateway_Arch_at_Sunset_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gateway_Arch_at_Sunset_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Gateway_Arch_at_Sunset_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gateway_Arch_at_Sunset_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Gateway_Arch_at_Sunset_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gateway_Arch_at_Sunset_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Gateway_Arch_at_Sunset_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3545" data-file-height="2671" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">St. Louis Art Museum</a> </td> <td>Built for the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">1904 World's Fair</a>, with a building designed by <a href="/wiki/Cass_Gilbert" title="Cass Gilbert">Cass Gilbert</a>, the museum houses paintings, sculptures, and cultural objects. The museum is located in <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)" title="Forest Park (St. Louis)">Forest Park</a>, and admission is free. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG/150px-St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG/225px-St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG/300px-St._Louis_Art_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a> </td> <td>Founded in 1859, the Missouri Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical institutions in the United States and a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. It spans 79 acres in the <a href="/wiki/Shaw,_St._Louis" title="Shaw, St. Louis">Shaw</a> neighborhood, including a 14-acre (5.7-hectare) <a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese garden</a> and the Climatron <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic dome</a> conservatory. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_Botanical_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Missouri_Botanical_Garden.jpg/150px-Missouri_Botanical_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Missouri_Botanical_Garden.jpg/225px-Missouri_Botanical_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Missouri_Botanical_Garden.jpg/300px-Missouri_Botanical_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_(St._Louis)" title="Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis (St. Louis)">Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis</a> </td> <td>Dedicated in 1914, it is the mother church of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_St._Louis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis">Archdiocese of St. Louis</a> and the seat of its <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a>. The church is known for its large <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> installation (which is one of the largest in the Western Hemisphere with 41.5 million pieces), burial crypts, and its outdoor sculpture. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis.JPG/150px-Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis.JPG/225px-Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis.JPG/300px-Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_Hall_(St._Louis,_Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall (St. Louis, Missouri)">City Hall</a> </td> <td>Located in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_West,_St._Louis" title="Downtown West, St. Louis">Downtown West</a>, City Hall was designed by <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Ellis" title="Harvey Ellis">Harvey Ellis</a> in 1892 in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Revival Architecture">Renaissance Revival</a> style. It is reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville, Paris</a>. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Louis_MO_City_Hall_20150905-100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St_Louis_MO_City_Hall_20150905-100.jpg/150px-St_Louis_MO_City_Hall_20150905-100.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St_Louis_MO_City_Hall_20150905-100.jpg/225px-St_Louis_MO_City_Hall_20150905-100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St_Louis_MO_City_Hall_20150905-100.jpg/300px-St_Louis_MO_City_Hall_20150905-100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5173" data-file-height="2382" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Public_Library" title="St. Louis Public Library">Central Library</a> </td> <td>Completed in 1912, the Central Library building was designed by <a href="/wiki/Cass_Gilbert" title="Cass Gilbert">Cass Gilbert</a>. It serves as the main location for the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Public_Library" title="St. Louis Public Library">St. Louis Public Library</a>. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STLCentrallibrary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/STLCentrallibrary.jpg/150px-STLCentrallibrary.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/STLCentrallibrary.jpg/225px-STLCentrallibrary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/STLCentrallibrary.jpg/300px-STLCentrallibrary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_Museum" title="City Museum">City Museum</a> </td> <td>City Museum is a play house museum, consisting largely of repurposed architectural and industrial objects, housed in the former International Shoe building in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Loft_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Avenue Loft District">Washington Avenue Loft District</a>. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Museum_outdoor_structures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/City_Museum_outdoor_structures.jpg/150px-City_Museum_outdoor_structures.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/City_Museum_outdoor_structures.jpg/225px-City_Museum_outdoor_structures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/City_Museum_outdoor_structures.jpg/300px-City_Museum_outdoor_structures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Courthouse_(St._Louis)" title="Old Courthouse (St. Louis)">Old Courthouse</a> </td> <td>Built in the 19th century, it served as a federal and state courthouse. The <a href="/wiki/Scott_v._Sandford" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott v. Sandford">Scott v. Sandford</a> case (resulting in the Dred Scott decision) was tried at the courthouse in 1846. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_St_Louis_County_Courthouse_20150905_046-047.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Old_St_Louis_County_Courthouse_20150905_046-047.jpg/150px-Old_St_Louis_County_Courthouse_20150905_046-047.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Old_St_Louis_County_Courthouse_20150905_046-047.jpg/225px-Old_St_Louis_County_Courthouse_20150905_046-047.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Old_St_Louis_County_Courthouse_20150905_046-047.jpg/300px-Old_St_Louis_County_Courthouse_20150905_046-047.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5765" data-file-height="4955" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Science Center">St. Louis Science Center</a> </td> <td>Founded in 1963, it includes a <a href="/wiki/Science_museum" title="Science museum">science museum</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a>, and is situated in <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)" title="Forest Park (St. Louis)">Forest Park</a>. Admission is free. It is one of two science centers in the United States which offers free general admission. </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonnellPlanetarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/McDonnellPlanetarium.jpg/140px-McDonnellPlanetarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/McDonnellPlanetarium.jpg/210px-McDonnellPlanetarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/McDonnellPlanetarium.jpg/280px-McDonnellPlanetarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3279" data-file-height="1964" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Symphony">St. Louis Symphony</a> </td> <td>Founded in 1880, the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra is the second oldest symphony orchestra in the United States, preceded by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>. Its principal concert venue is <a href="/wiki/Powell_Symphony_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Powell Symphony Hall">Powell Symphony Hall</a>. </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:782px-Powell_Symphony_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/782px-Powell_Symphony_Hall.jpg/140px-782px-Powell_Symphony_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/782px-Powell_Symphony_Hall.jpg/210px-782px-Powell_Symphony_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/782px-Powell_Symphony_Hall.jpg/280px-782px-Powell_Symphony_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="599" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(St._Louis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Station (St. Louis)">Union Station</a> </td> <td>Built in 1888, it was the city's main passenger intercity train terminal. Once the world's largest and busiest train station, it was converted in the 1980s into a hotel, <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping center</a>, and entertainment complex. Today, it also continues to serve local rail (<a href="/wiki/MetroLink_(St._Louis)" title="MetroLink (St. Louis)">MetroLink</a>) transit passengers, with <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> service nearby. On December 25, 2019, the St. Louis Aquarium opened inside Union Station. The St. Louis Wheel, a 200 ft 42 gondola ferris wheel, is also located at Union Station. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Hall_at_Union_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grand_Hall_at_Union_Station.jpg/150px-Grand_Hall_at_Union_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grand_Hall_at_Union_Station.jpg/225px-Grand_Hall_at_Union_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grand_Hall_at_Union_Station.jpg/300px-Grand_Hall_at_Union_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Zoo" title="Saint Louis Zoo">St. Louis Zoo</a> </td> <td>Built for the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">1904 World's Fair</a>, it is recognized as a leading zoo in animal management, research, conservation, and education. It is located in <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)" title="Forest Park (St. Louis)">Forest Park</a>, and admission is free. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Louis_Zoo_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/St._Louis_Zoo_sign.jpg/100px-St._Louis_Zoo_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/St._Louis_Zoo_sign.jpg/150px-St._Louis_Zoo_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/St._Louis_Zoo_sign.jpg/200px-St._Louis_Zoo_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_St._Louis" title="Architecture of St. Louis">Architecture of St. Louis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_St._Louis" title="List of tallest buildings in St. Louis">List of tallest buildings in St. Louis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wainwright_building_st_louis_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wainwright_building_st_louis_USA.jpg/170px-Wainwright_building_st_louis_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wainwright_building_st_louis_USA.jpg/255px-Wainwright_building_st_louis_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wainwright_building_st_louis_USA.jpg/340px-Wainwright_building_st_louis_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="3576" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wainwright_Building" title="Wainwright Building">Wainwright Building</a> (1891), is an important <a href="/wiki/Early_skyscrapers" title="Early skyscrapers">early skyscraper</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafayette_Square_St-Louis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lafayette_Square_St-Louis.jpg/220px-Lafayette_Square_St-Louis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lafayette_Square_St-Louis.jpg/330px-Lafayette_Square_St-Louis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lafayette_Square_St-Louis.jpg/440px-Lafayette_Square_St-Louis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Many houses in <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_St._Louis" title="Lafayette Square, St. Louis">Lafayette Square</a> are built with a blending of Greek Revival, Federal and Italianate styles.</figcaption></figure> <p>The architecture of St. Louis exhibits a variety of commercial, residential, and monumental <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>. St. Louis is known for the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a>, the tallest <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monument</a> constructed in the United States at 630 feet (190 m).<sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arch pays homage to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and St. Louis's position as the gateway to the West. Architectural influences reflected in the area include <a href="/wiki/French_Colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="French Colonial">French Colonial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the United States">early American</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architectural</a> styles. </p><p>Several examples of religious structures are extant from the pre-Civil War period, and most reflect the common residential styles of the time. Among the earliest is the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Louis,_King_of_France" title="Basilica of St. Louis, King of France">Basilica of St. Louis, King of France</a> (referred to as the <i>Old Cathedral</i>). The Basilica was built between 1831 and 1834 in the Federal style. Other religious buildings from the period include SS. Cyril and Methodius Church (1857) in the Romanesque Revival style and <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral_(St._Louis,_Missouri)" title="Christ Church Cathedral (St. Louis, Missouri)">Christ Church Cathedral</a> (completed in 1867, designed in 1859) in the Gothic Revival style. </p><p>A few civic buildings were constructed during the early 19th century. The original St. Louis courthouse was built in 1826 and featured a Federal style stone facade with a rounded portico. However, this courthouse was replaced during renovation and expansion of the building in the 1850s. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Courthouse_(St._Louis,_Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Courthouse (St. Louis, Missouri)">Old St. Louis County Courthouse</a> (known as the <i>Old Courthouse</i>) was completed in 1864 and was notable for having a <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> dome and for being the tallest structure in Missouri until 1894. Finally, a customs house was constructed in the Greek Revival style in 1852, but was demolished and replaced in 1873 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customhouse_and_Post_Office_(St._Louis,_Missouri)" title="United States Customhouse and Post Office (St. Louis, Missouri)">U.S. Customhouse and Post Office</a>. </p><p>Because much of the city's commercial and industrial development was centered along the riverfront, many pre-Civil War buildings were demolished during construction of the Gateway Arch. The city's remaining architectural heritage of the era includes a multi-block district of cobblestone streets and brick and cast-iron warehouses called <a href="/wiki/Laclede%27s_Landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Laclede's Landing">Laclede's Landing</a>. Now popular for its restaurants and nightclubs, the district is located north of Gateway Arch along the riverfront. Other industrial buildings from the era include some portions of the <a href="/wiki/Anheuser%E2%80%93Busch#St._Louis_headquarters_and_brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anheuser–Busch">Anheuser-Busch Brewery</a>, which date to the 1860s. </p><p>St. Louis saw a vast expansion in variety and number of religious buildings during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The largest and most ornate of these is the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis">Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Barnett" title="Thomas P. Barnett">Thomas P. Barnett</a> and constructed between 1907 and 1914 in the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Byzantine">Neo-Byzantine</a> style. The St. Louis Cathedral, as it is known, has one of the largest mosaic collections in the world. Another landmark in religious architecture of St. Louis is the <a href="/wiki/St._Stanislaus_Kostka_Church_(St._Louis,_Missouri)" title="St. Stanislaus Kostka Church (St. Louis, Missouri)">St. Stanislaus Kostka</a>, which is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Cathedral_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Cathedral style">Polish Cathedral style</a>. Among the other major designs of the period were <a href="/wiki/St._Alphonsus_Catholic_Church,_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Alphonsus Catholic Church, St. Louis">St. Alphonsus Liguori</a> (known as <i>The Rock Church</i>) (1867) in the Gothic Revival and <a href="/wiki/Second_Presbyterian_Church_(St._Louis,_Missouri)" title="Second Presbyterian Church (St. Louis, Missouri)">Second Presbyterian Church of St. Louis</a> (1900) in <a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a>. </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 1900">1900 census</a>, St. Louis was the fourth largest city in the country. In 1904, the city hosted a <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">world's fair</a> at <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis,_Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Park (St. Louis, Missouri)">Forest Park</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">Louisiana Purchase Exposition</a>. Its architectural legacy is somewhat scattered. Among the fair-related cultural institutions in the park are the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">St. Louis Art Museum</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Cass_Gilbert" title="Cass Gilbert">Cass Gilbert</a>, part of the remaining lagoon at the foot of Art Hill, and the Flight Cage at the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Zoo">St. Louis Zoo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_History_Museum" title="Missouri History Museum">Missouri History Museum</a> was built afterward, with the profit from the fair. But 1904 left other assets to the city, like <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Link" title="Theodore Link">Theodore Link</a>'s 1894 <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Union_Station" title="St. Louis Union Station">St. Louis Union Station</a>, and an improved Forest Park. </p><p><a href="/wiki/One_US_Bank_Plaza" title="One US Bank Plaza">One US Bank Plaza</a>, the local headquarters for <a href="/wiki/US_Bancorp" class="mw-redirect" title="US Bancorp">US Bancorp</a>, was constructed in 1976 in the <a href="/wiki/Structural_expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural expressionist">structural expressionist</a> style. Several notable <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">postmodern</a> commercial skyscrapers were built downtown in the 1970s and 1980s, including the <a href="/wiki/909_Chestnut_Street" title="909 Chestnut Street">former AT&T building at 909 Chestnut Street</a> (1986), and <a href="/wiki/One_Metropolitan_Square" title="One Metropolitan Square">One Metropolitan Square</a> (1989), which is the tallest building in St. Louis. </p><p>During the 1990s, St. Louis saw the construction of the largest United States courthouse by area, the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Eagleton_United_States_Courthouse" title="Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse">Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse</a>(2000). The Eagleton Courthouse is home to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Missouri" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit</a>. The most recent high-rise buildings in St. Louis include two residential towers: <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Above_the_Park" title="One Hundred Above the Park">One Hundred</a> in the Central West End neighborhood and <a href="/wiki/Ballpark_Village_(St._Louis)" title="Ballpark Village (St. Louis)">One Cardinal Way</a> in the Downtown neighborhood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhoods of St. Louis">Neighborhoods of St. Louis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LafayetteSquareHouses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/LafayetteSquareHouses.jpg/220px-LafayetteSquareHouses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/LafayetteSquareHouses.jpg/330px-LafayetteSquareHouses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/LafayetteSquareHouses.jpg/440px-LafayetteSquareHouses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">Second Empire style</a> houses are in <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_St._Louis" title="Lafayette Square, St. Louis">Lafayette Square</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blueberry_Hill_patio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Blueberry_Hill_patio.jpg/220px-Blueberry_Hill_patio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Blueberry_Hill_patio.jpg/330px-Blueberry_Hill_patio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Blueberry_Hill_patio.jpg/440px-Blueberry_Hill_patio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Delmar_Loop" title="Delmar Loop">Delmar Loop</a> is a neighborhood close to <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University</a>, bordering the city and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis County</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is divided into 79 officially-recognized neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Louis_Rivers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/St_Louis_Rivers.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>Rivers in the St. Louis area</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, St. Louis has a total area of 66 square miles (170 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 62 square miles (160 km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 4.1 square miles (11 km<sup>2</sup>) (6.2%) is water.<sup id="cite_ref-GR1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is built on <a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">bluffs</a> and terraces that rise 100–200 feet above the western banks of the Mississippi River, in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a> just south of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a>-Mississippi <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a>. Much of the area is a fertile and gently rolling prairie that features low hills and broad, shallow valleys. Both the Mississippi River and the Missouri River have cut large valleys with wide flood plains. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippian age">Mississippian</a> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">epoch</a> underlie the area, and parts of the city are <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> in nature. This is particularly true of the area south of downtown, which has numerous sinkholes and caves. Most of the caves in the city have been sealed, but many springs are visible along the riverfront. Coal, brick <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Millerite" title="Millerite">millerite</a> ore were once mined in the city. The predominant surface rock, known as <i>St. Louis limestone</i>, is used as <a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">dimension stone</a> and rubble for construction. </p><p>Near the southern boundary of the city of St. Louis (separating it from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis County</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/River_des_Peres" title="River des Peres">River des Peres</a>, practically the only river or stream within the city limits that is not entirely underground.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of River des Peres was confined to a channel or put underground in the 1920s and early 1930s. The lower section of the river was the site of some of the worst flooding of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1993" title="Great Flood of 1993">Great Flood of 1993</a>. </p><p>The city's eastern boundary is the Mississippi River, which separates Missouri from Illinois. The Missouri River forms the northern line of St. Louis County, except for a few areas where the river has changed its course. The <a href="/wiki/Meramec_River" title="Meramec River">Meramec River</a> forms most of its southern line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_St._Louis#Climate" title="Geography of St. Louis">Geography of St. Louis § Climate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Captains%27_Return_statue_and_Eads_Bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/The_Captains%27_Return_statue_and_Eads_Bridge.JPG/220px-The_Captains%27_Return_statue_and_Eads_Bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/The_Captains%27_Return_statue_and_Eads_Bridge.JPG/330px-The_Captains%27_Return_statue_and_Eads_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/The_Captains%27_Return_statue_and_Eads_Bridge.JPG/440px-The_Captains%27_Return_statue_and_Eads_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The Captains' Return statue was inundated by the Mississippi River, 2010.</figcaption></figure> <p>The urban area of St. Louis has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfa</i>); however, its <a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">metropolitan region</a> even to the south may present a hot-summer <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<i>Dfa</i>), which shows the effect of the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> in the city. The city experiences hot, humid summers and chilly to cold winters. It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. The average annual temperature recorded at nearby <a href="/wiki/Lambert%E2%80%93St._Louis_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambert–St. Louis International Airport">Lambert–St. Louis International Airport</a>, is 57.4 °F (14.1 °C). 100 and 0 °F (38 and −18 °C) temperatures can be seen on an average 3 and 1 days per year, respectively. Precipitation averages 41.70 inches (1,100 mm), but has ranged from 20.59 in (523 mm) in 1953 to 61.24 in (1,555 mm) in 2015. The highest recorded temperature in St. Louis was 115 °F (46 °C) on July 14, 1954, and the lowest was −22 °F (−30 °C) on January 5, 1884. </p><p>St. Louis experiences <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> 48 days a year on average.<sup id="cite_ref-weatherbase_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weatherbase-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in the spring, these storms can often be severe, with high winds, large <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> and tornadoes. Lying within the hotbed of <a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a>, St. Louis is one of the most frequently tornado-struck metropolitan areas in the U.S. and has an extensive history of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_tornado_history" title="St. Louis tornado history">damaging tornadoes</a>. Severe flooding, such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1993" title="Great Flood of 1993">Great Flood of 1993</a>, may occur in spring and summer; the (often rapid) melting of thick snow cover upstream on the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers can contribute to springtime flooding. </p> <div style="width:100%;"><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for St. Louis, Missouri (<a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport" title="St. Louis Lambert International Airport">Lambert–St. Louis Int'l</a>), 1991−2020 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extremes 1874−present<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77<br />(25) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85<br />(29) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92<br />(33) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">108<br />(42) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">115<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">110<br />(43) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104<br />(40) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76<br />(24) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">115<br />(46) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.7<br />(18.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0<br />(21.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.4<br />(26.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.4<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.4<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.5<br />(35.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.2<br />(37.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.1<br />(37.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.4<br />(34.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.0<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.5<br />(24.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9<br />(19.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">100.7<br />(38.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(4.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.8<br />(7.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.6<br />(13.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.0<br />(20.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.1<br />(25.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.9<br />(29.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.6<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.3<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.1<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.2<br />(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.5<br />(13.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.5<br />(6.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">66.8<br />(19.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.6<br />(8.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.5<br />(14.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.5<br />(19.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.5<br />(24.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.4<br />(26.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.8<br />(26.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0<br />(21.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.1<br />(15.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.5<br />(8.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5<br />(2.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">57.4<br />(14.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(−4.6) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(−2.4) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.0<br />(8.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.9<br />(14.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.1<br />(21.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.3<br />(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.9<br />(16.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.1<br />(9.5) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(−1.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.0<br />(8.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(−15.3) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(−12.4) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(−7.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.5<br />(6.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.5<br />(13.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.4<br />(16.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.1<br />(15.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.1<br />(8.4) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(−5.6) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(−11.7) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.2<br />(−17.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−22<br />(−30) </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−18<br />(−28) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5<br />(−21) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(−7) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(−1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51<br />(11) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47<br />(8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21<br />(−6) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(−17) </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−16<br />(−27) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−22<br />(−30) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.59<br />(66) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.23<br />(57) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.50<br />(89) </td> <td style="background: #46FF46; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.73<br />(120) </td> <td style="background: #49FF49; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.82<br />(122) </td> <td style="background: #4FFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.49<br />(114) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.93<br />(100) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.38<br />(86) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.96<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.15<br />(80) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.42<br />(87) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.50<br />(64) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.70<br />(1,059) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(14) </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(11) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(5.8) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.51) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(8.1) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.6<br />(42) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">113.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.3 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000DC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(−6.6) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(−4.4) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.3<br />(5.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.9<br />(11.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.1<br />(16.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.6<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1<br />(18.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.6<br />(14.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.0<br />(7.8) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(−3.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.4<br />(6.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.2 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.3 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.3 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.5 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">266.5 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.9 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">308.9 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.8 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">236.1 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">208.4 </td> <td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.9 </td> <td style="background: #BABA44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.9 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,593.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961−1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_STL_TXT_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_STL_TXT-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NWS_St._Louis,_MO_(LSX)_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWS_St._Louis,_MO_(LSX)-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_1961–90_KSTL_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO_1961–90_KSTL-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-UVIT_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UVIT-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_Grove_Park_Scene_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tower_Grove_Park_Scene_1.jpg/220px-Tower_Grove_Park_Scene_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tower_Grove_Park_Scene_1.jpg/330px-Tower_Grove_Park_Scene_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tower_Grove_Park_Scene_1.jpg/440px-Tower_Grove_Park_Scene_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tower_Grove_Park" title="Tower Grove Park">Tower Grove Park</a> in spring</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_Botanical_Garden_-_Seiwa-en.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Missouri_Botanical_Garden_-_Seiwa-en.JPG/220px-Missouri_Botanical_Garden_-_Seiwa-en.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Missouri_Botanical_Garden_-_Seiwa-en.JPG/330px-Missouri_Botanical_Garden_-_Seiwa-en.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Missouri_Botanical_Garden_-_Seiwa-en.JPG/440px-Missouri_Botanical_Garden_-_Seiwa-en.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before the founding of the city, the area was mostly prairie and open forest. Native Americans maintained this environment, good for hunting, by burning underbrush. Trees are mainly <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickory</a>, similar to the forests of the nearby <a href="/wiki/The_Ozarks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ozarks">Ozarks</a>; common understory trees include <a href="/wiki/Eastern_redbud" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern redbud">eastern redbud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serviceberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Serviceberry">serviceberry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flowering_dogwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowering dogwood">flowering dogwood</a>. <a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">Riparian</a> areas are forested with mainly <a href="/wiki/American_sycamore" class="mw-redirect" title="American sycamore">American sycamore</a>. </p><p>Most of the residential areas of the city are planted with large native shade trees. The largest native forest area is found in Forest Park. In autumn, the changing color of the trees is notable. Most species here are typical of the eastern woodland, although numerous decorative non-native species are found. The most notable invasive species is <a href="/wiki/Japanese_honeysuckle" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese honeysuckle">Japanese honeysuckle</a>, which officials are trying to manage because of its damage to native trees. It is removed from some parks. </p><p>Wildlife includes urbanized <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">eastern gray squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cottontail_rabbit" title="Cottontail rabbit">cottontail rabbit</a>, and the nocturnal <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossum</a>. Large bird species are abundant in parks and include <a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallard_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallard duck">mallard duck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shorebird" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorebird">shorebirds</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_egret" title="Great egret">great egret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_blue_heron" title="Great blue heron">great blue heron</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">Gulls</a> are common along the Mississippi River; these species follow <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> traffic. </p><p>Winter populations of <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagles</a> are along the Mississippi River around the <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_Rocks_Bridge" title="Chain of Rocks Bridge">Chain of Rocks Bridge</a>. The city is on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Flyway" title="Mississippi Flyway">Mississippi Flyway</a>, used by migrating birds, and has a large variety of small bird species, common to the eastern U.S. The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_tree_sparrow" title="Eurasian tree sparrow">Eurasian tree sparrow</a>, an introduced species, is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis. The city has special sites for birdwatching of migratory species, including <a href="/wiki/Tower_Grove_Park" title="Tower Grove Park">Tower Grove Park</a>. </p><p>Common frog species include the <a href="/wiki/American_toad" title="American toad">American toad</a> and species of chorus frogs called <a href="/wiki/Spring_peeper" title="Spring peeper">spring peepers</a>, which are found in nearly every pond. Some years have outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicadas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ladybug" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladybug">ladybugs</a>. Mosquitoes, <a href="/wiki/No-see-ums" class="mw-redirect" title="No-see-ums">no-see-ums</a>, and houseflies are common insect nuisances, especially in July and August; because of this, windows are almost always fitted with screens. Invasive populations of <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">honeybees</a> have declined in recent years. Numerous native species of pollinator insects have recovered to fill their ecological niche, and <a href="/wiki/Armadillos" class="mw-redirect" title="Armadillos">armadillos</a> are throughout the St. Louis area.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>1,600</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>4,977</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>16,469</td><td></td><td>230.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>77,860</td><td></td><td>372.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>160,773</td><td></td><td>106.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>310,864</td><td></td><td>93.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>350,518</td><td></td><td>12.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>451,770</td><td></td><td>28.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>575,238</td><td></td><td>27.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>687,029</td><td></td><td>19.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>772,897</td><td></td><td>12.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>821,960</td><td></td><td>6.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>816,048</td><td></td><td>−0.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>856,796</td><td></td><td>5.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>750,026</td><td></td><td>−12.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>622,236</td><td></td><td>−17.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>453,805</td><td></td><td>−27.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>396,685</td><td></td><td>−12.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>348,189</td><td></td><td>−12.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>319,294</td><td></td><td>−8.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>301,578</td><td></td><td>−5.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">281,754</td><td><sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2021_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td>−6.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-DecennialCensus_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2020 Census<sup id="cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010_St._Louis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Race_and_ethnicity_2010_St._Louis.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010_St._Louis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Race_and_ethnicity_2010_St._Louis.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010_St._Louis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Race_and_ethnicity_2010_St._Louis.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010_St._Louis.png 2x" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>Map of racial distribution in St. Louis, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:#ff0000;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> White</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:#0000ff;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Black</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:#00ffaa;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Asian</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:#ffa600;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Hispanic</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:#ffff07;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Other</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pruitt-Igoe-overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pruitt-Igoe-overview.jpg/220px-Pruitt-Igoe-overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pruitt-Igoe-overview.jpg/330px-Pruitt-Igoe-overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pruitt-Igoe-overview.jpg/440px-Pruitt-Igoe-overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoe" title="Pruitt–Igoe">Pruitt–Igoe</a> was a large housing project constructed in 1954, which became infamous for poverty, crime and segregation. It was demolished in 1972.</figcaption></figure> <p>St. Louis grew slowly until the American Civil War, when industrialization and immigration sparked a boom. Mid-19th century immigrants included many Irish and Germans; later there were immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. In the early 20th century, African American and white migrants came from the South; the former as part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> out of rural areas of the Deep South. Many came from Mississippi and Arkansas. Italians, Serbians, Lebanese, Syrians, and Greeks settled in St. Louis by the late 19th-Century.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After years of immigration, migration, and expansion, the city reached its peak population in 1950. That year, the Census Bureau reported St. Louis's population as 82% <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">White</a> and 17.9% <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">African American</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-census1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, St. Louis began losing population to the suburbs, first because of increased demand for new housing, unhappiness with city services, ease of commuting by highways, and later, <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historical_populations_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historical_populations-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Louis's population decline has resulted in a significant increase of abandoned residential housing units and vacant lots throughout the city proper; this blight has attracted much wildlife (such as deer and coyotes) to the many abandoned overgrown lots. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_St._Louis,_MO.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Origins_in_St._Louis%2C_MO.png/220px-Ethnic_Origins_in_St._Louis%2C_MO.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Origins_in_St._Louis%2C_MO.png/330px-Ethnic_Origins_in_St._Louis%2C_MO.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Origins_in_St._Louis%2C_MO.png/440px-Ethnic_Origins_in_St._Louis%2C_MO.png 2x" data-file-width="5462" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in St. Louis</figcaption></figure> <p>St. Louis has lost 64.0% of its population since the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950 United States census</a>. <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, Michigan, and <a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown, Ohio</a>, are the only other cities that have had population declines of at least 60% in the same time frame. The population of the city of St. Louis has been in decline since the 1950 census; during this period the population of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area, which includes more than one county, has grown every year and continues to do so. A big factor in the decline has been the rapid increase in suburbanization. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 United States census</a>, St. Louis had 319,294 people living in 142,057 households, of which 67,488 households were families. The population density was 5,158.2 people per square mile (1,991.6 people/km<sup>2</sup>). About 24% of the population was 19 or younger, 9% were 20 to 24, 31% were 25 to 44, 25% were 45 to 64, and 11% were 65 or older. The median age was about 34 years. </p><p>The African-American population is concentrated in the north side of the city (the area north of Delmar Boulevard is 94.0% black, compared with 35.0% in the central corridor and 26.0% in the south side of St. Louis<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Among the Asian-American population in the city, the largest ethnic group is <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese American">Vietnamese</a> (0.9%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese</a> (0.6%) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian American">Indians</a> (0.5%). The Vietnamese community has concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Dutchtown,_St._Louis" title="Dutchtown, St. Louis">Dutchtown</a> neighborhood of south St. Louis; Chinese are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Central_West_End,_St._Louis" title="Central West End, St. Louis">Central West End</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican</a> descent are the largest Latino group, and make up 2.2% of St. Louis's population. They have the highest concentration in the Dutchtown, <a href="/wiki/Benton_Park_West,_St._Louis" title="Benton Park West, St. Louis">Benton Park West</a> (Cherokee Street), and <a href="/wiki/Gravois_Park,_St._Louis" title="Gravois Park, St. Louis">Gravois Park</a> neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-censusus_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusus-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People of <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian</a> descent are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/The_Hill,_St._Louis" title="The Hill, St. Louis">The Hill</a>. </p><p>In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $29,156, and the median income for a family was $32,585. Males had a median income of $31,106; females, $26,987. Per capita income was $18,108. </p><p>Some 19% of the city's <a href="/wiki/Housing_unit" title="Housing unit">housing units</a> were vacant, and slightly less than half of these were vacant structures not for sale or rent. </p><p>In 2010, St. Louis's per-capita rates of online charitable donations and volunteerism were among the highest among major U.S. cities.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 91.05% (270,934) of St. Louis city residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a <a href="/wiki/Primary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary language">primary language</a>, while 2.86% (8,516) spoke Spanish, 0.91% (2,713) Serbo-Croatian, 0.74% (2,200) Vietnamese, 0.50% (1,495) African languages, 0.50% (1,481) Chinese, and French was spoken as a <a href="/wiki/Main_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Main language">main language</a> by 0.45% (1,341) of the population over the age of five. In total, 8.95% (26,628) of St. Louis's population age 5 and older spoke a <a href="/wiki/Mother_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother language">mother language</a> other than English.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historical racial composition</th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2010<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2000<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1990<sup id="cite_ref-census1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1970<sup id="cite_ref-census1_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1940<sup id="cite_ref-census1_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a></td> <td>43.9%</td> <td>43.9%</td> <td>43.9%</td> <td>50.9%</td> <td>58.7%</td> <td>86.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>—Non-Hispanic</td> <td>42.9%</td> <td>42.2%</td> <td>43.0%<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>50.2%</td> <td>57.9%<sup id="cite_ref-fifteen_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifteen-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>86.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black</a></td> <td>43.0%</td> <td>49.2%</td> <td>51.2%</td> <td>47.5%</td> <td>40.9%</td> <td>13.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race)</td> <td>5.1%</td> <td>3.5%</td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>1.0%<sup id="cite_ref-fifteen_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifteen-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td> <td>4.1%</td> <td>2.9%</td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>(X) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b>St. Louis, Missouri – Racial and ethnic composition</b><br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>Note: the U.S. census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.</i></span></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity <small>(<i>NH = Non-Hispanic</i>)</small> </th> <th>Pop 1990<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 2000<sup id="cite_ref-2000CensusP004_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 2010<sup id="cite_ref-2010CensusP2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% 1990 </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">% 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>198,956 </td> <td>142,329 </td> <td>134,702 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">129,368 </td> <td>50.15% </td> <td>42.89% </td> <td>42.19% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">42.90% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>187,805 </td> <td>177,446 </td> <td>156,389 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">128,993 </td> <td>47.34% </td> <td>50.96% </td> <td>48.98% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">42.77% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>874 </td> <td>862 </td> <td>684 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">614 </td> <td>0.22% </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>3,616 </td> <td>6,820 </td> <td>9,233 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">12,205 </td> <td>0.91% </td> <td>1.96% </td> <td>2.89% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">4.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>83 </td> <td>62 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">88 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Some Other Race</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>310 </td> <td>647 </td> <td>478 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">1,773 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>0.19% </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed Race or Multi-Racial</a> (NH) </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>5,980 </td> <td>6,616 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">13,132 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>1.72% </td> <td>2.07% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">4.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>5,124 </td> <td>7,022 </td> <td>11,130 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">15,405 </td> <td>1.29% </td> <td>2.02% </td> <td>3.49% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">5.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>396,685</b> </td> <td><b>348,189</b> </td> <td><b>319,294</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>301,578</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnian_population">Bosnian population</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bosnians_in_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Bosnians in St. Louis">History of the Bosnians in St. Louis</a></div> <p>About fifteen families from Bosnia settled in St. Louis between 1960 and 1970. After the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> started in 1992, more Bosnian refugees began arriving and by 2000, tens of thousands of Bosnian refugees settled in St. Louis with the help of Catholic aid societies. Many of them were professionals and skilled workers who had to take any job opportunity to be able to support their families. Most Bosnian refugees are Muslim, ethnically <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> (87%); they have settled primarily in south St. Louis<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and South County. <a href="/wiki/Bosnian-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian-Americans">Bosnian-Americans</a> are well integrated into the city, developing many businesses and ethnic/cultural organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An estimated 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian American">Bosnians</a> live in the metro area, which is tied with <a href="/wiki/Bosnians_in_Chicago" title="Bosnians in Chicago">Chicago</a> for largest population of Bosnians in the United States and the largest Bosnian population outside their homeland. The highest concentration of Bosnians is in the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Bevo_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bevo Mill">Bevo Mill</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Affton,_Missouri" title="Affton, Missouri">Affton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehlville" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehlville">Mehlville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oakville,_Missouri" title="Oakville, Missouri">Oakville</a> of south <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bosnian Muslim <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> have also settled in St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_St._Louis" title="Crime in St. Louis">Crime in St. Louis</a></div> <p>Since 2014 the city of St. Louis has had, as of April 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, one of the highest murder rates, per capita, in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 188 homicides in 2015 (59.3 homicides per 100,000)<sup id="cite_ref-crimerate_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimerate-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ranks No. 13 of the most dangerous cities in the world by homicide rate. <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> have higher overall violent crime rates than St. Louis, when comparing other crimes such as rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.<sup id="cite_ref-crimerate_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimerate-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These crime rates are high relative to other American cities, but St. Louis <a href="/wiki/Index_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Index crime">index crime</a> rates have declined almost every year since the peak in 1993 (16,648), to the 2014 level of 7,931 (which is the sum of violent crimes and property crimes) per 100,000. In 2015, the index crime rate reversed the 2005–2014 decline to a level of 8,204. Between 2005 and 2014, violent crime has declined by 20%, although rates of violent crime remains 6 times higher than the <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">United States national average</a> and property crime in the city remains 2 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> times the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Louis has a higher homicide rate than the rest of the U.S. for both whites and blacks and a higher proportion committed by males. As of October 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 7 of the homicide suspects were white, 95 black, 0 Hispanic, 0 Asian and 1 female out of the 102 suspects. In 2016, St. Louis was the most dangerous city in the United States with populations of 100,000 or more, ranking 1st in violent crime and 2nd in property crime. It was also ranked 6th of the most dangerous of all establishments in the United States, and East St. Louis, a suburb of the city itself, was ranked 1st.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department,_City_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis">St. Louis Police Department</a> at the end of 2016 reported a total of 188 murders for the year, the same number of homicides that had occurred in the city in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the STLP At the end of 2017, St. Louis had 205 murders but the city recorded only 159 inside St. Louis city limits.<sup id="cite_ref-2017murders_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017murders-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Chief of Police, <a href="/wiki/John_Hayden_Jr." title="John Hayden Jr.">John Hayden</a> said two-thirds (67%) of all the murders and one-half of all the assaults are concentrated in a triangular area in the North part of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-2017murders_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017murders-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet another factor when comparing the murder rates of St. Louis and other cities is the manner of drawing municipal boundaries. While many other municipalities have annexed many suburbs, St. Louis has not annexed as much suburban area as most American cities. According to a 2018 estimate, the St. Louis metro area included about 3 million residents and the city included about 300,000 residents. Therefore, the city contains about ten percent of the metro population, a low ratio indicating that the municipal boundaries include only a small part of the metro population.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_St._Louis" title="Economy of St. Louis">Economy of St. Louis</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of Greater St. Louis was $209.9 billion in 2022, up from $192.9 billion the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greater St. Louis had a GDP per capita of $68,574 in 2021, up 10% from the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, manufacturing in the city conducted nearly $11 billion in business, followed by the health care and social service industry with $3.5 billion; professional or technical services with $3.1 billion; and the retail trade with $2.5 billion. The health care sector was the area's biggest employer with 34,000 workers, followed by administrative and support jobs, 24,000; manufacturing, 21,000, and food service, 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-2007econcensus_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007econcensus-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_companies_and_institutions">Major companies and institutions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG/220px-StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG/330px-StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG/440px-StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Anheuser-Busch" title="Anheuser-Busch">Anheuser-Busch</a> packaging plant is in St. Louis.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2022, the St. Louis Metropolitan Area is home to seven <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500"><i>Fortune</i> 500</a> companies. They include Centene, Emerson Electric, Reinsurance Group of America, Edward Jones, Olin, Graybar Electric, and Ameren.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other corporations headquartered in the region include <a href="/wiki/Arch_Coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arch Coal">Arch Coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunge_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunge Limited">Bunge Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Advisors" title="Wells Fargo Advisors">Wells Fargo Advisors</a> (formerly A.G. Edwards), <a href="/wiki/Energizer_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Energizer Holdings">Energizer Holdings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Coal" title="Patriot Coal">Patriot Coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post_Foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Foods">Post Foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Van_Lines" title="United Van Lines">United Van Lines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Transit" title="Mayflower Transit">Mayflower Transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post_Holdings" title="Post Holdings">Post Holdings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olin_Corporation" title="Olin Corporation">Olin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Holdings" title="Enterprise Holdings">Enterprise Holdings</a> (a parent company of several <a href="/wiki/Car_rental" title="Car rental">car rental</a> companies). Notable corporations with operations in St. Louis include <a href="/wiki/Cassidy_Turley" title="Cassidy Turley">Cassidy Turley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Group" title="Kerry Group">Kerry Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mastercard" title="Mastercard">Mastercard</a>, TD Ameritrade, <a href="/wiki/BMO_Harris_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="BMO Harris Bank">BMO Harris Bank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Technology" title="World Wide Technology">World Wide Technology</a>. </p><p>Health care and biotechnology institutions with operations in St. Louis include <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Danforth_Plant_Science_Center" title="Donald Danforth Plant Science Center">Donald Danforth Plant Science Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solae_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Solae Company">Solae Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigma-Aldrich" title="Sigma-Aldrich">Sigma-Aldrich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multidata_Systems_International" title="Multidata Systems International">Multidata Systems International</a>. <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> manufactures automobiles in <a href="/wiki/Wentzville,_Missouri" title="Wentzville, Missouri">Wentzville</a>, while an earlier plant, known as the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Truck_Assembly" title="St. Louis Truck Assembly">St. Louis Truck Assembly</a>, built <a href="/wiki/GMC_(automobile)" title="GMC (automobile)">GMC</a> automobiles from 1920 until 1987. <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> closed its <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Assembly" title="Saint Louis Assembly">St. Louis Assembly</a> production facility in nearby <a href="/wiki/Fenton,_Missouri" title="Fenton, Missouri">Fenton, Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> closed the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Assembly_Plant" title="St. Louis Assembly Plant">St. Louis Assembly Plant</a> in Hazelwood. </p><p>Several once-independent pillars of the local economy have been purchased by other corporations. Among them are <a href="/wiki/Anheuser-Busch" title="Anheuser-Busch">Anheuser-Busch</a>, purchased by Belgium-based <a href="/wiki/InBev" title="InBev">InBev</a>; <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Pacific_Railroad" title="Missouri Pacific Railroad">Missouri Pacific Railroad</a>, which was headquartered in St. Louis, merged with the <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a> in 1982;<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a>, whose operations are now part of <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing Defense, Space & Security</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a>, which was headquartered in the city for its last decade of existence, prior to being acquired by <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mallinckrodt" title="Mallinckrodt">Mallinckrodt</a>, purchased by <a href="/wiki/Tyco_International" title="Tyco International">Tyco International</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Ralston_Purina" title="Ralston Purina">Ralston Purina</a>, now a wholly owned subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/May_Department_Stores_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="May Department Stores Company">May Department Stores Company</a> (which owned <a href="/wiki/Famous-Barr" title="Famous-Barr">Famous-Barr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field%27s" title="Marshall Field's">Marshall Field's</a> stores) was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Federated_Department_Stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated Department Stores">Federated Department Stores</a>, which has its regional headquarters in the area. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</a> in downtown is one of two federal reserve banks in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the assets of <a href="/wiki/Furniture_Brands_International" title="Furniture Brands International">Furniture Brands International</a> were sold to <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Home_Group" title="Heritage Home Group">Heritage Home Group</a> in 2013, which moved to <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JeffersonLake_BJC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/JeffersonLake_BJC.jpg/220px-JeffersonLake_BJC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/JeffersonLake_BJC.jpg/330px-JeffersonLake_BJC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/JeffersonLake_BJC.jpg/440px-JeffersonLake_BJC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barnes-Jewish_Hospital" title="Barnes-Jewish Hospital">Barnes-Jewish Hospital</a> is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>St. Louis is a center of medicine and <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a> is affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Barnes-Jewish_Hospital" title="Barnes-Jewish Hospital">Barnes-Jewish Hospital</a>, the fifth largest hospital in the world. Both institutions operate the <a href="/wiki/Alvin_J._Siteman_Cancer_Center" title="Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center">Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The School of Medicine also is affiliated with <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Children%27s_Hospital" title="St. Louis Children's Hospital">St. Louis Children's Hospital</a>, one of the country's top pediatric hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both hospitals are owned by <a href="/wiki/BJC_HealthCare" title="BJC HealthCare">BJC HealthCare</a>. The <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Genome_Institute" title="McDonnell Genome Institute">McDonnell Genome Institute</a> at Washington University played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University" title="Saint Louis University">Saint Louis University</a> Medical School is affiliated with <a href="/wiki/SSM_Health" title="SSM Health">SSM Health</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Glennon_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital">Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University_Hospital" title="Saint Louis University Hospital">Saint Louis University Hospital</a>. It also has a cancer center, vaccine research center, geriatric center, and a bioethics institute. Several different organizations operate hospitals in the area, including BJC HealthCare, <a href="/wiki/Mercy_(healthcare_organization)" title="Mercy (healthcare organization)">Mercy</a>, SSM Health Care, and Tenet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cortex_Innovation_Community" title="Cortex Innovation Community">Cortex Innovation Community</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_St._Louis" title="Midtown St. Louis">Midtown neighborhood</a> is the largest innovation hub in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">midwest</a>. Cortex is home to offices of <a href="/wiki/Square,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Square, Inc.">Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aon_(company)" title="Aon (company)">Aon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Centene" class="mw-redirect" title="Centene">Centene</a>. Cortex has generated 3,800 tech jobs in 14 years. Once built out, projections are for it to make $2 billion in development and create 13,000 jobs for the region.<sup id="cite_ref-brookings-stl_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookings-stl-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> has nearly 15,000 employees in its north St. Louis campus, headquarters to its defense unit. In 2013, the company said it would move about 600 jobs from <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, where labor costs have risen, to a new <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> center in St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other companies, such as <a href="/wiki/LaunchCode" title="LaunchCode">LaunchCode</a> and LockerDome, think the city could become the next major tech hub.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programs such as <a href="/wiki/Arch_Grants" title="Arch Grants">Arch Grants</a> are attracting new startups to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Business_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Business Journal">St. Louis Business Journal</a></i>, the top employers in the St. Louis metropolitan area as of 1 April 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, are:<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Employer </th> <th># of employees </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BJC_HealthCare" title="BJC HealthCare">BJC Health Care</a> </td> <td>29,595 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University</a> </td> <td>18,805 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercy_(healthcare_organization)" title="Mercy (healthcare organization)">Mercy</a> </td> <td>15,410 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing Defense, Space & Security</a> </td> <td>14,865 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SSM_Health" title="SSM Health">SSM Health</a> </td> <td>14,600 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>According to St. Louis's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report (June 30),<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the top employers in the city only are (representing 82,481 people, or 18.74% of the city's total employment of 440,000): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Employer </th> <th># of Employees </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University</a> </td> <td>19,380 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BJC_HealthCare" title="BJC HealthCare">Barnes Jewish Hospital</a> </td> <td>18,920 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University" title="Saint Louis University">Saint Louis University</a> </td> <td>9,152 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>City of St. Louis </td> <td>7,033 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Defense_Finance_and_Accounting_Service" title="Defense Finance and Accounting Service">Defense Finance and Accounting Service</a> </td> <td>6,051 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Advisors" title="Wells Fargo Advisors">Wells Fargo Advisors</a> </td> <td>5,801 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">US Postal Service</a> </td> <td>4,960 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Public_Schools" title="St. Louis Public Schools">St. Louis Board of Education</a> </td> <td>4,131 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SSM_Health" title="SSM Health">SSM SLUH</a> </td> <td>3,983 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>State of Missouri </td> <td>3,259 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_(St._Louis,_MO)_-_exterior,_quarter_view_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_%28St._Louis%2C_MO%29_-_exterior%2C_quarter_view_2.jpg/220px-Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_%28St._Louis%2C_MO%29_-_exterior%2C_quarter_view_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_%28St._Louis%2C_MO%29_-_exterior%2C_quarter_view_2.jpg/330px-Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_%28St._Louis%2C_MO%29_-_exterior%2C_quarter_view_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_%28St._Louis%2C_MO%29_-_exterior%2C_quarter_view_2.jpg/440px-Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_%28St._Louis%2C_MO%29_-_exterior%2C_quarter_view_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3247" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis">Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_St._Louis" title="Culture of St. Louis">Culture of St. Louis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_St._Louis" title="Cuisine of St. Louis">Cuisine of St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_St._Louis" title="List of museums in St. Louis">List of museums in St. Louis</a></div> <p>The same year as the 1904 <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Fair">World's Fair</a>, the Strassberger Music Conservatory Building was constructed at 2300 Grand. Otto Wilhelmi was the architect. In 1911, the conservatory had over 1,100 students.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building is presently in the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well known graduate was <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_D%27Artega" title="Alfonso D'Artega">Alfonso D'Artega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With its French past and waves of Catholic immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries, from Ireland, Germany and Italy, St. Louis is a major center of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in the United States">Roman Catholicism in the United States</a>. St. Louis also boasts the largest <a href="/wiki/Ethical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical Society">Ethical Culture Society</a> in the United States and is one of the most generous cities in the United States, ranking ninth in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several places of worship in the city are noteworthy, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis">Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis</a>, home of the world's largest mosaic installation.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StLouisArtMuseumMO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/StLouisArtMuseumMO.jpg/220px-StLouisArtMuseumMO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/StLouisArtMuseumMO.jpg/330px-StLouisArtMuseumMO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/StLouisArtMuseumMO.jpg/440px-StLouisArtMuseumMO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">St. Louis Art Museum</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)" title="Forest Park (St. Louis)">Forest Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other churches include the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Louis,_King_of_France" title="Basilica of St. Louis, King of France">Basilica of St. Louis, King of France</a>, the oldest Roman Catholic cathedral west of the Mississippi River and the oldest church in St. Louis; the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Abbey" title="Saint Louis Abbey">St. Louis Abbey</a>, whose distinctive architectural style garnered multiple awards at the time of its completion in 1962; and <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_de_Sales_Church_(St._Louis)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis de Sales Church (St. Louis)">St. Francis de Sales Oratory</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">neo-Gothic</a> church completed in 1908 in South St. Louis and the second largest church in the city. </p><p>The city is identified with music and the performing arts, especially <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis Symphony">St. Louis Symphony</a> is the second oldest <a href="/wiki/Symphony_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony orchestra">symphony orchestra</a> in the United States. Until 2010, it was also home to <a href="/wiki/KFUO-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="KFUO-FM">KFUO-FM</a>, one of the oldest classical music FM radio stations west of the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Opera_Theatre_of_Saint_Louis" title="Opera Theatre of Saint Louis">Opera Theatre of St. Louis</a> has been called "one of America's best summer festivals" by the <i>Washington Post</i>. Former general director Timothy O'Leary was known for drawing the community into discussions of challenging operas. John Adams's "<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Klinghoffer" title="The Death of Klinghoffer">The Death of Klinghoffer</a>", which touched off protests and controversy when performed by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in 2014, had no such problems in St. Louis three years before, because the company fostered a citywide discussion, with interfaith dialogues addressing the tough issues of terrorism, religion and the nature of evil that the opera brings up. St. Louis's Jewish Community Relations Council gave O'Leary an award. Under O'Leary, the company—always known for innovative work—gave second chances to other major American operas, such as John Corigliano's "<a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_of_Versailles" title="The Ghosts of Versailles">The Ghosts of Versailles</a>", presented in 2009 in a smaller-scale version.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> anchors downtown St. Louis and a historic center that includes: the Federal courthouse where the <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott case</a> was first argued, an expanded public library, major churches and businesses, and retail. An increasing downtown residential population has taken to adapted office buildings and other historic structures. In nearby <a href="/wiki/University_City,_Missouri" title="University City, Missouri">University City</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Delmar_Loop" title="Delmar Loop">Delmar Loop</a>, ranked by the <a href="/wiki/American_Planning_Association" title="American Planning Association">American Planning Association</a> as a "great American street" for its variety of shops and restaurants, and the Tivoli Theater, all within walking distance. </p><p>Unique city and regional cuisine reflecting various immigrant groups include <a href="/wiki/Toasted_ravioli" title="Toasted ravioli">toasted ravioli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gooey_butter_cake" title="Gooey butter cake">gooey butter cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provel_cheese" title="Provel cheese">provel cheese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slinger_(dish)" title="Slinger (dish)">slinger</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gerber_sandwich" title="Gerber sandwich">Gerber sandwich</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_sandwich" title="St. Paul sandwich">St. Paul sandwich</a>. Some St. Louis chefs have begun emphasizing use of local produce, meats and fish, and neighborhood farmers' markets have become more popular. Artisan bakeries, salumeria, and chocolatiers also operate in the city. </p><p><a href="/wiki/St._Louis-style_pizza" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis-style pizza">St. Louis-style pizza</a> has thin crust, provel cheese, and is cut in small squares.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frozen-custard purveyor <a href="/wiki/Ted_Drewes" title="Ted Drewes">Ted Drewes</a> offers its "Concrete": frozen custard blended with any combination of dozens of ingredients into a mixture so thick that a spoon inserted into the custard does not fall if the cup is inverted.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_St._Louis" title="Sports in St. Louis">Sports in St. Louis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soccer_in_St._Louis" title="Soccer in St. Louis">Soccer in St. Louis</a></div> <p>St. Louis hosts the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals" title="St. Louis Cardinals">St. Louis Cardinals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> and the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Blues" title="St. Louis Blues">St. Louis Blues</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>. In 2019, it became the eighth North American city to have won titles in all four major leagues (MLB, NBA, NFL, and NHL) when the Blues won the Stanley Cup championship. It has collegiate-level soccer teams and is one of three American cities to have hosted the <a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympic Games</a>. A third major team, the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_City_SC" title="St. Louis City SC">St. Louis City SC</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a>, began play in 2023. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_sports">Professional sports</h3></div> <p>Pro teams in the St. Louis area include: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club</th> <th>Sport</th> <th>First season</th> <th>League</th> <th>Venue </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals" title="St. Louis Cardinals">St. Louis Cardinals</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> </td> <td>1882 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Busch_Stadium" title="Busch Stadium">Busch Stadium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Blues" title="St. Louis Blues">St. Louis Blues</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Center" title="Enterprise Center">Enterprise Center</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_City_SC" title="St. Louis City SC">St. Louis City SC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Energizer_Park" title="Energizer Park">Energizer Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_BattleHawks" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis BattleHawks">St. Louis BattleHawks</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">United Football League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Dome_at_America%27s_Center" title="The Dome at America's Center">The Dome at America's Center</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_City_SC_2" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis City SC 2">St. Louis City SC 2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MLS_Next_Pro" title="MLS Next Pro">MLS Next Pro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Energizer_Park" title="Energizer Park">Energizer Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Grizzlies" title="Gateway Grizzlies">Gateway Grizzlies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frontier_League" title="Frontier League">Frontier League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grizzlies_Ballpark" title="Grizzlies Ballpark">Grizzlies Ballpark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Ambush_(2013)" title="St. Louis Ambush (2013)">St. Louis Ambush</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor Soccer">Indoor Soccer</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_Arena_Soccer_League" title="Major Arena Soccer League">Major Arena Soccer League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Family_Arena" title="Family Arena">Family Arena</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busch_Stadium_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Busch_Stadium_2022.jpg/220px-Busch_Stadium_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Busch_Stadium_2022.jpg/330px-Busch_Stadium_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Busch_Stadium_2022.jpg/440px-Busch_Stadium_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Busch_Stadium" title="Busch Stadium">Busch Stadium</a> is in downtown St. Louis.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals" title="St. Louis Cardinals">St. Louis Cardinals</a> are one of the most successful franchises in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cardinals have won 19 <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a> (NL) titles (the <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_League_pennant_winners" title="List of National League pennant winners">most pennants for the league franchise in one city</a>) and 11 <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> titles (second to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> and the most by any NL franchise), recently in <a href="/wiki/2011_World_Series" title="2011 World Series">2011</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They play at <a href="/wiki/Busch_Stadium" title="Busch Stadium">Busch Stadium</a>. Previously, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Browns" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the St. Louis Browns">St. Louis Browns</a> played in the <a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a> (AL) from 1902 to 1953, before moving to <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a> to become the current incarnation of the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles" title="Baltimore Orioles">Orioles</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1944_World_Series" title="1944 World Series">1944 World Series</a> was an all-St. Louis World Series, matching up the St. Louis Cardinals and St. Louis Browns at <a href="/wiki/Sportsman%27s_Park" title="Sportsman's Park">Sportsman's Park</a>, won by the Cardinals in six games. It was the third and final time that the teams shared a home field. St. Louis also was home to the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Stars_(baseball)" title="St. Louis Stars (baseball)">St. Louis Stars (baseball)</a>, also known as the St. Louis Giants from 1906 to 1921, who played in the <a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a> from 1920 to 1931 and won championships in 1928, 1930, and 1931, and the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Maroons/Indianapolis_Hoosiers" title="St. Louis Maroons/Indianapolis Hoosiers">St. Louis Maroons</a> who played in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Association" title="Union Association">Union Association</a> in 1884 and in the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a> from 1885 to 1889. In 1884, The St. Louis Maroons won the Union Association pennant and started the season with 20 straight wins, a feat that was not surpassed by any major professional sports team in the United States until the <a href="/wiki/2015-16_Golden_State_Warriors_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2015-16 Golden State Warriors season">2015-16 Golden State Warriors season</a> when they started their NBA season with 24 straight wins. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Louis_blues_home_enterprise_center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/St._Louis_blues_home_enterprise_center.jpg/220px-St._Louis_blues_home_enterprise_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/St._Louis_blues_home_enterprise_center.jpg/330px-St._Louis_blues_home_enterprise_center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/St._Louis_blues_home_enterprise_center.jpg/440px-St._Louis_blues_home_enterprise_center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Center" title="Enterprise Center">Enterprise Center</a> is in downtown St. Louis.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Blues" title="St. Louis Blues">St. Louis Blues</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL) play at the <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Center" title="Enterprise Center">Enterprise Center</a>. They were one of the six teams added to the NHL in the <a href="/wiki/1967_NHL_expansion" title="1967 NHL expansion">1967 expansion</a>. The Blues went to the Stanley Cup finals in their first three years, but got swept every time. Although they were the first 1967 expansion team to make the Stanley Cup Finals, they were also the last of the 1967 expansion teams to win the Stanley Cup. They finally won their first <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/2019_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="2019 Stanley Cup Finals">2019</a> after beating the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Bruins" title="Boston Bruins">Boston Bruins</a> in the final. This championship made St. Louis the eighth city to win a championship in each of the four major U.S. sports. Prior to the Blues, the city was home to the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Eagles" title="St. Louis Eagles">St. Louis Eagles</a>. The team played in the 1934–35 season. </p><p>St. Louis has been home to four <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) teams. The <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_All-Stars" title="St. Louis All-Stars">St. Louis All-Stars</a> played in the city in 1923, the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Gunners" title="St. Louis Gunners">St. Louis Gunners</a> in 1934, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Cardinals_(NFL)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)">St. Louis Cardinals</a> from 1960 to 1987, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Rams" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the St. Louis Rams">St. Louis Rams</a> from 1995 to 2015. The football <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals" title="Arizona Cardinals">Cardinals</a> advanced to the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_playoffs" class="mw-redirect" title="National Football League playoffs">NFL playoffs</a> four times (1964, 1974, 1975 and 1982), never hosting in any appearance. They did, however, win the <a href="/wiki/Playoff_Bowl" title="Playoff Bowl">1964 Playoff Bowl</a> for third place against the Green Bay Packers by a score of 24–17. The Cardinals moved to <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, in 1988. The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams" title="Los Angeles Rams">Rams</a> played at the <a href="/wiki/The_Dome_at_America%27s_Center" title="The Dome at America's Center">Edward Jones Dome</a> from 1995 to 2015 and won <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXIV" title="Super Bowl XXXIV">Super Bowl XXXIV</a> in 2000. They also went to <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVI" title="Super Bowl XXXVI">Super Bowl XXXVI</a> but lost to the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a>. The Rams then returned to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in 2016. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks" title="Atlanta Hawks">St. Louis Hawks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA) played at <a href="/wiki/Kiel_Auditorium" title="Kiel Auditorium">Kiel Auditorium</a> from 1955 to 1968. They won the <a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_champions" title="List of NBA champions">NBA championship</a> in <a href="/wiki/1958_NBA_Finals" title="1958 NBA Finals">1958</a> and played in three other <a href="/wiki/NBA_Finals" title="NBA Finals">NBA Finals</a>: <a href="/wiki/1957_NBA_Finals" title="1957 NBA Finals">1957</a>, <a href="/wiki/1960_NBA_Finals" title="1960 NBA Finals">1960</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1961_NBA_Finals" title="1961 NBA Finals">1961</a>. In 1968 the Hawks moved to <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>. St. Louis was also the home to the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Bombers" title="St. Louis Bombers">St. Louis Bombers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_Association_of_America" title="Basketball Association of America">Basketball Association of America</a> from 1946 to 1949 and the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> from 1949 to 1950 and the <a href="/wiki/Spirits_of_St._Louis" title="Spirits of St. Louis">Spirits of St. Louis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Basketball_Association" title="American Basketball Association">American Basketball Association</a> from 1974 to 1976 when the ABA and NBA merged. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Park,_Saint_Louis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="CityPark - St. Louis CITY SC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/City_Park%2C_Saint_Louis.jpg/220px-City_Park%2C_Saint_Louis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/City_Park%2C_Saint_Louis.jpg/330px-City_Park%2C_Saint_Louis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/City_Park%2C_Saint_Louis.jpg/440px-City_Park%2C_Saint_Louis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Energizer_Park" title="Energizer Park">Energizer Park</a> is in downtown St. Louis.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_City_SC" title="St. Louis City SC">St. Louis City SC</a> began play in 2023 at <a href="/wiki/Energizer_Park" title="Energizer Park">Energizer Park</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/MLS_Next_Pro" title="MLS Next Pro">MLS Next Pro</a> affiliate is <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_City_SC_2" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis City SC 2">St. Louis City SC 2</a>, which began play in 2022 and also plays at Energizer Park. Formerly, <a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_FC" title="Saint Louis FC">Saint Louis FC</a> played in the area from 2015 to 2020 at <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Technology_Soccer_Park" title="World Wide Technology Soccer Park">World Wide Technology Soccer Park</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_BattleHawks" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis BattleHawks">St. Louis BattleHawks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">XFL</a> began play in 2020, using <a href="/wiki/The_Dome_at_America%27s_Center" title="The Dome at America's Center">The Dome at America's Center</a> as their home field. After a two-year hiatus of the league, the Battlehawks returned in 2023, when the XFL resumed play. </p><p>St. Louis hosts several minor league sports teams. The <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Grizzlies" title="Gateway Grizzlies">Gateway Grizzlies</a> of the independent <a href="/wiki/Frontier_League" title="Frontier League">Frontier League</a> play in the area in <a href="/wiki/Grizzlies_Ballpark" title="Grizzlies Ballpark">Sauget, IL</a>. The <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Trotters" title="St. Louis Trotters">St. Louis Trotters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Basketball_Association" title="Independent Basketball Association">Independent Basketball Association</a> play at Matthews-Dickey Boys and Girls Club. The <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Ambush_(2013)" title="St. Louis Ambush (2013)">St. Louis Ambush</a> indoor soccer team plays in nearby <a href="/wiki/St._Charles,_Missouri" title="St. Charles, Missouri">St. Charles</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Family_Arena" title="Family Arena">Family Arena</a> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Major_Arena_Soccer_League" title="Major Arena Soccer League">Major Arena Soccer League</a>. The <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Slam" title="St. Louis Slam">St. Louis Slam</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Football_Alliance" title="Women's Football Alliance">Women's Football Alliance</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harlen_C._Hunter_Stadium" title="Harlen C. Hunter Stadium">Harlen C. Hunter Stadium</a>. </p><p>The region hosts <a href="/wiki/INDYCAR" class="mw-redirect" title="INDYCAR">INDYCAR</a>, <a href="/wiki/NHRA" class="mw-redirect" title="NHRA">NHRA</a> <a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">drag racing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> events at <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Technology_Raceway_at_Gateway" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway">World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Illinois" title="Madison, Illinois">Madison, Illinois</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a> <a href="/wiki/Flat_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat racing">flat racing</a> events are hosted at <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park_Racetrack" title="Fairmount Park Racetrack">Fairmount Park Racetrack</a> near <a href="/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois" title="Collinsville, Illinois">Collinsville, Illinois</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amateur_sports">Amateur sports</h3></div> <p>St. Louis has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Final_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Four">Final Four</a> of both the women's and men's <a href="/wiki/College_basketball" title="College basketball">college basketball</a> <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> championship tournaments, and the <a href="/wiki/Frozen_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Frozen Four">Frozen Four</a> collegiate ice hockey tournament. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University" title="Saint Louis University">Saint Louis University</a> has won 10 NCAA men's soccer championships, and the city has hosted the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship">College Cup</a> several times. In addition to collegiate soccer, many St. Louisans have played for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team" title="United States men's national soccer team">United States men's national soccer team</a>, and 20 St. Louisans have been elected into the <a href="/wiki/National_Soccer_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Soccer Hall of Fame">National Soccer Hall of Fame</a>. St. Louis also is the origin of the sport of <a href="/wiki/Corkball" title="Corkball">corkball</a>, a type of baseball in which there is no base running. </p><p>Although the area does not have a <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> team, it hosts the St. Louis Phoenix, an <a href="/wiki/American_Basketball_Association_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="American Basketball Association (2000–present)">American Basketball Association</a> team. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Club_Atletico_Saint_Louis" title="Club Atletico Saint Louis">Club Atletico Saint Louis</a>, a semi-professional soccer team, competes within the <a href="/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League" title="National Premier Soccer League">National Premier Soccer League</a> and plays out of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_University_High_School" title="St. Louis University High School">St. Louis University High School Soccer Stadium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chess">Chess</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SinquefieldCup2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SinquefieldCup2015.jpg/220px-SinquefieldCup2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SinquefieldCup2015.jpg/330px-SinquefieldCup2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SinquefieldCup2015.jpg/440px-SinquefieldCup2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sinquefield_Cup" title="Sinquefield Cup">Sinquefield Cup</a> chess tournament is hosted annually in St. Louis.</figcaption></figure> <p>St. Louis is home to the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Chess_Club" title="Saint Louis Chess Club">Saint Louis Chess Club</a> where the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Chess Championship">U.S. Chess Championship</a> is held. St. Louisan <a href="/wiki/Rex_Sinquefield" title="Rex Sinquefield">Rex Sinquefield</a> founded the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of St. Louis (which was renamed as St. Louis Chess Club later) and moved the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Chess Hall of Fame">World Chess Hall of Fame</a> to St. Louis in 2011. The <a href="/wiki/Sinquefield_Cup" title="Sinquefield Cup">Sinquefield Cup</a> Tournament started at St. Louis in 2013. In 2014 the Sinquefield Cup was the highest-rated chess tournament of all time. Former U.S. Chess Champions <a href="/wiki/Fabiano_Caruana" title="Fabiano Caruana">Fabiano Caruana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hikaru_Nakamura" title="Hikaru Nakamura">Hikaru Nakamura</a> have lived in St. Louis. Former women's chess champion <a href="/wiki/Susan_Polgar" title="Susan Polgar">Susan Polgar</a> also resides in St. Louis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parks_in_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parks in St. Louis">Parks in St. Louis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For parks in the region, see <a href="/wiki/Parks_in_Greater_St._Louis" title="Parks in Greater St. Louis">Parks in Greater St. Louis</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_Park,_St_Louis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Forest_Park%2C_St_Louis.jpg/220px-Forest_Park%2C_St_Louis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Forest_Park%2C_St_Louis.jpg/330px-Forest_Park%2C_St_Louis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Forest_Park%2C_St_Louis.jpg/440px-Forest_Park%2C_St_Louis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)" title="Forest Park (St. Louis)">Forest Park</a> features a variety of attractions, including the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Zoo">St. Louis Zoo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">St. Louis Art Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_History_Museum" title="Missouri History Museum">Missouri History Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Science Center">St. Louis Science Center</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city operates more than 100 parks, with amenities that include sports facilities, playgrounds, concert areas, picnic areas, and lakes. <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)" title="Forest Park (St. Louis)">Forest Park</a>, located on the western edge of city, is the largest, occupying 1,400 acres of land, making it almost twice as large as <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park is home to five major institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">St. Louis Art Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Zoo">St. Louis Zoo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Science Center">St. Louis Science Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_History_Museum" title="Missouri History Museum">Missouri History Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Muny" title="The Muny">the Muny</a> amphitheatre.<sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another significant park in the city is <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Gateway Arch National Park</a>, which was known as Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018 and is located on the riverfront in downtown St. Louis. The centerpiece of the park is the 630-foot (192 m) tall <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Memorial (United States)">National Memorial</a> designed by noted architect <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a> and completed on October 28, 1965. Also part of the historic park is the <a href="/wiki/Old_Courthouse_(St._Louis)" title="Old Courthouse (St. Louis)">Old Courthouse</a>, where the first two trials of <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> were held in 1847 and 1850. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JewelBox2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JewelBox2013.jpg/220px-JewelBox2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JewelBox2013.jpg/330px-JewelBox2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JewelBox2013.jpg/440px-JewelBox2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jewel_Box_(St._Louis)" title="Jewel Box (St. Louis)">Jewel Box</a> is a greenhouse and event venue in <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)" title="Forest Park (St. Louis)">Forest Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other parks include the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tower_Grove_Park" title="Tower Grove Park">Tower Grove Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carondelet_Park" title="Carondelet Park">Carondelet Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Citygarden" title="Citygarden">Citygarden</a>. The Missouri Botanical Garden, a private garden and botanical research facility, is a National Historic Landmark and one of the oldest botanical gardens in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Garden features 79 acres of horticultural displays from around the world. This includes a Japanese strolling garden, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Shaw_(philanthropist)" title="Henry Shaw (philanthropist)">Henry Shaw</a>'s original 1850 estate home and a geodesic dome called the <a href="/wiki/Climatron" title="Climatron">Climatron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately south of the Missouri Botanical Garden is <a href="/wiki/Tower_Grove_Park" title="Tower Grove Park">Tower Grove Park</a>, a gift to the city by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Shaw_(philanthropist)" title="Henry Shaw (philanthropist)">Henry Shaw</a>. Citygarden is an urban <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture park">sculpture park</a> located in downtown St. Louis, with art from <a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Fernand Léger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Maillol" title="Aristide Maillol">Aristide Maillol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Opie" title="Julian Opie">Julian Opie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Otterness" title="Tom Otterness">Tom Otterness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle" title="Niki de Saint Phalle">Niki de Saint Phalle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_di_Suvero" title="Mark di Suvero">Mark di Suvero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park is divided into three sections, each of which represent a different theme: river bluffs; flood plains; and urban gardens. Another downtown sculpture park is the Serra Sculpture Park, with the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a> sculpture <i>Twain</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-serra_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serra-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <p>St. Louis is one of the 41 <a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">independent cities in the U.S.</a> that does not legally belong to any <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">county</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USDoC2001_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDoC2001-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Louis has a strong <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">mayor–council government</a> with legislative authority and oversight vested in the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Board_of_Aldermen" title="St. Louis Board of Aldermen">Board of Aldermen</a> and with executive authority in the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_St._Louis" title="Mayor of St. Louis">mayor</a> and six other elected officials.<sup id="cite_ref-citygovt_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citygovt-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Aldermen is made up of 28 members (one elected from each of the city's wards) plus a board president who is elected citywide.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2014 fiscal year budget topped $1 billion for the first time, a 1.9% increase over the $985.2 million budget in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-2014budget_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014budget-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 238,253 registered voters lived in the city in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> down from 239,247 in 2010, and 257,442 in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: .46em 0 0 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th>Citywide office<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Elected official </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_St._Louis" title="Mayor of St. Louis">Mayor of St. Louis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tishaura_Jones" title="Tishaura Jones">Tishaura Jones</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>President of the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Board_of_Aldermen" title="St. Louis Board of Aldermen">Board of Aldermen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Megan_Green" title="Megan Green">Megan Green</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>City Comptroller </td> <td>Darlene Green </td></tr> <tr> <td>Recorder of Deeds </td> <td>Michael Butler </td></tr> <tr> <td>Collector of Revenue </td> <td>Gregory F.X. Daly </td></tr> <tr> <td>License Collector </td> <td>Mavis T. Thompson </td></tr> <tr> <td>Treasurer </td> <td>Adam Layne </td></tr> <tr> <td>Circuit Attorney </td> <td>Gabe Gore </td></tr> <tr> <td>City of St. Louis Sheriff </td> <td>Vernon Betts </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tishaura_Jones_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tishaura_Jones_crop.jpg/220px-Tishaura_Jones_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tishaura_Jones_crop.jpg/330px-Tishaura_Jones_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tishaura_Jones_crop.jpg/440px-Tishaura_Jones_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2527" data-file-height="2718" /></a><figcaption>St. Louis Mayor Tishaura Jones in 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>The mayor is the chief executive officer of the city and is responsible for appointing city department heads including; the director of public safety, the director of streets & traffic, the director of health, the director of human services, the director of the airport, the director of parks & recreation, the director of workforce development, the director of the Community Development Agency, the director of economic development, the director of public utilities, the director of the Civil Rights Enforcement Agency, the register, and the assessor, among other department-level or senior administrative positions. The President of the Board of Aldermen is the second highest-ranking official in the city. The President is the presiding officer of the Board of Aldermen which is the legislative branch of government of the city. </p><p>Municipal elections in St. Louis are held in odd-numbered years, with the primary elections in March and the general election in April. The mayor is elected in odd-numbered years following the United States presidential election using a top-two <a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">approval voting</a> primary.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aldermen representing odd-numbered wards are up for election at the same time as the mayor. The president of the board of aldermen and the aldermen from even-numbered wards are elected in the off-years. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> has dominated St. Louis city politics for decades. The city has not had a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> mayor since 1949, and the last time a Republican was elected to another citywide office was in the 1970s. As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, all 28 of the city's aldermen are Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forty-seven individuals have held the office of mayor of St. Louis, four of whom—<a href="/wiki/William_Carr_Lane" title="William Carr Lane">William Carr Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_Darby" title="John Fletcher Darby">John Fletcher Darby</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wimer" title="John Wimer">John Wimer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_How" title="John How">John How</a>—served non-consecutive terms. The most terms served by a mayor was by Lane, who served 8 full terms plus the unexpired term of Darby. The current mayor is <a href="/wiki/Tishaura_Jones" title="Tishaura Jones">Tishaura Jones</a>, who took office April 20, 2021, and is the first African-American woman to hold the post. She succeeded <a href="/wiki/Lyda_Krewson" title="Lyda Krewson">Lyda Krewson</a>, the first female mayor of the city, who retired in 2021 after serving for four years. The longest-serving mayor was <a href="/wiki/Francis_Slay" title="Francis Slay">Francis Slay</a>, who took office April 17, 2001, and left office April 18, 2017, a total of 16 years and six days over four terms in office. The shortest-serving mayor was <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barret" title="Arthur Barret">Arthur Barret</a>, who died 11 days after taking office. </p><p>Although St. Louis separated from St. Louis County in 1876, some mechanisms have been put in place for joint funding management and funding of regional assets. The St. Louis Zoo-Museum district collects property taxes from residents of both St. Louis City and County, and the funds are used to support cultural institutions including the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Zoo">St. Louis Zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">St. Louis Art Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Botanical Gardens">Missouri Botanical Gardens</a>. Similarly, the Metropolitan Sewer District provides sanitary and storm sewer service to the city and much of St. Louis County. The Bi-State Development Agency (now known as Metro) runs the region's <a href="/wiki/MetroLink_(St._Louis)" title="MetroLink (St. Louis)">MetroLink</a> light rail system and bus system. </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Law enforcement agency</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">St. Louis City Sheriff's Department</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STLCSO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="{{{badgecaption}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/STLCSO.jpg/140px-STLCSO.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/STLCSO.jpg/210px-STLCSO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/STLCSO.jpg/280px-STLCSO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">STL-SO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Professionalism, Honesty, Integrity, and Courage</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1876</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">216</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a> 9,690,784 [FY 2021]<sup id="cite_ref-StLgovt_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StLgovt-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Jurisdictional structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legal jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Circuit_Courts" title="Missouri Circuit Courts">22nd Judicial Circuit</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Operational structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Courts_Building" title="Civil Courts Building">Civil Courts Building</a>, 10 N Tucker Blvd 8th Floor, St. Louis, MO 63101</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputies</th><td class="infobox-data">165</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Vernon Betts (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>), Sheriff</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Aldermen_of_the_City_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Aldermen of the City of St. Louis">Board of Aldermen's Committee on Public Safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Circuit_Courts" title="Missouri Circuit Courts">22nd Judicial Circuit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Divisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>5</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Civil Process Information </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Court Information </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Land Tax Sales </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Conceal and Carry Firearm Permit</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Sheriff's Office Events </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Eviction Procedures and Policy </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Courtroom Security </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Facilities</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Justice Centers</th><td class="infobox-data">St. Louis City Justice Center, 200 S. Tucker Blvd, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Marked and Unmarkeds</th><td class="infobox-data">Ford Transport Vans, Chevrolet Transport Vans, Ford Police Interceptor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Planes</th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The City of St. Louis Sheriff's Office (STLSO or STLCSO) primarily provides security services for the courtrooms, and serves court documents and issues gun carry permits. In 2022, it gained the ability to make arrests and traffic stops.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_federal_government">State and federal government</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright" style="font-size: 95%;"> <caption>United States presidential election results for St. Louis, Missouri<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party(ies)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="2024 United States presidential election in Missouri">2024</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">19,223 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">16.67% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">93,799 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>81.37%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,259 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="2020 United States presidential election in Missouri">2020</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">21,474 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15.98% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">110,089 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>81.93%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,809 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="2016 United States presidential election in Missouri">2016</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">20,832 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15.72% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">104,235 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>78.68%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7,420 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="2012 United States presidential election in Missouri">2012</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">22,943 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15.93% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">118,780 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>82.45%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,343 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="2008 United States presidential election in Missouri">2008</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">24,662 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15.50% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">132,925 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>83.55%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,517 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="2004 United States presidential election in Missouri">2004</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">27,793 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">19.22% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">116,133 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>80.29%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">712 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="2000 United States presidential election in Missouri">2000</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">24,799 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">19.88% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">96,557 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>77.40%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,396 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1996 United States presidential election in Missouri">1996</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">22,121 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">18.13% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">91,233 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>74.78%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8,649 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1992 United States presidential election in Missouri">1992</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">25,441 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">17.26% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">102,356 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>69.44%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">19,607 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">13.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1988 United States presidential election in Missouri">1988</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">40,906 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">26.96% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">110,076 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>72.55%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">732 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1984 United States presidential election in Missouri">1984</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">61,020 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">35.20% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">112,318 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>64.80%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1980 United States presidential election in Missouri">1980</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">50,333 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">29.48% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">113,697 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>66.59%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6,721 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1976 United States presidential election in Missouri">1976</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">58,367 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">32.47% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">118,703 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>66.03%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,714 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.51% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1972 United States presidential election in Missouri">1972</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">72,402 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">37.67% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">119,817 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>62.33%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1968 United States presidential election in Missouri">1968</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">58,252 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">26.37% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">143,010 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>64.74%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">19,652 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8.90% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1964 United States presidential election in Missouri">1964</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">59,604 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">22.28% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">207,958 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>77.72%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1960 United States presidential election in Missouri">1960</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">101,331 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">33.37% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">202,319 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>66.63%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1956 United States presidential election in Missouri">1956</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">130,045 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">39.14% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">202,210 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>60.86%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1952 United States presidential election in Missouri">1952</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">144,828 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">38.00% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">235,893 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>61.89%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">427 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1948 United States presidential election in Missouri">1948</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">120,656 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">35.10% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">220,654 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>64.19%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,460 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1944 United States presidential election in Missouri">1944</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">134,411 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">39.54% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">204,687 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>60.22%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">821 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1940 United States presidential election in Missouri">1940</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">168,165 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">41.79% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">233,338 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>57.98%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">948 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1936 United States presidential election in Missouri">1936</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">127,887 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">32.23% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">260,063 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>65.54%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8,880 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1932 United States presidential election in Missouri">1932</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">123,448 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">34.57% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">226,338 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>63.38%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7,319 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1928 United States presidential election in Missouri">1928</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">161,701 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">47.67% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">176,428 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>52.01%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,065 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1924 United States presidential election in Missouri">1924</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">139,433 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>52.70%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">95,888 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">36.24% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">29,276 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">11.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1920 United States presidential election in Missouri">1920</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">163,280 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>57.77%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">106,047 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">37.52% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">13,325 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.71% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1916 United States presidential election in Missouri">1916</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">83,798 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>51.72%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">74,059 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">45.71% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4,175 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.58% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1912 United States presidential election in Missouri">1912</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">46,509 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">33.14% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">58,845 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>41.93%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">34,973 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">24.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1908 United States presidential election in Missouri">1908</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">74,160 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>52.76%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">60,917 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">43.34% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5,473 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.89% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1904 United States presidential election in Missouri">1904</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">57,547 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>49.70%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">51,858 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">44.79% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6,387 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1900 United States presidential election in Missouri">1900</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">60,597 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>48.64%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">59,931 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">48.11% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4,046 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.25% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1896 United States presidential election in Missouri">1896</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">65,708 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>56.16%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">50,091 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">42.81% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,197 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1892 United States presidential election in Missouri">1892</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">35,528 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>49.94%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">34,669 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">48.73% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">942 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1888 United States presidential election in Missouri">1888</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">33,656 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>53.40%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">27,401 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">43.48% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,969 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.12% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>St. Louis is split between 8 districts in the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives" title="Missouri House of Representatives">Missouri House of Representatives</a>: the 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82nd, and 84th districts.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5th <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Senate" title="Missouri Senate">Missouri Senate</a> district is entirely within the city, while the 4th is shared with St. Louis County.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the federal level, St. Louis is the heart of <span data-sort-value="Missouri01 !"><a href="/wiki/Missouri%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Missouri's 1st congressional district">Missouri's 1st congressional district</a></span>, which also includes part of northern St. Louis County.<sup id="cite_ref-districtmaps_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-districtmaps-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Republican has not represented a significant portion of St. Louis in the U.S. House since 1953. The city shifted from Republican voting to a Democratic stronghold at the presidential level since 1928. <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> in 1988 was the most recent Republican to win even a quarter of the city's votes in a presidential election. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Missouri" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri</a> are based in the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Eagleton_United_States_Courthouse" title="Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse">Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse</a> in downtown St. Louis. St. Louis is also home to a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a> branch, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a> (NGA) also maintains major facilities in the St. Louis area.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Military Personnel Records Center (NPRC-MPR) located at 9700 Page Avenue in St. Louis, is a branch of the National Personnel Records Center and is the repository of over 56 million military personnel records and medical records pertaining to retired, discharged, and deceased veterans of the U.S. armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_St._Louis" title="Education in St. Louis">Education in St. Louis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For education in the region, see <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greater_St._Louis" title="Education in Greater St. Louis">Education in Greater St. Louis</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WUBrookings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/WUBrookings.JPG/220px-WUBrookings.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/WUBrookings.JPG/330px-WUBrookings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/WUBrookings.JPG/440px-WUBrookings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brookings_Hall" title="Brookings Hall">Brookings Hall</a> is at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is home to three national research universities, <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University" title="Saint Louis University">Saint Louis University</a>, as classified under the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a> in St. Louis has been ranked among the top 10 medical schools in the country by <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i> for as long as the list has been published, and as high as second, in 2003 and 2004. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i> also ranks the undergraduate school and other graduate schools, such as the <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Law" title="Washington University School of Law">Washington University School of Law</a>, in the top 20 in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Louis Metropolitan Region is home to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Community_College" title="St. Louis Community College">St. Louis Community College</a>. It is also home to several other four-year colleges & universities, including <a href="/wiki/Harris%E2%80%93Stowe_State_University" title="Harris–Stowe State University">Harris–Stowe State University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public university</a>, Fontbonne University, Webster University, Missouri Baptist University, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy (the former Saint Louis College of Pharmacy), Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville (SIUE), and Lindenwood University. </p><p>In addition to Catholic theological institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Kenrick-Glennon_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenrick-Glennon Seminary">Kenrick-Glennon Seminary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquinas_Institute_of_Theology" title="Aquinas Institute of Theology">Aquinas Institute of Theology</a> sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Order of Preachers</a>, St. Louis is home to three <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> seminaries: <a href="/wiki/Eden_Theological_Seminary" title="Eden Theological Seminary">Eden Theological Seminary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Theological_Seminary" title="Covenant Theological Seminary">Covenant Theological Seminary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Seminary" title="Concordia Seminary">Concordia Seminary</a> of the St. Louis-based <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_schools">Primary and secondary schools</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SLUH.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SLUH.JPG/220px-SLUH.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SLUH.JPG/330px-SLUH.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SLUH.JPG/440px-SLUH.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_University_High_School" title="St. Louis University High School">St. Louis University High School</a> was founded in 1818. Its current building was built in 1924.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Public_Schools" title="St. Louis Public Schools">St. Louis Public Schools</a> (SLPS), which covers the entire city,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operate more than 75 schools, attended by more than 25,000 students, including several <a href="/wiki/Magnet_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnet schools">magnet schools</a>. SLPS operates under provisional <a href="/wiki/Accreditation" title="Accreditation">accreditation</a> from the state of Missouri and is under the governance of a state-appointed <a href="/wiki/School_board" class="mw-redirect" title="School board">school board</a> called the Special Administrative Board, although a local board continues to exist without legal authority over the district. Since 2000, <a href="/wiki/Charter_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter schools">charter schools</a> have operated in the city of St. Louis using authorization from Missouri state law. These schools are sponsored by local institutions or corporations and take in students from <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> through high school.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, several private schools exist in the city, and the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of St. Louis">Archdiocese of St. Louis</a> operates dozens of <a href="/wiki/Parochial_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Parochial schools">parochial schools</a> in the city, including parochial high schools. The city also has several private high schools, including secular, <a href="/wiki/The_Fulton_School" title="The Fulton School">Montessori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_school" title="Lutheran school">Lutheran schools</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_University_High_School" title="St. Louis University High School">St. Louis University High School</a> – a Jesuit preparatory high school founded in 1818 – is the oldest secondary educational institution in the U.S. west of the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state-operated K-12 boarding school <a href="/wiki/Missouri_School_for_the_Blind" title="Missouri School for the Blind">Missouri School for the Blind</a> is in St. Louis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_St._Louis" title="Media in St. Louis">Media in St. Louis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Louis_Post-Dispatch_headquarters.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch_headquarters.JPG/220px-St._Louis_Post-Dispatch_headquarters.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch_headquarters.JPG/330px-St._Louis_Post-Dispatch_headquarters.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch_headquarters.JPG/440px-St._Louis_Post-Dispatch_headquarters.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3991" data-file-height="2661" /></a><figcaption>The former <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i> building is in downtown St. Louis.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">Greater St. Louis</a> commands the 19th-largest <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">media market</a> in the United States, a position roughly unchanged for over a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the major U.S. television networks have affiliates in St. Louis, including <a href="/wiki/KTVI" title="KTVI">KTVI</a> 2 (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>), <a href="/wiki/KMOV" title="KMOV">KMOV</a> 4 (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, with <a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a> on channel 32.1), <a href="/wiki/KSDK" title="KSDK">KSDK</a> 5 (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>), <a href="/wiki/KETC" title="KETC">KETC</a> 9 (<a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>), <a href="/wiki/KPLR-TV" title="KPLR-TV">KPLR-TV</a> 11 (<a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a>), <a href="/wiki/KNLC" title="KNLC">KNLC</a> 24 (<a href="/wiki/MeTV" title="MeTV">MeTV</a>), <a href="/wiki/KDNL" class="mw-redirect" title="KDNL">KDNL</a> 30 (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), <a href="/wiki/WRBU" title="WRBU">WRBU</a> 46 (<a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion</a>), and <a href="/wiki/WPXS" title="WPXS">WPXS</a> 51 <a href="/wiki/Daystar_Television_Network" title="Daystar Television Network">Daystar Television Network</a>. Among the area's most popular radio stations are <a href="/wiki/KMOX" title="KMOX">KMOX</a> (AM sports and talk, notable as the longtime flagship station for St. Louis Cardinals broadcasts), <a href="/wiki/KLOU" title="KLOU">KLOU</a> (FM oldies), <a href="/wiki/WIL-FM" title="WIL-FM">WIL-FM</a> (FM country), <a href="/wiki/WARH" title="WARH">WARH</a> (FM adult hits), and <a href="/wiki/KSLZ" title="KSLZ">KSLZ</a> (FM Top 40 mainstream).<sup id="cite_ref-arbitron_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arbitron-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Louis also supports <a href="/wiki/Public_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Public radio">public radio</a>'s <a href="/wiki/KWMU" title="KWMU">KWMU</a>, an <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> affiliate, and <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a>'s <a href="/wiki/KDHX" title="KDHX">KDHX</a>. All-sports stations, such as <a href="/wiki/KFNS_(AM)" title="KFNS (AM)">KFNS</a> 590 AM "The Fan" and <a href="/wiki/WXOS" title="WXOS">WXOS</a> "101.1 ESPN" are also popular. <a href="/wiki/KSHE" title="KSHE">KSHE</a> 95 FM "Real Rock Radio" has broadcast rock music since November 1967 - longer than any other radio station in the United States. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i> is the region's major newspaper. Others in the region include the <i><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Journals" title="Suburban Journals">Suburban Journals</a></i>, which serve parts of St. Louis County, while the primary <a href="/wiki/Alternative_newspaper" title="Alternative newspaper">alternative newspaper</a> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Riverfront_Times" title="Riverfront Times">Riverfront Times</a></i>. Three weeklies serve the African-American community: the <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Argus" title="St. Louis Argus">St. Louis Argus</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_American" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis American">St. Louis American</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Sentinel" title="St. Louis Sentinel">St. Louis Sentinel</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Magazine" title="St. Louis Magazine">St. Louis Magazine</a></i>, a monthly magazine, covers topics such as local history, cuisine, and lifestyles, while the weekly <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Business_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Business Journal">St. Louis Business Journal</a></i> provides coverage of regional business news. St. Louis was served by an <a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">online newspaper</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Beacon" title="St. Louis Beacon">St. Louis Beacon</a></i>, but that publication merged with <a href="/wiki/KWMU" title="KWMU">KWMU</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-beacon_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beacon-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many books and movies have been written about St. Louis. A few of the most influential and prominent films are <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis" title="Meet Me in St. Louis">Meet Me in St. Louis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/American_Flyers" title="American Flyers">American Flyers</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and novels include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Dance" title="The Killing Dance">The Killing Dance</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis_(novel)" title="Meet Me in St. Louis (novel)">Meet Me in St. Louis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Runaway_Soul" title="The Runaway Soul">The Runaway Soul</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_of_Old_St._Louis_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rose of Old St. Louis (novel)">The Rose of Old St. Louis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_the_Damned" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus of the Damned">Circus of the Damned</a></i>. </p><p>Because St. Louis was a prime location for immigrants to move to, much of the early social work depicting immigrant life was based on St. Louis, such as in the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Immigrant_in_St._Louis_(book)" title="The Immigrant in St. Louis (book)">The Immigrant in St. Louis</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Greater_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Greater St. Louis">Transportation in Greater St. Louis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Louis,_MO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/St._Louis%2C_MO.jpg/220px-St._Louis%2C_MO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/St._Louis%2C_MO.jpg/330px-St._Louis%2C_MO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/St._Louis%2C_MO.jpg/440px-St._Louis%2C_MO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Interstate_64" title="Interstate 64">Interstate 64</a> crosses the Mississippi in Downtown St. Louis.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">ship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">air</a> transportation modes connect the city with surrounding communities in <a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">Greater St. Louis</a>, national transportation networks, and international locations. St. Louis also supports a <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a> network that includes <a href="/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">bus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads_and_highways">Roads and highways</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Streets_of_St._Louis" title="Streets of St. Louis">Streets of St. Louis</a></div> <p>Four <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">interstate</a> highways connect the city to a larger regional highway system. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_70" title="Interstate 70">Interstate 70</a>, an east–west highway, runs from the northwest corner of the city to <a href="/wiki/Downtown_St._Louis" title="Downtown St. Louis">downtown St. Louis</a>. The north–south <a href="/wiki/Interstate_55" title="Interstate 55">Interstate 55</a> enters the city at the south near the <a href="/wiki/Carondelet,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Carondelet, Missouri">Carondelet</a> neighborhood and runs toward the center of the city, and both <a href="/wiki/Interstate_64" title="Interstate 64">Interstate 64</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_44" title="Interstate 44">Interstate 44</a> enter the city on the west, running parallel to the east. Two of the four interstates (Interstates 55 and 64) merge south of <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Gateway Arch National Park</a> and leave the city on the <a href="/wiki/Poplar_Street_Bridge" title="Poplar Street Bridge">Poplar Street Bridge</a> into Illinois, while Interstate 44 terminates at Interstate 70 at its new interchange near N Broadway and Cass Ave. A small portion of the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_270_(Missouri%E2%80%93Illinois)" title="Interstate 270 (Missouri–Illinois)">Interstate 270</a> outer belt freeway runs through the northern end of the city. </p><p>The 563-mile <a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_the_Saints" title="Avenue of the Saints">Avenue of the Saints</a> links St. Louis with <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a>. </p><p>Major roadways include the north–south <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Drive_(St._Louis)" title="Memorial Drive (St. Louis)">Memorial Drive</a>, located on the western edge of Gateway Arch National Park and parallel to Interstate 70, the north–south streets of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Boulevard_(St._Louis)" title="Grand Boulevard (St. Louis)">Grand Boulevard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Avenue_(St._Louis)" title="Jefferson Avenue (St. Louis)">Jefferson Avenue</a>, both of which run the length of the city, and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Route_30" title="Missouri Route 30">Gravois Road</a>, which runs from the southeastern portion of the city to downtown and used to be signed as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_66" title="U.S. Route 66">U.S. Route 66</a>. An east-west roadway that connects the city with surrounding communities is <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Route_180" title="Missouri Route 180">Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive</a>, which carries traffic from the western edge of the city to downtown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro_light_rail_and_subway">Metro light rail and subway</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MetroLink_(St._Louis)" title="MetroLink (St. Louis)">MetroLink</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Louis_Metrolink_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/St_Louis_Metrolink_train.jpg/220px-St_Louis_Metrolink_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/St_Louis_Metrolink_train.jpg/330px-St_Louis_Metrolink_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/St_Louis_Metrolink_train.jpg/440px-St_Louis_Metrolink_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_MetroLink" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis MetroLink">St. Louis MetroLink</a> Red Line train leaves St. Louis Union Station.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_City-Big_Bend_MetroLink_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/University_City-Big_Bend_MetroLink_station.jpg/220px-University_City-Big_Bend_MetroLink_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/University_City-Big_Bend_MetroLink_station.jpg/330px-University_City-Big_Bend_MetroLink_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/University_City-Big_Bend_MetroLink_station.jpg/440px-University_City-Big_Bend_MetroLink_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>University City-Big Bend Subway Station is along the Blue Line, near Washington University.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MetroLink_map_(article_version).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MetroLink_map_%28article_version%29.svg/420px-MetroLink_map_%28article_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MetroLink_map_%28article_version%29.svg/630px-MetroLink_map_%28article_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MetroLink_map_%28article_version%29.svg/840px-MetroLink_map_%28article_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The St. Louis metropolitan area is served by MetroLink (known as Metro) and is the 11th-largest light rail system in the country with 46 mi (74 km) of <a href="/wiki/Double_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Double track">double track</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a>. The Red Line and The Blue Line both serve all the stations in the inner city, and branch to different destinations beyond in the suburban areas. Both lines enter the city north of <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)" title="Forest Park (St. Louis)">Forest Park</a> on the western edge of the city or on the <a href="/wiki/Eads_Bridge" title="Eads Bridge">Eads Bridge</a> in downtown St. Louis to Illinois. All of the system track is in independent right of way, with both surface level and underground subway track in the city. All stations are independent entry, and all platforms are flush-level with trains. Rail service is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Bi-State_Development_Agency" title="Bi-State Development Agency">Bi-State Development Agency</a> (also known as Metro), which is funded by a <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales taxes</a> levied in the city and other counties in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Multimodal_Transportation_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center">Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center</a> acts as the hub station in the city of St. Louis, linking the city's light rail system, local bus system, passenger rail service, and national bus service. It is located just east of the historic grand <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Union_Station" title="St. Louis Union Station">St. Louis Union Station</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Perspective_of_St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport_T1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Western_Perspective_of_St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport_T1.jpg/220px-Western_Perspective_of_St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport_T1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Western_Perspective_of_St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport_T1.jpg/330px-Western_Perspective_of_St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport_T1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Western_Perspective_of_St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport_T1.jpg/440px-Western_Perspective_of_St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport_T1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2635" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>This control tower and main terminal are at St. Louis Lambert.</figcaption></figure> <p>St. Louis is served by two passenger airports. <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport" title="St. Louis Lambert International Airport">St. Louis Lambert International Airport</a>, owned and operated by the City of St. Louis, is 11 miles northwest of downtown along highway I-70 between I-170 and I-270 in St. Louis County. It is the largest and busiest airport in the state. In 2016, when the airport had more than 255 daily departures to about 90 domestic and international locations, it served more than 15 million passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-flystl.com_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flystl.com-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airport serves as a focus hub city for <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a>; it was once a hub for <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a> and a focus-city for <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/AmericanConnection" title="AmericanConnection">AmericanConnection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-flystl.com_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flystl.com-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airport has two terminals with a total of five concourses. International flights and passengers use Terminal 2, whose lower level holds the Immigration and Customs gates. Passengers can move between the terminals on complimentary buses that run continuously, or via MetroLink for a fee. It was possible to walk between the terminals until Concourse D was closed in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-travelpulse.com_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travelpulse.com-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/MidAmerica_St._Louis_Airport" title="MidAmerica St. Louis Airport">MidAmerica St. Louis Airport</a> is the secondary passenger airport serving the metropolitan area. Located 17 miles east of the city downtown core, the airport serves domestic passengers. Air cargo transportation is available at Lambert International and at other nearby regional airports, including <a href="/wiki/MidAmerica_St._Louis_Airport" title="MidAmerica St. Louis Airport">MidAmerica St. Louis Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis_Airport" title="Spirit of St. Louis Airport">Spirit of St. Louis Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Downtown_Airport" title="St. Louis Downtown Airport">St. Louis Downtown Airport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port_authority">Port authority</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/River_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="River transportation">River transportation</a> is available through the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of St. Louis">Port of St. Louis</a>, which is 19.3 miles of riverbank on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> that handles more than 32 million tons of freight annually. The Port is the second largest inland port by trip-ton miles, and the third largest by tonnage in the United States, with more than 100 docks for <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> and 16 public terminals on the river.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Port Authority added two new small fire and rescue craft in 2012 and 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroad_service">Railroad service</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_St._Louis#Railroad_Service" title="Transportation in St. Louis">Transportation in St. Louis § Railroad Service</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis_Freight_Train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis_Freight_Train.jpg/220px-Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis_Freight_Train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis_Freight_Train.jpg/330px-Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis_Freight_Train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis_Freight_Train.jpg/440px-Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis_Freight_Train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>An eastbound <a href="/wiki/Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis" title="Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis">Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis</a> freight train passes under the Hampton Avenue viaduct.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a> passenger train service in the city is provided by <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Multimodal_Transportation_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center">Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center</a> downtown. Amtrak trains terminating in the city include the <i><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Service" title="Lincoln Service">Lincoln Service</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River_Runner_(Amtrak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri River Runner (Amtrak)">Missouri River Runner</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>. St. Louis is an intermediate stop on the <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Eagle" title="Texas Eagle">Texas Eagle</a></i> route which provides long-distance passenger service between <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, San Antonio, and three days a week, to Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Louis is the nation's third largest freight rail hub, moving Missouri exports such as fertilizer, gravel, crushed stone, prepared foodstuffs, fats, oils, nonmetallic mineral products, grain, alcohol, tobacco products, automobiles, and automobile parts.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freight_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail">Freight rail</a> service in St. Louis is provided on tracks owned by <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">Norfolk Southern Railway</a>, Foster Townsend Rail Logistics – formerly <a href="/wiki/Manufacturers_Railway_(St._Louis)" title="Manufacturers Railway (St. Louis)">Manufacturers Railway (St. Louis)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis" title="Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis">Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis</a>, Affton Trucking,<sup id="cite_ref-afftontrucking.com_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afftontrucking.com-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis" title="Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis">Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis</a> (reporting mark: TRRA) is a <a href="/wiki/Switching_and_terminal_railroad" title="Switching and terminal railroad">switching and terminal railroad</a> jointly owned by all the major rail carriers in St. Louis. The company operates 30 <a href="/wiki/Diesel-electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel-electric">diesel-electric</a> locomotives to move railcars around the <a href="/wiki/Classification_yards" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification yards">classification yards</a>, deliver railcars to local industries, and ready trains for departure.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TRRA processes and dispatches a significant portion of railroad traffic moving through the city and owns and operates a network of rail bridges and tunnels including the <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Bridge_(St._Louis)" title="MacArthur Bridge (St. Louis)">MacArthur Bridge (St. Louis)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Merchants_Bridge" title="Merchants Bridge">Merchants Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This infrastructure is also used by <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city rail</a> and long-distance passenger trains serving St. Louis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_service">Bus service</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MetroBus_(St._Louis)" title="MetroBus (St. Louis)">MetroBus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MetroBus_at_St_Louis_Science_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MetroBus_at_St_Louis_Science_Center.jpg/220px-MetroBus_at_St_Louis_Science_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MetroBus_at_St_Louis_Science_Center.jpg/330px-MetroBus_at_St_Louis_Science_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/MetroBus_at_St_Louis_Science_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>A bus passes under the St. Louis Science Center walkway.</figcaption></figure> <p>Local bus service in the city of St. Louis is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Bi-State_Development_Agency" title="Bi-State Development Agency">Bi-State Development Agency</a> via <a href="/wiki/MetroBus_(St._Louis)" title="MetroBus (St. Louis)">MetroBus</a>, with more than 75 routes connecting to MetroLink light rail transit and stops in the city and region. The city is also served by <a href="/wiki/Madison_County_Transit" title="Madison County Transit">Madison County Transit</a>, which connects downtown St. Louis to <a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Illinois" title="Madison County, Illinois">Madison County, Illinois</a>. National bus service in the city is offered by <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Trailways" title="Burlington Trailways">Burlington Trailways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Thruway" title="Amtrak Thruway">Amtrak Thruway</a>, with a station at the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Transportation_Center" title="Gateway Transportation Center">Gateway Transportation Center</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)" title="Megabus (North America)">Megabus</a>, with a stop at <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Union_Station" title="St. Louis Union Station">St. Louis Union Station</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxi">Taxi</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a> service in the city is provided by private companies regulated by the Metropolitan Taxicab Commission. Rates vary by vehicle type, size, passengers and distance, and by regulation all taxicab fares must be calculated using a <a href="/wiki/Taximeter" title="Taximeter">taximeter</a> and be payable in cash or credit card.<sup id="cite_ref-taxicode_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxicode-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solicitation by a driver is prohibited, although a taxicab may be hailed on the street or at a stand. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_St._Louis" title="Category:People from St. Louis">People from St. Louis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_St._Louis" title="List of people from St. Louis">List of people from St. Louis</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2></div> <p>St. Louis has 16 <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities">sister cities</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-St._Louis_Twinnings_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St._Louis_Twinnings-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, Italy; <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>, Indonesia; <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brčko (city)">Brčko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko_District" title="Brčko District">Brčko District</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina; <a href="/wiki/Donegal_(town)" title="Donegal (town)">Donegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, Ireland; <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a>, Ireland; <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana" title="Georgetown, Guyana">Georgetown</a>, Guyana; <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France; <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, China; <a href="/wiki/Rosario" title="Rosario">Rosario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Province" title="Santa Fe Province">Santa Fe</a>, Argentina; <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal" title="Saint-Louis, Senegal">Saint-Louis</a>, Senegal; <a href="/wiki/Samara,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Samara, Russia">Samara</a>, Russia; <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD,_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>, Mexico; <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany;<sup id="cite_ref-Stuttgart_twinnings_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuttgart_twinnings-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suwa,_Nagano" title="Suwa, Nagano">Suwa</a>, Japan; <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, Poland;<sup id="cite_ref-Szczecin_twinnings_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szczecin_twinnings-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_St._Louis" title="Caves of St. Louis">Caves of St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_St._Louis" title="Cuisine of St. Louis">Cuisine of St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmar_Divide" title="Delmar Divide">Delmar Divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_St._Louis" title="Downtown St. Louis">Downtown St. Louis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laclede%27s_Landing,_St._Louis" title="Laclede's Landing, St. Louis">Laclede's Landing, St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_West,_St._Louis" title="Downtown West, St. Louis">Downtown West, St. Louis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1993" title="Great Flood of 1993">Great Flood of 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave_of_2006_derecho_series" title="Heat wave of 2006 derecho series">Heat wave of 2006 derecho series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_St._Louis" title="History of the Jews in St. Louis">History of the Jews in St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaClede_Town" title="LaClede Town">LaClede Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in St. Louis">LGBT culture in St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of St. Louis">List of mayors of St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_St._Louis" title="List of tallest buildings in St. Louis">List of tallest buildings in St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Louis_(city,_A%E2%80%93L),_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, A–L), Missouri">National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, A–L), Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Louis_(city,_M-Z),_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, M-Z), Missouri">National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, M-Z), Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhoods of St. Louis">Neighborhoods of St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_St._Louis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Fire_of_1849" title="St. Louis Fire of 1849">St. Louis Fire of 1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis in the Civil War">St. Louis in the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_St._Louis_smog" title="1939 St. Louis smog">1939 St. Louis smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Veiled_Prophet_Parade_themes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Veiled Prophet Parade themes">List of Veiled Prophet Parade themes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_St._Louis" title="USS St. Louis">USS <i>St. Louis</i></a>, 7 ships</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official records for St. Louis were kept at the Weather Bureau Office from January 1874 to December 1892, <a href="/wiki/Eads_Bridge" title="Eads Bridge">Eads Bridge</a> from January 1893 to December 1929, and at Lambert–St. Louis Int'l since January 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Globosapiens.net-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Globosapiens.net_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Globosapiens.net_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globosapiens.net/travel-information/St.+Louis-698.html">"St. Louis United States – Visiting the Gateway to the West"</a>. Globosapiens.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090544/http://www.globosapiens.net/travel-information/St.+Louis-698.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Louis+United+States+%E2%80%93+Visiting+the+Gateway+to+the+West&rft.pub=Globosapiens.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globosapiens.net%2Ftravel-information%2FSt.%2BLouis-698.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slpl.org/slpl/interests/article240099632.asp">St. Louis Public Library on "Mound City"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001231020/http://www.slpl.org/slpl/interests/article240099632.asp">Archived</a> October 1, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080522094145/http://www.stltoday.com/blogzone/the-editors-desk/the-editors-desk/2008/05/offended-by-the-lou/">STLtoday.com on "The Lou"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romeofthewest.com/">"Rome of the West"</a>. Stltoday.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810033358/http://www.romeofthewest.com/">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rome+of+the+West&rft.pub=Stltoday.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romeofthewest.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer">"ArcGIS REST Services Directory"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119173812/https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ArcGIS+REST+Services+Directory&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftigerweb.geo.census.gov%2Farcgis%2Frest%2Fservices%2FTIGERweb%2FPlaces_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD%2FMapServer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-St._Louis_Elevation-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St._Louis_Elevation_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=106:3:3712217792123411::NO::P3_FID:765765">"St. Louis City, Missouri – Population Finder – American FactFinder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. October 24, 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200122161856/https://geonames.usgs.gov/login/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Louis+City%2C+Missouri+%E2%80%93+Population+Finder+%E2%80%93+American+FactFinder&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1980-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fpls%2Fgnispublic%2Ff%3Fp%3D106%3A3%3A3712217792123411%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP3_FID%3A765765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-St._Louis_elevation_2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St._Louis_elevation_2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html">"Elevations and Distances in the United States"</a>. <i>U.S. Geological Survey</i>. U.S. Department of the Interior — U.S. Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109183109/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Elevations+and+Distances+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2005-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegsc.usgs.gov%2Fisb%2F%2Fpubs%2Fbooklets%2Felvadist%2Felvadist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602183509/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile/St._Louis_city,_Missouri?g=1600000US2965000">"Explore Census Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile/St._Louis_city,_Missouri?g=1600000US2965000">the original</a> on June 2, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explore+Census+Data&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Fprofile%2FSt._Louis_city%2C_Missouri%3Fg%3D1600000US2965000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensusEst2021-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2021_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2021_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html">"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021"</a>. United States Census Bureau. September 20, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711040810/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+and+Town+Population+Totals%3A+2020-2021&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP41180">"Total Gross Domestic Product for St. Louis, MO-IL (MSA)"</a>. <i>fred.stlouisfed.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009234549/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP41180">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fred.stlouisfed.org&rft.atitle=Total+Gross+Domestic+Product+for+St.+Louis%2C+MO-IL+%28MSA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FNGMP41180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/saint%20louis">"Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022075756/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/saint%20louis">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+and+Thesaurus+-+Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsaint%2520louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html">"Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2022"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629175327/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+and+Micropolitan+Statistical+Areas+Population+Totals%3A+2020-2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cazorla_et_al-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cazorla_et_al_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cazorla_et_al_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cazorla, Frank; Baena, Rose; Polo, David; and Reder Gadow, Marion. (2019) <i>The governor Louis de Unzaga (1717–1793) Pioneer in the Birth of the United States of America</i>. Foundation, Malaga, pages 49, 57–65, 70–75, 150, 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>History: Physical Growth of the City of St. Louis</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stlouis-mo.gov&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+St.+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlouis-mo.gov%2Fvisit-play%2Fstlouis-history.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html">"GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020"</a>. <i>www.lboro.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316190541/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lboro.ac.uk&rft.atitle=GaWC+-+The+World+According+to+GaWC+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fmicrosites%2Fgeography%2Fgawc%2Fworld2020t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis2001" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (January 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP41180">"Total Gross Domestic Product for St. Louis, MO-IL (MSA)"</a>. <i>FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009234549/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP41180">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FRED%2C+Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+St.+Louis&rft.atitle=Total+Gross+Domestic+Product+for+St.+Louis%2C+MO-IL+%28MSA%29&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.au=U.S.+Bureau+of+Economic+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FNGMP41180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umsl.edu/searches/stl/commerce.html">"Commerce and Industry | UMSL"</a>. <i>www.umsl.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208035741/https://www.umsl.edu/searches/stl/commerce.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.umsl.edu&rft.atitle=Commerce+and+Industry+%7C+UMSL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umsl.edu%2Fsearches%2Fstl%2Fcommerce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2023/06/05/seven-st-louis-companies-make-fortune-500.html?ana=ksdk">"Seven St. Louis-area companies make Fortune 500 list - St. Louis Business Journal"</a>. <i>www.bizjournals.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120002734/https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2023/06/05/seven-st-louis-companies-make-fortune-500.html?ana=ksdk">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bizjournals.com&rft.atitle=Seven+St.+Louis-area+companies+make+Fortune+500+list+-+St.+Louis+Business+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fstlouis%2Fnews%2F2023%2F06%2F05%2Fseven-st-louis-companies-make-fortune-500.html%3Fana%3Dksdk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fox2now.com/2018/05/04/st-louis-zoo-named-best-zoo-and-wins-best-zoo-exhibit-in-readers-choice-awards/">"St. Louis Zoo named 'Best Zoo' and wins 'Best Zoo Exhibit' in Readers' Choice Awards"</a>. <i>FOX2now.com</i>. May 4, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802221146/https://fox2now.com/2018/05/04/st-louis-zoo-named-best-zoo-and-wins-best-zoo-exhibit-in-readers-choice-awards/">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FOX2now.com&rft.atitle=St.+Louis+Zoo+named+%27Best+Zoo%27+and+wins+%27Best+Zoo+Exhibit%27+in+Readers%27+Choice+Awards&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffox2now.com%2F2018%2F05%2F04%2Fst-louis-zoo-named-best-zoo-and-wins-best-zoo-exhibit-in-readers-choice-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arbnet.org/morton-register/bellefontaine-cemetery-and-arboretum">"Bellefontaine Cemetery and Arboretum Level II Accreditation Listing"</a>. <i>arbnet.org/morton-register/bellefontaine-cemetery-and-arboretum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125022302/http://www.arbnet.org/morton-register/bellefontaine-cemetery-and-arboretum">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arbnet.org%2Fmorton-register%2Fbellefontaine-cemetery-and-arboretum&rft.atitle=Bellefontaine+Cemetery+and+Arboretum+Level+II+Accreditation+Listing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farbnet.org%2Fmorton-register%2Fbellefontaine-cemetery-and-arboretum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffhaus. (1984). <i>Chez Les Canses: Three Centuries at Kawsmouth</i>, Kansas City: Lowell Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913504-91-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-913504-91-2">0-913504-91-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pacte_de_Famille#The_third_Pacte_de_Famille" title="Pacte de Famille">Pacte de Famille#The third Pacte de Famille</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010223093542/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/attack.htm"><i>www.usgennet.org</i>.</a> Attack On St. Louis: May 26, 1780.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wade3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wade3_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wade3_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade1959" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Richard C. (1959). <i>The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790–1830</i> (1996 Illini Books ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06422-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06422-4"><bdi>0-252-06422-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Urban+Frontier%3A+The+Rise+of+Western+Cities%2C+1790%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=3-4&rft.edition=1996+Illini+Books&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0-252-06422-4&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Ravenswaay1991" class="citation book cs1">Van Ravenswaay, Charles (1991). <i>St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and Its People, 1764-1865</i>. Missouri History Museum. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252019159" title="Special:BookSources/9780252019159"><bdi>9780252019159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Louis%3A+An+Informal+History+of+the+City+and+Its+People%2C+1764-1865&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Missouri+History+Museum&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780252019159&rft.aulast=Van+Ravenswaay&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperman2019" class="citation web cs1">Cooperman, Jeannette (March 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stlmag.com/news/politics/st-louis-great-divorce-history-city-county-split-attempt-to-get-back-together/">"St. Louis' Great Divorce: A complete history of the city and county separation and attempts to get back together"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Magazine" title="St. Louis Magazine">St. Louis Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420161447/https://www.stlmag.com/news/politics/st-louis-great-divorce-history-city-county-split-attempt-to-get-back-together/">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Magazine&rft.atitle=St.+Louis%27+Great+Divorce%3A+A+complete+history+of+the+city+and+county+separation+and+attempts+to+get+back+together&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft.aulast=Cooperman&rft.aufirst=Jeannette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlmag.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fst-louis-great-divorce-history-city-county-split-attempt-to-get-back-together%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabeWinslow1877" class="citation book cs1">McCabe, James Dabney; Winslow, Edward Martin (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=auNCAAAAIAAJ"><i>The History of the Great Riots: The Strikes and Riots on the Various Railroads of the United States and in the Mining Regions Together with a Full History of the Molly Maguires</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: National Publishing Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124212529/https://books.google.com/books?id=auNCAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Great+Riots%3A+The+Strikes+and+Riots+on+the+Various+Railroads+of+the+United+States+and+in+the+Mining+Regions+Together+with+a+Full+History+of+the+Molly+Maguires&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=National+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=James+Dabney&rft.au=Winslow%2C+Edward+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DauNCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clymer, Floyd. <i>Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925</i> (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArenson2015" class="citation book cs1">Arenson, Adam (2015). <i>The great heart of the republic: St. Louis and the cultural Civil War</i> (1st ed.). Columbia (Mo.): University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-2064-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-2064-6"><bdi>978-0-8262-2064-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+heart+of+the+republic%3A+St.+Louis+and+the+cultural+Civil+War&rft.place=Columbia+%28Mo.%29&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-2064-6&rft.aulast=Arenson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1904_Olympics-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1904_Olympics_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1904">"1904 Summer Olympics"</a>. International Olympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080815120301/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1904">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1904+Summer+Olympics&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fuk%2Fgames%2Fpast%2Findex_uk.asp%3FOLGT%3D1%26OLGY%3D1904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Primm, James. <i>Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980</i>. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri History Museum Press. 1998. Print</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Jeffrey. "A Preservation Plan for St. Louis Part I: Historic Contexts" St. Louis, Missouri Cultural Resources Office. Web. Retrieved November 13, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NAACP. Papers of the NAACP Part 5. The Campaign against Residential Segregation. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America. 1986. Web</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Shelley House". We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement. National Park Service. Retrieved November 10, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarly1998" class="citation book cs1">Early, Gerald Lyn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRLhcVs_pJUC"><i>Ain't But a Place: An Anthology of African American Writings about St. Louis</i></a>. Missouri History Museum. pp. 307–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883982-28-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883982-28-7"><bdi>978-1-883982-28-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ain%27t+But+a+Place%3A+An+Anthology+of+African+American+Writings+about+St.+Louis&rft.pages=307-314&rft.pub=Missouri+History+Museum&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-883982-28-7&rft.aulast=Early&rft.aufirst=Gerald+Lyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRLhcVs_pJUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemmings, American City Business Journals, accessed January 22, 2022 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/the-best-of-the-little-three-1903-st-louis-runabout">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124144740/https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/the-best-of-the-little-three-1903-st-louis-runabout">Archived</a> January 24, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neil2016" class="citation news cs1">O'Neil, Tim (November 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stltoday.com/news/archives/nov-the-day-black-tuesday-rolled-into-st-louis/article_00c3b6cd-ba69-5a19-b498-fbc29f9630c4.html">"Nov. 28 1939: The day 'Black Tuesday' rolled into St. Louis"</a>. <i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202041856/http://www.stltoday.com/news/archives/nov-the-day-black-tuesday-rolled-into-st-louis/article_00c3b6cd-ba69-5a19-b498-fbc29f9630c4.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Post-Dispatch&rft.atitle=Nov.+28+1939%3A+The+day+%27Black+Tuesday%27+rolled+into+St.+Louis&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stltoday.com%2Fnews%2Farchives%2Fnov-the-day-black-tuesday-rolled-into-st-louis%2Farticle_00c3b6cd-ba69-5a19-b498-fbc29f9630c4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040621102044/http://www.tcf.org/Publications/Education/freigovel.pdf">"St. Louis: Desegregation and School Choice in the Land of Dred Scott"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcf.org/Publications/Education/freigovel.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 21, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stlouis-mo.gov&rft.atitle=Washington+Avenue+is+Named+%22Great+Street%22+by+American+Planning+Association&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlouis-mo.gov%2Fgovernment%2Fdepartments%2Fmayor%2Fnews%2FWashington-Avenue-is-Named-Great-Street.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKukuljan2022" class="citation web cs1">Kukuljan, Steph (March 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/cortex-facing-unprecedented-challenges-plots-new-course-this-is-an-evolution-says-chief/article_db2258b1-9860-58d1-94cf-bbff7160bca3.html">"Cortex, facing unprecedented challenges, plots new course. 'This is an evolution,' says chief"</a>. <i>STLtoday.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115030941/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/cortex-facing-unprecedented-challenges-plots-new-course-this-is-an-evolution-says-chief/article_db2258b1-9860-58d1-94cf-bbff7160bca3.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stlouis-mo.gov&rft.atitle=Forest+Park+South+East+Census+Data+%7C+City+of+St.+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlouis-mo.gov%2Fgovernment%2Fdepartments%2Fplanning%2Fresearch%2Fcensus%2Fdata%2Fneighborhoods%2Fneighborhood.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/f8703bf3a7d7495ebea1884c8a71f04e">"Rams owner Kroenke rips St. Louis market as he seeks LA move"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. January 6, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230524060119/https://apnews.com/article/f8703bf3a7d7495ebea1884c8a71f04e">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Rams+owner+Kroenke+rips+St.+Louis+market+as+he+seeks+LA+move&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Ff8703bf3a7d7495ebea1884c8a71f04e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/nfl-sports-business-los-angeles-st-louis-1cff28235e3d10777a86103d983cd2f1">"$790M settlement in lawsuit over Rams' St. Louis departure"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. November 24, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231124092827/https://apnews.com/article/nfl-sports-business-los-angeles-st-louis-1cff28235e3d10777a86103d983cd2f1">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=%24790M+settlement+in+lawsuit+over+Rams%27+St.+Louis+departure&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fnfl-sports-business-los-angeles-st-louis-1cff28235e3d10777a86103d983cd2f1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohraff2009" class="citation book cs1">Lohraff, Kevin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yO83BlN64sIC&pg=PA73"><i>Hiking Missouri</i></a> (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-7588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-7588-6"><bdi>978-0-7360-7588-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102210822/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO83BlN64sIC&pg=PA73">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=26+Reasons+St.+Louis+Is+America%27s+Hidden+Gem&rft.aulast=Saldivar&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F03%2F21%2Fst-louis-reasons-to-love_n_4993763.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/public-safety/neighborhood-stabilization-office/neighborhoods/index.cfm">Neighborhoods of the City of St. Louis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512222340/http://stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/public-safety/neighborhood-stabilization-office/neighborhoods/index.cfm">Archived</a> May 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, StLouis-mo.gov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021170230/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_29.txt">"2010 Census Gazetteer Files"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Race+and+Hispanic+Origin+for+Selected+Cities+and+Other+Places%3A+Earliest+Census+to+1990&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0076%2Ftwps0076.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historical_populations-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historical_populations_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1998" class="citation web cs1">Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314031958/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html">"Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States: 1790 to 1990"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+the+100+largest+cities+and+other+urban+places+in+the+United+States%3A+1790+to+1990&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=1998-06&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0027.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dynamic.stlouis-mo.gov/census/corridor.cfm">"Census"</a>. <i>Dynamic.stlouis-mo.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724040727/http://dynamic.stlouis-mo.gov/census/corridor.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dynamic.stlouis-mo.gov&rft.atitle=Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdynamic.stlouis-mo.gov%2Fcensus%2Fcorridor.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">"U.S. Census website"</a>. <i>United States Census</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census&rft.atitle=U.S.+Census+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-censusus-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-censusus_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP3&prodType=table">"Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010"</a>. United States Census<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convio+ranks+most+generous+online+cities&rft.pub=convio&rft.date=2010-02&rft.aulast=Druart&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.convio.com%2Fconvio%2Fnews%2Freleases%2Fconvio-ranks-generous-cities-2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815140430/http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results">"St. Louis (city) County, Missouri"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Louis+%28city%29+County%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fcgi-shl%2Fdocstudio%2Fdocs.pl%3Fmap_data_results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.indystar.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/st-louis-city-missouri/050-29510/">"2020 Census Results"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123105438/https://data.indystar.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/st-louis-city-missouri/050-29510/">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Census+Results&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.indystar.com%2Fcensus%2Ftotal-population%2Ftotal-population-change%2Fst-louis-city-missouri%2F050-29510%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203020207/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29/2965000.html">"St. Louis (city), Missouri"</a>. <i>State & County QuickFacts</i>. U.S. Census Bureau. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2000+Census+Summary&rft.pub=City+of+St.+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlouis-mo.gov%2Fdata%2F2000-census-summary.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcdc.missouri.edu/cgi-bin/broker?_PROGRAM=websas.dp3_2k.sas&_SERVICE=sasapp&state=29&county=510">"MCDC Demographic Profile"</a>. <i>Mcdc.missouri.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305005947/http://mcdc.missouri.edu/cgi-bin/broker?_PROGRAM=websas.dp3_2k.sas&_SERVICE=sasapp&state=29&county=510">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mcdc.missouri.edu&rft.atitle=MCDC+Demographic+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcdc.missouri.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbroker%3F_PROGRAM%3Dwebsas.dp3_2k.sas%26_SERVICE%3Dsasapp%26state%3D29%26county%3D510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifteen-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">From 15% sample</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-27.pdf">"Missouri: 1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missouri%3A+1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fdecennial%2F1990%2Fcp-1%2Fcp-1-27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2000CensusP004-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2000CensusP004_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US2965000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004">"P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – St. Louis city, Missouri"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P004%3A+Hispanic+or+Latino%2C+and+Not+Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Race+%E2%80%93+2000%3A+DEC+Summary+File+1+%E2%80%93+St.+Louis+city%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fg%3D160XX00US2965000%26tid%3DDECENNIALSF12000.P004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010CensusP2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010CensusP2_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US2965000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2">"P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – St. Louis city, Missouri"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=P2+Hispanic+or+Latino%2C+and+Not+Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Race+%E2%80%93+2010%3A+DEC+Redistricting+Data+%28PL+94-171%29+%E2%80%93+St.+Louis+city%2C+Missouri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dp2%26g%3D160XX00US2965000%26tid%3DDECENNIALPL2010.P2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020CensusP2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusP2_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US2965000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2">"P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – St. Louis city, Missouri"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=P2+Hispanic+or+Latino%2C+and+Not+Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Race+%E2%80%93+2020%3A+DEC+Redistricting+Data+%28PL+94-171%29+%E2%80%93+St.+Louis+city%2C+Missouri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dp2%26g%3D160XX00US2965000%26tid%3DDECENNIALPL2020.P2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2022" class="citation news cs1">Ellis, Stefanie (January 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220117-st-louis-the-us-city-transformed-by-heartbreak">"St Louis: The US city transformed by heartbreak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205150213/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220117-st-louis-the-us-city-transformed-by-heartbreak">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=St+Louis%3A+The+US+city+transformed+by+heartbreak&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Stefanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20220117-st-louis-the-us-city-transformed-by-heartbreak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stlbosnians.com/event/the-bosnian-community-in-st-louis-by-imam-muhamed-hasic/">"The Bosnian Community in St. Louis by Imam Muhamed Hasic"</a>. <i>Stlbosnians.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180912112923/http://www.stlbosnians.com/event/the-bosnian-community-in-st-louis-by-imam-muhamed-hasic/">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stlbosnians.com&rft.atitle=The+Bosnian+Community+in+St.+Louis+by+Imam+Muhamed+Hasic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlbosnians.com%2Fevent%2Fthe-bosnian-community-in-st-louis-by-imam-muhamed-hasic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilsinan" class="citation web cs1">Gilsinan, Kathy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2013/02/why-are-there-so-many-bosnians-st-louis/4668/">"Why Are There So Many Bosnians in St. Louis?"</a>. <i>The Atlantic Cities</i>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Media_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Media Company">Atlantic Media Company</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217204738/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2013/02/why-are-there-so-many-bosnians-st-louis/4668/">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Cities&rft.atitle=Why+Are+There+So+Many+Bosnians+in+St.+Louis%3F&rft.aulast=Gilsinan&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlanticcities.com%2Fpolitics%2F2013%2F02%2Fwhy-are-there-so-many-bosnians-st-louis%2F4668%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bs.bhaccchicago.org/about-us">"ABOUT US"</a>. <i>bhacc</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141725/https://bs.bhaccchicago.org/about-us">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bhacc&rft.atitle=ABOUT+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbs.bhaccchicago.org%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2010" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOycWJwdyLgC&pg=PA130"><i>Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays</i></a>. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907396-30-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907396-30-4"><bdi>978-1-907396-30-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danger%21+Educated+Gypsy%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-907396-30-4&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOycWJwdyLgC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21720664-addition-countrys-highest-murder-rate-city-boasts-vibrant-start-up">"Millennials really like St Louis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. April 12, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413184035/http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21720664-addition-countrys-highest-murder-rate-city-boasts-vibrant-start-up">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Millennials+really+like+St+Louis&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Funited-states%2F21720664-addition-countrys-highest-murder-rate-city-boasts-vibrant-start-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crimerate-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crimerate_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimerate_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/table-6">"Crime in the United States, 2015"</a>. FBI.gov (Uniform Crime Reports). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322171022/https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/table-6">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime+in+the+United+States%2C+2015&rft.pub=FBI.gov+%28Uniform+Crime+Reports%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucr.fbi.gov%2Fcrime-in-the-u.s%2F2015%2Fcrime-in-the-u.s.-2015%2Ftables%2Ftable-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosman, Julie and Mitch Smith (December 28, 2016). Article comparing Chicago's annual homicide statistics to those of other American cities, including St. Louis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/28/us/chicago-murder-rate-gun-deaths.html"><i>New York Times</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331214442/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/28/us/chicago-murder-rate-gun-deaths.html">Archived</a> March 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/blog/top100dangerous">"NeighborhoodScout's Most Dangerous Cities - 2020"</a>. <i>NeighborhoodScout</i>. January 2, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308110815/https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/blog/top100dangerous">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NeighborhoodScout&rft.atitle=NeighborhoodScout%27s+Most+Dangerous+Cities+-+2020&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neighborhoodscout.com%2Fblog%2Ftop100dangerous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morganquitno.com/methodology01.htm">"Methodology"</a>. Morganquitno.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511075835/http://www.morganquitno.com/methodology01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodology&rft.pub=Morganquitno.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morganquitno.com%2Fmethodology01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/">"2015"</a>. <i>Ucr.fbi.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830025557/https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ucr.fbi.gov&rft.atitle=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucr.fbi.gov%2Fcrime-in-the-u.s%2F2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019003806/http://www.slmpd.org/images/Homicide_Stats_for_Website.pdf">"SLMPD 2016 UCR Homicide Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. St. Louis Police Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slmpd.org/images/Homicide_Stats_for_Website.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SLMPD+2016+UCR+Homicide+Analysis&rft.pub=St.+Louis+Police+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slmpd.org%2Fimages%2FHomicide_Stats_for_Website.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murphy, Doyle (January 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riverfronttimes.com/newsblog/2017/01/03/st-louis-murder-toll-hit-188-in-2016-tying-2015s-unusually-high-number">"St. Louis Murder Toll Hit 188 in 2016--Tying 2015's Unusually High Number."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116171953/http://www.riverfronttimes.com/newsblog/2017/01/03/st-louis-murder-toll-hit-188-in-2016-tying-2015s-unusually-high-number">Archived</a> January 16, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Riverfront Times</i> (<i>RFT</i>). 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February 13, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827001242/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/comptroller/documents/2022-comprehensive-annual-financial-report.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charitynavigator.org&rft.atitle=Charity+Navigator+-+2015+Metro+Market+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charitynavigator.org%2Findex.cfm%3Fbay%3Dstudies.metro.main&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorestlouis.com/visit-explore/discover/25-things-to-do-in-st-louis/">"25 Things to Do in St. Louis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213060248/http://explorestlouis.com/visit-explore/discover/25-things-to-do-in-st-louis/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=25+Things+to+Do+in+St.+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorestlouis.com%2Fvisit-explore%2Fdiscover%2F25-things-to-do-in-st-louis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The station was sold by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod for $18 million, funded in part through a donation by then-St. Louis Cardinals star <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pujols" title="Albert Pujols">Albert Pujols</a>, and converted to <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">contemporary Christian music</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stltoday.com/lifestyles/faith-and-values/civil-religion/deidre-pujols-sounds-off-on-christian-radio/article_72a3db58-2521-11e1-91c2-0019bb30f31a.html">Deidre Pujols sounds off on Christian radio, STLtoday.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822041408/http://www.stltoday.com/lifestyles/faith-and-values/civil-religion/deidre-pujols-sounds-off-on-christian-radio/article_72a3db58-2521-11e1-91c2-0019bb30f31a.html">Archived</a> August 22, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, December 12, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/washington-national-opera-lands-a-star-timothy-oleary-to-become-general-director/2017/09/22/af27e7e6-9f95-11e7-8ed4-a750b67c552b_story.html">"Washington National Opera lands a star: Timothy O'Leary to become general director - the Washington Post"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022172109/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/washington-national-opera-lands-a-star-timothy-oleary-to-become-general-director/2017/09/22/af27e7e6-9f95-11e7-8ed4-a750b67c552b_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stl-taxi.com/documents/VHC83WITHDIRECTORSRULESandallcurrentupdates37-7-11.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 27, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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St. Louis Center for International Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217221246/https://worldtradecenter-stl.com/st-louis-sister-cities-program/">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landeshauptstadt+Stuttgart%2C+Abteilung+Au%C3%9Fenbeziehungen&rft.atitle=Stuttgart+St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaften&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuttgart.de%2Fitem%2Fshow%2F14673%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szczecin_twinnings-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szczecin_twinnings_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818001351/http://bip.um.szczecin.pl/umszczecinbip/chapter_11296.asp">"Kontakty partnerskie Miasta Szczecin"</a>. <i>Urząd Miasta Szczecin</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bip.um.szczecin.pl/UMSzczecinBIP/chapter_11296.asp">the original</a> on August 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urz%C4%85d+Miasta+Szczecin&rft.atitle=Kontakty+partnerskie+Miasta+Szczecin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbip.um.szczecin.pl%2FUMSzczecinBIP%2Fchapter_11296.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Louis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Louis#Further_reading" title="History of St. Louis">History of St. Louis § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Berger, Henry W. <i>St. Louis and Empire: 250 Years of Imperial Quest and Urban Crisis</i>. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2015.</li> <li>Ekberg, Carl J., and Sharon K. Person, <i>St. Louis Rising: The French Regime of Louis St. Ange de Bellerive</i>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2015.</li> <li>Gordon, Colin. <i>Mapping Decline: St. Louis and the Fate of the American City</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812220940" title="Special:BookSources/9780812220940">9780812220940</a></li> <li>Primm, James Neal. <i>Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980</i> (1998) a major scholarly history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lionofvalleystlo00prim">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>St. Louis</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/St._Louis" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/St. Louis">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="extiw" title="c:St. Louis, Missouri">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:St._Louis,_Missouri" class="extiw" title="n:Category:St. Louis, Missouri">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/St._Louis" class="extiw" title="q:St. Louis">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/St._Louis" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/St. Louis">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/St._Louis" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/St. Louis">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/St._Louis" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/St. Louis">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/St._Louis" class="extiw" title="voy:St. Louis">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stlouis-mo.gov/government">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606084615/http://www.stlrcga.org/">St. Louis Regional Chamber and Growth Association</a></li> <li>Historic maps of St. Louis in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.mospace.umsystem.edu/mu/islandora/object/mu%3A138981">Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_St._Louis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to St. Louis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis County</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Illinois" title="Madison County, Illinois">Madison County, Illinois</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis County</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">St. Louis</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis County</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Illinois" title="St. Clair County, Illinois">St. Clair County, Illinois</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_City_of_St._Louis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:St._Louis" title="Template:St. Louis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:St._Louis" title="Template talk:St. Louis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:St._Louis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:St. Louis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_City_of_St._Louis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of St. Louis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">Greater St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li>United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_St._Louis" title="Architecture of St. Louis">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport" title="St. Louis Lambert International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Board_of_Aldermen" title="St. Louis Board of Aldermen">Board of Alderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall_(St._Louis)" title="City Hall (St. Louis)">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_St._Louis" title="Culture of St. Louis">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_St._Louis" title="Crime in St. Louis">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_St._Louis" title="Cuisine of St. Louis">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_St._Louis" title="Economy of St. Louis">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_St._Louis" title="Education in St. Louis">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Fire_Department" title="St. Louis Fire Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_St._Louis" title="Flag of St. Louis">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_St._Louis" title="Geography of St. Louis">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Louis" title="History of St. Louis">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_St._Louis" title="Timeline of St. Louis">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_St._Louis" title="List of hospitals in St. Louis">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmarks_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmarks of St. Louis">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhoods of St. Louis">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parks_in_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parks in St. Louis">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_St._Louis" title="List of people from St. Louis">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Metropolitan_Police_Department" title="St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_St._Louis" title="List of public art in St. Louis">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_St._Louis" title="List of tallest buildings in St. Louis">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_St._Louis" title="Sports in St. Louis">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Public_Schools" title="St. Louis Public Schools">School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_St._Louis" title="Transportation in St. Louis">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:St._Louis" title="Category:St. Louis">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greater_St._Louis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:St._Louis_MSA" title="Template:St. Louis MSA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:St._Louis_MSA" title="Template talk:St. Louis MSA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:St._Louis_MSA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:St. Louis MSA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greater_St._Louis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">Greater St. Louis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_St._Louis" title="Culture of St. Louis">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greater_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime in Greater St. Louis">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_St._Louis" title="Economy of St. Louis">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greater_St._Louis" title="Education in Greater St. Louis">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Louis" title="History of St. Louis">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parks_in_Greater_St._Louis" title="Parks in Greater St. Louis">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Greater_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Greater St. Louis">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greaterstl.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area"><img alt="Map of the St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greaterstl.png/160px-Greaterstl.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greaterstl.png/240px-Greaterstl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greaterstl.png/320px-Greaterstl.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="904" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Louis</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Largest cities<br />(over 50,000 in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_Missouri" title="Chesterfield, Missouri">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florissant,_Missouri" title="Florissant, Missouri">Florissant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Fallon,_Missouri" title="O'Fallon, Missouri">O'Fallon (Missouri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles,_Missouri" title="St. Charles, Missouri">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peters,_Missouri" title="St. Peters, Missouri">St. Peters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium-sized cities<br />(over 20,000 in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affton,_Missouri" title="Affton, Missouri">Affton CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold,_Missouri" title="Arnold, Missouri">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballwin,_Missouri" title="Ballwin, Missouri">Ballwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Illinois" title="Belleville, Illinois">Belleville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Heights,_Illinois" title="Cahokia Heights, Illinois">Cahokia Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois" title="Collinsville, Illinois">Collinsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardsville,_Illinois" title="Edwardsville, Illinois">Edwardsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite_City,_Illinois" title="Granite City, Illinois">Granite City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelwood,_Missouri" title="Hazelwood, Missouri">Hazelwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood,_Missouri" title="Kirkwood, Missouri">Kirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Heights,_Missouri" title="Maryland Heights, Missouri">Maryland Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehlville,_Missouri" title="Mehlville, Missouri">Mehlville CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakville,_Missouri" title="Oakville, Missouri">Oakville CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Fallon,_Illinois" title="O'Fallon, Illinois">O'Fallon (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_City,_Missouri" title="University City, Missouri">University City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_Groves,_Missouri" title="Webster Groves, Missouri">Webster Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentzville,_Missouri" title="Wentzville, Missouri">Wentzville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildwood,_Missouri" title="Wildwood, Missouri">Wildwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Largest towns<br />and villages<br />(over 10,000 in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellefontaine_Neighbors,_Missouri" title="Bellefontaine Neighbors, Missouri">Bellefontaine Neighbors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeton,_Missouri" title="Bridgeton, Missouri">Bridgeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Missouri" title="Clayton, Missouri">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Illinois" title="Columbia, Illinois">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_Missouri" title="Concord, Missouri">Concord CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crestwood,_Missouri" title="Crestwood, Missouri">Crestwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creve_Coeur,_Missouri" title="Creve Coeur, Missouri">Creve Coeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardenne_Prairie,_Missouri" title="Dardenne Prairie, Missouri">Dardenne Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis,_Illinois" title="East St. Louis, Illinois">East St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview_Heights,_Illinois" title="Fairview Heights, Illinois">Fairview Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington,_Missouri" title="Farmington, Missouri">Farmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferguson,_Missouri" title="Ferguson, Missouri">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus,_Missouri" title="Festus, Missouri">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Carbon,_Illinois" title="Glen Carbon, Illinois">Glen Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey,_Illinois" title="Godfrey, Illinois">Godfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland,_Illinois" title="Highland, Illinois">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings,_Missouri" title="Jennings, Missouri">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_St._Louis,_Missouri" title="Lake St. Louis, Missouri">Lake St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemay,_Missouri" title="Lemay, Missouri">Lemay CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_Missouri" title="Manchester, Missouri">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland,_Missouri" title="Overland, Missouri">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Jamestown,_Missouri" title="Old Jamestown, Missouri">Old Jamestown CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Ann,_Missouri" title="St. Ann, Missouri">St. Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh,_Illinois" title="Shiloh, Illinois">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Lake,_Missouri" title="Spanish Lake, Missouri">Spanish Lake CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea,_Illinois" title="Swansea, Illinois">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_Country,_Missouri" title="Town and Country, Missouri">Town and Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy,_Illinois" title="Troy, Illinois">Troy (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy,_Missouri" title="Troy, Missouri">Troy (Missouri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union,_Missouri" title="Union, Missouri">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_Missouri" title="Washington, Missouri">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Illinois" title="Waterloo, Illinois">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_River,_Illinois" title="Wood River, Illinois">Wood River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missouri counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Missouri" title="Franklin County, Missouri">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Missouri" title="Jefferson County, Missouri">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Missouri" title="Lincoln County, Missouri">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_County,_Missouri" title="St. Charles County, Missouri">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francois_County,_Missouri" title="St. Francois County, Missouri">St. Francois</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Louis City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Missouri" title="Warren County, Missouri">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Missouri" title="Washington County, Missouri">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illinois counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bond_County,_Illinois" title="Bond County, Illinois">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Illinois" title="Calhoun County, Illinois">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Illinois" title="Clinton County, Illinois">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_County,_Illinois" title="Jersey County, Illinois">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macoupin_County,_Illinois" title="Macoupin County, Illinois">Macoupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Illinois" title="Madison County, Illinois">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Illinois" title="Monroe County, Illinois">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Illinois" title="St. Clair County, Illinois">St. Clair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metro_East" title="Metro East">Metro East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Westplex">Westplex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighborhoods_of_St._Louis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stl_neighborhoods" title="Template:Stl neighborhoods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stl_neighborhoods" title="Template talk:Stl neighborhoods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stl_neighborhoods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stl neighborhoods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighborhoods_of_St._Louis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhoods of St. Louis">Neighborhoods</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Louis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy,_St._Louis" title="Academy, St. Louis">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden,_St._Louis" title="Baden, St. Louis">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_Park,_St._Louis" title="Benton Park, St. Louis">Benton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_Park_West,_St._Louis" title="Benton Park West, St. Louis">Benton Park West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevo_Mill,_St._Louis" title="Bevo Mill, St. Louis">Bevo Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Heights,_St._Louis" title="Botanical Heights, St. Louis">Botanical Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Heights,_St._Louis" title="Boulevard Heights, St. Louis">Boulevard Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carondelet,_St._Louis" title="Carondelet, St. Louis">Carondelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_Square,_St._Louis" title="Carr Square, St. Louis">Carr Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_West_End,_St._Louis" title="Central West End, St. Louis">Central West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham,_St._Louis" title="Cheltenham, St. Louis">Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_St._Louis" title="Chinatown, St. Louis">Chinatown</a> (defunct since 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton/Tamm,_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clayton/Tamm, St. Louis">Clayton/Tamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Heights,_St._Louis" title="Clifton Heights, St. Louis">Clifton Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Hill,_St._Louis" title="College Hill, St. Louis">College Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Square,_St._Louis" title="Columbus Square, St. Louis">Columbus Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Heights,_St._Louis" title="Compton Heights, St. Louis">Compton Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Center_Arts_District,_St._Louis" title="Grand Center Arts District, St. Louis">Covenant Blu Grand Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeBaliviere_Place,_St._Louis" title="DeBaliviere Place, St. Louis">DeBaliviere Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogtown,_St._Louis" title="Dogtown, St. Louis">"Dogtown"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_St._Louis" title="Downtown St. Louis">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_West,_St._Louis" title="Downtown West, St. Louis">Downtown West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchtown,_St._Louis" title="Dutchtown, St. Louis">Dutchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellendale,_St._Louis" title="Ellendale, St. Louis">Ellendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairground,_St._Louis" title="Fairground, St. Louis">Fairground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_Southeast,_St._Louis" title="Forest Park Southeast, St. Louis">Forest Park Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Park,_St._Louis" title="Fountain Park, St. Louis">Fountain Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Park,_St._Louis" title="Fox Park, St. Louis">Fox Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Park,_St._Louis" title="Franz Park, St. Louis">Franz Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_District,_St._Louis" title="Gate District, St. Louis">Gate District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravois_Park,_St._Louis" title="Gravois Park, St. Louis">Gravois Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Ville,_St._Louis" title="Greater Ville, St. Louis">Greater Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Heights,_St._Louis" title="Hamilton Heights, St. Louis">Hamilton Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hill,_St._Louis" title="The Hill, St. Louis">The Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Pointe,_St._Louis" title="Hi-Pointe, St. Louis">Hi-Pointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Hills,_St._Louis" title="Holly Hills, St. Louis">Holly Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_St._Louis" title="Hyde Park, St. Louis">Hyde Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JeffVanderLou,_St._Louis" title="JeffVanderLou, St. Louis">JeffVanderLou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Oak,_St._Louis" title="Kings Oak, St. Louis">Kings Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsway_East,_St._Louis" title="Kingsway East, St. Louis">Kingsway East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsway_West,_St._Louis" title="Kingsway West, St. Louis">Kingsway West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosciusko,_St._Louis" title="Kosciusko, St. Louis">Kosciusko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_St._Louis" title="Lafayette Square, St. Louis">Lafayette Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaSalle_Park" title="LaSalle Park">LaSalle Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Place,_St._Louis" title="Lewis Place, St. Louis">Lewis Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindenwood_Park,_St._Louis" title="Lindenwood Park, St. Louis">Lindenwood Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Villa,_St._Louis" title="Marine Villa, St. Louis">Marine Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain,_St._Louis" title="Mark Twain, St. Louis">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain/I-70_Industrial,_St._Louis" title="Mark Twain/I-70 Industrial, St. Louis">Mark Twain/I-70 Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinley_Heights,_St._Louis" title="McKinley Heights, St. Louis">McKinley Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown_St._Louis" title="Midtown St. Louis">Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_Valley" title="Mill Creek Valley">Mill Creek Valley</a> (defunct since 1960s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_St._Louis" title="Mount Pleasant, St. Louis">Mount Pleasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_North_Riverfront,_St._Louis" title="Near North Riverfront, St. Louis">Near North Riverfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hampton,_St._Louis" title="North Hampton, St. Louis">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Point,_St._Louis" title="North Point, St. Louis">North Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Riverfront,_St._Louis" title="North Riverfront, St. Louis">North Riverfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Fallon,_St._Louis" title="O'Fallon, St. Louis">O'Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_North_St._Louis" title="Old North St. Louis">Old North St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch,_St._Louis" title="Patch, St. Louis">Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody%E2%80%93Darst%E2%80%93Webbe,_St._Louis" title="Peabody–Darst–Webbe, St. Louis">Peabody–Darst–Webbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose,_St._Louis" title="Penrose, St. Louis">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Heights,_St._Louis" title="Princeton Heights, St. Louis">Princeton Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverview,_St._Louis" title="Riverview, St. Louis">Riverview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw,_St._Louis" title="Shaw, St. Louis">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinker_DeBaliviere,_St._Louis" title="Skinker DeBaliviere, St. Louis">Skinker DeBaliviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulard,_St._Louis" title="Soulard, St. Louis">Soulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton,_St._Louis" title="Southampton, St. Louis">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Garden,_St._Louis" title="Southwest Garden, St. Louis">Southwest Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Hills,_St._Louis" title="St. Louis Hills, St. Louis">St. Louis Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Place" title="St. Louis Place">St. Louis Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffany,_St._Louis" title="Tiffany, St. Louis">Tiffany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Grove_East,_St._Louis" title="Tower Grove East, St. Louis">Tower Grove East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Grove_South,_St._Louis" title="Tower Grove South, St. Louis">Tower Grove South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandeventer,_St._Louis" title="Vandeventer, St. Louis">Vandeventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ville,_St._Louis" title="The Ville, St. Louis">The Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_Park,_St._Louis" title="Visitation Park, St. Louis">Visitation Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Park_East,_St._Louis" title="Walnut Park East, St. Louis">Walnut Park East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Park_West,_St._Louis" title="Walnut Park West, St. Louis">Walnut Park West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells/Goodfellow,_St._Louis" title="Wells/Goodfellow, St. Louis">Wells/Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_St._Louis" title="West End, St. Louis">West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wydown/Skinker,_St._Louis" title="Wydown/Skinker, St. Louis">Wydown/Skinker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radio_stations_in_the_St._Louis_metropolitan_area_(Missouri)_and_the_Metro_East_(Illinois)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:St._Louis_Radio" title="Template:St. Louis Radio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:St._Louis_Radio" title="Template talk:St. Louis Radio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:St._Louis_Radio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:St. Louis Radio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Radio_stations_in_the_St._Louis_metropolitan_area_(Missouri)_and_the_Metro_East_(Illinois)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Radio stations in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis metropolitan area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Metro_East" title="Metro East">Metro East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM frequency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KTRS_(AM)" title="KTRS (AM)">550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFNS_(AM)" title="KFNS (AM)">590</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYFI" title="KYFI">630</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSTL_(AM)" title="KSTL (AM)">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWRE" title="KWRE">730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEW" title="WEW">770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFUO_(AM)" title="KFUO (AM)">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIJR" title="WIJR">880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWUL_(AM)" title="KWUL (AM)">920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KXEN_(AM)" title="KXEN (AM)">1010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRYT" title="WRYT">1080</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMOX" title="KMOX">1120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSDZ" title="WSDZ">1260</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYRO_(AM)" title="KYRO (AM)">1280</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSIV_(AM)" title="KSIV (AM)">1320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRAP" title="KRAP">1350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KXFN" title="KXFN">1380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KJFF" title="KJFF">1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KHOJ_(AM)" title="KHOJ (AM)">1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBGZ" title="WBGZ">1570</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KATZ_(AM)" title="KATZ (AM)">1600</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM frequency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDHX" title="KDHX">88.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSIE" title="WSIE">88.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCLC" title="KCLC">89.1</a></li> <li>89.5 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCFV" title="KCFV">KCFV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KNLH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KNLH (page does not exist)">KNLH</a></li></ul></li> <li>89.7 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KGNX" title="KGNX">KGNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBGL" title="WBGL">WCBW-FM</a></li></ul></li> <li>89.9 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_News_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="The Good News Voice">KGNA-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLCA" title="WLCA">WLCA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWUR" title="KWUR">90.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWMU" title="KWMU">90.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSIV-FM" title="KSIV-FM">91.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIL-FM" title="WIL-FM">92.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRTK_(FM)" title="KRTK (FM)">93.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSD_(FM)" title="KSD (FM)">93.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSHE" title="KSHE">94.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KXBS" title="KXBS">95.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFUN-FM" title="WFUN-FM">96.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFTK-FM" title="KFTK-FM">97.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYKY" title="KYKY">98.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTJJ" title="KTJJ">98.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLJY" title="KLJY">99.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFAV" title="KFAV">99.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KATZ-FM" title="KATZ-FM">100.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFNS-FM" title="KFNS-FM">100.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXOS" title="WXOS">101.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWUL-FM" title="KWUL-FM">101.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEZK-FM" title="KEZK-FM">102.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLOU" title="KLOU">103.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHHL" title="WHHL">104.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSLQ-FM" title="KSLQ-FM">104.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTLK-FM" title="KTLK-FM">104.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPNT" title="KPNT">105.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WARH" title="WARH">106.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSLZ" title="KSLZ">107.7</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">LPFM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KWRH-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KWRH-LP (page does not exist)">92.9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KWAP-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KWAP-LP (page does not exist)">97.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KSIQ-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KSIQ-LP (page does not exist)">99.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KXOK-LP_(Missouri)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KXOK-LP (Missouri) (page does not exist)">102.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWEC-LP" class="mw-redirect" title="KWEC-LP">106.9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">Translators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K220HT" class="mw-redirect" title="K220HT">91.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W224DC" class="mw-redirect" title="W224DC">92.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W232CR" class="mw-redirect" title="W232CR">94.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K236CS" class="mw-redirect" title="K236CS">95.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K240ES" class="mw-redirect" title="K240ES">95.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K244FO" class="mw-redirect" title="K244FO">96.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K254CR" class="mw-redirect" title="K254CR">98.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K268CT" class="mw-redirect" title="K268CT">101.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K270BW" title="K270BW">101.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K275CI" class="mw-redirect" title="K275CI">102.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W279AQ" title="W279AQ">103.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K283CI" class="mw-redirect" title="K283CI">104.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K287BY" class="mw-redirect" title="K287BY">105.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K291CW" class="mw-redirect" title="K291CW">106.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K295CQ" class="mw-redirect" title="K295CQ">106.9</a></li> <li>107.1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K296HA" class="mw-redirect" title="K296HA">K296HA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W296DR" class="mw-redirect" title="W296DR">W296DR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K297BI" title="K297BI">107.3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio" title="NOAA Weather Radio">NOAA Weather Radio</a><br />frequency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service_St._Louis,_Missouri#KXI-70" title="National Weather Service St. Louis, Missouri">162.45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service_St._Louis,_Missouri#KDO-89" title="National Weather Service St. Louis, Missouri">162.55</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">Digital radio</a><br />by frequency & subchannel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KFUO_(AM)" title="KFUO (AM)">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCLC" title="KCLC">89.1-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCLC" title="KCLC">89.1-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCLC" title="KCLC">89.1-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLCA" title="WLCA">89.9-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLCA" title="WLCA">89.9-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWMU" title="KWMU">90.7-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWMU" title="KWMU">90.7-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWMU" title="KWMU">90.7-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIL-FM" title="WIL-FM">92.3-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIL-FM" title="WIL-FM">92.3-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSD_(FM)" title="KSD (FM)">93.7-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSD_(FM)" title="KSD (FM)">93.7-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSHE" title="KSHE">94.7-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSHE" title="KSHE">94.7-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSHE" title="KSHE">94.7-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KXBS" title="KXBS">95.5-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KXBS" title="KXBS">95.5-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KXBS" title="KXBS">95.5-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFUN-FM" title="WFUN-FM">96.3-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K297BI" title="K297BI">96.3-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFUN-FM" title="WFUN-FM">96.3-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFTK-FM" title="KFTK-FM">97.1-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFTK-FM" title="KFTK-FM">97.1-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYKY" title="KYKY">98.1-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYKY" title="KYKY">98.1-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYKY" title="KYKY">98.1-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLJY" title="KLJY">99.1-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K270BW" title="K270BW">99.1-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KATZ-FM" title="KATZ-FM">100.3-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W279AQ" title="W279AQ">100.3-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXOS" title="WXOS">101.1-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXOS" title="WXOS">101.1-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXOS" title="WXOS">101.1-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEZK-FM" title="KEZK-FM">102.5-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEZK-FM" title="KEZK-FM">102.5-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMOX" title="KMOX">102.5-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLOU" title="KLOU">103.3-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHHL" title="WHHL">104.1-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTLK-FM" title="KTLK-FM">104.9-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTLK-FM" title="KTLK-FM">104.9-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPNT" title="KPNT">105.7-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPNT" title="KPNT">105.7-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WARH" title="WARH">106.5-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTMY" title="KTMY">106.5-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WARH" title="WARH">106.5-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSLZ" title="KSLZ">107.7-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSLZ" title="KSLZ">107.7-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Call_signs_in_North_America" title="Call signs in North America">call sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K220HT" class="mw-redirect" title="K220HT">K220HT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K236CS" class="mw-redirect" title="K236CS">K236CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K240ES" class="mw-redirect" title="K240ES">K240ES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K244FO" class="mw-redirect" title="K244FO">K244FO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K254CR" class="mw-redirect" title="K254CR">K254CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K268CT" class="mw-redirect" title="K268CT">K268CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K296HA" class="mw-redirect" title="K296HA">K296HA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K270BW" title="K270BW">K270BW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K275CI" class="mw-redirect" title="K275CI">K275CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K283CI" class="mw-redirect" title="K283CI">K283CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K287BY" class="mw-redirect" title="K287BY">K287BY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K291CW" class="mw-redirect" title="K291CW">K291CW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K295CQ" class="mw-redirect" title="K295CQ">K295CQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K297BI" title="K297BI">K297BI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KATZ_(AM)" title="KATZ (AM)">KATZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KATZ-FM" title="KATZ-FM">KATZ-FM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W279AQ" title="W279AQ">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCFV" title="KCFV">KCFV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCLC" title="KCLC">KCLC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCLC" title="KCLC">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCLC" title="KCLC">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDHX" title="KDHX">KDHX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service_St._Louis,_Missouri#KDO-89" title="National Weather Service St. Louis, Missouri">KDO89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEZK-FM" title="KEZK-FM">KEZK-FM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KEZK-FM" title="KEZK-FM">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMOX" title="KMOX">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFAV" title="KFAV">KFAV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFNS_(AM)" title="KFNS (AM)">KFNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFNS-FM" title="KFNS-FM">KFNS-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFTK-FM" title="KFTK-FM">KFTK-FM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KFTK-FM" title="KFTK-FM">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFUO_(AM)" title="KFUO (AM)">KFUO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_News_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="The Good News Voice">KGNA-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGNX" title="KGNX">KGNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KHOJ_(AM)" title="KHOJ (AM)">KHOJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLJY" title="KLJY">KHZR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KJFF" title="KJFF">KJFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLJY" title="KLJY">KLJY</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K270BW" title="K270BW">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLOU" title="KLOU">KLOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMOX" title="KMOX">KMOX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KNLH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KNLH (page does not exist)">KNLH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPNT" title="KPNT">KPNT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KPNT" title="KPNT">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRAP" title="KRAP">KRAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRTK_(FM)" title="KRTK (FM)">KRTK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSD_(FM)" title="KSD (FM)">KSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KSD_(FM)" title="KSD (FM)">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSHE" title="KSHE">KSHE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KSHE" title="KSHE">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSHE" title="KSHE">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KSIQ-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KSIQ-LP (page does not exist)">KSIQ-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSIV_(AM)" title="KSIV (AM)">KSIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSIV-FM" title="KSIV-FM">KSIV-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSLQ-FM" title="KSLQ-FM">KSLQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSLZ" title="KSLZ">KSLZ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KSLZ" title="KSLZ">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSTL_(AM)" title="KSTL (AM)">KSTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTJJ" title="KTJJ">KTJJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTLK-FM" title="KTLK-FM">KTLK-FM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KTLK-FM" title="KTLK-FM">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTRS_(AM)" title="KTRS (AM)">KTRS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KWAP-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KWAP-LP (page does not exist)">KWAP-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWEC-LP" class="mw-redirect" title="KWEC-LP">KWEC-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWMU" title="KWMU">KWMU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KWMU" title="KWMU">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWMU" title="KWMU">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWRE" title="KWRE">KWRE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KWRH-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KWRH-LP (page does not exist)">KWRH-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWUL_(AM)" title="KWUL (AM)">KWUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWUL-FM" title="KWUL-FM">KWUL-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KWUR" title="KWUR">KWUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KXBS" title="KXBS">KXBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KXEN_(AM)" title="KXEN (AM)">KXEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KXFN" title="KXFN">KXFN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service_St._Louis,_Missouri#KXI-70" title="National Weather Service St. Louis, Missouri">KXI70</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KXOK-LP_(Missouri)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KXOK-LP (Missouri) (page does not exist)">KXOK-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYFI" title="KYFI">KYFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYKY" title="KYKY">KYKY</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KYKY" title="KYKY">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYKY" title="KYKY">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYRO_(AM)" title="KYRO (AM)">KYRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W224DC" class="mw-redirect" title="W224DC">W224DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W232CR" class="mw-redirect" title="W232CR">W232CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W296DR" class="mw-redirect" title="W296DR">W296DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W279AQ" title="W279AQ">W279AQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WARH" title="WARH">WARH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KTMY" title="KTMY">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WARH" title="WARH">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBGZ" title="WBGZ">WBGZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBGL" title="WBGL">WCBW-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEW" title="WEW">WEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFUN-FM" title="WFUN-FM">WFUN-FM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K297BI" title="K297BI">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFUN-FM" title="WFUN-FM">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHHL" title="WHHL">WHHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIJR" title="WIJR">WIJR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIL-FM" title="WIL-FM">WIL-FM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WIL-FM" title="WIL-FM">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLCA" title="WLCA">WLCA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WLCA" title="WLCA">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRYT" title="WRYT">WRYT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSDZ" title="WSDZ">WSDZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSIE" title="WSIE">WSIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXOS" title="WXOS">WXOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WXOS" title="WXOS">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXOS" title="WXOS">HD3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KFUO-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="KFUO-FM">KFUO-FM</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KADY_(Missouri)" title="KADY (Missouri)">KADY (1460 AM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFTK_(AM)" title="KFTK (AM)">WESL/WFFX/WQQX/KFTK (1490 AM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KQQZ" title="KQQZ">KHAD/KRFT/KQQZ (1190 AM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZQZ" title="KZQZ">WEB/WIL/WRTH/KZQZ (1430 AM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAMV_(Illinois)" title="WAMV (Illinois)">WTMV/WAMV/WBBR (1490 AM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WQQW_(Illinois)" title="WQQW (Illinois)">WINU/WDID/WXOZ/WQQW (1510 AM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Nearby regions</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cape_Girardeau_Radio" title="Template:Cape Girardeau Radio">Cape Girardeau-Jackson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Columbia_MO_Radio" title="Template:Columbia MO Radio">Columbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:KHQradio" title="Template:KHQradio">Hannibal/Quincy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Marion-Carbondale_(IL)_Radio" title="Template:Marion-Carbondale (IL) Radio">Marion–Carbondale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mount_Vernon_Radio" title="Template:Mount Vernon Radio">Mount Vernon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Springfield_IL_Radio" title="Template:Springfield IL Radio">Springfield, IL</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Missouri" title="List of radio stations in Missouri">List of radio stations in Missouri</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Illinois" title="List of radio stations in Illinois">List of radio stations in Illinois</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>1. Now <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">internet-only</a>.</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcast_television_in_the_Greater_St._Louis_and_Metro_East_Illinois_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:St_Louis_TV" title="Template:St Louis TV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:St_Louis_TV" title="Template talk:St Louis TV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:St_Louis_TV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:St Louis TV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_television_in_the_Greater_St._Louis_and_Metro_East_Illinois_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Broadcast television</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">Greater St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro_East" title="Metro East">Metro East</a> <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> areas</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full-power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KTVI" title="KTVI">KTVI</a> (2.1 <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>, 2.2 <a href="/wiki/Antenna_TV" title="Antenna TV">ANT</a>, 2.3 <a href="/wiki/Grit_(TV_network)" title="Grit (TV network)">Grit</a>, 2.4 <a href="/wiki/Shop_LC" title="Shop LC">Shop LC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMOV" title="KMOV">KMOV</a> (4.1 <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, 4.2 WX, 4.3 <a href="/wiki/Cozi_TV" title="Cozi TV">Cozi</a>, 4.4 <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mystery" title="Ion Mystery">Mystery</a>, 32.1 <a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Ind.</a>/<a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MNT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSDK" title="KSDK">KSDK</a> (5.1 <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, 5.2 <a href="/wiki/Get_(TV_network)" title="Get (TV network)">Get</a>, 5.3 <a href="/wiki/True_Crime_Network" title="True Crime Network">Crime</a>, 5.4 <a href="/wiki/Quest_(American_TV_network)" title="Quest (American TV network)">Quest</a>, 5.5 Nosey, 5.6 [blank])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KETC" title="KETC">KETC</a> (9.1 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>, 9.2 <a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a>, 9.3 <a href="/wiki/World_Channel" title="World Channel">World</a>, 9.4 <a href="/wiki/Create_(TV_network)" title="Create (TV network)">Create</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPLR-TV" title="KPLR-TV">KPLR-TV</a> (11.1 <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">CW</a>, 11.2 <a href="/wiki/Court_TV" title="Court TV">Court</a>, 11.3 <a href="/wiki/Comet_(TV_network)" title="Comet (TV network)">Comet</a>, 11.4 <a href="/wiki/Rewind_TV" title="Rewind TV">REW</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPXS" title="WPXS">WPXS</a> (13.1 <a href="/wiki/Daystar_Television_Network" title="Daystar Television Network">Daystar</a>, 13.2 <a href="/wiki/Retro_TV" title="Retro TV">Retro</a>, 13.3 <a href="/wiki/Template:American_broadcast_television_(Spanish)" title="Template:American broadcast television (Spanish)">Daystar Español</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNLC" title="KNLC">KNLC</a> (24.1 <a href="/wiki/MeTV" title="MeTV">MeTV</a>, 24.2 <a href="/wiki/MeTV_Toons" title="MeTV Toons">MeToons</a>, 24.3 <a href="/wiki/Heroes_%26_Icons" title="Heroes & Icons">H&I</a>, 24.4 <a href="/wiki/Movies!" title="Movies!">Movies!</a>, 24.5 <a href="/wiki/Catchy_Comedy" title="Catchy Comedy">Catchy</a>, 24.6 <a href="/wiki/Start_TV" title="Start TV">Start</a>, 24.7 <a href="/wiki/MeTV#MeTV_Plus" title="MeTV">MeTV+</a>, 24.8 <a href="/wiki/Story_Television" title="Story Television">Story</a>, 24.9 <a href="/wiki/Dabl" title="Dabl">Dabl</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDNL-TV" title="KDNL-TV">KDNL-TV</a> (30.1 <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, 30.2 <a href="/wiki/TBD_(TV_network)" title="TBD (TV network)">TBD</a>, 30.3 <a href="/wiki/Charge!_(TV_network)" title="Charge! (TV network)">Charge!</a>, 30.4 <a href="/wiki/The_Nest_(TV_network)" title="The Nest (TV network)">Nest</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRBU" title="WRBU">WRBU</a> (46.1 <a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion</a>, 46.2 <a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV" title="Bounce TV">Bounce</a>, 46.3 <a href="/wiki/Laff_(TV_network)" title="Laff (TV network)">Laff</a>, 46.4 <a href="/wiki/Ion_Plus" title="Ion Plus">Ion+</a>, 46.5 <a href="/wiki/Scripps_News" title="Scripps News">Scripps</a>, 46.6 <a href="/wiki/Jewelry_Television" title="Jewelry Television">JTV</a>, 46.7 <a href="/wiki/QVC" title="QVC">QVC</a>, 46.8 <a href="/wiki/HSN" title="HSN">HSN</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">Low-power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDTL-LD" title="KDTL-LD">KDTL-LD</a> (4.5 <a href="/wiki/The365" class="mw-redirect" title="The365">The365</a>, 32.2 Corner Store TV, 32.3 <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlaw (TV network)">Outlaw</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPTN-LD" class="mw-redirect" title="KPTN-LD">KPTN-LD</a> (7.1/.5 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Ads</a>, 7.2 <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart#Television" title="Jimmy Swaggart">SBN</a>, 7.3 <a href="/wiki/QVC#QVC2" title="QVC">QVC2</a>, 7.4 <a href="/wiki/Defy_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Defy TV">Defy</a>, 7.6 <a href="/wiki/Salem_Media_Group" title="Salem Media Group">Salem News</a>, 7.7 <a href="/wiki/BeIN_Sports_(American_TV_channel)" title="BeIN Sports (American TV channel)">beIN Xtra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Missouri#LPTV_stations" title="List of television stations in Missouri">K15KP-D</a> (15.1 <a href="/wiki/HSN" title="HSN">HSN</a>, 15.2 <a href="/wiki/QVC" title="QVC">QVC</a>, 15.3 <a href="/wiki/HSN#Sister_channels" title="HSN">HSN2</a>, 15.4 <a href="/wiki/QVC#QVC2" title="QVC">QVC2</a>, 15.5 <a href="/wiki/QVC#QVC3" title="QVC">QVC3</a>, 15.6 <a href="/wiki/Dabl" title="Dabl">Dabl</a>, 15.7 <a href="/wiki/Heartland_(TV_network)" title="Heartland (TV network)">Heartland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Missouri#LPTV_stations" title="List of television stations in Missouri">KEFN-CD</a> (20.1 <a href="/wiki/EWTN#Branding" title="EWTN">EWTN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBGU-LD" class="mw-redirect" title="KBGU-LD">KBGU-LD</a> (33.1 <a href="/wiki/Buzzr" title="Buzzr">Buzzr</a>, 33.2 <a href="/wiki/Shop_LC" title="Shop LC">LC</a>, 33.3 <a href="/wiki/Get_(TV_network)" title="Get (TV network)">Get</a>, 33.4/5/6 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Ads</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WODK-LD" class="mw-redirect" title="WODK-LD">WODK-LD</a> (45.1 <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">TMD</a>, 45.2 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Ads</a>, 45.3 [blank], 45.4 <a href="/wiki/Informercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Informercial">Ads</a>, 45.5 <a href="/wiki/Defy_(TV_network)" title="Defy (TV network)">Defy</a>, 45.6 <a href="/wiki/QVC#QVC2" title="QVC">QVC2</a>, 45.7 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Ads</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KUMO-LD" class="mw-redirect" title="KUMO-LD">KUMO-LD</a> (51.1 <a href="/wiki/Daystar_Television_Network" title="Daystar Television Network">Daystar</a>, 51.2 DS Español, 51.3 Reflections)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Illinois" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Illinois#LPTV_stations" title="List of television stations in Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/W29CI-D" title="W29CI-D">W29CI-D</a> (29.1 <a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV" title="Bounce TV">Bounce</a>, 29.2 <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mystery" title="Ion Mystery">Mystery</a>, 29.3 <a href="/wiki/Laff_(TV_network)" title="Laff (TV network)">Laff</a>, 29.4 <a href="/wiki/Three_Angels_Broadcasting_Network" title="Three Angels Broadcasting Network">3ABN</a>, 29.5 <a href="/wiki/Cheddar_(TV_channel)" title="Cheddar (TV channel)">Cheddar</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Illinois" title="Salem, Illinois">Salem, IL</a></i>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards#ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC standards">ATSC 3.0</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KPLR-TV" title="KPLR-TV">KPLR-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/KTVI" title="KTVI">2.1</a> <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/KMOV" title="KMOV">4.1</a> <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/KSDK" title="KSDK">5.1</a> <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> 11.1 <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">CW</a>, <a href="/wiki/KDNL-TV" title="KDNL-TV">30.1</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bally_Sports_Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bally Sports Midwest">Bally Sports Midwest</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_News" title="Spectrum News">Spectrum News 1 St. Louis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOMU-TV" title="KOMU-TV">K07SD 7</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Rolla,_Missouri" title="Rolla, Missouri">Rolla, MO</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KACY_(TV)" title="KACY (TV)">KACY 14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Columbia_MO_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Columbia MO TV">Columbia/Jefferson City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Kansas_City_TV" title="Template:Kansas City TV">Kansas City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Springfield_MO_TV" title="Template:Springfield MO TV">Springfield, MO</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_IL_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Central IL TV">Peoria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:QHK_TV" title="Template:QHK TV">Quincy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:CDSTV" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:CDSTV">Springfield, IL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Evansville_TV" title="Template:Evansville TV">Evansville</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Memphis_TV" title="Template:Memphis TV">Memphis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Paducah_TV" title="Template:Paducah TV">Paducah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:THTV" title="Template:THTV">Terre Haute</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Missouri" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Missouri" title="Template:Missouri"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Missouri" title="Template talk:Missouri"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Missouri" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Missouri"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Missouri" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Missouri" title="Outline of Missouri">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Missouri-related_articles" title="Index of Missouri-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Missouri" title="Climate change in Missouri">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Missouri" title="Geography of Missouri">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Missouri" title="Government of Missouri">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Missouri" title="United States congressional delegations from Missouri">Delegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_fought_in_Missouri" title="List of battles fought in Missouri">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri in the Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Missouri" title="List of people from Missouri">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Missouri_state_symbols" title="List of Missouri state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Missouri" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Missouri">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri#Transportation" title="Missouri">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Missouri" title="Abortion in Missouri">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Missouri">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Missouri" title="Crime in Missouri">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Missouri">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Missouri">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Missouri" title="Education in Missouri">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Missouri" title="Gun laws in Missouri">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Missouri">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Missouri" title="Political party strength in Missouri">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Missouri" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boonslick" title="Boonslick">Boonslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Bootheel" title="Missouri Bootheel">Bootheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_State_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Four State Area">Four State Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_War" title="Honey War">Honey Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Missouri_Lead_District" title="Southeast Missouri Lead District">Lead Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Hills" title="Lincoln Hills">Lincoln Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Dixie_(Missouri)" title="Little Dixie (Missouri)">Little Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess_Hills" title="Loess Hills">Loess Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Missouri" title="Mid-Missouri">Mid-Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi Embayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Rhineland" title="Missouri Rhineland">Missouri Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissected_Till_Plains" title="Dissected Till Plains">Northern Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Plains" title="Osage Plains">Osage Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ozarks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ozarks">The Ozarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platte_Purchase" title="Platte Purchase">Platte Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express_Region" title="Pony Express Region">Pony Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francois_Mountains" title="St. Francois Mountains">St. Francois Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_metropolitan_area_(Missouri)" title="Columbia metropolitan area (Missouri)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson City, Missouri metropolitan area">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Joplin, Missouri metropolitan area">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield, Missouri metropolitan area">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" title="St. Joseph, Missouri metropolitan area">St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Missouri" title="List of cities in Missouri">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%27s_Summit,_Missouri" title="Lee's Summit, Missouri">Lee's Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Fallon,_Missouri" title="O'Fallon, Missouri">O'Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles,_Missouri" title="St. Charles, Missouri">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri" title="St. Joseph, Missouri">St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Missouri" title="Blue Springs, Missouri">Blue Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peters,_Missouri" title="St. Peters, Missouri">St. Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri" title="Joplin, Missouri">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florissant,_Missouri" title="Florissant, Missouri">Florissant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_Missouri" title="Chesterfield, Missouri">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentzville,_Missouri" title="Wentzville, Missouri">Wentzville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau, Missouri">Cape Girardeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildwood,_Missouri" title="Wildwood, Missouri">Wildwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_City,_Missouri" title="University City, Missouri">University City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Missouri" title="Liberty, Missouri">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballwin,_Missouri" title="Ballwin, Missouri">Ballwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood,_Missouri" title="Kirkwood, Missouri">Kirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raytown,_Missouri" title="Raytown, Missouri">Raytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Heights,_Missouri" title="Maryland Heights, Missouri">Maryland Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Missouri" title="Gladstone, Missouri">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belton,_Missouri" title="Belton, Missouri">Belton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandview,_Missouri" title="Grandview, Missouri">Grandview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixa,_Missouri" title="Nixa, Missouri">Nixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymore,_Missouri" title="Raymore, Missouri">Raymore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Missouri" title="List of counties in Missouri">Counties and <br /> independent city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adair_County,_Missouri" title="Adair County, Missouri">Adair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_County,_Missouri" title="Andrew County, Missouri">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atchison_County,_Missouri" title="Atchison County, Missouri">Atchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrain_County,_Missouri" title="Audrain County, Missouri">Audrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_County,_Missouri" title="Barry County, Missouri">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_County,_Missouri" title="Barton County, Missouri">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_County,_Missouri" title="Bates County, Missouri">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Missouri" title="Benton County, Missouri">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollinger_County,_Missouri" title="Bollinger County, Missouri">Bollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Boone County, Missouri">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Missouri" title="Buchanan County, Missouri">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Missouri" title="Butler County, Missouri">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Missouri" title="Caldwell County, Missouri">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaway_County,_Missouri" title="Callaway County, Missouri">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_County,_Missouri" title="Camden County, Missouri">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau_County,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau County, Missouri">Cape Girardeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Missouri" title="Carroll County, Missouri">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_County,_Missouri" title="Carter County, Missouri">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Missouri" title="Cass County, Missouri">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_County,_Missouri" title="Cedar County, Missouri">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_County,_Missouri" title="Chariton County, Missouri">Chariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_County,_Missouri" title="Christian County, Missouri">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Missouri" title="Clark County, Missouri">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Missouri" title="Clay County, Missouri">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Missouri" title="Clinton County, Missouri">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_County,_Missouri" title="Cole County, Missouri">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_County,_Missouri" title="Cooper County, Missouri">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Missouri" title="Crawford County, Missouri">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dade_County,_Missouri" title="Dade County, Missouri">Dade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Missouri" title="Dallas County, Missouri">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daviess_County,_Missouri" title="Daviess County, Missouri">Daviess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Missouri" title="DeKalb County, Missouri">DeKalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dent_County,_Missouri" title="Dent County, Missouri">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Missouri" title="Douglas County, Missouri">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunklin_County,_Missouri" title="Dunklin County, Missouri">Dunklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Missouri" title="Franklin County, Missouri">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasconade_County,_Missouri" title="Gasconade County, Missouri">Gasconade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry_County,_Missouri" title="Gentry County, Missouri">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Missouri" title="Greene County, Missouri">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundy_County,_Missouri" title="Grundy County, Missouri">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Missouri" title="Harrison County, Missouri">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Missouri" title="Henry County, Missouri">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_County,_Missouri" title="Hickory County, Missouri">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_County,_Missouri" title="Holt County, Missouri">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Missouri" title="Howard County, Missouri">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_County,_Missouri" title="Howell County, Missouri">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_County,_Missouri" title="Iron County, Missouri">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="Jackson County, Missouri">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_County,_Missouri" title="Jasper County, Missouri">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Missouri" title="Jefferson County, Missouri">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Missouri" title="Johnson County, Missouri">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Missouri" title="Knox County, Missouri">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laclede_County,_Missouri" title="Laclede County, Missouri">Laclede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Missouri" title="Lafayette County, Missouri">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Missouri" title="Lawrence County, Missouri">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_Missouri" title="Lewis County, Missouri">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Missouri" title="Lincoln County, Missouri">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_County,_Missouri" title="Linn County, Missouri">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_County,_Missouri" title="Livingston County, Missouri">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Missouri" title="Macon County, Missouri">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Missouri" title="Madison County, Missouri">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maries_County,_Missouri" title="Maries County, Missouri">Maries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Missouri" title="Marion County, Missouri">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald_County,_Missouri" title="McDonald County, Missouri">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Missouri" title="Mercer County, Missouri">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_County,_Missouri" title="Miller County, Missouri">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_County,_Missouri" title="Mississippi County, Missouri">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniteau_County,_Missouri" title="Moniteau County, Missouri">Moniteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Missouri" title="Monroe County, Missouri">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Missouri" title="Montgomery County, Missouri">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Missouri" title="Morgan County, Missouri">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_County,_Missouri" title="New Madrid County, Missouri">New Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Missouri" title="Newton County, Missouri">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodaway_County,_Missouri" title="Nodaway County, Missouri">Nodaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_County,_Missouri" title="Oregon County, Missouri">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_County,_Missouri" title="Osage County, Missouri">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozark_County,_Missouri" title="Ozark County, Missouri">Ozark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemiscot_County,_Missouri" title="Pemiscot County, Missouri">Pemiscot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Missouri" title="Perry County, Missouri">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettis_County,_Missouri" title="Pettis County, Missouri">Pettis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelps_County,_Missouri" title="Phelps County, Missouri">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Missouri" title="Pike County, Missouri">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platte_County,_Missouri" title="Platte County, Missouri">Platte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Missouri" title="Polk County, Missouri">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Missouri" title="Pulaski County, Missouri">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Missouri" title="Putnam County, Missouri">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralls_County,_Missouri" title="Ralls County, Missouri">Ralls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Missouri" title="Randolph County, Missouri">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_County,_Missouri" title="Ray County, Missouri">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_County,_Missouri" title="Reynolds County, Missouri">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripley_County,_Missouri" title="Ripley County, Missouri">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_County,_Missouri" title="St. Charles County, Missouri">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Missouri" title="St. Clair County, Missouri">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francois_County,_Missouri" title="St. Francois County, Missouri">St. Francois</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Louis (City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis (County)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve_County,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_County,_Missouri" title="Saline County, Missouri">Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_County,_Missouri" title="Schuyler County, Missouri">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_County,_Missouri" title="Scotland County, Missouri">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Missouri" title="Scott County, Missouri">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_County,_Missouri" title="Shannon County, Missouri">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Missouri" title="Shelby County, Missouri">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_County,_Missouri" title="Stoddard County, Missouri">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_County,_Missouri" title="Stone County, Missouri">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Missouri" title="Sullivan County, Missouri">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taney_County,_Missouri" title="Taney County, Missouri">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_County,_Missouri" title="Texas County, Missouri">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_County,_Missouri" title="Vernon County, Missouri">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Missouri" title="Warren County, Missouri">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Missouri" title="Washington County, Missouri">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Missouri" title="Wayne County, Missouri">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_County,_Missouri" title="Webster County, Missouri">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worth_County,_Missouri" title="Worth County, Missouri">Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_County,_Missouri" title="Wright County, Missouri">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/32px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/48px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/64px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Missouri" title="Portal:Missouri">Missouri portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Summer_Olympic_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Summer_Olympic_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities" title="List of Olympic Games host cities">host cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Louis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1916_Summer_Olympics" title="1916 Summer Olympics">1916</a>:</b> <i>None</i><sup>[c1]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Paris</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">1928</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics" title="1932 Summer Olympics">1932</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics" title="1940 Summer Olympics">1940</a>:</b> <i>None</i><sup>[c2]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1944_Summer_Olympics" title="1944 Summer Olympics">1944</a>:</b> <i>None</i><sup>[c2]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> London</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">1968</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany"><img alt="West Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Los Angeles</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> Athens</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> London</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Tokyo<sup>[c3]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Paris</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Los Angeles</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>[c1]</sup> Cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>; <sup>[c2]</sup> Cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; <sup>[c3]</sup> Postponed to 2021 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Midwestern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Midwestern_United_States" title="Template:Midwestern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Midwestern_United_States" title="Template talk:Midwestern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Midwestern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Midwestern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Midwestern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Culture" title="Midwestern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Physical_geography" title="Midwestern United States">Geography</a></li> <li>Economy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Political_trends" title="Midwestern United States">Government and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#History" title="Midwestern United States">History</a></li> <li>Sports</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Subregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Northern Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">East North Central states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">West North Central states</a></li> <li><a href="#Cultural_overlap">Southern Midwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">State capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Pierre, South Dakota">Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USPopulousCities" title="Template talk:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">100 most populous cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="26"> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="51"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado" title="Aurora, Colorado">Aurora, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu, Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Louis, Missouri</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="76"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada" title="North Las Vegas, Nevada">North Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California" title="Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving,_Texas" title="Irving, Texas">Irving, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland,_Texas" title="Garland, Texas">Garland, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_St._Lucie,_Florida" title="Port St. Lucie, Florida">Port St. Lucie, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a></li> </ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Cities ranked by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> population estimates for July 1, 2022.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38022#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38022#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38022#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404664728">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123481554">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/265566391">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204930/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRkfvhKWVMB6FcBjD6rq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4118223-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79041725">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12175425q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12175425q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36218144">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="St. Louis (Missouri)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge258938&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455870">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559519805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/759f9567-9107-40ef-a825-e57824a62e70">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1231244">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/145546934">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045878">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis&oldid=1256372699">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis&oldid=1256372699</a>"</div></div> <div 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