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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Beginnings in England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Early racing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_stallions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_stallions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Foundation stallions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_stallions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_mares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_mares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Foundation mares </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_mares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_development_in_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_development_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Later development in Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_development_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 In America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 In Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 In Australia and New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 In other areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registration,_breeding,_and_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registration,_breeding,_and_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Registration, breeding, and population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registration,_breeding,_and_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Value </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horse_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Horse racing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_disciplines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_disciplines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Other disciplines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_disciplines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossbreeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossbreeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Crossbreeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossbreeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Health issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selective_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Selective breeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excess_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excess_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Excess stress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excess_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Medical challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Thoroughbred</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="خيول ثوروبريد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيول ثوروبريد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purasangre" title="Purasangre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Purasangre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Английски чистокръвен кон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Английски чистокръвен кон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pura_sang" title="Pura sang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pura sang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglick%C3%BD_plnokrevn%C3%ADk" title="Anglický plnokrevník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anglický plnokrevník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelsk_fuldblod" title="Engelsk fuldblod – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Engelsk fuldblod" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englisches_Vollblut" title="Englisches Vollblut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Englisches Vollblut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglise_t%C3%A4isvereline_ratsahobune" title="Inglise täisvereline ratsahobune – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inglise täisvereline ratsahobune" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purasangre" title="Purasangre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Purasangre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursangulo" title="Pursangulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pursangulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odolgarbi" title="Odolgarbi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odolgarbi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="تروبرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تروبرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur-sang" title="Pur-sang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pur-sang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capall_fola%C3%ADochta" title="Capall folaíochta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Capall folaíochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purosangue" title="Purosangue – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Purosangue" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%9F%AC%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C" title="서러브레드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서러브레드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%B1%D5%AB" title="Զտարյուն ցեղատեսակի ձի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զտարյուն ցեղատեսակի ձի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleski_punokrvnjak" title="Engleski punokrvnjak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Engleski punokrvnjak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teranggul" title="Teranggul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teranggul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thoroughbred" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purosangue_inglese" title="Purosangue inglese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Purosangue inglese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ת'ורוברד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ת'ורוברד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABrasi%C5%86u_zirgs" title="Tīrasiņu zirgs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tīrasiņu zirgs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grynakraujai_jojamieji_arkliai" title="Grynakraujai jojamieji arkliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grynakraujai jojamieji arkliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angol_teliv%C3%A9r" title="Angol telivér – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Angol telivér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0" title="തൊറോ ബ്രഡ് കുതിര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൊറോ ബ്രഡ് കുതിര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belima" title="Belima – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Belima" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelse_volbloed" title="Engelse volbloed – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Engelse volbloed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="サラブレッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サラブレッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelsk_fullblodshest" title="Engelsk fullblodshest – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Engelsk fullblodshest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelsk_fullblodshest" title="Engelsk fullblodshest – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Engelsk fullblodshest" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%84_pe%C5%82nej_krwi_angielskiej" title="Koń pełnej krwi angielskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koń pełnej krwi angielskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puro-sangue_ingl%C3%AAs" title="Puro-sangue inglês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Puro-sangue inglês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_purs%C3%A2nge_englez" title="Cal pursânge englez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cal pursânge englez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Чистокровная верховая лошадь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чистокровная верховая лошадь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thoroughbred" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cistokrvni_konj" title="Čistokrvni konj – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Čistokrvni konj" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englannint%C3%A4ysiverinen" title="Englannintäysiverinen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englannintäysiverinen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelskt_fullblod" title="Engelskt fullblod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Horse breed developed for racing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Thoroughbred (disambiguation)">Thoroughbred (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><caption class="infobox-title breed">Thoroughbred</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Applebite-Gentlemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Applebite-Gentlemen.jpg/220px-Applebite-Gentlemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Applebite-Gentlemen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Thoroughbred horse</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">England</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DDD;">Traits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distinguishing features</th><td class="infobox-data">Athletic riding horse breed, used for racing and many equestrian sports</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DDD;">Breed standards</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.registry.jockeyclub.com/registry.cfm?page=tjcRuleBook">The Jockey Club (US)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES">Australian Stud Book</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weatherbys.co.uk/Weatherbys/media/PDFs/gsb-conditions.pdf">General Stud Book</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#DDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Equus ferus caballus</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Thoroughbred is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">horse breed</a> developed for <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_racing" title="Thoroughbred racing">horse racing</a>. Although the word thoroughbred is sometimes used to refer to any breed of <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">purebred</a> horse, it technically refers only to the Thoroughbred breed. Thoroughbreds are considered "<a href="/wiki/Hot-blooded_horse" title="Hot-blooded horse">hot-blooded</a>" horses that are known for agility, speed, and spirit. The Thoroughbred was developed in 17th- and 18th-century England, when native <a href="/wiki/Mare" title="Mare">mares</a> were <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbred</a> with imported <a href="/wiki/Stallion_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stallion (horse)">stallions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barb_horse" title="Barb horse">Barb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_horse" title="Turkoman horse">Turkoman</a> breeding. All modern Thoroughbreds can trace their pedigrees to three stallions imported into England in the 17th and 18th centuries, and to a larger number of <a href="/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation bloodstock">foundation</a> mares of mostly English breeding. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Thoroughbred breed spread throughout the world; they were imported into North America starting in 1730 and into Australia, Europe, Japan and South America during the 19th century. Millions of Thoroughbreds exist, and around 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foals</a> are registered each year worldwide. Thoroughbreds are used mainly for racing, but are also bred for other riding disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">combined training</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a>. They are also commonly crossbred to create new breeds or to improve existing ones, and have been influential in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse" title="American Quarter Horse">Quarter Horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standardbred_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardbred horse">Standardbred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Arabian" title="Anglo-Arabian">Anglo-Arabian</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">warmblood</a> breeds. Thoroughbred racehorses perform with maximum exertion, which has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Racehorse_injuries" title="Racehorse injuries">high accident rates</a> and health problems such as <a href="/wiki/Exercise_induced_pulmonary_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage">bleeding from the lungs</a>. Other health concerns include low <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>, abnormally small hearts, and a small hoof-to-body-mass ratio. There are several theories for the reasons behind the prevalence of accidents and health problems in the Thoroughbred breed, and research on the subject is ongoing. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breed_characteristics">Breed characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Breed characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_of_Gibraltar_-_Race_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brown horse looking out over a railing. The head is sideways to the camera and the horse is looking into the distance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rock_of_Gibraltar_-_Race_Horse.jpg/170px-Rock_of_Gibraltar_-_Race_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rock_of_Gibraltar_-_Race_Horse.jpg/255px-Rock_of_Gibraltar_-_Race_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rock_of_Gibraltar_-_Race_Horse.jpg/340px-Rock_of_Gibraltar_-_Race_Horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Thoroughbreds have a well-chiseled head.</figcaption></figure> The typical Thoroughbred ranges from 15.2 to 17.0 <a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hands</a> (62 to 68 inches, 157 to 173 cm) high, averaging 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm). They are most often <a href="/wiki/Bay_(horse)" title="Bay (horse)">bay</a>, dark bay or <a href="/wiki/Seal_brown_(horse)" title="Seal brown (horse)">brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_(coat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chestnut (coat)">chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black (horse)">black</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gray_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray (horse)">gray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Patten-1">[1]</a> Less common colors recognized in the United States include <a href="/wiki/Roan_(horse)" title="Roan (horse)">roan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palomino" title="Palomino">palomino</a>. <a href="/wiki/White_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (horse)">White</a> is very rare, but is a recognized color separate from gray.<a href="#cite_note-color-2">[2]</a> The face and lower legs may be <a href="/wiki/Horse_markings" title="Horse markings">marked</a> with white,<a href="#cite_note-Guide12-3">[3]</a> but white will generally not appear on the body. Coat patterns that have more than one color on the body, such as <a href="/wiki/Pinto_horse" title="Pinto horse">Pinto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa">Appaloosa</a>, are not recognized by mainstream breed registries.<a href="#cite_note-color-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Good-quality Thoroughbreds have a well-chiseled head on a long neck, high <a href="/wiki/Withers" title="Withers">withers</a>, a deep chest, a short back, good depth of hindquarters, a lean body, and long legs.<a href="#cite_note-Guide12-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montgomery338-5">[5]</a> Thoroughbreds are classified among the "hot-blooded" breeds, which are animals bred for agility and speed and are generally considered spirited and bold.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Thoroughbreds born in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> are officially considered a year older on the first of January each year;<a href="#cite_note-Rule3-7">[7]</a> those born in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> officially are one year older on the first of August.<a href="#cite_note-OzSBRules-8">[8]</a> These artificial dates have been set to enable the standardization of races and other competitions for horses in certain age groups.<a href="#cite_note-TrackTalk38-9">[9]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> The Thoroughbred is a distinct breed of horse, although people sometimes refer to a <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">purebred</a> horse of any breed as a thoroughbred. The term for any horse or other animal derived from a single <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">breed</a> line is <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">purebred</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-MW905-11">[11]</a> While the term probably came into general use because the English Thoroughbred's <a href="/wiki/General_Stud_Book" title="General Stud Book">General Stud Book</a> was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">breed registries</a> created, in modern usage horse breeders consider it incorrect to refer to any animal as a thoroughbred except for horses belonging to the Thoroughbred breed.<a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-10">[10]</a> Nonetheless, breeders of other species of purebred animals may use the two terms interchangeably,<a href="#cite_note-MW905-11">[11]</a> though thoroughbred is less often used for describing purebred animals of other species.<a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-MW905-11">[11]</a> The term is a <a href="/wiki/Noun#Proper_nouns_and_common_nouns" title="Noun">proper noun</a> referring to this specific breed,<a href="#cite_note-IMH-12">[12]</a> though often not capitalized, especially in non-specialist publications, and outside the US. For example, the Australian Stud Book,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> do not capitalize the word.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darley_Arabian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a brown horse walking behind a man in a blue seventeenth century outfit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Darley_Arabian.jpg/220px-Darley_Arabian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Darley_Arabian.jpg/330px-Darley_Arabian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Darley_Arabian.jpg/440px-Darley_Arabian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>The Darley Arabian, one of the three traditional <a href="/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation bloodstock">foundation sires</a> of the Thoroughbred</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_in_England">Beginnings in England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginnings in England">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_racing">Early racing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early racing">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Flat_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat racing">Flat racing</a> existed in England by at least 1174, when four-mile races took place at <a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_London" title="Smithfield, London">Smithfield</a>, in London. Racing continued at fairs and markets throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and into the reign of King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a>. It was then that <a href="/wiki/Handicapping" title="Handicapping">handicapping</a>, a system of adding weight to attempt to equalize a horse's chances of winning as well as improved training procedures, began to be used. During the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, the foundation of the Thoroughbred was laid.<a href="#cite_note-Wall7-16">[16]</a> The term "thro-bred" to describe horses was first used in 1713.<a href="#cite_note-Barrett1995-17">[17]</a> Under Charles II, a keen racegoer and owner, and Anne, royal support was given to racing and the breeding of race horses. With royal support, horse racing became popular with the public, and by 1727, a newspaper devoted to racing, the Racing Calendar, was founded. Devoted exclusively to the sport, it recorded race results and advertised upcoming meets.<a href="#cite_note-Wall7-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundation_stallions">Foundation stallions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foundation stallions">edit</a>]</div> All modern Thoroughbreds trace their origin to one of three stallions imported into England from the Middle East in the late 17th and early 18th centuries: the <a href="/wiki/Byerley_Turk" title="Byerley Turk">Byerley Turk</a> (1680s), the <a href="/wiki/Darley_Arabian" title="Darley Arabian">Darley Arabian</a> (1704), and the <a href="/wiki/Godolphin_Arabian" title="Godolphin Arabian">Godolphin Arabian</a> (1729).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Other imported stallions were less influential, but still made noteworthy contributions to the breed. These included the <a href="/wiki/Alcock%27s_Arabian" title="Alcock's Arabian">Alcock's Arabian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Willet25-20">[20]</a> D'Arcy's White Turk, Leedes Arabian, and <a href="/wiki/Curwen%27s_Bay_Barb" title="Curwen's Bay Barb">Curwen's Bay Barb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TrackTalk45-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morris-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[notes 1]</a> Another was the Brownlow Turk, who, among other attributes, is thought to be largely responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Gray_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray (horse)">gray</a> coat color in Thoroughbreds.<a href="#cite_note-Willet25-20">[20]</a> In all, about 160 stallions have been traced in the historical record as contributing to the creation of the Thoroughbred. The addition of horses of Eastern bloodlines, whether Arabian, Barb, or Turk, to the native English mares<a href="#cite_note-Willett22-24">[23]</a> ultimately led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/General_Stud_Book" title="General Stud Book">General Stud Book</a> (GSB) in 1791 and the practice of official <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">registration</a> of horses.<a href="#cite_note-IMH-12">[12]</a> According to Peter Willett, about 50% of the foundation stallions appear to have been of Arabian bloodlines, with the remainder being evenly divided between Turkoman and Barb breeding.<a href="#cite_note-Willett22-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[notes 2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matchem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a standing next to two men, one of whom is holding the horse's bridle, the other is pouring water into a water trough." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Matchem.jpg/220px-Matchem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Matchem.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Matchem, a grandson of the Godolphin Arabian, from a painting by <a href="/wiki/George_Stubbs" title="George Stubbs">George Stubbs</a></figcaption></figure> Each of the three major <a href="/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation bloodstock">foundation sires</a> was, coincidentally, the ancestor of a grandson or great-great-grandson who was the only male descendant to perpetuate each respective horse's male line: <a href="/wiki/Matchem" title="Matchem">Matchem</a> was the only descendant of his grandsire, the Godolphin Arabian, to maintain a <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">male line</a> to the present;<a href="#cite_note-Milner140-27">[25]</a> the Byerley Turk's male line was preserved by <a href="/wiki/Herod_(horse)" title="Herod (horse)">Herod</a> (or King Herod), a great-great-grandson;<a href="#cite_note-Willett38-28">[26]</a> and the male line of the Darley Arabian owes its existence to great-great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(horse)" title="Eclipse (horse)">Eclipse</a>, who was the dominant racehorse of his day and never defeated.<a href="#cite_note-TrackTalk45-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willett37-29">[27]</a> One genetic study indicates that 95% of all male Thoroughbreds trace their direct male line (via the <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a>) to the Darley Arabian.<a href="#cite_note-Pickrell-30">[28]</a> However, in modern Thoroughbred pedigrees, most horses have more crosses to the Godolphin Arabian (13.8%) than to the Darley Arabian (6.5%) when all lines of descent (maternal and paternal) are considered. Further, as a percentage of contributions to current Thoroughbred bloodlines, Curwen's Bay Barb (4.2%) appears more often than the Byerley Turk (3.3%). The majority of modern Thoroughbreds alive trace to a total of only 27 or 28 stallions from the 18th and 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Pickrell-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cunningham-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundation_mares">Foundation mares</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foundation mares">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Mare" title="Mare">mares</a> used as foundation breeding stock came from a variety of breeds, some of which, such as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Hobby" title="Irish Hobby">Irish Hobby</a>, had developed in northern Europe prior to the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-mtDNA3-32">[30]</a> Other mares were of oriental breeding, including Barb, <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_horse" title="Turkoman horse">Turk</a> and other bloodlines,<a href="#cite_note-mtDNA2-33">[31]</a> although most researchers conclude that the number of Eastern mares imported into England during the 100 years after 1660 was small.<a href="#cite_note-Willett22-24">[23]</a> The 19th-century researcher Bruce Lowe identified 50 mare "families" in the Thoroughbred breed, later augmented by other researchers to 74.<a href="#cite_note-mtDNA1-34">[32]</a> However, it is probable that fewer genetically unique mare lines existed than Lowe identified.<a href="#cite_note-mtDNA1-34">[32]</a> Recent studies of the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> of Thoroughbred mares indicate that some of the mare lines thought to be genetically distinct may actually have had a common ancestor; in 19 mare lines studied, the <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotypes</a> revealed that they traced to only 15 unique foundation mares, suggesting either a common ancestor for foundation mares thought to be unrelated or recording errors in the GSB.<a href="#cite_note-mtDNA1-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_development_in_Britain">Later development in Britain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later development in Britain">edit</a>]</div> By the end of the 18th century, the English <a href="/wiki/British_Classic_Races" title="British Classic Races">Classic races</a> had been established. These are the <a href="/wiki/St._Leger_Stakes" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Leger Stakes">St. Leger Stakes</a>, founded in 1776, <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Oaks" title="Epsom Oaks">The Oaks</a>, founded in 1779, and <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">The Derby</a> in 1780. Later, the <a href="/wiki/2,000_Guineas_Stakes" class="mw-redirect" title="2,000 Guineas Stakes">2,000 Guineas Stakes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1,000_Guineas_Stakes" class="mw-redirect" title="1,000 Guineas Stakes">1,000 Guineas Stakes</a> were founded in 1809 and 1814. The 1,000 Guineas and the Oaks are restricted to <a href="/wiki/Filly" title="Filly">fillies</a>, but the others are open to racehorses of either sex aged three years. The distances of these races, ranging from one mile (1.6 km) to 1.75 miles (2.82 km), led to a change in breeding practices, as breeders concentrated on producing horses that could race at a younger age than in the past and that had more speed. In the early 18th century, the emphasis had been on longer races, up to 4 miles (6.4 km), that were run in multiple heats. The older style of race favored older horses, but with the change in distances, younger horses became preferred.<a href="#cite_note-Classic34-35">[33]</a> Selective breeding for speed and racing ability led to improvements in the size of horses and winning times by the middle of the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Bay_Middleton_(horse)" title="Bay Middleton (horse)">Bay Middleton</a>, a winner of the Epsom Derby, stood over 16 hands high, a full hand higher than the Darley Arabian. Winning times had improved to such a degree that many felt further improvement by adding additional Arabian bloodlines was impossible. This was borne out in 1885, when a race was held between a Thoroughbred, Iambic, considered a mid-grade runner, and the best Arabian of the time, Asil. The race was over 3 miles (4,800 m), and although Iambic was <a href="/wiki/Handicap_(horse_racing)" title="Handicap (horse racing)">handicapped</a> by carrying 4.5 stone (29 kg; 63 lb) more than Asil, he still managed to beat Asil by 20 lengths.<a href="#cite_note-Classic39-36">[34]</a> The improvement of the breed for racing in this way was said by noted 19th century racing writer, Nimrod, to have created "the noblest animal in the creation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimrod19015-37">[35]</a> An aspect of the modern British breeding establishment is that they breed not only for flat racing, but also for <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">steeplechasing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Classic57-38">[36]</a> Up until the end of the 19th century, Thoroughbreds were bred not only for racing but also as saddle horses.<a href="#cite_note-Derry31-39">[37]</a> Soon after the start of the 20th century, fears that the English races would be overrun with American-bred Thoroughbreds because of the closing of US racetracks in the early 1910s, led to the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Act" title="Jersey Act">Jersey Act</a> of 1913.<a href="#cite_note-Classic111-40">[38]</a> It prohibited the registration of any horse in the General Stud Book (GSB) if they could not show that every ancestor traced to the GSB. This excluded most American-bred horses, because the 100-year gap between the founding of the GSB and the American Stud Book meant that most American-bred horses possessed at least one or two crosses to horses not registered in the GSB. The act was not repealed until 1949, after which a horse was only required to show that all its ancestors to the ninth generation were registered in a recognized Stud Book.<a href="#cite_note-Classic71-41">[39]</a> Many felt that the Jersey Act hampered the development of the British Thoroughbred by preventing breeders in the United Kingdom from using new bloodlines developed outside the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-Classic56-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_America">In America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In America">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diomed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Diomed.jpg/220px-Diomed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Diomed.jpg/330px-Diomed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Diomed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Diomed, an important sire in American Thoroughbred breeding.</figcaption></figure> The first Thoroughbred horse in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American Colonies</a> was <a href="/wiki/Bulle_Rock" title="Bulle Rock">Bulle Rock</a>, imported in 1730.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson16-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASB10-44">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> were the centers of Colonial Thoroughbred breeding, along with <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and New York. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> importations of horses from England practically stopped but were restarted after the signing of a peace treaty. Two important stallions were imported around the time of the Revolution; <a href="/wiki/Messenger_(horse)" title="Messenger (horse)">Messenger</a> in 1788 and <a href="/wiki/Diomed" title="Diomed">Diomed</a> before that. Messenger left little impact on the American Thoroughbred, but is considered a foundation sire of the <a href="/wiki/Standardbred_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardbred horse">Standardbred</a> breed. Diomed, who won the Derby Stakes in 1780, had a significant impact on American Thoroughbred breeding, mainly through his son <a href="/wiki/Sir_Archy" title="Sir Archy">Sir Archy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Montgomery-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-DerbyWins-46">[44]</a> John F. Wall, a racing historian, said that Sir Archy was the "first outstanding stallion we can claim as native American."<a href="#cite_note-Wall114-47">[45]</a> He was retired from the racetrack because of lack of opponents.<a href="#cite_note-Wall114-47">[45]</a> Medley and Shark, who arrived in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> before Messenger and Diomed, became important <a href="/wiki/Broodmare" class="mw-redirect" title="Broodmare">broodmare</a> and dam sires by producing <a href="/wiki/Foundation_stock" title="Foundation stock">foundation stock</a>, and their daughters and granddaughters were bred primarily to <a href="/wiki/Diomed" title="Diomed">Diomed</a>. After the American Revolution, the center of Thoroughbred breeding and racing in the United States moved west. <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> became significant centers. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, later <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, was a breeder and racer of Thoroughbreds in Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-Montgomery142-48">[46]</a> Match races held in the early 19th century helped to popularize horse racing in the United States. One took place in 1823, in <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island, New York</a>, between Sir Henry and <a href="/wiki/American_Eclipse_(racehorse)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Eclipse (racehorse)">American Eclipse</a>. Another was a <a href="/wiki/Match_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Match race">match race</a> between <a href="/wiki/Boston_(horse)" title="Boston (horse)">Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_(horse)" title="Fashion (horse)">Fashion</a> in 1838 that featured bets of $20,000 from each side.<a href="#cite_note-Montgomery143-49">[47]</a> The last major match races before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> were both between <a href="/wiki/Lexington_(horse)" title="Lexington (horse)">Lexington</a> and Lecompte. The first was held in 1854 in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and was won by Lecompte. Lexington's owner then challenged Lecompte's owner to a rematch, held in 1855 in New Orleans and won by Lexington. Both of these horses were sons of Boston, a descendant of Sir Archy.<a href="#cite_note-Montgomery152-50">[48]</a> Lexington went on to a career as a breeding stallion, and led the sires list of number of winners for sixteen years, fourteen of them in a row.<a href="#cite_note-Wall119-51">[49]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the emphasis in American racing changed from the older style of four-mile (6 km) races in which the horses ran in at least two heats. The new style of racing involved shorter races not run in heats, over distances from five <a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">furlongs</a> up to 1.5 miles (2.4 km). This development meant a change in breeding practices, as well as the age that horses were raced, with younger horses and sprinters coming to the fore. It was also after the Civil War that the American Thoroughbred returned to England to race. <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_(horse)" title="Iroquois (horse)">Iroquois</a> became the first American-bred winner of the Epsom Derby in 1881. The success of American-bred Thoroughbreds in England led to the Jersey Act in 1913, which limited the importation of American Thoroughbreds into England.<a href="#cite_note-Willett159-52">[50]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the breeders in America continued to emphasize speed and early racing age but also imported horses from England, and this trend continued past World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Willett165-53">[51]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Thoroughbred breeding remained centered in Kentucky, but <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, New York, and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> also emerged as important racing and breeding centers.<a href="#cite_note-Willett175-54">[52]</a> Thoroughbreds in the United States have historically been used not only for racing but also to improve other breeds. The early import Messenger was the foundation of the Standardbred,<a href="#cite_note-Evans28-55">[53]</a> and Thoroughbred blood was also instrumental in the development of the <a href="/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse" title="American Quarter Horse">American Quarter Horse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Evans23-56">[54]</a> The foundation stallion of the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_horse" title="Morgan horse">Morgan</a> breed is held by some to have been sired by a Thoroughbred.<a href="#cite_note-Evans36-57">[55]</a> Between World War I and World War II, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> used Thoroughbred stallions as part of their <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Remount_Service" title="United States Army Remount Service">Remount Service</a>, which was designed to improve the stock of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> mounts.<a href="#cite_note-Derry137-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fort27-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Europe">edit</a>]</div> Thoroughbreds began to be imported to France in 1817 and 1818 with the importation of a number of stallions from England, but initially the sport of horse racing did not prosper in France. The first Jockey Club in France was not formed until 1833, and in 1834 the racing and regulation functions were split off to a new society, the Société d'Encouragement pour l'Amélioration des Races de Chevaux en France, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Jockey-Club_de_Paris" title="Jockey-Club de Paris">Jockey-Club de Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Willett119-60">[58]</a> The French Stud Book was founded at the same time by the government.<a href="#cite_note-Classic130-61">[59]</a> By 1876, French-bred Thoroughbreds were regularly winning races in England, and in that year a French breeder-owner earned the most money in England on the track.<a href="#cite_note-Willett127-62">[60]</a> World War I almost destroyed French breeding because of war damage and lack of races.<a href="#cite_note-Willett134-63">[61]</a> After the war, the premier French race, the Grand Prix, resumed and continues to this day. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, French Thoroughbred breeding did not suffer as it had during the first World War, and thus was able to compete on an equal footing with other countries after the war.<a href="#cite_note-Willett139-64">[62]</a> Organized racing in Italy started in 1837, when race meets were established in Florence and Naples and a meet in Milan was founded in 1842. Modern flat racing came to Rome in 1868. Later importations, including the Derby Stakes winners Ellington (1856) and Melton (1885), came to Italy before the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-DerbyWins-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willett180-65">[63]</a> Modern Thoroughbred breeding in Italy is mostly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">breeding program</a> of <a href="/wiki/Federico_Tesio" title="Federico Tesio">Federico Tesio</a>, who started his breeding program in 1898. Tesio was the breeder of <a href="/wiki/Nearco" title="Nearco">Nearco</a>, one of the dominant sires of Thoroughbreds in the later part of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Willett182-66">[64]</a> Other countries in Europe have Thoroughbred breeding programs, including Germany,<a href="#cite_note-Classic162-67">[65]</a> Russia, Poland, and Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-Classic202-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Australia_and_New_Zealand">In Australia and New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Australia and New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> Horses arrived in Australia with the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> in 1788 along with the earliest colonists.<a href="#cite_note-Willett202-69">[67]</a> Although horses of part-Thoroughbred blood were imported into Australia during the late 18th century, it is thought that the first pureblood Thoroughbred was a stallion named Northumberland who was imported from England in 1802 as a <a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">coach horse</a> sire.<a href="#cite_note-Australia-70">[68]</a> By 1810, the first formal race meets were organized in Sydney, and by 1825 the first mare of proven Thoroughbred bloodlines arrived to join the Thoroughbred stallions already there.<a href="#cite_note-Willett202-69">[67]</a> In 1825, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Turf_Club" title="Australian Turf Club">Sydney Turf Club</a>, the first true racing club in Australia, was formed. Throughout the 1830s, the Australian colonies began to import Thoroughbreds, almost exclusively for racing purposes, and to improve the local stock. Each colony formed its own racing clubs and held its own races.<a href="#cite_note-Australia-70">[68]</a> Gradually, the individual clubs were integrated into one overarching organization, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Racing_Board" title="Australian Racing Board">Australian Racing Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Thoroughbreds from Australia were imported into New Zealand in the 1840s and 1850s, with the first direct importation from England occurring in 1862.<a href="#cite_note-Willett213-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_areas">In other areas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In other areas">edit</a>]</div> Thoroughbreds have been exported to many other areas of the world since the breed was created. Oriental horses were imported into South Africa from the late 17th century in order to improve the local stock through crossbreeding. Horse racing was established there in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and Thoroughbreds were imported in increasing numbers.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The first Thoroughbred stallions arrived in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> in 1853, but the first mares did not arrive until 1865. The Argentine Stud Book was first published in 1893.<a href="#cite_note-Willett233-74">[72]</a> Thoroughbreds were imported into Japan from 1895, although it was not until after World War II that Japan began a serious breeding and racing business involving Thoroughbreds.<a href="#cite_note-Willett238-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registration,_breeding,_and_population">Registration, breeding, and population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Registration, breeding, and population">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_breeding_theories" title="Thoroughbred breeding theories">Thoroughbred breeding theories</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">Horse breeding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twilight20008-300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Twilight20008-300.jpg/220px-Twilight20008-300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Twilight20008-300.jpg/330px-Twilight20008-300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Twilight20008-300.jpg/440px-Twilight20008-300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>Twilight, the Thoroughbred mare who serves as the subject of the Equine Genome Project</figcaption></figure> The number of Thoroughbred <a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foals</a> registered each year in North America varies greatly, chiefly linked to the success of the auction market which in turn depends on the state of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The foal crop was over 44,000 in 1990, but declined to roughly 22,500 by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-JCAbout-77">[75]</a> The largest numbers are registered in the states of Kentucky, Florida and California.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[notes 3]</a> Australia is the second largest producer of Thoroughbreds in the world with almost 30,000 broodmares producing about 18,250 foals annually.<a href="#cite_note-Racing_Fact_Book-81">[78]</a> Britain produces about 5,000 foals a year,<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> and worldwide, there are more than 195,000 active <a href="/wiki/Mare" title="Mare">broodmares</a>, or females being used for breeding, and 118,000 newly registered foals in 2006 alone.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> The Thoroughbred industry is a large <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a>, generating around $34 billion in revenue annually in the United States and providing about 470,000 jobs through a network of farms, training centers, and <a href="/wiki/Race_track" title="Race track">race tracks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NTRA-84">[81]</a> Unlike a significant number of registered breeds, a horse cannot be registered as a Thoroughbred (with <a href="/wiki/The_Jockey_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jockey Club">The Jockey Club</a> registry) unless conceived by live cover, the witnessed natural <a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">mating of a mare and a stallion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">Artificial insemination</a> (AI) and <a href="/wiki/Embryo_transfer" title="Embryo transfer">embryo transfer</a> (ET), though commonly used and allowable in many other horse breed registries, cannot be used with Thoroughbreds.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> One reason is that a greater possibility of error exists in assigning parentage with artificial insemination, and although <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and blood testing eliminate many of those concerns, artificial insemination still requires more detailed record keeping.<a href="#cite_note-BreedMan349-86">[83]</a> The main reason, however, may be economic; a stallion has a limited number of mares who can be serviced by live cover. Thus the practice prevents an oversupply of Thoroughbreds, although modern management still allows a stallion to live cover more mares in a season than was once thought possible. As an example, in 2008, the Australian stallion <a href="/wiki/Encosta_De_Lago" title="Encosta De Lago">Encosta De Lago</a> covered 227 mares.<a href="#cite_note-studbook.org.au-87">[84]</a> By allowing a stallion to cover only a couple of hundred mares a year rather than the couple of thousand possible with artificial insemination, it also preserves the high prices paid for horses of the finest or most popular lineages.<a href="#cite_note-HorseInfoFAQ-88">[85]</a> Concern exists that the <a href="/wiki/Closed_stud_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed stud book">closed stud book</a> and tightly regulated population of the Thoroughbred is at risk of loss of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> because of the level of inadvertent <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> inevitable in such a small population. According to a 2001 study, 78% of <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> in the population can be traced to 30 foundation animals, 27 of which are male. Ten foundation mares account for 72% of maternal (tail-female) lineages, and, as noted, one stallion appears in 95% of tail male lineages.<a href="#cite_note-Cunningham-31">[29]</a> Thoroughbred pedigrees are generally traced through the <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">maternal</a> line, called the distaff line. The line that a horse comes from is a critical factor in determining the price for a young horse.<a href="#cite_note-Napier-89">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Value">Value</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Value">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_valuation" title="Thoroughbred valuation">Thoroughbred valuation</a></div> Prices of Thoroughbreds vary greatly, depending on age, <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">pedigree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">conformation</a>, and other market factors.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Keeneland_Sales" title="Keeneland Sales">Keeneland Sales</a>, a United States–based sales company, sold 9,124 horses at auction, with a total value of $814,401,000, which gives an average price of $89,259.<a href="#cite_note-Keeneland2007-91">[88]</a> As a whole for the United States in 2007, The Jockey Club auction statistics indicated that the average <a href="/wiki/Weanling" title="Weanling">weanling</a> sold for $44,407, the average yearling sold for $55,300, average sale price for two-year-olds was $61,843, broodmares averaged $70,150, and horses over two and broodmare prospects sold for an average of $53,243.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> For Europe, the July 2007 Tattersall's Sale sold 593 horses at auction, with a total for the sale of 10,951,300 <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea (British coin)">guineas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> for an average of 18,468 guineas.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Also in 2007, Doncaster Bloodstock Sales, another British sales firm, sold 2,248 horses for a total value of 43,033,881 guineas, making an average of 15,110 guineas per horse.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> Australian prices at auction during the 2007–2008 racing and breeding season were as follows: 1,223 Australian weanlings sold for a total of $31,352,000, an average of $25,635 each. Four thousand, nine hundred and three yearlings sold for a total value of <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>372,003,961, an average of A$75,853. Five hundred two-year-olds sold for A$13,030,150, an average of A$26,060, and 2,118 broodmares totalled A$107,720,775, an average of A$50,860.<a href="#cite_note-AUS2007-96">[93]</a> Averages, however, can be deceiving. For example, at the 2007 Fall Yearling sale at Keeneland, 3,799 young horses sold for a total of $385,018,600, for an average of $101,347 per horse.<a href="#cite_note-Keeneland2007-91">[88]</a> However, that average sales price reflected a variation that included at least 19 horses that sold for only $1,000 each and 34 that sold for over $1,000,000 apiece.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> The highest price paid at auction for a Thoroughbred was set in 2006 at $16,000,000 for a two-year-old colt named <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Monkey" title="The Green Monkey">The Green Monkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Green_Monkey-98">[95]</a> Record prices at auction often grab headlines, though they do not necessarily reflect the animal's future success; in the case of The Green Monkey, injuries limited him to only three career starts before being retired to stud in 2008, and he never won a race.<a href="#cite_note-Green_Monkey-98">[95]</a> Conversely, even a highly successful Thoroughbred may be sold by the pound for a few hundred dollars to become <a href="/wiki/Horsemeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsemeat">horsemeat</a>. The best-known example of this was the 1986 Kentucky Derby winner <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_(horse)" title="Ferdinand (horse)">Ferdinand</a>, exported to Japan to stand at stud, but was ultimately slaughtered in 2002, presumably for pet food.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> However, the value of a Thoroughbred may also be influenced by the purse money it wins. In 2007, Thoroughbred racehorses earned a total of $1,217,854,602 in all placings, an average earnings per starter of $16,924.<a href="#cite_note-RacingStats-100">[97]</a> In addition, the track record of a race horse may influence its future value as a breeding animal. Stud fees for stallions that enter breeding can range from $2,500 to $500,000 per mare in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> and from £2000<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> to £75,000 or more in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> The record stud fee to date was set in the 1980s, when the stud fee of the late <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dancer" title="Northern Dancer">Northern Dancer</a> reached $1 million.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> During the 2008 Australian breeding season seven stallions stood at a stud fee of A$110,000 or more, with the highest fee in the nation at A$302,500.<a href="#cite_note-studbook.org.au-87">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse-racing-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two horses racing along a grass racetrack, the horses are side by side with both jockeys urging the horses faster." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Horse-racing-4.jpg/220px-Horse-racing-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Horse-racing-4.jpg/330px-Horse-racing-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Horse-racing-4.jpg/440px-Horse-racing-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Race horses competing on turf (grass racetrack) in Germany. Most races in Europe are run on turf, while most races in North America are run on dirt. </figcaption></figure> Although the Thoroughbred is primarily bred for <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_horse_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoroughbred horse race">racing</a>, the breed is also used for <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">combined training</a> because of its athleticism, and many retired and retrained race horses become fine family riding horses, <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a> horses, and youth show horses. The larger horses are sought for hunter/jumper and dressage competitions, whereas the smaller horses are in demand as <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> ponies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse_racing">Horse racing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Horse racing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_horse_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoroughbred horse race">Thoroughbred horse race</a></div> Thoroughbred horses are primarily bred for racing under <a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">saddle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">gallop</a>. Thoroughbreds are often known for being either distance runners or sprinters, and their <a href="/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">conformation</a> usually reflects what they have been bred to do. Sprinters are usually well muscled, while stayers, or distance runners, tend to be smaller and slimmer.<a href="#cite_note-TrackTalk26-106">[103]</a> The size of the horse is one consideration for buyers and trainers when choosing a potential racehorse. Although there have been champion racehorses of every height, from <a href="/wiki/Zenyatta" title="Zenyatta">Zenyatta</a> who stood 17.2 hands,<a href="#cite_note-Zenyatta-107">[104]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Man_o%27_War" title="Man o' War">Man o' War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(horse)" title="Secretariat (horse)">Secretariat</a> who both stood at 16.2 hands,<a href="#cite_note-Montgomery183-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bong112-109">[106]</a> down to <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(horse)" title="Hyperion (horse)">Hyperion</a>, who was only 15.1,<a href="#cite_note-Bong56-110">[107]</a> the best racehorses are generally of average size.<a href="#cite_note-Wagoner-111">[108]</a> Larger horses mature more slowly and have more stress on their legs and feet, predisposing them to lameness.<a href="#cite_note-Equus-112">[109]</a> Smaller horses are considered by some to be at a disadvantage due to their shorter stride and a tendency of other horses to bump them, especially in the starting gate.<a href="#cite_note-Wagoner-111">[108]</a> Historically, Thoroughbreds have steadily increased in size: the average height of a Thoroughbred in 1700 was about 13.3 hands high. By 1876 this had increased to 15.3.<a href="#cite_note-TrackTalk24-113">[110]</a> In 2007, there were 71,959 horses who started in races in the United States, and the average Thoroughbred racehorse in the United States and Canada ran 6.33 times in that year.<a href="#cite_note-RacingStats-100">[97]</a> In Australia, there were 31,416 horses in training during 2007, and those horses started 194,066 times for <a href="/wiki/A$" class="mw-redirect" title="A$">A$</a>375,512,579 of prize money. During 2007, in Japan, there were 23,859 horses in training and those horses started 182,614 times for <a href="/wiki/A$" class="mw-redirect" title="A$">A$</a>857,446,268 of prize money.<a href="#cite_note-Racing_Fact_Book-81">[78]</a> In Britain, the British Racing Authority states there were 8,556 horses in training for flat racing for 2007, and those horses started 60,081 times in 5,659 races.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> Statistically, fewer than 50% of all race horses ever win a race, and less than 1% ever win a <a href="/wiki/Graded_stakes_race" title="Graded stakes race">stakes race</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Derby" title="Kentucky Derby">Kentucky Derby</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">Epsom Derby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> Any horse who has yet to win a race is known as a maiden. Horses finished with a racing career that are not suitable for breeding purposes often become riding horses or other equine companions. A number of agencies exist to help make the transition from the racetrack to another career, or to help find retirement homes for ex-racehorses.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_disciplines">Other disciplines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other disciplines">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R3DE_XCountry.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A horse just taking off from the ground to jump a wooden jump. The horse's back legs are still on the ground but its two front legs are stretched forward and upward to reach over the jump. The rider is flat against the horse's neck." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/R3DE_XCountry.JPG/220px-R3DE_XCountry.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/R3DE_XCountry.JPG/330px-R3DE_XCountry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/R3DE_XCountry.JPG/440px-R3DE_XCountry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="1583" /></a><figcaption>A Thoroughbred competing in <a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">eventing</a></figcaption></figure> In addition to racing, Thoroughbreds compete in <a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">eventing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a> at the highest levels of international competition, including the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a>. They are also used as <a href="/wiki/Show_hunter" title="Show hunter">show hunters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">steeplechasers</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">Western riding</a> speed events such as <a href="/wiki/Barrel_Racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel Racing">barrel racing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mounted_police" title="Mounted police">Mounted police</a> divisions employ them in non-competitive work, and recreational riders also use them.<a href="#cite_note-JCTBinfo-117">[114]</a> Thoroughbreds are one of the most common breeds for use in <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> They are often seen in the <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a> field as well.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossbreeding">Crossbreeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Crossbreeding">edit</a>]</div> Thoroughbreds are often crossed with horses of other breeds to create new breeds or to enhance or introduce specific qualities into existing ones. They have been influential on many modern <a href="/wiki/Riding_horse" title="Riding horse">riding horse</a> breeds, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse" title="American Quarter Horse">American Quarter Horse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OKStateQH-120">[117]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Standardbred_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardbred horse">Standardbred</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OKStateStandardbred-121">[118]</a> and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_horse" title="Morgan horse">Morgan</a>, a breed that went on to influence many of the <a href="/wiki/Ambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambling">gaited</a> breeds in North America.<a href="#cite_note-MorganMus-122">[119]</a> Other common crosses with the Thoroughbred include crossbreeding with Arabian bloodlines to produce the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Arabian" title="Anglo-Arabian">Anglo-Arabian</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Draught" title="Irish Draught">Irish Draught</a> to produce the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sport_Horse" title="Irish Sport Horse">Irish Sport Horse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISH-124">[121]</a> Thoroughbreds have been <a href="/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation bloodstock">foundation bloodstock</a> for various <a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">Warmblood</a> breeds due to their refinement and performance capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Crossbred horses developed from Thoroughbreds, (informally categorized as "hot bloods" because of temperament) crossed on sturdy <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horse</a> breeds, (classified as "cold bloods" for their more phlegmatic temperament) are known as "warmbloods," which are commonly seen in competitive events such as show jumping and dressage.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Warmblood" title="Dutch Warmblood">Dutch Warmblood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_horse" title="Hanoverian horse">Hanoverian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selle_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Selle Français">Selle Français</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Some warmblood registries note the percentage of Thoroughbred breeding, and many warmblood breeds have an <a href="/wiki/Open_stud_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Open stud book">open stud book</a> that continues to allow Thoroughbred crossbreeding.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_issues">Health issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Health issues">edit</a>]</div> Although Thoroughbreds are seen in the <a href="/wiki/Hunt_seat" title="Hunt seat">hunter-jumper</a> world and in other disciplines, modern Thoroughbreds are primarily bred for speed, and racehorses have a very high rate of accidents as well as other health problems. One tenth of all Thoroughbreds suffer orthopedic problems, including fractures.<a href="#cite_note-Pickrell-30">[28]</a> Current estimates indicate that there are 1.5 career-ending breakdowns for every 1,000 horses starting a race in the United States, an average of two horses per day. The state of California reported a particularly high rate of injury, 3.5 per 1000 starts.<a href="#cite_note-WP-131">[128]</a> Other countries report lower rates of injury, with the United Kingdom having 0.9 injuries/1,000 starts (1990–1999) and the courses in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria, Australia</a>, producing a rate of 0.44 injuries/1,000 starts (1989–2004).<a href="#cite_note-UPCI-132">[129]</a> Thoroughbreds also have other health concerns, including a majority of animals who are prone to bleeding from the lungs (<a href="/wiki/Exercise_induced_pulmonary_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage">exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage</a>), 10% with low fertility, and 5% with abnormally small hearts.<a href="#cite_note-Pickrell-30">[28]</a> Thoroughbreds also tend to have smaller hooves relative to their body mass than other breeds, with thin soles and walls and a lack of cartilage mass,<a href="#cite_note-ppt-133">[130]</a> which contributes to foot soreness, the most common source of lameness in racehorses.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selective_breeding">Selective breeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Selective breeding">edit</a>]</div> One argument for the health issues involving Thoroughbreds suggests that <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> is the culprit.<a href="#cite_note-Pickrell-30">[28]</a> It has also been suggested that capability for speed is enhanced in an already swift animal by raising <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> mass, a form of <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> that has created animals designed to win <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse races</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kluger-135">[132]</a> Thus, according to one postulation, the modern Thoroughbred travels faster than its skeletal structure can support.<a href="#cite_note-Finley-136">[133]</a> Veterinarian <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Miller" title="Robert M. Miller">Robert M. Miller</a> states that "We have selectively bred for speeds that the anatomy of the horse cannot always cope with."<a href="#cite_note-Miller-137">[134]</a> Poor breeding may be encouraged by the fact that many horses are sent to the breeding shed following an injury. If the injury is linked to a <a href="/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">conformational fault</a>, the fault is likely to be passed to the next generation. Additionally, some breeders will have a veterinarian perform straightening procedures on a horse with crooked legs. This can help increase the horse's price at a sale and perhaps help the horse have a sounder racing career, but the genes for poor legs will still be passed on.<a href="#cite_note-UPCI-132">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excess_stress">Excess stress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Excess stress">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Synthetic racetrack installation developments since 2007 and their impact on fatal breakdowns. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A high accident rate may also occur because Thoroughbreds, particularly in the United States, are first raced as 2-year-olds, well before they are completely mature. Though they may appear full-grown and are in superb muscular condition, their bones are not fully formed.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-137">[134]</a> However, catastrophic injury rates are higher in 4- and 5-year-olds than in 2- and 3-year-olds.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Some believe that correct, slow training of a young horse (including foals) may actually be beneficial to the overall soundness of the animal. This is because, during the training process, microfractures occur in the leg followed by bone remodeling. If the remodeling is given sufficient time to heal, the bone becomes stronger. If proper remodeling occurs before hard training and racing begins, the horse will have a stronger musculoskeletal system and will have a decreased chance of injury.<a href="#cite_note-UPCI-132">[129]</a> Studies have shown that track surfaces,<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">horseshoes</a> with toe grabs,<a href="#cite_note-ppt-133">[130]</a> use of certain legal medications,<a href="#cite_note-PETA-140">[137]</a> and high-intensity racing schedules may also contribute to a high injury rate.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-141">[138]</a> One promising trend is the development of synthetic surfaces for racetracks, and one of the first tracks to install such a surface, <a href="/wiki/Turfway_Park" title="Turfway Park">Turfway Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence,_Kentucky" title="Florence, Kentucky">Florence, Kentucky</a>, saw its rate of fatal breakdowns drop from 24 in 2004–05 to three in the year following Polytrack installation. The material is not perfected, and some areas report problems related to winter weather, but studies are continuing.<a href="#cite_note-WP-131">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_challenges">Medical challenges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Medical challenges">edit</a>]</div> The level of treatment given to injured Thoroughbreds is often more intensive than for horses of lesser financial value<a href="#cite_note-BaltSun-142">[139]</a> but also controversial, due in part to the significant challenges in treating broken bones and other major leg injuries.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-143">[140]</a> Leg injuries that are not immediately fatal still may be life-threatening because a horse's weight must be distributed evenly on all four legs to prevent <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system_of_the_horse" title="Circulatory system of the horse">circulatory</a> problems, <a href="/wiki/Laminitis" title="Laminitis">laminitis</a>, and other infections. If a horse loses the use of one leg temporarily, there is the risk that other legs will break down during the recovery period because they are carrying an abnormal weight load. While horses periodically lie down for brief periods of time, a horse cannot remain lying in the equivalent of a human's "<a href="/wiki/Bed_rest" title="Bed rest">bed rest</a>" because of the risk of developing sores, internal damage, and congestion.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-143">[140]</a> Whenever a racing accident severely injures a well-known horse, such as the major leg fractures that led to the <a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">euthanization</a> of 2006 <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Derby" title="Kentucky Derby">Kentucky Derby</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Barbaro_(horse)" title="Barbaro (horse)">Barbaro</a>, or 2008 Kentucky Derby runner-up <a href="/wiki/Eight_Belles" title="Eight Belles">Eight Belles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> groups have denounced the Thoroughbred racing industry.<a href="#cite_note-PETABarbaro-144">[141]</a> On the other hand, advocates of racing argue that without horse racing, far less funding and incentives would be available for medical and biomechanical research on horses.<a href="#cite_note-HBLB-145">[142]</a> Although horse racing is hazardous, veterinary science has advanced. Previously hopeless cases can now be treated,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-143">[140]</a> and earlier detection through advanced imaging techniques like <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">scintigraphy</a> can keep at-risk horses off the track.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_breeding_theories" title="Thoroughbred breeding theories">Thoroughbred breeding theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_North_American_horse_racing" title="Glossary of North American horse racing">Glossary of North American horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_racing_in_Australia" title="Thoroughbred racing in Australia">Thoroughbred racing in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_racing_in_New_Zealand" title="Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand">Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leading_Thoroughbred_racehorses" title="List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses">List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_horses" title="List of historical horses">List of historical horses</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Articles on the mentioned horses are located at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeters,_Anne" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbheritage.com/HistoricSires/FoundationSires/FSDarcyWhite.html">"Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred: D'Arcy's White Turk"</a>. Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+Sires+of+the+Thoroughbred&rft.atitle=Foundation+Sires+of+the+Thoroughbred%3A+D%27Arcy%27s+White+Turk&rft.au=Peters%2C+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbheritage.com%2FHistoricSires%2FFoundationSires%2FFSDarcyWhite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbheritage.com/HistoricSires/FoundationSires/FoundSiresL.html">"Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred: L"</a>. Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+Sires+of+the+Thoroughbred&rft.atitle=Foundation+Sires+of+the+Thoroughbred%3A+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbheritage.com%2FHistoricSires%2FFoundationSires%2FFoundSiresL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters,_Anne" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbheritage.com/HistoricSires/FoundationSires/FSCurwensBayBarb.html">"Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred: Curwen's Bay Barb"</a>. Foundation Sires of the Thoroughbred. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+Sires+of+the+Thoroughbred&rft.atitle=Foundation+Sires+of+the+Thoroughbred%3A+Curwen%27s+Bay+Barb&rft.au=Peters%2C+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbheritage.com%2FHistoricSires%2FFoundationSires%2FFSCurwensBayBarb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> The identification of exact breeding for most of the foundation stallions is complicated by the practice in the 17th and 18th centuries of calling a horse an Arab or a Barb based on where the horse was acquired, rather than from its actual breeding.<a href="#cite_note-Willett19-25">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Some promotional materials from The Jockey Club state that there were slightly under 1.3 million Thoroughbreds in the United States registered with The Jockey Club as of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> but combining this information with figures on foal registrations gives an average lifespan for registered Thoroughbreds of almost 35 years, which is well beyond normal for horses. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Patten-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Patten_1-0">^</a> Patten Light Horse Breeds pp. 191–195 </li> <li id="cite_note-color-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-color_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-color_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.registry.jockeyclub.com/registry.cfm?page=dotRegistryIdentifyThoroughbred&CFID=7216657&CFTOKEN=94423595">"Coat Colors Of Thoroughbreds"</a>. Interactive RegistrationTM Help Desk: How to Identify a Thoroughbred. The Jockey Club. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interactive+RegistrationTM+Help+Desk%3A+How+to+Identify+a+Thoroughbred&rft.atitle=Coat+Colors+Of+Thoroughbreds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.registry.jockeyclub.com%2Fregistry.cfm%3Fpage%3DdotRegistryIdentifyThoroughbred%26CFID%3D7216657%26CFTOKEN%3D94423595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guide12-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guide12_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guide12_3-1">b</a> Bongianni Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies section 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=VET">"Approved Veterinarian Identification of the Thoroughbred in Australia"</a>. Australian Stud Book. May 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Approved+Veterinarian+Identification+of+the+Thoroughbred+in+Australia&rft.pub=Australian+Stud+Book&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studbook.org.au%2FDisplayPDF.aspx%3Fty%3DVET&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montgomery338-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Montgomery338_5-0">^</a> Montgomery The Thoroughbred pp. 338–354 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Henry All About Horses, pp. 60, 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rule3-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Rule3_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112093116/http://www.jockeyclub.com/registry.asp?section=3#one">"Eligibility for Foal Registration"</a>. The American Stud Book Principal Rules and Requirements. The Jockey Club. pp. Section V, part C. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jockeyclub.com/registry.asp?section=3#one">the original</a> on January 12, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Stud+Book+Principal+Rules+and+Requirements&rft.atitle=Eligibility+for+Foal+Registration&rft.pages=Section+V%2C+part+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jockeyclub.com%2Fregistry.asp%3Fsection%3D3%23one&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OzSBRules-8"><a href="#cite_ref-OzSBRules_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES">"Rules of the Australian Stud Book"</a> (PDF). Australian Jockey Club. 2007. p. 7. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+of+the+Australian+Stud+Book&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Australian+Jockey+Club&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studbook.org.au%2FDisplayPDF.aspx%3Fty%3DRULES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrackTalk38-9"><a href="#cite_ref-TrackTalk38_9-0">^</a> Phifer Track Talk p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster1994" class="citation book cs1">Merriam-Webster (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2yJusP0vrdgC&q=purebred+of+thoroughbred&pg=RA3-PA905">Thoroughbred entry</a>. 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Horse Breeds of the World. International Museum of the Horse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imh.org/History-of-the-Horse/Breeds-of-the-World-by-Continent/Thoroughbred.html">the original</a> on July 26, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horse+Breeds+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Thoroughbred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imh.org%2FHistory-of-the-Horse%2FBreeds-of-the-World-by-Continent%2FThoroughbred.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thoroughbredwelfare.horse/">"Thoroughbred Welfare"</a>. Australian Stud Book Website. Racing Australia. Retrieved January 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Stud+Book+Website&rft.atitle=Thoroughbred+Welfare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthoroughbredwelfare.horse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times" class="citation web cs1">New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/search/query?query=thoroughbred&srchst=nyt">"Search of the New York Times Website for Thoroughbred"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> Website. 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Retrieved June 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Website&rft.atitle=Search+of+the+BBC+Website+for+Thoroughbred&rft.au=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.bbc.co.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch%2Fresults.pl%3Fgo%3Dhomepage%26scope%3Dall%26tab%3Dall%26q%3Dthoroughbred%26Search%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wall7-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wall7_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wall7_16-1">b</a> Wall Famous Running Horses pp. 7–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrett1995-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Barrett1995_17-0">^</a> Barrett Daily Telegraph Chronicle of Horse Racing p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Milner The Godolphin Arabian pp. 3–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Wall Famous Running Horses p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Willet25-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willet25_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willet25_20-1">b</a> Willett The Thoroughbred p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-TrackTalk45-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TrackTalk45_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrackTalk45_21-1">b</a> Phifer Track Talk p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris_22-0">^</a> Morris Thoroughbred Stallions pp. 1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Willett22-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willett22_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willett22_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willett22_24-2">c</a> Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 22-23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Willett19-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Willett19_25-0">^</a> Willett The Thoroughbred p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Milner140-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Milner140_27-0">^</a> Milner The Godolphin Arabian p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-Willett38-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Willett38_28-0">^</a> Willett The Thoroughbred pp. 38–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-Willett37-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Willett37_29-0">^</a> Willett The Thoroughbred p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pickrell-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pickrell_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickrell_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickrell_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickrell_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickrell_30-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickrell2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Pickrell, John (September 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7941-95-of-thoroughbreds-linked-to-one-superstud/">"95% of thoroughbreds linked to one superstud"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. 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Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horserace+Levy+Betting+Board+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Advancing+Veterinary+Science+and+Education&rft.au=Horserace+Levy+Betting+Board+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hblb.org.uk%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Mackey "Stress fractures of the humerus, radius and tibia in horses" Veterinary Radiology </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur2003" class="citation book cs1">Arthur, RM; et al. (2003). "North American Thoroughbred". In Ross MW, Dyson SJ (ed.). Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. p. 872. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7216-8342-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7216-8342-8"><bdi>0-7216-8342-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+American+Thoroughbred&rft.btitle=Diagnosis+and+Management+of+Lameness+in+the+Horse&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=872&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7216-8342-8&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarakat2007" class="citation journal cs1">Barakat, Christine (October 2007). "Why Size Matters". Equus. 361: 36–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equus&rft.atitle=Why+Size+Matters&rft.volume=361&rft.pages=36-42&rft.date=2007-10&rft.aulast=Barakat&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1995" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Norman, ed. (1995). The Daily Telegraph Chronicle of Horse Racing. Enfield, UK: Guinness Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Daily+Telegraph+Chronicle+of+Horse+Racing&rft.place=Enfield%2C+UK&rft.pub=Guinness+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBongianni,_Maurizio1983" class="citation book cs1">Bongianni, Maurizio (1983). Champion Horses: An Illustrated History of Flat Racing, Steeplechasing and Trotting Races. New York: Bonanza Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-43933-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-43933-6"><bdi>0-517-43933-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champion+Horses%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Flat+Racing%2C+Steeplechasing+and+Trotting+Races&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bonanza+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-517-43933-6&rft.au=Bongianni%2C+Maurizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBongianni,_Maurizio1987" class="citation book cs1">Bongianni, Maurizio (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lish00maur">Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies</a>. New York: Fireside. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-66068-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-66068-3"><bdi>0-671-66068-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simon+%26+Schuster%27s+Guide+to+Horses+and+Ponies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fireside&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-671-66068-3&rft.au=Bongianni%2C+Maurizio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flish00maur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bourke, JM (1994). "Fatalities on racecourses in Victoria: a seven year study". Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+10th+International+Conference+of+Racing+Analysts+and+Veterinarians&rft.atitle=Fatalities+on+racecourses+in+Victoria%3A+a+seven+year+study&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bourke&rft.aufirst=JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1884" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, S.D. (1884). The American Stud Book, Vol. 1, Revised Edition. New York: Sanders D. Bruce.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Stud+Book%2C+Vol.+1%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sanders+D.+Bruce&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=S.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuecker,_Thomas_R.2002" class="citation book cs1">Buecker, Thomas R. (2002). Fort Robinson and the American century, 1900–1948. Lincoln: Nebraska State Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933307-29-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-933307-29-2"><bdi>0-933307-29-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fort+Robinson+and+the+American+century%2C+1900%E2%80%931948&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=Nebraska+State+Historical+Society&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-933307-29-2&rft.au=Buecker%2C+Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamDooleySplanBradley2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham EP, Dooley JJ, Splan RK, Bradley DG (December 2001). "Microsatellite diversity, pedigree relatedness and the contributions of founder lineages to thoroughbred horses". Animal Genetics. 32 (6): 360–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2052.2001.00785.x">10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00785.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11736806">11736806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Genetics&rft.atitle=Microsatellite+diversity%2C+pedigree+relatedness+and+the+contributions+of+founder+lineages+to+thoroughbred+horses&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=360-4&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2052.2001.00785.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11736806&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=EP&rft.au=Dooley%2C+JJ&rft.au=Splan%2C+RK&rft.au=Bradley%2C+DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerry,_Margaret_Elsinor2006" class="citation book cs1">Derry, Margaret Elsinor (2006). Horses in Society: A Story of Animal Breeding and Marketing, 1800–1920. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-9112-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-9112-1"><bdi>0-8020-9112-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horses+in+Society%3A+A+Story+of+Animal+Breeding+and+Marketing%2C+1800%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8020-9112-1&rft.au=Derry%2C+Margaret+Elsinor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEquine_Research,_Inc.1982" class="citation book cs1">Equine Research, Inc. (1982). Breeding Management and Foal Development. Grand Prairie, Texas: Equine Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935842-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-935842-04-7"><bdi>0-935842-04-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breeding+Management+and+Foal+Development&rft.place=Grand+Prairie%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Equine+Research&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-935842-04-7&rft.au=Equine+Research%2C+Inc.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErigero,_Patricia" class="citation web cs1">Erigero, Patricia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbheritage.com/GeneticMarkers/mtdnaintbdamlines.html">"New Research Sheds Light on Old Pedigrees"</a>. Genetic Markers. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Markers&rft.atitle=New+Research+Sheds+Light+on+Old+Pedigrees&rft.au=Erigero%2C+Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbheritage.com%2FGeneticMarkers%2Fmtdnaintbdamlines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"> which cites <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill,_E._W.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, E. W.; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbheritage.com/GeneticMarkers/HillAnimalGenetics.pdf">"History and Integrity of Thoroughbred Dam Lines Revealed in Equine mtDNA Variation"</a> (PDF). Animal Genetics. 33 (4): 287–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2052.2002.00870.x">10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12139508">12139508</a>. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Genetics&rft.atitle=History+and+Integrity+of+Thoroughbred+Dam+Lines+Revealed+in+Equine+mtDNA+Variation&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=287-294&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2052.2002.00870.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12139508&rft.au=Hill%2C+E.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbheritage.com%2FGeneticMarkers%2FHillAnimalGenetics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErigero,_Patricia" class="citation web cs1">Erigero, Patricia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbheritage.com/GeneticMarkers/mtdnaintbdamlines2.html">"Who's Your Momma II: Some Lines Converge"</a>. Genetic Markers. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Markers&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Your+Momma+II%3A+Some+Lines+Converge&rft.au=Erigero%2C+Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbheritage.com%2FGeneticMarkers%2Fmtdnaintbdamlines2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"> which cites <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill,_E._W.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, E. W.; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbheritage.com/GeneticMarkers/HillAnimalGenetics.pdf">"History and Integrity of Thoroughbred Dam Lines Revealed in Equine mtDNA Variation"</a> (PDF). Animal Genetics. 33 (4): 287–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2052.2002.00870.x">10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12139508">12139508</a>. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Genetics&rft.atitle=History+and+Integrity+of+Thoroughbred+Dam+Lines+Revealed+in+Equine+mtDNA+Variation&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=287-294&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2052.2002.00870.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12139508&rft.au=Hill%2C+E.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbheritage.com%2FGeneticMarkers%2FHillAnimalGenetics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErigero,_Patricia" class="citation web cs1">Erigero, Patricia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbheritage.com/GeneticMarkers/mtdnaintbdamlines3.html">"Who's Your Momma III: Some Lines Misplaced"</a>. Genetic Markers. Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Markers&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Your+Momma+III%3A+Some+Lines+Misplaced&rft.au=Erigero%2C+Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbheritage.com%2FGeneticMarkers%2Fmtdnaintbdamlines3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"> which cites <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill,_E._W.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, E. W.; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbheritage.com/GeneticMarkers/HillAnimalGenetics.pdf">"History and Integrity of Thoroughbred Dam Lines Revealed in Equine mtDNA Variation"</a> (PDF). Animal Genetics. 33 (4): 287–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2052.2002.00870.x">10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12139508">12139508</a>. 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Luce Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88331-098-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88331-098-8"><bdi>0-88331-098-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Track+Talk%3A+An+Introduction+to+Thoroughbred+Racing&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Robert+B.+Luce+Co.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-88331-098-8&rft.aulast=Phifer&rft.aufirst=Kate+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftracktalkintrodu00phif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickrell,_John2005" class="citation web cs1">Pickrell, John (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7941-95-of-thoroughbreds-linked-to-one-superstud/">"95% of thoroughbreds linked to one superstud"</a>. NewScientist.com news service. New Scientist. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewScientist.com+news+service&rft.atitle=95%25+of+thoroughbreds+linked+to+one+superstud&rft.date=2005-09&rft.au=Pickrell%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn7941-95-of-thoroughbreds-linked-to-one-superstud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1964" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, William P. (1964). The History of Thoroughbred Racing in America. New York: Bonanza Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028160">1028160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Thoroughbred+Racing+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bonanza+Books&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028160&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblatt,_Richard2007" class="citation news cs1">Rosenblatt, Richard (April 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/23/AR2007042301231.html">"Barbaro's Legacy: Better Life for Horses"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Barbaro%27s+Legacy%3A+Better+Life+for+Horses&rft.date=2007-04-23&rft.au=Rosenblatt%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F04%2F23%2FAR2007042301231.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_ChildsBill_Ordine2007" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Childs & Bill Ordine (January 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011125313/http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bal-te.sp.racing30jan30,0,3354975.story">"Barbaro's injury highlighted problems, medical advances"</a>. Baltimore Sun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bal-te.sp.racing30jan30,0,3354975.story">the original</a> on October 11, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Barbaro%27s+injury+highlighted+problems%2C+medical+advances&rft.date=2007-01-30&rft.au=Walker%2C+Childs&rft.au=Bill+Ordine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fsports%2Fbal-te.sp.racing30jan30%2C0%2C3354975.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall1949" class="citation book cs1">Wall, John F. (1949). Famous Running Horses: Their Forebears and Descendants (Reprint edition from Kessinger Publishing (2007) ed.). Washington, DC: Infantry Journal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4325-9386-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4325-9386-2"><bdi>1-4325-9386-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Running+Horses%3A+Their+Forebears+and+Descendants&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=Reprint+edition+from+Kessinger+Publishing+%282007%29&rft.pub=Infantry+Journal+Press&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=1-4325-9386-2&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett,_Peter1982" class="citation book cs1">Willett, Peter (1982). The Classic Racehorse. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1477-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1477-2"><bdi>0-8131-1477-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classic+Racehorse&rft.place=Lexington%2C+KY&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8131-1477-2&rft.au=Willett%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett1970" class="citation book cs1">Willett, Peter (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thoroughbred0000will">The Thoroughbred</a>. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-00225-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-00225-2"><bdi>0-297-00225-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thoroughbred&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-297-00225-2&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthoroughbred0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoroughbred" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="extiw" title="commons:Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thoroughbred" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thoroughbred">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Thoroughbred" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thoroughbred" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:thoroughbred">thoroughbred</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejockeyclub.co.uk/">Jockey Club (UK)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jockeyclub.com/">The Jockey Club (USA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/">Thoroughbred Bloodlines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studbook.org.au/">Australian Stud Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myracing.com/royal-ascot-ancestry/">Royal Ascot Bloodline Interactive Tool</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a> and sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms" title="Glossary of equestrian terms">Glossary of equestrian terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_industry" title="Horse industry">Horse industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equestrian_sports" title="List of equestrian sports">List of equestrian sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">Horse tack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_riding" title="English riding">English riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">Western riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">Horse training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics">Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic medalists in equestrian">medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic venues in equestrian">venues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">Equitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy" title="Equine-assisted therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_ancient_and_Imperial_China" title="Horses in ancient and Imperial China">Ancient and Imperial China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_Britain" title="History of the horse in Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of the horse in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_United_States" title="Horses in the United States">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Horses in the Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horses_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of horses of the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_II" title="Horses in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">Horse breeds</a> and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">Feral horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gaited_horse_breeds" title="List of gaited horse breeds">Gaited horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_and_moorland_pony_breeds" title="Mountain and moorland pony breeds">Mountain and moorland pony breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_horse" title="Sport horse">Sport horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">Stock horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">Warmblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_burial" title="Horse burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_horses" title="List of fictional horses">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippomancy" title="Hippomancy">Hippomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horses_in_mythology_and_folklore" title="List of horses in mythology and folklore">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Horses in Chinese mythology">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_horses_in_mythology" title="White horses in mythology">White horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_winged_horses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of winged horses">Winged horse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_symbolism" title="Horse symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horse-related_topics" title="Lists of horse-related topics">Lists of horse-related topics</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horses" title="Category:Horses">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horse_breeds_of_the_British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horse_breeds_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template:Horse breeds of the British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horse_breeds_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template talk:Horse breeds of the British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse_breeds_of_the_British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horse breeds of the British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horse_breeds_of_the_British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds_of_the_British_Isles" title="List of horse breeds of the British Isles">Horse breeds of the British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Warmblood" title="British Warmblood">British Warmblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Bay" title="Cleveland Bay">Cleveland Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydesdale_horse" title="Clydesdale horse">Clydesdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_horse" title="Gypsy horse">Gypsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_horse" title="Hackney horse">Hackney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Draught" title="Irish Draught">Irish Draught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sport_Horse" title="Irish Sport Horse">Irish Sport Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire_horse" title="Shire horse">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Punch" title="Suffolk Punch">Suffolk Punch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thoroughbred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Pony#Section_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Pony">Welsh Cob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">Ponies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Spotted_Pony" title="British Spotted Pony">British Spotted Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connemara_pony" title="Connemara pony">Connemara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dales_pony" title="Dales pony">Dales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_pony" title="Dartmoor pony">Dartmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriskay_Pony" title="Eriskay Pony">Eriskay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmoor_pony" title="Exmoor pony">Exmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_pony" title="Fell pony">Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_pony" title="Hackney pony">Hackney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_pony" title="Highland pony">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Bog_Pony" title="Kerry Bog Pony">Kerry Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy_Pony" title="Lundy Pony">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_pony" title="New Forest pony">New Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_pony" title="Shetland pony">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welara" title="Welara">Welara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Pony_and_Cob" title="Welsh Pony and Cob">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_and_moorland_pony_breeds" title="Mountain and moorland pony breeds">Mountain and moorland pony breeds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse type">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cob_(horse)" title="Cob (horse)">Cob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garron" title="Garron">Garron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack_(horse)" title="Hack (horse)">Hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hunter" title="Field hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Grey" title="Windsor Grey">Windsor Grey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galloway_pony" title="Galloway pony">Galloway pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Hobby" title="Irish Hobby">Irish Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Trotter" title="Norfolk Trotter">Norfolk Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Black" title="Old English Black">Old English Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Coach_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Coach Horse">Yorkshire Coach Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Horse breeds originating in: <a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_breeds_originating_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Horse breeds originating in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_breeds_originating_in_Ireland" title="Category:Horse breeds originating in Ireland">Ireland</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210826#identifiers" 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[\"CITEREFDerry,_Margaret_Elsinor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoncaster_Bloodstock_Sales\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEquine_Research,_Inc.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErigero,_Patricia\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFEvans,_Warren_JAnthony_BortonL._Dale_Van_VleckHarold_Hintz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinley,_Bill2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinley,_Bill2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord,_Michael2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlyn1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrady,_Denise2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutner,_Toddi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedgeDon_M._Wagoner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry,_Marguerite1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerringer,_Philip2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerringer,_Philip2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill,_E._W.2002\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHorserace_Levy_Betting_Board_staff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrish_Draught_Horse_Society\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones,_Caroline1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeneland_Sales\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKluger,_Jeffrey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebman,_Dan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKeyTroutMeagherHornof1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerriam-Webster1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerriam-Webster1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller,_Robert_M.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery,_Edward_E.1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNTRA_Wagering_Technology_Working_Group_in_conjunction_with_Giuliani_Partners_LLC2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNapier1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_Times\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNimrod1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOikawa1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOke2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOklahoma_State_University_Department_of_Animal_Science\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPETA\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPatten1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedulla,_Tom2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters,_Anne\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPhifer1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickrell,_John2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickrell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenblatt,_Richard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell_Meerdink_Co\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTattersalls\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Jockey_Club\"] = 5,\n 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[\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Update section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-csdqc","timestamp":"20241124161217","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thoroughbred","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q210826","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q210826","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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