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Disponible en 19 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3)" title="مخطط (علم نفس) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخطط (علم نفس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzorec_chov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Vzorec chování – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vzorec chování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgema" title="Sgema – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sgema" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skema_(psykologi)" title="Skema (psykologi) – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skema (psykologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_(Psychologie)" title="Schema (Psychologie) – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schema (Psychologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology) – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Schema (psychology)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquema_(psicolog%C3%ADa)" title="Esquema (psicología) – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esquema (psicología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="طرحواره (روان‌شناسی) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طرحواره (روان‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeema" title="Skeema – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skeema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%94_(%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="סכמה (פסיכולוגיה) – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סכמה (פסיכולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ma" title="Séma – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Séma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_(psicologia)" title="Schema (psicologia) – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Schema (psicologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schemat_poznawczy" title="Schemat poznawczy – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Schemat poznawczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquema_(psicologia)" title="Esquema (psicologia) – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esquema (psicologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_(psihologie_cognitiv%C4%83)" title="Schema (psihologie cognitivă) – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Schema (psihologie cognitivă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Теория схем (психология) – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теория схем (психология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Схема (психологія) – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Схема (психологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%A8%A1_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="基模 (心理學) – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基模 (心理學)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%9F%BA%E6%A8%A1" title="心理基模 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="心理基模" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1051200#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%A9ma_(psychologie_cognitive)"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sch%C3%A9ma_(psychologie_cognitive)&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sch%C3%A9ma_(psychologie_cognitive)&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sch%C3%A9ma_(psychologie_cognitive)&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Sch%C3%A9ma_(psychologie_cognitive)" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Sch%C3%A9ma_(psychologie_cognitive)" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sch%C3%A9ma_(psychologie_cognitive)&oldid=174544514" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sch%C3%A9ma_(psychologie_cognitive)&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Sch%C3%A9ma_%28psychologie_cognitive%29&id=174544514&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" 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alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%A9ma" class="mw-disambig" title="Schéma">Schéma</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/35px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/53px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/69px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant la <a href="/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie">psychologie</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-modere"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:%C3%80_sourcer" title="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. 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Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus.</figcaption></figure><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources</a></strong> <small>(<time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-12" data-sort-value="2014-12">décembre 2014</time>).</small> </p><p>Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les <b>références utiles à sa <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité">vérifiabilité</a></b> et en les liant à la section « <a href="/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence" title="Aide:Insérer une référence">Notes et références</a> ». </p><p><b>En pratique :</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources#Qualité_des_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">Quelles sources sont attendues ?</a> <a href="/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(%C3%89diteur_visuel)" title="Aide:Insérer une référence (Éditeur visuel)">Comment ajouter mes sources ?</a> </p> </div></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Psychologie_cognitive" title="Psychologie cognitive">psychologie cognitive</a>, les <b>schémas</b> sont des représentations mentales abstraites qui résument de façon structurée des événements, des objets, des situations ou des expériences semblables. Les schémas, stockés en <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_%C3%A0_long_terme" title="Mémoire à long terme">mémoire à long terme</a>, permettent d'analyser, de sélectionner, de structurer et d'interpréter des informations nouvelles. Ils servent donc en quelque sorte de modèle, de cadre (pour reprendre l'expression équivalente utilisée en <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle" title="Intelligence artificielle">intelligence artificielle</a>) pour traiter l'information et diriger les comportements<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><b>Dans le modèle du contrôle de l'action de Norman et Shallice</b> (<a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>), les schémas sont des <a href="/wiki/Fonction_informatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Fonction informatique">routines</a> (c'est-à-dire des actions rodées et habituelles), exécutées automatiquement à partir d'indices internes ou environnementaux. </p><p>La notion de schéma trouve des applications en <a href="/wiki/Psychopathologie" title="Psychopathologie">psychologie pathologique</a> et en <a href="/wiki/Psychologie_du_travail" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychologie du travail">psychologie du travail</a>. </p><p><b>En psychopathologie</b>, les travaux de <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron Beck">Beck</a> ont montré l'existence de schémas inadaptés à l'origine de la <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9pression_(psychiatrie)" title="Dépression (psychiatrie)">dépression</a>. Des travaux ont ensuite prolongé cette voie en montrant l'existence de schémas inadaptés à l'origine des personnalités pathologiques. <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Young" title="Jeffrey Young">Jeffrey Young</a>, un collaborateur de Beck, a par exemple développé la thérapie des schémas (ou <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%A9math%C3%A9rapie" title="Schémathérapie">schémathérapie</a>) dont l'objectif est précisément de s'attaquer aux schémas précoces inadaptés à l'origine des <a href="/wiki/Troubles_de_la_personnalit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Troubles de la personnalité">troubles de la personnalité</a> (troubles dit d'axe II). Un apport important de Young est d'avoir listé les schémas précoces inadaptés les plus fréquents<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><b>En psychologie du travail</b>, les travaux de Jean Pralong ont montré l'existence de schémas de carrière. S'ils sont inadaptés, ils conduisent à des comportements dysfonctionnels en milieu de travail et dans la gestion de la carrière. Ces comportements dysfonctionnels ont des conséquences sur les carrières. Ils sont directement liés à des indicateurs de développement de carrière objectifs (rémunération, durée dans l'emploi, évolution hiérarchique) et subjectifs (satisfaction de carrière). Ces schémas sont aussi considérés comme des composants de la compétence à s'orienter. Ils déterminent l'efficacité dans la gestion des transitions professionnelles (durée de recherche d'emploi, satisfaction perçue après la transition). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sch%C3%A9ma_(psychologie_cognitive)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sch%C3%A9ma_(psychologie_cognitive)&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.webyempresas.com/lo-nuevo-y-mas-en-la-salud-psicologos-online/">http://www.webyempresas.com/lo-nuevo-y-mas-en-la-salud-psicologos-online/</a> Changement de perspective de la psychologie cognitive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schematherapy.com/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Schema Therapy</cite></a> »</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jobinsevigny.ca/articles_t.php?idt=36"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Présentation de la thérapie centrée sur les schémas</cite></a> »</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Psychologie" title="Portail de la psychologie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Greek_uc_psi.svg/24px-Greek_uc_psi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Greek_uc_psi.svg/36px-Greek_uc_psi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Greek_uc_psi.svg/48px-Greek_uc_psi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Psychologie" title="Portail:Psychologie">Portail de la psychologie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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