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href="#Scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scientific research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_official_releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_official_releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Selected official releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_official_releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Sokoban</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سوكوبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سوكوبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сокобан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сокобан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dkoban" title="Sōkoban – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sōkoban" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokobano" title="Sokobano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sokobano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سوکوبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوکوبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD%EA%B3%A0%EC%A7%80%EA%B8%B0" title="창고지기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="창고지기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9F" title="סוקובאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוקובאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3koban" title="Szókoban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szókoban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سوكوبان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سوكوبان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%89%E5%BA%AB%E7%95%AA" title="倉庫番 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="倉庫番" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sokoban" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1981 video game</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokoban_ani.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Sokoban_ani.gif" decoding="async" width="288" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>A <i>Sokoban</i> puzzle being solved</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Sokoban</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倉庫番</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>Sōko-ban</i></i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">warehouse keeper</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">puzzle video game</a> in which the player pushes boxes around in a <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouse</a>, trying to get them to storage locations. The game was designed in 1981 by Hiroyuki Imabayashi and first published in December 1982. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gameplay">Gameplay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoban&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gameplay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The warehouse is a grid composed of floor squares and impassable wall squares. Some floor squares contain a box and some are marked as storage locations. The number of boxes equals the number of storage locations. </p><p>The player, often represented as a worker character, can move one square at a time horizontally or vertically onto empty floor squares, but cannot pass through walls or boxes. </p><p>To move a box, the player walks up to it and pushes it to an empty square directly beyond the box. Boxes cannot be pushed to squares with walls or other boxes, and they cannot be pulled. </p><p>The puzzle is solved when all boxes are on storage locations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_and_strategy">Challenges and strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoban&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Challenges and strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Progressing through the game requires careful planning and precise maneuvering. A single mistake, such as pushing a box into a corner or obstructing the path of others, can render the puzzle unsolvable, forcing the player to backtrack or restart. Anticipating the consequences of each push and considering the overall layout of the puzzle are crucial to avoid deadlocks and complete the puzzle successfully.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoban&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sokoban</i> was created in 1981 by Hiroyuki Imabayashi.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first commercial game was published in December 1982 by his company, <a href="/wiki/Thinking_Rabbit" title="Thinking Rabbit">Thinking Rabbit</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Takarazuka,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Takarazuka, Hyōgo">Takarazuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. <i>Sokoban</i> was a hit in Japan, selling over 400,000 copies before being released in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_HoloByte" title="Spectrum HoloByte">Spectrum HoloByte</a> published <i>Sokoban</i> in the U.S. for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Soko-Ban" title="Soko-Ban">Soko-Ban</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, the Japanese software company Falcon acquired the trademarks for <i>Sokoban</i> and Thinking Rabbit. Since then, Falcon has continued to develop and license official <i>Sokoban</i> games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoban&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sokoban</i> has been implemented for almost all <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a> and even some <a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">TVs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Versions also exist for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">graphing calculators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">electronic organizers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoban&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sokoban</i> has been studied using the theory of <a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">computational complexity</a>. The computational problem of solving <i>Sokoban</i> puzzles was first shown to be <a href="/wiki/NP-hardness" title="NP-hardness">NP-hard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further work proved it is also <a href="/wiki/PSPACE-complete" title="PSPACE-complete">PSPACE-complete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solving non-trivial <i>Sokoban</i> puzzles is difficult for computers because of the high <a href="/wiki/Branching_factor" title="Branching factor">branching factor</a> (many legal pushes at each turn) and the large <a href="/wiki/Graph_traversal" title="Graph traversal">search depth</a> (many pushes needed to reach a solution).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even small puzzles can require lengthy solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Sokoban</i> game provides a challenging testbed for developing and evaluating <a href="/wiki/Automated_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated planning">planning</a> techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first documented automated solver, Rolling Stone, was developed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>. It employed a conventional search algorithm enhanced with domain-specific techniques such as deadlock detection.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later solver, Festival, introduced the FESS search algorithm and became the first automatic system to solve all 90 puzzles in the widely used XSokoban test suite.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these advances, even the most sophisticated solvers cannot solve many highly complex puzzles that humans can solve with time and effort, using their ability to plan ahead, recognize patterns, and reason about long-term consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoban&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several puzzles can be considered variants of the original <i>Sokoban</i> game in the sense that they all make use of a controllable character pushing boxes around in a <a href="/wiki/Maze" title="Maze">maze</a>. </p> <ul><li><b>Alternative tilings</b>: In the standard game, the mazes are laid out on a <a href="/wiki/Square_tiling" title="Square tiling">square grid</a>. Several variants apply the rules of <i>Sokoban</i> to mazes laid out on other tilings. <i>Hexoban</i> uses <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_tiling" title="Hexagonal tiling">regular hexagons</a>, and <i>Trioban</i> uses <a href="/wiki/Triangular_tiling" title="Triangular tiling">equilateral triangles</a>.</li> <li><b>Multiple pushers</b>: In the variant <i>Multiban</i>, the puzzle contains more than one pusher. In the game <i>Sokoboxes Duo</i>, strictly two pushers collaborate to solve the puzzle.</li> <li><b>Designated storage locations</b>: In <i>Sokomind Plus</i>, some boxes and target squares are uniquely numbered. In <i>Block-o-Mania</i>, the boxes have different colours, and the goal is to push them onto squares with matching colours.</li> <li><b>Alternative game objectives</b>: Several variants feature different objectives from the traditional <i>Sokoban</i> gameplay. For instance, in <i>Interlock</i> and <i>Sokolor</i>, the boxes have different colours, but the objective is to move them so that similarly coloured boxes are adjacent. In <i>CyberBox</i>, each level has a designated exit square, and the objective is to reach that exit by pushing boxes, potentially more than one simultaneously. In a variant called <i>Beanstalk</i>, the objective is to push the elements of the level onto a target square in a fixed sequence.</li> <li><b>Additional game elements</b>: <i>Push Crate</i>, <i>Sokonex</i>, <i>Xsok</i>, <i>Cyberbox</i> and <i>Block-o-Mania</i> all add new elements to the basic puzzle. Examples include holes, teleports, moving blocks and one-way passages.</li> <li><b>Character actions</b>: In <i>Pukoban</i>, the character can pull boxes in addition to pushing them.</li> <li><b>Reverse mode</b>: Some Sokoban programs allow players to play a puzzle backward. This approach can help players better understand the puzzle structure and develop effective solving strategies. Starting with all boxes on goal squares, the player pulls the boxes to return to the initial puzzle state. Solutions found this way solve the standard puzzle when both the order and the direction of the moves are reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_official_releases">Selected official releases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoban&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Selected official releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table lists some prominent official <i>Sokoban</i> releases that mark milestones, such as expanding to new platforms or achieving widespread popularity. They are organized by release date. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Platform </th> <th>Publisher </th> <th>Media </th></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><i>Sokoban</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倉庫番</span></span>)</span> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NEC_PC-8801" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC PC-8801">NEC PC-8801</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thinking_Rabbit" title="Thinking Rabbit">Thinking Rabbit</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette tape">Cassette tape</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><i>Sokoban [Extra Edition]</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倉庫番[番外編]</span></span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>NEC PC-8801 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=PC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PCマガジン (page does not exist)">PC Magazine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:PCマガジン">ja</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Type-in_program" title="Type-in program">Type-in program</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><i>Sokoban 2</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倉庫番2</span></span>)</span> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>NEC PC-8801 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thinking_Rabbit" title="Thinking Rabbit">Thinking Rabbit</a> </td> <td>Cassette tape </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Namida no Sokoban Special</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">涙の倉庫番スペシャル</span></span>)</span> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Famicom_Disk_System" title="Famicom Disk System">Famicom Disk System</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ASCII_Corporation" title="ASCII Corporation">ASCII</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Soko-Ban" title="Soko-Ban">Soko-Ban</a></i> </td> <td>US </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT" title="IBM Personal Computer XT">XT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_AT" title="IBM Personal Computer AT">AT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_HoloByte" title="Spectrum HoloByte">Spectrum HoloByte</a> </td> <td>Floppy </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><i>Soko-ban Perfect</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倉庫番Perfect</span></span>)</span> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NEC_PC-9801" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC PC-9801">NEC PC-9801</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thinking_Rabbit" title="Thinking Rabbit">Thinking Rabbit</a> </td> <td>Floppy </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Boxyboy" title="Boxyboy">Boxyboy</a></i> </td> <td>US </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TurboGrafx-16" title="TurboGrafx-16">TurboGrafx-16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HuCard" title="HuCard">HuCard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><i>Shove It! ...The Warehouse Game</i> </td> <td>US </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Sega Genesis</a> </td> <td>DreamWorks </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><i>Soko-ban Revenge</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倉庫番Revenge</span></span>)</span> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>NEC PC-9801 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thinking_Rabbit" title="Thinking Rabbit">Thinking Rabbit</a> </td> <td>Floppy </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td><i>Sokoban Touch</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倉庫番Touch</span></span>)</span> </td> <td>Japan, US </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">Apple iOS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thinking_Rabbit" title="Thinking Rabbit">Thinking Rabbit</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_of_video_games" title="Digital distribution of video games">Digital distribution</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td><i>Sokoban Smart</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倉庫番スマート</span></span>)</span> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thinking_Rabbit" title="Thinking Rabbit">Thinking Rabbit</a> </td> <td>Digital distribution </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Minna no Sokoban</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">みんなの倉庫番</span></span>)</span> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a> and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unbalance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unbalance (page does not exist)">Unbalance</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNBALANCE_(%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE)" class="extiw" title="ja:UNBALANCE (ゲーム会社)">ja</a>]</span> </td> <td>Digital distribution </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td><i>The Sokoban</i> </td> <td>US </td> <td>Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 </td> <td>Unbalance </td> <td>Digital distribution </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoban&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/40px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/60px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Video_games" title="Portal:Video games">Video games portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic_puzzle" title="Logic puzzle">Logic puzzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_puzzle" title="Sliding puzzle">Sliding puzzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_puzzle" title="Transport puzzle">Transport puzzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoban&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYoshio_MuraseHitoshi_MatsubaraYuzuru_Hiraga1996" class="citation book cs1">Yoshio Murase; Hitoshi Matsubara; Yuzuru Hiraga (1996). Norman Foo; Randy Goebel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2QrFVEd2GUC&dq=sokoban+meaning+warehouse&pg=PA592"><i>Automatic Making of Sokoban Problems</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 592. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-61532-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-61532-3"><bdi>978-3-540-61532-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automatic+Making+of+Sokoban+Problems&rft.pages=592&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-540-61532-3&rft.au=Yoshio+Murase&rft.au=Hitoshi+Matsubara&rft.au=Yuzuru+Hiraga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2QrFVEd2GUC%26dq%3Dsokoban%2Bmeaning%2Bwarehouse%26pg%3DPA592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJean-Noël_DemaretFrançois_Van_LishoutPascal_Gribomont2008" class="citation conference cs1">Jean-Noël Demaret; François Van Lishout; Pascal Gribomont (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/5895/1/bnaic2008.pdf"><i>Hierarchical Planning and Learning for Automatic Solving of Sokoban Problems</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 1, 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Hierarchical+Planning+and+Learning+for+Automatic+Solving+of+Sokoban+Problems&rft.pages=1%2C+2&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Jean-No%C3%ABl+Demaret&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+Van+Lishout&rft.au=Pascal+Gribomont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbi.uliege.be%2Fbitstream%2F2268%2F5895%2F1%2Fbnaic2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shmuplations.com/thinkingrabbit/">"Thinking Rabbit - 1983 Developer Interview"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thinking+Rabbit+-+1983+Developer+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshmuplations.com%2Fthinkingrabbit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sokoboxes.com/articles/my-conversation-with-mr-hiroyuki">"My conversation with Mr Hiroyuki Imabayashi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+conversation+with+Mr+Hiroyuki+Imabayashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsokoboxes.com%2Farticles%2Fmy-conversation-with-mr-hiroyuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLafe_Low1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Lafe Low (November 1988). 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Culberson (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cl-informatik.uibk.ac.at/teaching/ss07/alth/material/culberson97sokoban.pdf">"Sokoban is PSPACE-complete"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Technical Report TR 97-02, Dept. Of Computing Science, University of Alberta</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technical+Report+TR+97-02%2C+Dept.+Of+Computing+Science%2C+University+of+Alberta&rft.atitle=Sokoban+is+PSPACE-complete&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Joseph+C.+Culberson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcl-informatik.uibk.ac.at%2Fteaching%2Fss07%2Falth%2Fmaterial%2Fculberson97sokoban.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Aubrey_Hearn2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Robert Aubrey Hearn (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erikdemaine.org/theses/bhearn.pdf#page=98"><i>Games, Puzzles, and Computation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Games%2C+Puzzles%2C+and+Computation&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Robert+Aubrey+Hearn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ferikdemaine.org%2Ftheses%2Fbhearn.pdf%23page%3D98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_JunghannsJonathan_Schaeffer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Andreas Junghanns; Jonathan Schaeffer (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~jonathan/publications/ai_publications/tcs.pdf#page=5">"Sokoban: Improving the Search with Relevance Cuts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theoretical Computer Science</i>. <b>252</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-3975%2800%2900080-3">10.1016/S0304-3975(00)00080-3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Computer+Science&rft.atitle=Sokoban%3A+Improving+the+Search+with+Relevance+Cuts&rft.volume=252&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0304-3975%2800%2900080-3&rft.au=Andreas+Junghanns&rft.au=Jonathan+Schaeffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebdocs.cs.ualberta.ca%2F~jonathan%2Fpublications%2Fai_publications%2Ftcs.pdf%23page%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYaron_Shoham2020" class="citation web cs1">Yaron Shoham (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://festival-solver.site/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/FESS_draft.pdf#page=3">"FESS Draft"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FESS+Draft&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Yaron+Shoham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffestival-solver.site%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F08%2FFESS_draft.pdf%23page%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_HollandYaron_Shoham" class="citation web cs1">David Holland; Yaron Shoham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607071224/http://www.abelmartin.com/rj/sokobanJS/sokoban-jd.blogspot/sokoban_lessons/picokosmos17/analysis.htm">"Theoretical analysis on Picokosmos 17"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://membres.lycos.fr/nabokos/analysis.html">the original</a> on 2016-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theoretical+analysis+on+Picokosmos+17&rft.au=David+Holland&rft.au=Yaron+Shoham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembres.lycos.fr%2Fnabokos%2Fanalysis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimo_Virkkala2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Timo Virkkala (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weetu.net/Timo-Virkkala-Solving-Sokoban-Masters-Thesis.pdf#page=5"><i>Solving Sokoban</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (MSc thesis). University of Helsinki. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Solving+Sokoban&rft.degree=MSc&rft.inst=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Timo+Virkkala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweetu.net%2FTimo-Virkkala-Solving-Sokoban-Masters-Thesis.pdf%23page%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Junghanns1999" class="citation thesis cs1">Andreas Junghanns (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2305703"><i>Pushing the Limits: New Developments in Single-Agent Search</i></a> (PhD thesis). University of Alberta. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7939%2FR3W95103S">10.7939/R3W95103S</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Pushing+the+Limits%3A+New+Developments+in+Single-Agent+Search&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7939%2FR3W95103S&rft.au=Andreas+Junghanns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F2305703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_JunghannsJonathan_Schaeffer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Andreas Junghanns; Jonathan Schaeffer (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0004-3702%2801%2900109-6">"Sokoban: Enhancing general single-agent search methods using domain knowledge"</a>. <i>Artificial Intelligence</i>. <b>129</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0004-3702%2801%2900109-6">10.1016/S0004-3702(01)00109-6</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Sokoban%3A+Enhancing+general+single-agent+search+methods+using+domain+knowledge&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0004-3702%2801%2900109-6&rft.au=Andreas+Junghanns&rft.au=Jonathan+Schaeffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0004-3702%252801%252900109-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYaron_ShohamJonathan_Shaeffer2020" class="citation conference cs1">Yaron Shoham; Jonathan Shaeffer (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieee-cog.org/2020/papers/paper_44.pdf"><i>The FESS Algorithm: A Feature Based Approach to Single-Agent Search</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2020 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG). Osaka, Japan: IEEE. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCoG47356.2020.9231929">10.1109/CoG47356.2020.9231929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+FESS+Algorithm%3A+A+Feature+Based+Approach+to+Single-Agent+Search&rft.place=Osaka%2C+Japan&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FCoG47356.2020.9231929&rft.au=Yaron+Shoham&rft.au=Jonathan+Shaeffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieee-cog.org%2F2020%2Fpapers%2Fpaper_44.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYaron_Shoham2020" class="citation web cs1">Yaron Shoham (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fess-algorithm">"FESS presentation at the CoG conference (17.5 minutes)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i>archive.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=FESS+presentation+at+the+CoG+conference+%2817.5+minutes%29&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Yaron+Shoham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffess-algorithm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/lets-logic-bots-statistics/lets-logic-bots-statistics-2024-oct-06.pdf">"Let's Logic Bots Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Logic+Bots+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Flets-logic-bots-statistics%2Flets-logic-bots-statistics-2024-oct-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sokoban-solver-statistics.sourceforge.io/statistics/LargeTestSuite/">"Sokoban Solver Statistics - Large Test Suite"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sokoban+Solver+Statistics+-+Large+Test+Suite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsokoban-solver-statistics.sourceforge.io%2Fstatistics%2FLargeTestSuite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Takes2008" class="citation web cs1">Frank Takes (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liacs.leidenuniv.nl/~takesfw/pdf/sokoban.pdf">"Sokoban: Reversed Solving"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sokoban%3A+Reversed+Solving&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Frank+Takes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliacs.leidenuniv.nl%2F~takesfw%2Fpdf%2Fsokoban.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="ja">今回はこのゲームを開発した THINKING RABBIT さんにお願いして, 市販品とは別に10の倉庫をつくってもらいましたので</bdi> [This time, we asked THINKING RABBIT, who developed this game, to build 10 warehouses separately from commercial products]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=PC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PCマガジン (page does not exist)">PCマガジン</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:PCマガジン">ja</a>]</span></i> (in Japanese). August 1983. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bja%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%9E%E3%81%AF%E3%81%93%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%92%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F+THINKING+RABBIT+%E3%81%95%E3%82%93%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E9%A1%98%E3%81%84%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%2C+%E5%B8%82%E8%B2%A9%E5%93%81%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E5%88%A5%E3%81%AB10%E3%81%AE%E5%80%89%E5%BA%AB%E3%82%92%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82%E3%82%89%E3%81%84%E3%81%BE%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1983-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="ja">題して『倉庫番』PCマガジン番外編 (このプログラムは, PC-8801/9801 で使えます)</bdi> [Titled "Sokoban" PC Magazine Extra Edition (this program can be used with PC-8801 / 9801)]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=PC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PCマガジン (page does not exist)">PCマガジン</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:PCマガジン">ja</a>]</span></i> (in Japanese). August 1983. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bja%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=%E9%A1%8C%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%80%8E%E5%80%89%E5%BA%AB%E7%95%AA%E3%80%8FPC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%E7%95%AA%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%A8+%28%E3%81%93%E3%81%AE%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AF%2C+PC-8801%2F9801+%E3%81%A7%E4%BD%BF%E3%81%88%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1983-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoban&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sokoban.jp/">Official Sokoban site</a> (in Japanese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~games/Sokoban/">The University of Alberta Sokoban page</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_genres350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_genre" title="Template:Video game genre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_genre" title="Template talk:Video game genre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_genre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game genre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_genres350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Video game genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_genres" title="List of video game genres">List of video game genres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platformer" title="Platformer">Platformer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endless_runner" title="Endless runner">Endless runner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">Shooter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_shooter" title="Arena shooter">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_shooter" title="Hero shooter">Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">Light gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">Shoot 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hell" title="Bullet hell">Bullet hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_shooter" title="Rail shooter">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-stick_shooter" title="Twin-stick shooter">Twin-stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_shooter" title="Tactical shooter">Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">Third-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Survival_game" title="Survival game">Survival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_royale_game" title="Battle royale game">Battle royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_%27em_up" title="Beat 'em up">Beat 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hack_and_slash" title="Hack and slash">Hack and slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze video game">Maze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pac-Man_clones" title="List of Pac-Man clones"><i>Pac-Man</i> clone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_(video_game_genre)" title="Snake (video game genre)">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_game" title="Stealth game">Stealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/60px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/120px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">Action-adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_clone" title="Grand Theft Auto clone"><i>Grand Theft Auto</i> clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroidvania" title="Metroidvania">Metroidvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">Adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_room_video_game" title="Escape room video game">Escape room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_adventure_games" title="List of graphic adventure games">Graphic adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_film" title="Interactive film">Interactive film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_simulator" title="Walking simulator">Walking sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_tabletop_game" title="Digital tabletop game">Digital tabletop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deck-building_game" title="Deck-building game">Deck-building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_collectible_card_game" title="Digital collectible card game">Digital collectible card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">Puzzle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_object_game" title="Hidden object game">Hidden object</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Sokoban</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-matching_video_game" title="Tile-matching video game">Tile-matching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">Role-playing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">Action role-playing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Looter_shooter" title="Looter shooter">Looter shooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulslike" title="Soulslike">Soulslike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_crawl" title="Dungeon crawl">Dungeon crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">MMORPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster-taming_game" title="Monster-taming game">Monster-taming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simulation_video_game" title="Simulation video game">Simulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_simulation_game" title="Life simulation game">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dating_sim" title="Dating sim">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_life_sim" title="Farm life sim">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_game" title="God game">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_simulation_game" title="Social simulation game">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_pet" title="Virtual pet">Virtual pet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction_and_management_simulation" title="Construction and management simulation">CMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_simulation_game" title="Business simulation game">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-building_game" title="City-building game">City-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_simulation_game" title="Government simulation game">Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_video_game" title="Sports video game">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_video_game" title="Fishing video game">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">Racing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing_game" title="Kart racing game">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim_racing" title="Sim racing">Sim racing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_simulation_game" title="Vehicle simulation game">Vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_simulation_video_game" title="Flight simulation video game">Flight simulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_flight_simulation_game" title="Combat flight simulation game">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_flight_simulation_game" title="Space flight simulation game">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_simulator" title="Submarine simulator">Submarine simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_simulator" title="Train simulator">Train simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_combat_game" title="Vehicular combat game">Vehicular combat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falling-sand_game" title="Falling-sand game">Falling-sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_sim" title="Immersive sim">Immersive sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4X" title="4X">4X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_battler" title="Auto battler">Auto battler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena" title="Multiplayer online battle arena">MOBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">Real-time strategy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_management_game" title="Time management game">Time management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_tactics" title="Real-time tactics">Real-time tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_defense" title="Tower defense">Tower defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn-based strategy">Turn-based strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_tactics" title="Turn-based tactics">Turn-based tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_game" title="Artillery game">Artillery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_wargame" title="Computer wargame">Wargame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy_wargame" title="Grand strategy wargame">Grand strategy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_game" title="Cozy game">Cozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_game" title="Fitness game">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_game" title="Horror game">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_game" title="Incremental game">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video_game" title="Music video game">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_game" title="Rhythm game">Rhythm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-game" title="Non-game">Non-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_video_game" title="Party video game">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography game">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_game" title="Programming game">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typing_game" title="Typing game">Typing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advergame" title="Advergame">Advergame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo_game" title="Bishōjo game"><i>Bishōjo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_video_game" title="Christian video game">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_video_games" title="Comedy in video games">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_video_game" title="Educational video game">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_video_games" title="Girls' video games">Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensed_game" title="Licensed game">Licensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otome_game" title="Otome game"><i>Otome</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_content_in_video_games" title="Sexual content in video games">Sexual</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">Eroge</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game" title="Nonviolent video game">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_video_game" title="Personalized video game">Personalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_video_game" title="Science fiction video game">Sci-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_game" title="Serious game">Serious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_video_game" title="Climate change video game">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsgame" title="Newsgame">News</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Player modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_video_game" title="Cooperative video game">Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">MMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_versus_player" title="Player versus player">PVP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">Single-player</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercasual_game" title="Hypercasual game">Hypercasual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_gameplay" title="Emergent gameplay">Emergent gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">FMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacha_game" title="Gacha game"><i>Gacha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaizo" title="Kaizo"><i>Kaizo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masocore" title="Masocore">Masocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">Nonlinear gameplay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">Open world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_game" title="Sandbox game">Sandbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game" title="Side-scrolling video game">Side-scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_gameplay" title="Twitch gameplay">Twitch gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_scrolling_video_game" title="Vertically scrolling video game">Vertically scrolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minigame" title="Minigame">Minigame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys-to-life" title="Toys-to-life">Toys-to-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">Video game clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_remake" title="Video game remake">Video game remake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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