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id="toc-Gathering_and_using_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Story,_setting,_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Story,_setting,_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Story, setting, and themes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Story,_setting,_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialogue_and_conversation_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialogue_and_conversation_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Dialogue and conversation trees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialogue_and_conversation_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goals,_success_and_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goals,_success_and_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Goals, success and failure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goals,_success_and_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Subgenres </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subgenres subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Text_adventures_and_interactive_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_adventures_and_interactive_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Text adventures and interactive fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_adventures_and_interactive_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphic_adventure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphic_adventure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Graphic adventure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphic_adventure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Text-and-graphics_adventure_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text-and-graphics_adventure_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Text-and-graphics adventure games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-and-graphics_adventure_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Point-and-click_adventure_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Point-and-click_adventure_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Point-and-click adventure games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Point-and-click_adventure_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escape_the_room_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escape_the_room_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Escape the room games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escape_the_room_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puzzle_adventure_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puzzle_adventure_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Puzzle adventure games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puzzle_adventure_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrative_adventure_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrative_adventure_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Narrative adventure games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrative_adventure_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walking_simulators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walking_simulators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6 Walking simulators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walking_simulators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_novel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_novel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Visual novel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_novel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactive_movie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactive_movie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Interactive movie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactive_movie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Hybrids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Western_adventure_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Western_adventure_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History of Western adventure games </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_Western_adventure_games-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of Western adventure games subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_Western_adventure_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Text_adventures_(1976–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_adventures_(1976–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Text adventures (1976–1989) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_adventures_(1976–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphical_development_(1980–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphical_development_(1980–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Graphical development (1980–1990) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphical_development_(1980–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_(1990–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_(1990–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Expansion (1990–2000) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_(1990–2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_(2000–2010)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_(2000–2010)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Decline (2000–2010) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_(2000–2010)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_platforms_and_rebirth_(2005–onward)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_platforms_and_rebirth_(2005–onward)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 New platforms and rebirth (2005–onward) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_platforms_and_rebirth_(2005–onward)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Japanese_adventure_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Japanese_adventure_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History of Japanese adventure games </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_Japanese_adventure_games-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of Japanese adventure games subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_Japanese_adventure_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_computer_graphic_adventures_(1981–1988)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_computer_graphic_adventures_(1981–1988)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Early computer graphic adventures (1981–1988) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_computer_graphic_adventures_(1981–1988)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactive_movie_arcade_games_(1983–1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactive_movie_arcade_games_(1983–1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Interactive movie arcade games (1983–1985) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactive_movie_arcade_games_(1983–1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_point-and-click_adventures_(1983–1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_point-and-click_adventures_(1983–1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Early point-and-click adventures (1983–1995) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_point-and-click_adventures_(1983–1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_novels_(1990–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_novels_(1990–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Visual novels (1990–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_novels_(1990–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D_adventure_games_(1993–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D_adventure_games_(1993–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 3D adventure games (1993–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D_adventure_games_(1993–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_expansion_(2000–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_expansion_(2000–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Global expansion (2000–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_expansion_(2000–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulation_and_virtual_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulation_and_virtual_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Emulation and virtual machines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emulation_and_virtual_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Adventure game</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لعبة فيديو مغامرات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لعبة فيديو مغامرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%C9%99ra_oyunu" title="Macəra oyunu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Macəra oyunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Квест – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Квест" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Прыгодніцкая відэагульня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прыгодніцкая відэагульня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Приключенска игра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Приключенска игра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanturisti%C4%8Dka_igra" title="Avanturistička igra – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Avanturistička igra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojoc_d%27aventures" title="Videojoc d'aventures – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Videojoc d'aventures" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventura" title="Adventura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adventura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventurespil" title="Adventurespil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Adventurespil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure" title="Adventure – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adventure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiklusm%C3%A4ng" title="Seiklusmäng – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seiklusmäng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βιντεοπαιχνίδι περιπέτειας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιντεοπαιχνίδι περιπέτειας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojuego_de_aventura" title="Videojuego de aventura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Videojuego de aventura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventura_videoludo" title="Aventura videoludo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aventura videoludo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="بازی ماجراجویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازی ماجراجویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu_d%27aventure" title="Jeu d'aventure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jeu d'aventure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%B2%A4%EC%B2%98_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84" title="어드벤처 게임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어드벤처 게임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE" title="ऐड्वेन्चर गेम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐड्वेन्चर गेम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanturisti%C4%8Dka_igra" title="Avanturistička igra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Avanturistička igra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan_petualangan" title="Permainan petualangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Permainan petualangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86vint%C3%BDraleikur" title="Ævintýraleikur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ævintýraleikur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videogioco_d%27avventura" title="Videogioco d'avventura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Videogioco d'avventura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91" title="משחק הרפתקה ממוחשב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משחק הרפתקה ממוחשב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="სათავგადასავლო თამაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სათავგადასავლო თამაში" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventyrspill" title="Eventyrspill – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eventyrspill" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventyrspel" title="Eventyrspel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eventyrspel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputerowa_gra_przygodowa" title="Komputerowa gra przygodowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komputerowa gra przygodowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogo_eletr%C3%B4nico_de_aventura" title="Jogo eletrônico de aventura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jogo eletrônico de aventura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joc_de_aventur%C4%83" title="Joc de aventură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joc de aventură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Приключенческая игра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Приключенческая игра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojocu_de_abbentura" title="Videojocu de abbentura – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Videojocu de abbentura" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Adventure game" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent%C3%BAra" title="Adventúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adventúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustolovska_videoigra" title="Pustolovska videoigra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pustolovska videoigra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avantura_(tip_videoigre)" title="Avantura (tip videoigre) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Avantura (tip videoigre)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikkailupeli" title="Seikkailupeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seikkailupeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ventyrsspel" title="Äventyrsspel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Äventyrsspel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" title="เกมผจญภัย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกมผจญภัย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macera_oyunu" title="Macera oyunu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Macera oyunu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пригодницька відеогра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пригодницька відеогра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B2_ch%C6%A1i_phi%C3%AAu_l%C6%B0u" title="Trò chơi phiêu lưu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trò chơi phiêu lưu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%92%E9%99%A9%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="冒险游戏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冒险游戏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%92%E9%9A%AA%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="冒險遊戲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冒險遊戲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%92%E9%99%A9%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="冒险游戏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冒险游戏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div 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For the board game genre, see <a href="/wiki/Adventure_board_game" title="Adventure board game">Adventure board game</a>. For the television series, see <a href="/wiki/The_Adventure_Game" title="The Adventure Game">The Adventure Game</a>. 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adventure games</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Subgenres</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Presentation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_film" title="Interactive film">Interactive film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_adventure_games" title="List of graphic adventure games">Graphic adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_simulator" title="Walking simulator">Walking simulator</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Gameplay</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_sim" title="Immersive sim">Immersive sim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_room_video_game" title="Escape room video game">Escape room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">Action-adventure</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_Fiction_Competition" title="Interactive Fiction Competition">Interactive Fiction Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_storytelling" title="Interactive storytelling">Interactive storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax_guessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax guessing">Syntax guessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_parser" title="Text parser">Text parser</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Companies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Adventure_Company" title="The Adventure Company">The Adventure Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_International" title="Adventure International">Adventure International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimePlay" title="AnimePlay">AnimePlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arxel_Tribe" title="Arxel Tribe">Arxel Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cing" title="Cing">Cing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryo_Interactive" title="Cryo Interactive">Cryo Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%27s_Ware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C's Ware (page does not exist)">C's Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyan_Worlds" title="Cyan Worlds">Cyan Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalic_Entertainment" title="Daedalic Entertainment">Daedalic Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djin_soft" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjin soft">Dōjin soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamCatcher_Interactive" title="DreamCatcher Interactive">DreamCatcher Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funcom" title="Funcom">Funcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humongous_Entertainment" title="Humongous Entertainment">Humongous Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infocom" title="Infocom">Infocom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_(company)" title="Key (company)">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_Entertainment" title="Legend Entertainment">Legend Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_9_Computing" title="Level 9 Computing">Level 9 Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LucasArts" class="mw-redirect" title="LucasArts">LucasArts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro%C3%AFds" class="mw-redirect" title="Microïds">Microïds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroplus" title="Nitroplus">Nitroplus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PixelFade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PixelFade (page does not exist)">PixelFade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantic_Dream" title="Quantic Dream">Quantic Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Software" title="Revolution Software">Revolution Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Entertainment" title="Sierra Entertainment">Sierra Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telltale_Games" title="Telltale Games">Telltale Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type-Moon" title="Type-Moon">Type-Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet_Eye_Games" title="Wadjet Eye Games">Wadjet Eye Games</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Tools and engine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADRIFT" title="ADRIFT">ADRIFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Game_Studio" title="Adventure Game Studio">AGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickteam" title="Clickteam">Clickteam Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameMaker" title="GameMaker">GameMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glulx" title="Glulx">Glulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMUSE" title="IMUSE">IMUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inform" title="Inform">Inform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiriKiri" class="mw-redirect" title="KiriKiri">KiriKiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NScripter" title="NScripter">NScripter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%27Py" title="Ren'Py">Ren'Py</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUMM" title="SCUMM">SCUMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TADS" class="mw-redirect" title="TADS">TADS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintermute_Engine" title="Wintermute Engine">Wintermute Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-machine" title="Z-machine">Z-machine</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_adventure_games" title="List of graphic adventure games">List of graphic adventure games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_text-based_computer_games" title="List of text-based computer games">List of text-based computer games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Websites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Gamers" title="Adventure Gamers">Adventure Gamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_Adventure" title="Just Adventure">Just Adventure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adventure_video_games" title="Template:Adventure video games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adventure_video_games" title="Template talk:Adventure video games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adventure_video_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adventure video games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> An adventure game is a <a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">video game genre</a> in which the player assumes the role of a protagonist in an <a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">interactive story</a>, driven by exploration and/or <a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">puzzle-solving</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams200343-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Video_game_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game genres">genre</a>'s focus on story allows it to draw heavily from other <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a>-based media, such as <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, encompassing a wide variety of genres. Most adventure games (<a href="/wiki/List_of_text-based_computer_games" title="List of text-based computer games">text</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_adventure_games" title="List of graphic adventure games">graphic</a>) are designed for a single player, since the emphasis on story and character makes multiplayer design difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchens2002258-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colossal_Cave_Adventure" title="Colossal Cave Adventure">Colossal Cave Adventure</a> is identified by Rick Adams<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> as the first such adventure game, first released in 1976, while other notable adventure game series include <a href="/wiki/Zork" title="Zork">Zork</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Quest" title="King's Quest">King's Quest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monkey_Island" title="Monkey Island">Monkey Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syberia" title="Syberia">Syberia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myst" title="Myst">Myst</a>. Adventure games were initially developed in the 1970s and early 1980s as text-based interactive stories, using text parsers to translate the player's commands into actions. As personal computers became more powerful with better graphics, the graphic adventure-game format became popular, initially by augmenting player's text commands with graphics, but soon moving towards <a href="/wiki/Point-and-click" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-and-click">point-and-click</a> interfaces. Further computer advances led to adventure games with more immersive graphics using real-time or pre-rendered three-dimensional scenes or <a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">full-motion video</a> taken from the first- or third-person perspective. Currently, a large number of adventure games are available as a combination of different genres with adventure elements. For markets in the Western hemisphere, the genre's popularity peaked during the late 1980s to mid-1990s when many[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] considered it to be among the most technically advanced genres, but it had become a <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche</a> genre in the early 2000s due to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooters" class="mw-redirect" title="First-person shooters">first-person shooters</a>, and it became difficult for developers to find publishers to support adventure-game ventures. Since then, a resurgence in the genre has occurred, spurred on by the success of <a href="/wiki/Independent_video_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent video game development">independent video-game development</a>, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding_in_video_games" title="Crowdfunding in video games">crowdfunding</a> efforts, from the wide availability of <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital distribution in video games">digital distribution</a> enabling episodic approaches, and from the proliferation of new gaming platforms, including portable consoles and mobile devices. Within Asian markets, adventure games continue to be popular in the form of <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novels</a>, which make up nearly 70% of <a href="/wiki/PC_games" class="mw-redirect" title="PC games">PC games</a> released in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-ANN-4">[4]</a> Asian countries have also found markets for adventure games for portable and mobile gaming devices. Japanese adventure-games tend to be distinct, having a slower pace and revolving more around dialogue, whereas Western adventure-games typically emphasize more interactive worlds and complex puzzle solving, owing to them each having unique development histories. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Components of an adventure game</th> <th>Citations </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_solving" class="mw-redirect" title="Puzzle solving">Puzzle solving</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem solving</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003474–476-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKentWilliams1989143-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-agdefinition-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlessiTrollip1985205-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonAldrich2006276-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen200336–37-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson1983189-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">Exploration</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams200343-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-agdefinition-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKentWilliams1989143-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-agdefinition-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonAldrich2006276-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson1983189-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Player assumes the role of a <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">character</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlessiTrollip1985205-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Collection or manipulation of objects. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKentWilliams1989143-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The term "adventure game" originated from the 1970s <a href="/wiki/Text_adventure_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Text adventure game">text computer game</a> <a href="/wiki/Colossal_Cave_Adventure" title="Colossal Cave Adventure">Colossal Cave Adventure</a>, often referred to simply as Adventure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKentWilliams1989143-7">[7]</a> which pioneered a style of <a href="/wiki/Gameplay" title="Gameplay">gameplay</a> which many developers imitated and which became a genre in its own right. The <a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">video game genre</a> is therefore defined by its gameplay, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Adventure_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure (genre)">literary genre</a>, which is defined by the subject it addresses: the activity of adventure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003474–476-5">[5]</a> Essential elements of the genre include storytelling, exploration, and puzzle-solving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003474–476-5">[5]</a> Marek Bronstring, former head of content at <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>, has characterised adventure games as puzzles embedded in a narrative framework;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> such games may involve narrative content that a player unlocks piece by piece over time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalenZimmerman2004385-15">[15]</a> While the puzzles that players encounter through the story can be arbitrary, those that do not pull the player out of the narrative are considered[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] examples of good design.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_other_genres">Relationship to other genres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship to other genres">edit</a>]</div> Combat and action challenges are limited or absent in adventure games;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443–444-17">[17]</a> this distinguishes them from <a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">action games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-agdefinition-8">[8]</a> In the book <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rollings_and_Ernest_Adams_on_Game_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design">Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design</a>, the authors state that: "this [reduced emphasis on combat] doesn't mean that there is no conflict in adventure games ... only that combat is not the primary activity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443-6">[6]</a> Some adventure games will include a <a href="/wiki/Minigame" title="Minigame">minigame</a> from another video-game genre, which adventure-game purists do not always appreciate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003446–447-18">[18]</a> Hybrid <a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">action-adventure games</a> blend action and adventure games throughout the game experience, incorporating more physical challenges than pure adventure games and at a faster pace.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> This definition is hard to apply, however, with some debate among designers about which games classify as action games and which involve enough non-physical challenges to be considered action-adventures.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> Adventure games are also distinct from <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing video-games</a> that involve action, <a href="/wiki/Team-building" class="mw-redirect" title="Team-building">team-building</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Point_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Point (disambiguation)">points</a> management.<a href="#cite_note-agdefinition-8">[8]</a> Adventure games lack the numeric rules or relationships seen in role-playing games (RPGs), and seldom have an internal economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003239–240-20">[20]</a> These games lack any skill-system, combat, or "an opponent to be defeated through strategy and tactics".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443-6">[6]</a> However, some hybrid games do exist and are referred to as either Adventure games or Roleplaying games by the respective communities.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Finally, adventure games are classified separately from <a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">puzzle video games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-agdefinition-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] While puzzle video games revolve entirely around solving puzzles, adventure games revolve more around exploration and story, with puzzles typically scattered throughout the game.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003113-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Game_design">Game design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Game design">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puzzle-solving">Puzzle-solving</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Puzzle-solving">edit</a>]</div> Adventure games contain a variety of <a href="/wiki/Puzzles" class="mw-redirect" title="Puzzles">puzzles</a>, including decoding messages, finding and using <a href="/wiki/Item_(game_terminology)" title="Item (game terminology)">items</a>, opening locked doors, or finding and exploring new locations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003460–461-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerChandler2011119-24">[24]</a> Solving a puzzle will unlock access to new areas in the game world, and reveal more of the game story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergman2000315-25">[25]</a> Conceptual Reasoning and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_Thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral Thinking">Lateral Thinking</a> Puzzles form the majority of the gameplay, where extrinsic knowledge gained in real life is expected to be known and used by the player to overcome the challenges. This sets the puzzles apart from <a href="/wiki/Logic_puzzles" class="mw-redirect" title="Logic puzzles">Logic puzzles</a> where all the information needed to solve said problem is presented within the context of the situation, such as combination locks or other machinery that the player must learn to manipulate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003310-26">[26]</a> though lateral thinking and conceptual reasoning puzzles may include the use of logical thinking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003321-27">[27]</a> Some puzzles are criticized for the obscurity of their solutions, for example, the combination of a <a href="/wiki/Clothes_line" title="Clothes line">clothes line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">clamp</a>, and deflated <a href="/wiki/Rubber_duck" title="Rubber duck">rubber duck</a> used to gather a key stuck between the subway tracks in <a href="/wiki/The_Longest_Journey" title="The Longest Journey">The Longest Journey</a>, which exists outside of the game's narrative and serves only as an obstacle to the player.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenSmithTosca2008189-28">[28]</a> Others have been criticized for requiring players to blindly guess, either by clicking on the right pixel, or by guessing the right verb in games that use a text interface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaddJenkins2011321-29">[29]</a> Games that require players to navigate mazes have also become less popular, although the earliest text-adventure games usually required players to draw a map if they wanted to navigate the abstract space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams200356-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gathering_and_using_items">Gathering and using items</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gathering and using items">edit</a>]</div> Many adventure games make use of an inventory management screen as a distinct gameplay mode.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003460–461-23">[23]</a> Players are only able to pick up some objects in the game, so the player usually knows that only objects that can be picked up are important.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> Because it can be difficult for a player to know if they missed an important <a href="/wiki/Item_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Item (gaming)">item</a>, they will often scour every scene for items. For games that utilize a <a href="/wiki/Point_and_click" title="Point and click">point and click</a> interface, players will sometimes engage in a systematic search known as a "pixel hunt", trying to locate the small area on the graphic representation of the location on screen that the developers defined, which may not be obvious or only consist of a few on-screen pixels. A notable example comes from the original <a href="/wiki/Full_Throttle_(1995_video_game)" title="Full Throttle (1995 video game)">Full Throttle</a> by <a href="/wiki/LucasArts" class="mw-redirect" title="LucasArts">LucasArts</a>, where one puzzle requires instructing the character to kick a wall at a small spot, which <a href="/wiki/Tim_Schafer" title="Tim Schafer">Tim Schafer</a>, the game's lead designer, had admitted years later was a brute force measure; in the remastering of the game, Schafer and his team at <a href="/wiki/Double_Fine" title="Double Fine">Double Fine</a> made this puzzle's solution more obvious.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> More recent adventure games try to avoid pixel hunts by highlighting the item, or by snapping the player's cursor to the item.<a href="#cite_note-IGN_adventure-32">[32]</a> Many puzzles in these games involve gathering and using items from their inventory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerChandler2011119-24">[24]</a> Players must apply lateral thinking techniques where they apply real-world extrinsic knowledge about objects in unexpected ways. For example, by putting a deflated inner tube on a cactus to create a slingshot, which requires a player to realize that an inner tube is stretchy.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> They may need to carry items in their inventory for a long duration before they prove useful,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and thus it is normal for adventure games to test a player's memory where a challenge can only be overcome by recalling a piece of information from earlier in the game.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> There is seldom any time pressure for these puzzles, focusing more on the player's ability to reason than on quick-thinking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergman2000311–315-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Story,_setting,_and_themes">Story, setting, and themes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Story, setting, and themes">edit</a>]</div> Adventure games are single-player experiences that are largely story-driven.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> More than any other genre, adventure games depend upon their story and setting to create a compelling single-player experience.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> They are typically set in an <a href="/wiki/Immersive_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersive environment">immersive environment</a>, often a <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">fantasy world</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKentWilliams1989143-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonAldrich2006276-10">[10]</a> and try to vary the setting from chapter to chapter to add novelty and interest to the experience.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> Comedy is a common theme, and games often script comedic responses when players attempt actions or combinations that are "ridiculous or impossible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003444-36">[36]</a> Since adventure games are driven by storytelling, character development usually follows literary conventions of personal and emotional growth, rather than new powers or abilities that affect gameplay.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> The player often embarks upon a <a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">quest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen200336–37-11">[11]</a> or is required to unravel a mystery or situation about which little is known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlessiTrollip1985205-9">[9]</a> These types of mysterious stories allow designers to get around what <a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest W. Adams">Ernest W. Adams</a> calls the "Problem of Amnesia", where the player controls the protagonist but must start the game without their knowledge and experience.<a href="#cite_note-problems-37">[37]</a> Story-events typically unfold as the player completes new challenges or puzzles, but in order to make such storytelling less mechanical, new elements in the story may also be triggered by player movement.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialogue_and_conversation_trees">Dialogue and conversation trees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dialogue and conversation trees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dialog_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialog tree">Dialog tree</a></div> Adventure games have strong storylines with significant dialog, and sometimes make effective use of recorded dialog or narration from voice actors.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> This genre of game is known for representing dialog as a <a href="/wiki/Conversation_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversation tree">conversation tree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholderZimmerman2003167-38">[38]</a> Players are able to engage a <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">non-player character</a> by choosing a line of pre-written dialog from a menu, which triggers a response from the game character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003446–447-18">[18]</a> These conversations are often designed as a <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structure</a>, with players deciding between each branch of dialog to pursue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003469-39">[39]</a> However, there are always a finite number of branches to pursue, and some adventure games devolve into selecting each option one-by-one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERouse2005230-40">[40]</a> Conversing with characters can reveal clues about how to solve puzzles, including hints about what that character wants before they will cooperate with the player.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> Other conversations will have far-reaching consequences, deciding to disclose a valuable secret that has been entrusted to the player.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goals,_success_and_failure">Goals, success and failure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Goals, success and failure">edit</a>]</div> The primary goal in adventure games is the completion of the assigned quest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen200316-41">[41]</a> Early adventure games often had <a href="/wiki/Score_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Score (game)">high scores</a> and some, including <a href="/wiki/Zork" title="Zork">Zork</a> and some of its sequels, assigned the player a rank, a text description based on their score.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontfort2003136-42">[42]</a> High scores provide the player with a secondary goal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen200316-41">[41]</a> and serve as an indicator of progression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontfort2003136-42">[42]</a> While high scores are now less common, external reward systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a>'s Achievements, perform a similar role.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The primary failure condition in adventure games, inherited from more action-oriented games, is player death. Without the clearly identified enemies of other genres, its inclusion in adventure games is controversial, and many developers now either avoid it or take extra steps to foreshadow death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003459–460-44">[44]</a> Some early adventure games trapped the players in <a href="/wiki/Unwinnable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwinnable">unwinnable situations</a> without ending the game. <a href="/wiki/Infocom" title="Infocom">Infocom</a>'s text adventure <a href="/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(computer_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (computer game)">The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a> has been criticized for a scenario where failing to pick up a pile of junk mail at the beginning of the game prevented the player, much later, from completing the game.<a href="#cite_note-twinkie-45">[45]</a> The adventure games developed by LucasArts purposely avoided creating a dead-end situation for the player due to the negative reactions to such situations,<a href="#cite_note-usgamer_lucasarts_gateway-46">[46]</a> despite this, some fans of the genre enjoy dead ends and player death situations, resulting in divergent philosophies in adventure games and how to handle player risk-reward. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgenres">Subgenres</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subgenres">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_adventures_and_interactive_fiction">Text adventures and interactive fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Text adventures and interactive fiction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zork_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zork_photo.jpg/170px-Zork_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zork_photo.jpg/255px-Zork_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zork_photo.jpg/340px-Zork_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>A computer terminal running <a href="/wiki/Zork" title="Zork">Zork</a> (1977), one of the first commercially successful text adventure games</figcaption></figure> Text adventures convey the game's story through passages of text, revealed to the player in response to typed instructions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003155–156-47">[47]</a> Early text adventures, <a href="/wiki/Colossal_Cave_Adventure" title="Colossal Cave Adventure">Colossal Cave Adventure</a> or Scott Adams' games, used a simple <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>-<a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> <a href="/wiki/Text_parser" title="Text parser">parser</a> to interpret these instructions, allowing the player to interact with objects at a basic level, for example by typing "get key".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter201429-48">[48]</a> Later text adventures, and modern interactive fiction, use <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> to enable more complex player commands like "take the key from the desk". Notable examples of advanced text adventures include most games developed by <a href="/wiki/Infocom" title="Infocom">Infocom</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Zork" title="Zork">Zork</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(video_game)" title="The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (video game)">The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003155–156-47">[47]</a> With the onset of graphic adventures, the text adventure fell to the wayside, though the medium remains popular as a means of writing <a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">interactive fiction</a> (IF) particularly with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Inform" title="Inform">Inform</a> natural language platform for writing IF. Interactive fiction can still provide puzzle-based challenges like adventure games, but many modern IF works also explore alternative methods of narrative storytelling techniques unique to the interactive medium and may eschew complex puzzles associated with typical adventure games. Readers or players of IF may still need to determine how to interact appropriately with the narrative to progress and thus create a new type of challenge.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphic_adventure">Graphic adventure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Graphic adventure">edit</a>]</div> Graphic adventures are adventure games that use graphics to convey the environment to the player.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Games under the graphic adventure banner may have a variety of input types, from text parsers to touch screen interfaces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003155–156-47">[47]</a> Graphic adventure games will vary in how they present the avatar. Some games will utilize a first-person or third-person perspective where the camera follows the player's movements, whereas many adventure games use drawn or pre-rendered backgrounds, or a context-sensitive camera that is positioned to show off each location to the best effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003451-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Text-and-graphics_adventure_games">Text-and-graphics adventure games</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Text-and-graphics adventure games">edit</a>]</div> Text-and-graphics adventure games (also called illustrated<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> or graphical text adventures)<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> combine interactive fiction-style text descriptions with graphic illustrations of locations.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> These games sometimes use a text parser, as in the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Scrolls" title="Magnetic Scrolls">Magnetic Scrolls</a> games;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontfort2003187-57">[57]</a> a point-and-click interface, such as the <a href="/wiki/MacVenture" title="MacVenture">MacVenture</a> games;<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> or a combination of both (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tass_Times_in_Tonetown" title="Tass Times in Tonetown">Tass Times in Tonetown</a>;<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Scepters" title="Enchanted Scepters">Enchanted Scepters</a> and other <a href="/wiki/World_Builder" title="World Builder">World Builder</a> games).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Point-and-click_adventure_games">Point-and-click adventure games</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Point-and-click adventure games">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Whispered_World_screenshot_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Whispered_World_screenshot_006.jpg/220px-The_Whispered_World_screenshot_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Whispered_World_screenshot_006.jpg/330px-The_Whispered_World_screenshot_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Whispered_World_screenshot_006.jpg/440px-The_Whispered_World_screenshot_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Whispered_World" title="The Whispered World">The Whispered World</a> (2009) is an example of a context-based point-and-click adventure game using high-definition graphics and animation.</figcaption></figure> Point-and-click adventure games are those where the player typically controls their character through a <a href="/wiki/Point_and_click" title="Point and click">point and click</a> interface using a computer mouse or similar pointing device, though additional control schemes may also be available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter201440-61">[61]</a> The player clicks to move their character around, interact with non-player characters, often initiating <a href="/wiki/Conversation_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversation tree">conversation trees</a> with them, examine objects in the game's settings or with their character's item inventory. Many older point-and-click games include a list of on-screen verbs to describe specific actions in the manner of a text adventure, but newer games have used more context-sensitive user interface elements to reduce or eliminate this approach. Often, these games come down to collecting items for the character's inventory, and figuring when is the right time to use that item; the player would need to use clues from the visual elements of the game, descriptions of the various items, and dialogue from other characters to figure this out. Later games developed by <a href="/wiki/Sierra_On-Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra On-Line">Sierra On-Line</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Quest" title="King's Quest">King's Quest</a> games, and nearly all of the <a href="/wiki/LucasArts_adventure_games" title="LucasArts adventure games">LucasArts adventure games</a>, are point-and-click-based games. Point-and-click adventure games can also be the medium in which interactive, cinematic video games comprise. They feature cutscenes interspersed by short snippets of interactive gameplay that tie in with the story. This sub-genre is most famously used by the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Telltale_Games" title="Telltale Games">Telltale Games</a> with their series such as <a href="/wiki/Minecraft:_Story_Mode" title="Minecraft: Story Mode">Minecraft: Story Mode</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(video_game_series)" title="The Walking Dead (video game series)">their adaptation</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(franchise)" title="The Walking Dead (franchise)">The Walking Dead</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Escape_the_room_games">Escape the room games</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Escape the room games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Escape_room" title="Escape room">Escape room</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Escape_room" title="Escape room">Escape room</a> games are a further specialization of point-and-click adventure games; these games are typically short and confined to a small space to explore, with almost no interaction with non-player characters. Most games of this type require the player to figure out how to escape a room using the limited resources within it and through the solving of logic puzzles. Other variants include games that require the player to manipulate a complex object to achieve a certain end in the fashion of a <a href="/wiki/Puzzle_box" title="Puzzle box">puzzle box</a>. These games are often delivered in <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> format and are also popular on mobile devices. The genre is notable for inspiring real-world <a href="/wiki/Escape_room" title="Escape room">escape room</a> challenges.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Examples of the subgenre include <a href="/wiki/MOTAS" title="MOTAS">MOTAS</a> (Mysteries of Time and Space), The Crimson Room, and <a href="/wiki/The_Room_(video_game)" title="The Room (video game)">The Room</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JOY-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-vox-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Puzzle_adventure_games">Puzzle adventure games</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Puzzle adventure games">edit</a>]</div> Puzzle adventure games are adventure games that put a strong emphasis on logic puzzles. They typically emphasize self-contained puzzle challenges with logic puzzle toys or games. Completing each puzzle opens more of the game's world to explore, additional puzzles to solve, and can expand on the game's story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERouse2005233-66">[66]</a> There are often few to no <a href="/wiki/Non-playable_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-playable character">non-playable characters</a> in such games, and lack the type of inventory puzzles that typical point-and-click adventure games have. Puzzle adventure games were popularized by <a href="/wiki/Myst" title="Myst">Myst</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_7th_Guest" title="The 7th Guest">The 7th Guest</a>. These both used mixed media consisting of pre-rendered images and movie clips,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERouse2005208-67">[67]</a> but since then, puzzle adventure games have taken advantage of modern game engines to present the games in full 3D settings, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Talos_Principle" title="The Talos Principle">The Talos Principle</a>. Myst itself has been recreated in such a fashion in the title realMyst. Other puzzle adventure games are casual adventure games made up of a series of puzzles used to explore and progress the story, exemplified by <a href="/wiki/The_Witness_(2016_video_game)" title="The Witness (2016 video game)">The Witness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Trick:_Phantom_Detective" title="Ghost Trick: Phantom Detective">Ghost Trick: Phantom Detective</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Professor_Layton" title="Professor Layton">Professor Layton</a> series of games. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Narrative_adventure_games">Narrative adventure games</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Narrative adventure games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">Nonlinear gameplay</a></div> Narrative adventure games are those that allow for branching narratives, with choices made by the player influencing events throughout the game. While these choices do not usually alter the overall direction and major plot elements of the game's story, they help personalize the story to the player's desire through the ability to choose these determinants – exceptions include <a href="/wiki/Detroit:_Become_Human" title="Detroit: Become Human">Detroit: Become Human</a>, where players' choices can bring to multiple completely different endings and characters' death. These games favor narrative storytelling over traditional gameplay, with gameplay present to help immerse the player into the game's story: gameplay may include working through conversation trees, solving puzzles, or the use of <a href="/wiki/Quick_time_event" title="Quick time event">quick time events</a> to aid in action sequences to keep the player involved in the story. Though narrative games are similar to <a href="/wiki/Interactive_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive movie">interactive movies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novels</a> in that they present pre-scripted scenes, the advancement of computing power can render pre-scripted scenes in real-time, thus providing for more depth of gameplay that is reactive to the player. Most Telltale Games titles, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(video_game)" title="The Walking Dead (video game)">The Walking Dead</a>, are narrative games. Other examples include <a href="/wiki/Sega_AM2" title="Sega AM2">Sega AM2</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shenmue" title="Shenmue">Shenmue</a> series, <a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_Memories" title="Shadow of Memories">Shadow of Memories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantic_Dream" title="Quantic Dream">Quantic Dream</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_(2005_video_game)" title="Fahrenheit (2005 video game)">Fahrenheit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Rain" title="Heavy Rain">Heavy Rain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beyond:_Two_Souls" title="Beyond: Two Souls">Beyond: Two Souls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dontnod_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Dontnod Entertainment">Dontnod Entertainment</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Life_Is_Strange" title="Life Is Strange">Life Is Strange</a> series,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_Games" title="Supermassive Games">Supermassive Games</a>' <a href="/wiki/Until_Dawn" title="Until Dawn">Until Dawn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Night_in_the_Woods" title="Night in the Woods">Night in the Woods</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Walking_simulators">Walking simulators</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Walking simulators">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Stanley_Parable_-_Screenshot_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_Stanley_Parable_-_Screenshot_03.jpg/220px-The_Stanley_Parable_-_Screenshot_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_Stanley_Parable_-_Screenshot_03.jpg/330px-The_Stanley_Parable_-_Screenshot_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_Stanley_Parable_-_Screenshot_03.jpg/440px-The_Stanley_Parable_-_Screenshot_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Stanley_Parable" title="The Stanley Parable">The Stanley Parable</a> (2013) is a first-person walking simulator set in an office building.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Walking_simulator" title="Walking simulator">Walking simulator</a></div> Walking simulators, or environmental narrative games, are narrative games that generally eschew any type of gameplay outside of movement and environmental interaction that allow players to experience their story through exploration and discovery. Walking simulators feature few or even no puzzles at all, and win/lose conditions may not exist. The simulators allow players to roam around the game environment and discover objects like books, audio logs, or other clues that develop the story, and may be augmented with dialogue with non-playable characters and cutscenes. These games allow for exploration of the game's world without any time limits or other forced constraints, an option usually not offered in more action-oriented games.<a href="#cite_note-pcgamer_ws_dec2019-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-vice_dec2019-70">[70]</a> The term "walking simulator" had sometimes been used pejoratively as such games feature almost no traditional gameplay elements and only involved walking around. The term has become more accepted as games within the genre gained critical praise in the 2010s;<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> other names have been proposed, like "environmental narrative games" or "interactive narratives", which emphasizes the importance of the narration and the fact the plot is told by interaction with ambient elements.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-pcgamer_ws_dec2019-69">[69]</a> Examples of walking simulators include <a href="/wiki/Gone_Home" title="Gone Home">Gone Home</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dear_Esther" title="Dear Esther">Dear Esther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firewatch" title="Firewatch">Firewatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Vanishing_of_Ethan_Carter" title="The Vanishing of Ethan Carter">The Vanishing of Ethan Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteus_(video_game)" title="Proteus (video game)">Proteus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazzpunk" title="Jazzpunk">Jazzpunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stanley_Parable" title="The Stanley Parable">The Stanley Parable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Flights_of_Loving" title="Thirty Flights of Loving">Thirty Flights of Loving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Gone_to_the_Rapture" title="Everybody's Gone to the Rapture">Everybody's Gone to the Rapture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/What_Remains_of_Edith_Finch" title="What Remains of Edith Finch">What Remains of Edith Finch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_novel">Visual novel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Visual novel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_visual_novel_(Ren%27Py).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cartoon girl in a sailor outfit stands in front of a photograph of a green chalkboard. The lower-third screen is covered by a translucent dialogue box." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wikipe-tan_visual_novel_%28Ren%27Py%29.png/220px-Wikipe-tan_visual_novel_%28Ren%27Py%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wikipe-tan_visual_novel_%28Ren%27Py%29.png/330px-Wikipe-tan_visual_novel_%28Ren%27Py%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wikipe-tan_visual_novel_%28Ren%27Py%29.png/440px-Wikipe-tan_visual_novel_%28Ren%27Py%29.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A common layout for a <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novel</a> game</figcaption></figure> A visual novel (ビジュアルノベル, bijuaru noberu) is a hybrid of text and graphical adventure games, typically featuring text-based story and interactivity aided by static or <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprite</a>-based visuals. They resemble mixed-media novels or <a href="/wiki/Tableau_vivant" title="Tableau vivant">tableau vivant</a> stage plays. Most visual novels typically feature <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_tree" title="Dialogue tree">dialogue trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">branching storylines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_endings" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple endings">multiple endings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The format has its primary origins in Japanese and other Asian video game markets, typically for personal computers and more recently on handheld consoles or mobile devices. The format did not gain much traction in Western markets,<a href="#cite_note-ANN-4">[4]</a> but started gaining more success since the late 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Olympian-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactive_movie">Interactive movie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Interactive movie">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interactive_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive movie">Interactive movie</a></div> Some adventure games have been presented as interactive movies; these are games where most of the graphics are either fully pre-rendered or use <a href="/wiki/Full_motion_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Full motion video">full motion video</a> from live actors on a set, stored on a media that allows fast <a href="/wiki/Random_access" title="Random access">random access</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Laserdisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">laserdisc</a> or <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>. The arcade versions of <a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Lair" title="Dragon's Lair">Dragon's Lair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_Ace" title="Space Ace">Space Ace</a> are canonical examples of such works. The game's software presented a scene, to which players responded by moving a joystick and pressing a button, and each choice prompted the game to play a new scene. The video may be augmented by additional computer graphics; <a href="/wiki/Under_a_Killing_Moon" title="Under a Killing Moon">Under a Killing Moon</a> used a combination of full-motion video and <a href="/wiki/3D_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="3D graphics">3D graphics</a>. Because these games are limited by what has been pre-rendered or recorded, player interactivity is limited in these titles, and wrong choices or decisions may lead quickly to an ending scene. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrids">Hybrids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hybrids">edit</a>]</div> There are a number of hybrid graphical adventure games, borrowing from two or more of the above classifications. The <a href="/wiki/Zero_Escape" title="Zero Escape">Zero Escape</a> series wraps several escape-the-room puzzles within the context of a visual novel.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(video_game_series)" title="Sherlock Holmes (video game series)">Adventures of Sherlock Holmes</a> series has the player use point-and-click type interfaces to locate clues, and <a href="/wiki/Minigame" title="Minigame">minigame</a>-type mechanics to manipulate those clues to find more relevant information.<a href="#cite_note-IGN_review-80">[80]</a> While most adventure games typically do not include any time-based interactivity by the player, some do include time-based and <a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">action game</a> mechanics. The Telltale Games <a href="/wiki/Telltale_Games#Major_franchise_acquisitions_(2010–2016)" title="Telltale Games">licensed episodic adventure games</a>, and some interactive movies, such as Dragon's Lair, include quick time events.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">Action-adventure games</a> are a hybrid of action games with adventure games that often require to the player to react quickly to events as they occur on screen<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003446–447-18">[18]</a> The action-adventure genre is broad, spanning many different subgenres, but typically these games utilize strong storytelling and puzzle-solving mechanics of adventure games among the action-oriented gameplay concepts. The foremost title in this genre was <a href="/wiki/Adventure_(1980_video_game)" title="Adventure (1980 video game)">Adventure</a>, a graphic home console game developed based on the text-based Colossal Cave Adventure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443–444-17">[17]</a> while the first <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a> brought the action-adventure concept to a broader audience. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Western_adventure_games">History of Western adventure games</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: History of Western adventure games">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_adventures_(1976–1989)">Text adventures (1976–1989)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Text adventures (1976–1989)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADVENT_--_Will_Crowther%27s_original_version.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ADVENT_--_Will_Crowther%27s_original_version.png/300px-ADVENT_--_Will_Crowther%27s_original_version.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ADVENT_--_Will_Crowther%27s_original_version.png/450px-ADVENT_--_Will_Crowther%27s_original_version.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ADVENT_--_Will_Crowther%27s_original_version.png/600px-ADVENT_--_Will_Crowther%27s_original_version.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Telechrome^type output of <a href="/wiki/Will_Crowther" class="mw-redirect" title="Will Crowther">Will Crowther</a>'s original version of Colossal Cave Adventure</figcaption></figure> The origins of text adventure games are difficult to trace as records of computing around the 1970s were not as well documented. Text-based games had existed prior to 1976 that featured elements of exploring maps or solving puzzles, such as <a href="/wiki/Hunt_the_Wumpus" title="Hunt the Wumpus">Hunt the Wumpus</a> (1973), but lacked a narrative element, a feature essential for adventure games.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colossal_Cave_Adventure" title="Colossal Cave Adventure">Colossal Cave Adventure</a> (1976), written by <a href="/wiki/William_Crowther_(computer_programmer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Crowther (computer programmer)">William Crowther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_Woods_(programmer)" title="Don Woods (programmer)">Don Woods</a>, is widely considered to be the first game in the adventure genre, and a significant influence on the genre's early development, as well as influencing core games in other genres such as <a href="/wiki/Adventure_(1980_video_game)" title="Adventure (1980 video game)">Adventure</a> (1980) for the <a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Action-adventure video game">action-adventure video game</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rogue_(video_game)" title="Rogue (video game)">Rogue</a> (1980) for <a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">roguelikes</a>. Crowther was an employee at <a href="/wiki/Bolt,_Beranek_and_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt, Beranek and Newman">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a>, a Boston company involved with <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, in the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontfort200310-84">[84]</a> As an avid <a href="/wiki/Caver" class="mw-redirect" title="Caver">caver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing game</a> enthusiast, he wrote a text adventure based on his own knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammoth Cave">Mammoth Cave</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontfort200310-84">[84]</a> The program, which he named Adventure, was written on the company's <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> and used 300 kilobytes of memory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron198940-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-adventureland-86">[86]</a> The program was disseminated through ARPANET, which led to Woods, working at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford">Stanford</a> at the time, to modify and expand the game, eventually becoming Colossal Cave Adventure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontfort200310-84">[84]</a> Colossal Cave Adventure set concepts and gameplay approaches that became staples of text adventures and interactive fiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter201423–24-87">[87]</a> Following its release on ARPANET, numerous variations of Colossal Cave Adventure appeared throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, with some of these later versions being re-christened Colossal Adventure or Colossal Caves. These variations were enabled by the increase in <a href="/wiki/Microcomputing" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcomputing">microcomputing</a> that allowed programmers to work on home computers rather than mainframe systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron198940-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontfort200388-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelsonRees2001349-89">[89]</a> The genre gained commercial success with titles designed for home computers. <a href="/wiki/Scott_Adams_(game_designer)" title="Scott Adams (game designer)">Scott Adams</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Adventure_International" title="Adventure International">Adventure International</a> to publish text adventures including an adaptation of Colossal Cave Adventure, while a number of <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> students formed <a href="/wiki/Infocom" title="Infocom">Infocom</a> to bring their game <a href="/wiki/Zork" title="Zork">Zork</a> from mainframe to home computers and was a commercial success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter201425–26-90">[90]</a> Infocom later released <a href="/wiki/Deadline_(1982_video_game)" title="Deadline (1982 video game)">Deadline</a> in 1982, which had a more complex text parser, and more NPCs acting independently of the player. Also innovative was its use of "<a href="/wiki/Feelies" class="mw-redirect" title="Feelies">feelies</a>", which were physical documents unique to the game itself which aided the player in solving the mystery, which also resulted in the higher cost of the game at the time of its release relative to other text adventures.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> These feelies would soon become standard within the text adventure genre and would also be used as an early form of <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">copy protection</a>. Other well-known text adventure companies included <a href="/wiki/Level_9_Computing" title="Level 9 Computing">Level 9 Computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Scrolls" title="Magnetic Scrolls">Magnetic Scrolls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krome_Studios_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Krome Studios Melbourne">Melbourne House</a>. When personal computers gained the ability to display graphics, the text adventure genre began to wane, and by 1990 there were few if any commercial releases, though in the UK publisher Zenobi released many games that could be purchased via mail order during the first half of the 90s. Non-commercial text adventure games have been developed for many years within the genre of <a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">interactive fiction</a>. Games are also being developed using the older term 'text adventure' with Adventuron, alongside some published titles for older 8-bit and 16-bit machines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphical_development_(1980–1990)">Graphical development (1980–1990)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Graphical development (1980–1990)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mystery_House_-_Apple_II_render_emulation_-_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mystery_House_-_Apple_II_render_emulation_-_2.png/250px-Mystery_House_-_Apple_II_render_emulation_-_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Mystery_House_-_Apple_II_render_emulation_-_2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mystery_House" title="Mystery House">Mystery House</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> was the first adventure game to use graphics in the early <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computer</a> era.</figcaption></figure> The first known graphical adventure game was <a href="/wiki/Mystery_House" title="Mystery House">Mystery House</a> (1980), by <a href="/wiki/Sierra_On-Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra On-Line">Sierra On-Line</a>, then at the time known as On-Line Systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter201439–41-92">[92]</a> Designed by the company's co-founder <a href="/wiki/Roberta_Williams" title="Roberta Williams">Roberta Williams</a> and programmed with the help of her husband <a href="/wiki/Ken_Williams_(game_developer)" title="Ken Williams (game developer)">Ken</a>, the game featured static <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> atop a simple command line interface, building on the text adventure model. Roberta was directly inspired by Colossal Cave Adventure as well as the text adventure games that followed from it.<a href="#cite_note-amjplay-93">[93]</a> Sierra continued to produce similar games under the title Hi-Res Adventure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemariaWilson2003134–135-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontfort2003169–170-95">[95]</a> Vector graphics gave way to <a href="/wiki/Bitmap_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitmap graphics">bitmap graphics</a> which also enabled simple animations to show the player-character moving in response to typed commands. Here, Sierra's <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Quest_I" title="King's Quest I">King's Quest</a> (1984), though not the first game of its type, is recognized as a commercially successful graphical adventure game, enabling Sierra to expand on more titles.<a href="#cite_note-arstech_gfx_history-96">[96]</a> Other examples of early games include <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Forest_(video_game)" title="Sherwood Forest (video game)">Sherwood Forest</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(1982_video_game)" title="The Hobbit (1982 video game)">The Hobbit</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Yuji_Horii" title="Yuji Horii">Yuji Horii</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Portopia_Serial_Murder_Case" title="The Portopia Serial Murder Case">The Portopia Serial Murder Case</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Heracles" title="The Return of Heracles">The Return of Heracles</a> (which faithfully portrayed <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Smith_(game_designer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart Smith (game designer)">Stuart Smith</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Dale_Johnson" title="Dale Johnson">Dale Johnson</a>'s Masquerade (1983), Antonio Antiochia's <a href="/wiki/Transylvania_(computer_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvania (computer game)">Transylvania</a> (1982, re-released in 1984), and <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Construction_Set" title="Adventure Construction Set">Adventure Construction Set</a> (1985), one of the early hits of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>. As computers gained the ability to use pointing devices and <a href="/wiki/Point-and-click" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-and-click">point-and-click</a> interfaces, graphical adventure games moved away from including the text interface and simply provided appropriate commands the player could interact with on-screen. The first known game with such an interface was <a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Scepters" title="Enchanted Scepters">Enchanted Scepters</a> (1984) from <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Beach_Software" title="Silicon Beach Software">Silicon Beach Software</a>, which combined a graphics window with interactive clickable <a href="/wiki/Screen_hotspot" title="Screen hotspot">hotspots</a> and occasional animations, drop-down menus for the player to select actions from, and a text window with a text parser and a log describing the results of the player's actions.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Planet Mephius, released in 1983, had a keyboard-driven point-and click interface<a href="#cite_note-ohfm7_adventure_rpg-98">[98]</a> (see <a href="#Early_point-and-click_adventures_(1983–1995)">§ Early point-and-click adventures (1983–1995)</a> below), but Enchanted Scepters was the first true point-and-click game in the sense that the cursor was controlled through the computer mouse.<a href="#cite_note-arstech_gfx_history-96">[96]</a> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/ICOM_Simulations" title="ICOM Simulations">ICOM Simulations</a> released <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_Vu_(video_game)" title="Déjà Vu (video game)">Déjà Vu</a>, the first of its <a href="/wiki/MacVenture" title="MacVenture">MacVenture</a> series, which utilized a more complete point-and-click interface, including the ability to drag objects around on the current scene, and was a commercial success.<a href="#cite_note-arstech_gfx_history-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/LucasArts" class="mw-redirect" title="LucasArts">LucasArts</a>' <a href="/wiki/Maniac_Mansion" title="Maniac Mansion">Maniac Mansion</a>, released in 1987, used a novel "verb-object" interface, showing all possible commands the player could use to interact with the game along with the player's inventory, which became a staple of LucasArts' own adventure games and in the genre overall.<a href="#cite_note-arstech_gfx_history-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter201438–39-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Graphical adventure games were considered to have spurred the gaming market for personal computers from 1985 through the next decade, as they were able to offer narratives and storytelling that could not readily be told by the state of graphical hardware at the time.<a href="#cite_note-pcworld_2015-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_(1990–2000)">Expansion (1990–2000)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Expansion (1990–2000)">edit</a>]</div> Graphical adventure games continued to improve with advances in graphic systems for home computers, providing more detailed and colorful scenes and characters. With the adoption of <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> in the early 1990s, it became possible to include higher quality graphics, video, and audio in adventure games.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERouse2005208-67">[67]</a> This saw the addition of <a href="/wiki/Voice_acting" title="Voice acting">voice acting</a> to adventure games. Similar to the first <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound films</a>, games that featured such voice-overs were called "Talkies" by all the major adventure game companies, including LucasArts,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Entertainment" title="Sierra Entertainment">Sierra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Use of the term continues to this day, for example by <a href="/wiki/GOG.com" title="GOG.com">GOG.com</a> on its page about <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Software" title="Revolution Software">Revolution Software</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Broken_Sword:_The_Sleeping_Dragon" title="Broken Sword: The Sleeping Dragon">Broken Sword: The Sleeping Dragon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Mark J.P. Wolf, professor at <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University_Wisconsin" title="Concordia University Wisconsin">CUW</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> in his Encyclopedia of Video Games:<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In some genres, the rich assets afforded by the CD format could be integrated more intricately into the gameplay, for example, "talkie" revised editions of popular adventure games with digitized voices, like King's Quest V (1992) or Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis (1993), in which the queries or other conversations selected by the player were fully acted out.</blockquote> The 1990s also saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Interactive_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive movie">Interactive movies</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_Within:_A_Gabriel_Knight_Mystery" title="The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery">The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery</a>, and the gradual adoption of three-dimensional graphics in adventure games, the critically acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Grim_Fandango" title="Grim Fandango">Grim Fandango</a>, Lucasarts' first 3D adventure.<a href="#cite_note-arstech_gfx_history-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alone_in_the_Dark" title="Alone in the Dark">Alone in the Dark</a>, released in 1992, and which is now referred to as a "survival horror" game, was originally considered among other graphic adventure games by critics of the time, and significantly influenced the development of then new genre, being looked at now as a separating point. Its development was considered a break-through in technology, utilizing the first fixed-camera perspective in a 3D game, and now recognized as the first 3D survival horror game, going on to influence games such as Fatal Frame, Resident Evil, and Silent Hill, with its influence seen within other titles such as Clock Tower and Rule of Rose.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myst-library_and_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Myst-library_and_ship.jpg/250px-Myst-library_and_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Myst-library_and_ship.jpg/375px-Myst-library_and_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d0/Myst-library_and_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Myst" title="Myst">Myst</a> used high-quality <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> rendered graphics to deliver images that were unparalleled at the time of its release.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Myst" title="Myst">Myst</a>, released in 1993 by <a href="/wiki/Cyan_Worlds" title="Cyan Worlds">Cyan Worlds</a>, is considered one of the genre's more influential titles. Myst included pre-rendered 3D graphics, video, and audio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter201446–47-111">[111]</a> Myst was an atypical game for the time, with no clear goals, little personal or object interaction, and a greater emphasis on exploration, and on scientific and mechanical puzzles. Part of the game's success was because it did not appear to be aimed at an adolescent male audience, but instead a mainstream adult audience. Myst held the record for computer game sales for seven years—it sold over six million copies on all platforms, a feat not surpassed until the release of <a href="/wiki/The_Sims" title="The Sims">The Sims</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-best-selling-112">[112]</a> In addition, Myst is considered to be the "killer app" that drove mainstream adoption of CD-ROM drives, as the game was one of the first to be distributed solely on CD-ROM, forgoing the option of floppy disks.<a href="#cite_note-ign_retro-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-1up-114">[114]</a> Myst's successful use of mixed-media led to its own sequels, and other puzzle-based adventure games, using mixed-media such as <a href="/wiki/The_7th_Guest" title="The 7th Guest">The 7th Guest</a>. With many companies attempting to capitalize on the success of Myst, a glut of similar games followed its release, which contributed towards the start of the decline of the adventure game market in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-arstech_gfx_history-96">[96]</a> Nevertheless, the American market research firm NPD FunWorld reported that adventure games were the best-selling genre of the 1990s, followed by <a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">strategy video games</a>. Writer <a href="/wiki/Mark_H._Walker" title="Mark H. Walker">Mark H. Walker</a> attributed this dominance in part to Myst.<a href="#cite_note-gamesthatsell-115">[115]</a> The 1990s also saw the release of many adventure games from countries that had experienced dormant or fledgling video gaming industries up until that point. These games were generally inspired by their Western counterparts and a few years behind in terms of technological and graphical advancements. In particular the fall of the Soviet Union saw countries such as Poland and Czechoslovakia release a string of popular adventure games including <a href="/wiki/Tajemnica_Statuetki" title="Tajemnica Statuetki">Tajemnica Statuetki</a> (1993) and <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_Monkey_Island" title="The Secret of Monkey Island">The Secret of Monkey Island</a> parody <a href="/wiki/Tajemstv%C3%AD_Osl%C3%ADho_ostrova" title="Tajemství Oslího ostrova">Tajemství Oslího ostrova</a> (1994), while in Russia a whole subgenre informally entitled "Russian quest" emerged following the success of <a href="/wiki/Red_Comrades_Save_the_Galaxy" title="Red Comrades Save the Galaxy">Red Comrades Save the Galaxy</a> (1998) and its sequels: those games often featured characters from <a href="/wiki/Russian_jokes" title="Russian jokes">Russian jokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowbrow humor">lowbrow humor</a>, poor production values and "all the worst things brought by the national gaming industry".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Israel had next to a non-existent video gaming industry, nevertheless <a href="/wiki/Piposh" title="Piposh">Piposh</a> (1999) became extremely popular, to the point where 20 years later <a href="/wiki/Piposh_(2019_video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piposh (2019 video game)">a reboot was released</a> due to a grassroots fan movement.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_(2000–2010)">Decline (2000–2010)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Decline (2000–2010)">edit</a>]</div> Whereas once adventure games were one of the most popular genres for computer games, by the mid-1990s the market share started to drastically decline. The forementioned saturation of Myst-like games on the market led to little innovation in the field and a drop in consumer confidence in the genre.<a href="#cite_note-arstech_gfx_history-96">[96]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] Computer Gaming World reported that a "respected designer" felt it was impossible to design new and more difficult adventure puzzles as fans demanded, because Scott Adams had already created them all in his early games.<a href="#cite_note-cgw199010-120">[120]</a> Another factor that led to the decline of the adventure game market was the advent of <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooters</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Half-Life_(video_game)" title="Half-Life (video game)">Half-Life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2008187-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter201420-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> These games, taking further advantage of computer advancement, were able to offer strong, story-driven games within an action setting.<a href="#cite_note-arstech_gfx_history-96">[96]</a> This slump in popularity led many publishers and developers to see adventure games as financially unfeasible in comparison. Notably, Sierra was sold to <a href="/wiki/CUC_International" title="CUC International">CUC International</a> in 1998, and while still a separate studio, attempted to recreate an adventure game using 3D graphics, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Quest:_Mask_of_Eternity" title="King's Quest: Mask of Eternity">King's Quest: Mask of Eternity</a>, as well as Gabriel Knight 3, both of which fared poorly; the studio was subsequently closed in 1999. Similarly, LucasArts released Grim Fandango in 1998 to many positive reviews but poor sales; it released one more adventure game, Escape from Monkey Island in 2000, but subsequently stopped development of Sam & Max: Freelance Police and had no further plans for adventure games.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter201481–82-124">[124]</a> Many of those developers for LucasArts, including Grossman and Schafer, left the company during this time.<a href="#cite_note-arstech_gfx_history-96">[96]</a> Sierra developer Lori Ann Cole stated in 2003 her belief that the high cost of development hurt adventure games: "They are just too art intensive, and art is expensive to produce and to show. Some of the best of the Adventure Games were criticized they were just too short. Action-adventure or adventure role-playing games can get away with re-using a lot of the art, and stretching the game play."<a href="#cite_note-acg20030908-125">[125]</a> Traditional adventure games became difficult to propose as new commercial titles. Gilbert wrote in 2005, "From first-hand experience, I can tell you that if you even utter the words 'adventure game' in a meeting with a publisher you can just pack up your spiffy concept art and leave. You'd get a better reaction by announcing that you have the plague."<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In 2012 Schafer said "If I were to go to a publisher right now and pitch an adventure game, they'd laugh in my face."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Though most commercial adventure game publication had stopped in the United States by the early 2000s, the genre was still alive in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-arstech_gfx_history-96">[96]</a> Games such as <a href="/wiki/The_Longest_Journey" title="The Longest Journey">The Longest Journey</a> by <a href="/wiki/Funcom" title="Funcom">Funcom</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Amerzone" title="Amerzone">Amerzone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syberia" title="Syberia">Syberia</a>, both conceived by <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Sokal" title="Benoît Sokal">Benoît Sokal</a> and developed by <a href="/wiki/Micro%C3%AFds" class="mw-redirect" title="Microïds">Microïds</a>, with rich classical elements of the genre still garnered high critical acclaims.<a href="#cite_note-arstech_gfx_history-96">[96]</a> Even in these cases, developers often had to distance themselves from the genre in some way. The Longest Journey was instead termed a "modern adventure" for publishing and marketing.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Series marketed to female gamers, however, like the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nancy_Drew_video_games" title="List of Nancy Drew video games">Nancy Drew Mystery Adventure Series</a> prospered with over two dozen entries put out over the decade and 2.1 million copies of games in the franchise sold by 2006,<a href="#cite_note-edgesales-129">[129]</a> enjoying great commercial and critical success while the genre was otherwise viewed as in decline. Similar to the fate of interactive fiction, conventional graphical adventure games have continued to thrive in the amateur scene. This has been most prolific with the tool <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Game_Studio" title="Adventure Game Studio">Adventure Game Studio</a> (AGS). Some notable <a href="/wiki/Category:Adventure_Game_Studio_games" title="Category:Adventure Game Studio games">AGS games</a> include those by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Croshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Croshaw">Ben Croshaw</a> (namely the <a href="/wiki/Chzo_Mythos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chzo Mythos">Chzo Mythos</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jordan:_Paranormal_Investigator" title="Ben Jordan: Paranormal Investigator">Ben Jordan: Paranormal Investigator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_Gentlemen,_Please!_(video_game)" title="Time Gentlemen, Please! (video game)">Time Gentlemen, Please!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Unterzoegersdorf" title="Soviet Unterzoegersdorf">Soviet Unterzoegersdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_Dead" title="Metal Dead">Metal Dead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AGD_Interactive" title="AGD Interactive">AGD Interactive</a>'s Sierra adventure remakes. <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> is also a popular tool known for adventures such as <a href="/wiki/MOTAS" title="MOTAS">MOTAS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Escape_the_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape the room">escape the room</a> genre entries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_platforms_and_rebirth_(2005–onward)">New platforms and rebirth (2005–onward)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: New platforms and rebirth (2005–onward)">edit</a>]</div> Following the demise of the adventure genre in the early 2000s, a number of events have occurred that have led to a revitalization of the adventure game genre as commercially viable: the introduction of new computing and gaming hardware and software delivery formats, and the use of crowdfunding as a means of achieving funding. The 2000s saw the growth of <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> and the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>, with touch-screen interfaces well-suited to point-and-click adventure games. The introduction of larger and more powerful touch screen devices like the <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> allowed for more detailed graphics, more precise controls, and a better sense of immersion and interactivity compared to personal computer or console versions.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-ipad_interview-131">[131]</a> In gaming hardware, the handheld <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> and subsequent units included a touch-screen, and the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Wii" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Wii">Nintendo Wii</a> console with its <a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a> allowed players to control a cursor through <a href="/wiki/Motion_control" title="Motion control">motion control</a>. These new platforms helped decrease the cost of bringing an adventure game to market,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> providing an avenue to re-release older, less graphically advanced games like The Secret of Monkey Island,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> King's Quest and Space Quest<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> and attracting a new audience to adventure games.<a href="#cite_note-Crecente-135">[135]</a> Further, the improvements in digital distribution led to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Episodic_video_game" title="Episodic video game">episodic adventure games</a>, delivering between three and five "chapters" of a full game over a course of several months via online storefronts, <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live_Marketplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live Marketplace">Xbox Live Marketplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation Store</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a>. Modeled off the idea of televisions episodes, episodic adventure games break the story into several parts, giving players a chance to digest and discuss the current story with others before the next episode is available, and further can enhance the narrative by creating cliffhangers or other dramatic elements to be resolved in later episodes.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The first major successful episodic adventure games were those of <a href="/wiki/Telltale_Games" title="Telltale Games">Telltale Games</a>, a developer founded by former LucasArts employees following the cancellation of Sam & Max: Freelance Police. Telltale found critical success in <a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(video_game)" title="The Walking Dead (video game)">The Walking Dead</a> series released in 2012, which won numerous game of the year awards, and eschewed traditional adventure game elements and puzzles for a strong story and character-driven game, forcing the player to make on-the-spot decisions that became determinants and affected not only elements in the current episode but future episodes and sequels. The game also eschewed the typical dialog tree with a more natural language progression, which created a more believable experience. Its success was considered a revitalization of the genre,<a href="#cite_note-pcworld_2015-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> and led Telltale to produce more licensed games driven by story rather than puzzles.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> However, Telltale Games suffered from mismanagement and excessive rapid growth from trying to release too many games at the same time, and in mid-2018, had undergone a majority studio closure, laying off most of its staff and selling off most of its assets. By the end of 2018, LCG Entertainment had acquired many of the former Telltale assets and relaunched a new <a href="/wiki/Telltale_Games_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Telltale Games (2018–present)">Telltale Games</a> to continue its adventure game history.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Other former Telltale Games works such as The Walking Dead fell back to their original IP holders, such as <a href="/wiki/Skybound_Entertainment" title="Skybound Entertainment">Skybound Entertainment</a> in the case of The Walking Dead, who took over for publishing the games.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Meanwhile, another avenue for adventure game rebirth came from the discovery of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter2014136–137-141">[141]</a> Tim Schafer had founded <a href="/wiki/Double_Fine_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Fine Productions">Double Fine Productions</a> after leaving LucasArts in 2000. He had tried to find funding support for an adventure game, but publishers refused to consider his proposals for fear of the genre being unpopular. In 2012, Schafer turned to <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> to raise $400,000 to develop an adventure game; the month-long campaign ended with over $3.4 million raised, making it, at the time, one of the largest Kickstarter projects, enabling Double Fine to expand the scope of their project and completing the game as <a href="/wiki/Broken_Age" title="Broken Age">Broken Age</a>, released over two parts in 2014 and 2015. The success led many other developers to consider the crowd funding approach, including those in the adventure game genre who saw the Double Fine Kickstarter as a sign that players wanted adventure games. Many sequels, remakes, and spiritual successors to classic adventure games emerged on Kickstarter, leading to a significant increase in traditional adventure game development during this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter2014136–137-141">[141]</a> Some of these include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armikrog" title="Armikrog">Armikrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Sword:_The_Serpent%27s_Curse" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Sword: The Serpent's Curse">Broken Sword: The Serpent's Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamfall_Chapters" title="Dreamfall Chapters">Dreamfall Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Knight:_Sins_of_the_Fathers#Remake" title="Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers">Gabriel Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry:_Reloaded" title="Leisure Suit Larry: Reloaded">Leisure Suit Larry: Reloaded</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moebius:_Empire_Rising" title="Moebius: Empire Rising">Moebius: Empire Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obduction_(video_game)" title="Obduction (video game)">Obduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_and_Max_Save_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam and Max Save the World">Sam and Max Save the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceVenture" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceVenture">SpaceVenture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Effect:_A_Tex_Murphy_Adventure" title="Tesla Effect: A Tex Murphy Adventure">Tesla Effect: A Tex Murphy Adventure</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimbleweed_Park" title="Thimbleweed Park">Thimbleweed Park</a></li></ul> </div>However, far fewer adventure games are released in Western countries annually than other genres.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Japanese_adventure_games">History of Japanese adventure games</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: History of Japanese adventure games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dating_sim" title="Dating sim">Dating sim</a></div> Due to differences in computer hardware, language, and culture, development of adventure games went in a different direction in Japan compared to Western markets. The most popular adventure game subgenres in Japan are <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dating_sim" title="Dating sim">dating sims</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_computer_graphic_adventures_(1981–1988)">Early computer graphic adventures (1981–1988)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Early computer graphic adventures (1981–1988)">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1980s, computer adventure games began gaining popularity in Japan. While the <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> and <a href="/wiki/PC-8801" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-8801">PC-8801</a> were prominent, the country's computer market was largely dominated by <a href="/wiki/PC-9801" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-9801">PC-9801</a> (1982), which had a <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">resolution</a> of 640×400, higher than Western computers at the time, in order to accommodate <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese text</a>. While the computer became known for its higher resolutions, the lack of hardware sprites and anemic video RAM resulted in games having a tendency to be much slower. This in turn influenced <a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">game design</a>, as Japanese computers became known for RPG's and Adventure games with detailed color graphics, which eventually evolved into visual novels and dating sims. The most famous early Japanese computer adventure game was the murder mystery game <a href="/wiki/The_Portopia_Serial_Murder_Case" title="The Portopia Serial Murder Case">The Portopia Serial Murder Case</a> (1983), developed by <a href="/wiki/Yuji_Horii" title="Yuji Horii">Yuji Horii</a> and published by Enix. The player interacts with the game using a verb-noun <a href="/wiki/Parser" class="mw-redirect" title="Parser">parser</a> which requires typing precise commands with the keyboard.<a href="#cite_note-itmedia-145">[145]</a> The game featured exploring an <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open world</a>, an interrogative dialogue menu system, and making choices that determined the order of events. The game was well received in Japan, with praise aimed at its mystery, drama, and humor.<a href="#cite_note-Kasavin-146">[146]</a> The game was later re-released on the Famicom in 1985 and featured the addition of 3D dungeon mazes and a verb menu system. Japan's first domestic computer adventure games to be released were <a href="/wiki/ASCII_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCII (company)">ASCII</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omotesando_Adventure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omotesando Adventure (page does not exist)">Omotesando Adventure</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%8F%82%E9%81%93%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" class="extiw" title="jp:表参道アドベンチャー">jp</a>] (表参道アドベンチャー) and Minami Aoyama Adventure (南青山アドベンチャー), released for the PC-9801 in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Due to a lack of content restrictions,<a href="#cite_note-hg101_retro-148">[148]</a> some of Japan's earliest adventure games were also <a href="/wiki/Bishoujo_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishoujo game">bishoujo games</a> with <a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">eroge</a> content.<a href="#cite_note-Pesimo-149">[149]</a> In 1982, the eroge, Danchi Tsuma no Yuwaku (Seduction of the Condominium Wife), was released, becoming a big enough success to turn <a href="/wiki/Koei" title="Koei">Koei</a> into a major software company.<a href="#cite_note-Pesimo-149">[149]</a> Other now-famous companies such as <a href="/wiki/Enix" title="Enix">Enix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)" title="Square (video game company)">Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Falcom" title="Nihon Falcom">Nihon Falcom</a> also produced similar eroge in the early 1980s before they became famous for their mainstream role-playing games. A notable 1987 adventure game was <a href="/wiki/Arsys_Software" title="Arsys Software">Arsys Software</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arsys_Software#Reviver" title="Arsys Software">Reviver: The Real-Time Adventure</a>, which introduced a <a href="/wiki/Real-time_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time game">real-time</a> <a href="/wiki/Persistent_world" title="Persistent world">persistent world</a> to the adventure game genre, where time continues to elapse, day-night cycles adjust the brightness of the screen to indicate the time of day, and certain stores and <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">non-player characters</a> would only be available at certain times of the day.<a href="#cite_note-ohfm_reviver-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hideo_Kojima" title="Hideo Kojima">Hideo Kojima</a> was inspired by The Portopia Serial Murder Case to enter the video game industry,<a href="#cite_note-Kasavin-146">[146]</a> and produce his own adventure games. His first graphic adventure was released by <a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a>: <a href="/wiki/Snatcher_(video_game)" title="Snatcher (video game)">Snatcher</a> (1988), an ambitious <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> detective novel graphic adventure that was highly regarded at the time for its cinematic <a href="/wiki/Cut_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut scene">cut scenes</a> and mature content.<a href="#cite_note-1UP-Kojima-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactive_movie_arcade_games_(1983–1985)">Interactive movie arcade games (1983–1985)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Interactive movie arcade games (1983–1985)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Interactive_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive movie">Interactive movie</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Interactive_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive movie">Interactive movie</a> games are considered a subgenre of adventure games. This subgenre has origins in interactive movie <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade games</a>. The first interactive movie <a href="/wiki/Laserdisc_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc video game">laserdisc video game</a> was <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Astron_Belt" title="Astron Belt">Astron Belt</a>, unveiled in 1982 and released in 1983, though it was more of a <a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">shooter game</a> presented as an action movie using <a href="/wiki/Full_motion_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Full motion video">full motion video</a>.<a href="#cite_note-allgame-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-AtariHQ-153">[153]</a> A more story-driven interactive movie game was <a href="/wiki/Bega%27s_Battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bega's Battle">Bega's Battle</a>, released in 1983, which combined shooting stages with interactive <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> <a href="/wiki/Cutscene" title="Cutscene">cutscenes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> where player input had an effect on the game's <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay#Branching_storylines" title="Nonlinear gameplay">branching storyline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2008100-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_Gal" title="Time Gal">Time Gal</a> (1985), in addition to featuring <a href="/wiki/Quick_time_event" title="Quick time event">quick time events</a>, added a time-stopping feature where specific moments in the game involve Reika stopping time; during these moments, players are presented with a list of three options and have seven seconds to choose one.<a href="#cite_note-GP-45-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_point-and-click_adventures_(1983–1995)">Early point-and-click adventures (1983–1995)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Early point-and-click adventures (1983–1995)">edit</a>]</div> A notable adventure game released in 1983 was Planet Mephius, authored by Eiji Yokoyama and published by <a href="/wiki/T%26E_Soft" title="T&E Soft">T&E Soft</a> for the FM-7 in July 1983.<a href="#cite_note-ohfm7_mephius-157">[157]</a> In addition to being one of the earliest titles to use a command menu system,<a href="#cite_note-ohfm7_adventure_rpg-98">[98]</a> its key innovation was the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Point-and-click" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-and-click">point-and-click</a> interface to the genre, utilizing a <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(computers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursor (computers)">cursor</a> to interact with objects displayed on the screen, albeit the cursor utilizing primitive keyboard controls instead of a mouse.<a href="#cite_note-ohfm7_mephius-157">[157]</a> A similar point-and-click cursor interface was later used in the adventure game <a href="/wiki/Wingman_(manga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wingman (manga)">Wingman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ohfm7_wingman-158">[158]</a> released for the PC-8801 in 1984.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Famicom" class="mw-redirect" title="Famicom">Famicom</a> version of The Portopia Serial Murder Case was released in 1985 and sold over 700,000 copies.<a href="#cite_note-se_portopia-159">[159]</a> With no keyboard, the NES version, developed by <a href="/wiki/Chunsoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chunsoft">Chunsoft</a>, replaced the text parser of the original with a command selection menu list. It also featured a cursor that can be moved on the screen using the <a href="/wiki/D-pad" title="D-pad">D-pad</a> to look for clues and <a href="/wiki/Screen_hotspot" title="Screen hotspot">hotspots</a>, like a point-and-click interface.<a href="#cite_note-itmedia-145">[145]</a> In 1986, Square released the science fiction adventure game <a href="/wiki/Suish%C5%8D_no_Dragon" title="Suishō no Dragon">Suishō no Dragon</a> for the NES console. The game featured the use of <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">animation</a> in many of the scenes rather than still images or sprites,<a href="#cite_note-Square-Enix-160">[160]</a> which was unusual at the time for a console game, and an interface resembling that of a point-and-click interface for a console, like The Portopia Serial Murder Case on the Famicom, but making use of visual icons rather than text-based ones. That same year saw the release of <a href="/wiki/J.B._Harold_Murder_Club" title="J.B. Harold Murder Club">J.B. Harold Murder Club</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Moby-Harold-161">[161]</a> a graphic adventure,<a href="#cite_note-GSpot-Harold-162">[162]</a> for the <a href="/wiki/PC-98" title="PC-98">PC-98</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moby-Harold-161">[161]</a> It featured character interaction as the major gameplay element and has been compared to more recent titles such as <a href="/wiki/Shenmue" title="Shenmue">Shenmue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_Memories" title="Shadow of Memories">Shadow of Memories</a> as well as the role-playing game <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Knights_of_the_Old_Republic_(video_game)" title="Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (video game)">Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GSpot-Harold-162">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/TurboGrafx-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="TurboGrafx-CD">TurboGrafx-CD</a> port of J.B. Harold Murder Club was one of the first Japanese adventure games released in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Moby-Harold-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haruhiko_Shono" title="Haruhiko Shono">Haruhiko Shono</a>'s adventure games <a href="/wiki/Alice:_An_Interactive_Museum" title="Alice: An Interactive Museum">Alice: An Interactive Museum</a> (1991), L-Zone (1992) and <a href="/wiki/Gadget:_Invention,_Travel,_%26_Adventure" title="Gadget: Invention, Travel, & Adventure">Gadget: Invention, Travel, & Adventure</a> (1993) used <a href="/wiki/Pre-rendered" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-rendered">pre-rendered</a> <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a>, predating Myst, though lacking in the same level of interactivity, often referred to more as "Interactive Movies" rather than games. The plot of Gadget influenced filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Human_Entertainment" title="Human Entertainment">Human Entertainment</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Clock_Tower_(1995_video_game)" title="Clock Tower (1995 video game)">Clock Tower</a> for the SNES console was a hybrid between a point-and-click graphic adventure and a <a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">survival horror</a> game, revolving around survival against a deadly stalker known as <a href="/wiki/Scissorman" class="mw-redirect" title="Scissorman">Scissorman</a> that chased players throughout the game.<a href="#cite_note-ignhistory5-164">[164]</a> Alongside the French Alone in the Dark, it played a key role in the formation of the survival horror genre.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_novels_(1990–present)">Visual novels (1990–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Visual novels (1990–present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a></div> A distinct form of Japanese adventure game that eventually emerged is the visual novel, a genre that was largely rooted in The Portopia Serial Murder Case,<a href="#cite_note-Retro-85-166">[166]</a> but gradually became more streamlined and uses many conventions that are distinct from Western adventures. They are almost universally first-person, and driven primarily by dialog. They also tend to use menu-based interactions and navigation, with point and click implementations that are quite different from Western adventure games. Inventory-based puzzles of the sort that form the basis of classic Western adventures, are quite rare. Logic puzzles like those found in <a href="/wiki/Myst" title="Myst">Myst</a> are likewise unusual. Because of this, Japanese visual novels tend to be streamlined, and often quite easy, relying more on storytelling than challenge to keep players interested.<a href="#cite_note-Kalata-Snatcher-167">[167]</a> Kojima's next graphic adventure production was <a href="/wiki/Policenauts" title="Policenauts">Policenauts</a> (1994), him returning to the genre following <a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_2:_Solid_Snake" title="Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake">Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake</a>'s completion. Policenauts is a point-and-click adventure notable for being an early example of extensive voice recording in video games.<a href="#cite_note-IGN-Kojima-168">[168]</a> The gameplay was largely similar to Snatcher, but with the addition of a point-and-click interface. Policenauts also introduced summary screens, which act to refresh the player's memory of the plot upon reloading a <a href="/wiki/Saved_game" title="Saved game">save</a>, an element Kojima later used in <a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_(1998_video_game)" title="Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game)">Metal Gear Solid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kalata-Policenauts-169">[169]</a> From the early 1990s, Chunsoft, the developer for the Famicom version of The Portopia Serial Murder Case, began producing a series of acclaimed visual novels known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_Novel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sound Novel (page does not exist)">Sound Novel</a> series, which went on to sell a combined total of more than two million copies. The visual novel <a href="/wiki/YU-NO:_A_Girl_Who_Chants_Love_at_the_Bound_of_this_World" title="YU-NO: A Girl Who Chants Love at the Bound of this World">YU-NO: A Girl Who Chants Love at the Bound of this World</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Hiroyuki_Kanno_(game_designer)" title="Hiroyuki Kanno (game designer)">Hiroyuki Kanno</a> and released by <a href="/wiki/ELF_Corporation" title="ELF Corporation">ELF</a> in 1996, raised standards in Japan with its elaborate storyline and music; heightened player expectations led to creative revitalisation in the genre.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Its concepts influenced other visual novels,<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> with their storytelling being affected by its mechanism of parallel story branches.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D_adventure_games_(1993–present)">3D adventure games (1993–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 3D adventure games (1993–present)">edit</a>]</div> From the 1990s, a number of Japanese adventure games began using a <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> <a href="/wiki/Third-person_(video_games)" title="Third-person (video games)">third-person</a> direct control format, particularly on consoles like the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a> and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/The_Life_Stage:_Virtual_House" title="The Life Stage: Virtual House">The Life Stage: Virtual House</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Human_Entertainment" title="Human Entertainment">Human Entertainment</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mizzurna_Falls" title="Mizzurna Falls">Mizzurna Falls</a> (1998), Sega's <a href="/wiki/Shenmue" title="Shenmue">Shenmue</a> series (1999–2002), and Konami's <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_Memories" title="Shadow of Memories">Shadow of Memories</a> (2001). The success of <a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a> in 1996 was followed by the release of the survival horror graphic adventures <a href="/wiki/Clock_Tower_(1996_video_game)" title="Clock Tower (1996 video game)">Clock Tower (Clock Tower 2)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clock_Tower_II:_The_Struggle_Within" title="Clock Tower II: The Struggle Within">Clock Tower II: The Struggle Within</a> for the PlayStation. The <a href="/wiki/Clock_Tower_(series)" title="Clock Tower (series)">Clock Tower games</a> proved to be hits, capitalizing on the success of Resident Evil, though both games stayed true to the graphic-adventure gameplay of the original Clock Tower rather than following the lead of Resident Evil.<a href="#cite_note-ignhistory5-164">[164]</a> Sega's ambitious Shenmue (1999) attempted to redefine the adventure game genre with its realistic 3D graphics, third-person perspective, direct character control interface, sandbox <a href="/wiki/Open-world" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-world">open-world</a> gameplay, quick time events, and <a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">fighting game</a> elements. Its creator <a href="/wiki/Yu_Suzuki" title="Yu Suzuki">Yu Suzuki</a> originally touted it as a new kind of adventure game, "FREE" ("Full Reactive Eyes Entertainment"), giving them full reign to explore expansive interactive city environments with its own day-night cycles and changing weather, and interact with fully voiced non-player characters going about their daily routines. Despite being a commercial failure, the game was critically acclaimed and has remained influential.<a href="#cite_note-1UP-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Escapist-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-GTM-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-IGN-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_expansion_(2000–present)">Global expansion (2000–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Global expansion (2000–present)">edit</a>]</div> In recent years, Japanese visual novel games have been released in the West more frequently, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> handheld following the success of mystery-solving titles such as <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ace_Attorney" title="Ace Attorney">Ace Attorney</a> series (which began on the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a> in 2001), Cing's <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Dusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Dusk">Hotel Dusk</a> series (beginning in 2006),<a href="#cite_note-Kalata-Snatcher-167">[167]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Level-5_(video_game_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Level-5 (video game company)">Level-5</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Professor_Layton" title="Professor Layton">Professor Layton</a> series (beginning in 2007).<a href="#cite_note-Attorney-Layton-177">[177]</a> Online distribution has also helped lower the costs of bringing niche Japanese titles to the global market, which has enabled another outlet for visual novels and dating sims to be localized and released for Western regions. Localization and distribution can be performed by small teams, lowering financial barriers to updating these games. <a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The Nintendo DS in particular helped spark a resurgence in the genre's popularity through the introduction of otherwise unknown Japanese adventure games, typically visual novels localized for Western audiences.<a href="#cite_note-Olympian-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalata-Snatcher-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent-179">[179]</a> In 2005, Capcom re-released the courtroom-based visual novel game <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Wright:_Ace_Attorney" title="Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney">Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney</a>, originally a 2001 Game Boy Advance game released only in Japan, for the Nintendo DS in both Asian and Western markets.<a href="#cite_note-Olympian-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalata-Snatcher-167">[167]</a> The game and its sequels proved popular with Western audiences. Following on Ace Attorney's success, Level-5 and Nintendo published the Professor Layton series worldwide starting in 2007. Both have since become some of the best-selling adventure game franchises,<a href="#cite_note-Attorney-Layton-177">[177]</a> with Ace Attorney selling more than 4 million units worldwide<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> and Professor Layton selling nearly 12 million units worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emulation_and_virtual_machines">Emulation and virtual machines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Emulation and virtual machines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Retrogaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrogaming">Retrogaming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_preservation" title="Video game preservation">Video game preservation</a></div> Most text adventure games are readily accessible on modern computers due to the use of a small number of standard <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machines</a> (such as the Z engine) used to drive these games at their original release which have been recreated in more portable versions. A popular text adventure interpreter is <a href="/wiki/Frotz" class="mw-redirect" title="Frotz">Frotz</a>, which can play all the old <a href="/wiki/Infocom" title="Infocom">Infocom</a> text adventures.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Some modern text adventure games can even be played on very old computer systems. Text adventure games are also suitable for <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistants</a>, because they have very small computer system requirements. Other text adventure games are fully playable via <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>. On the other hand, many graphical adventure games cannot run on modern operating systems. Early adventure games were developed for <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> that are not in use today. <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">Emulators</a> and virtual machines are available for modern computers that allow these old games to be played on the latest operating systems, though players must have access to the game's assets themselves to legally play them. One <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> project called <a href="/wiki/ScummVM" title="ScummVM">ScummVM</a> provides a free engine for the LucasArts adventure games, the SCUMM-derived engine for <a href="/wiki/Humongous_Entertainment" title="Humongous Entertainment">Humongous Entertainment</a> adventure games, early Sierra titles, Revolution Software 2D adventures, <a href="/wiki/Coktel_Vision" title="Coktel Vision">Coktel Vision</a> adventure games and a few more assorted 2D adventures. <a href="/wiki/ResidualVM" class="mw-redirect" title="ResidualVM">ResidualVM</a> is a sister project to ScummVM, aimed to emulate 3D-based adventure games such as Grim Fandango and Myst III: Exile. Another called <a href="/wiki/VDMSound" title="VDMSound">VDMSound</a> can emulate the old sound-cards which many of the games require. One of the most popular emulators, <a href="/wiki/DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a>, is designed to emulate an <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> computer running <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, the native <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> of most older adventure games.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter201483–84-183">[183]</a> Many companies, like Sierra Entertainment, have included DOSBox in their rereleases of older titles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Gamers" title="Adventure Gamers">Adventure Gamers</a>, website dedicated to the adventure game genre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybertext" title="Cybertext">Cybertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Lamp" title="Get Lamp">Get Lamp</a>, a documentary on interactive fiction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_adventure_games" title="List of graphic adventure games">List of graphic adventure games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_text-based_computer_games" title="List of text-based computer games">List of text-based computer games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams200343-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams200343_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams200343_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRollingsAdams2003">Rollings & Adams 2003</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchens2002258-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchens2002258_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchens2002">Hitchens 2002</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rickadams.org/adventure/">"The Colossal Cave Adventure page"</a>. rickadams.org. Retrieved 31 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rickadams.org&rft.atitle=The+Colossal+Cave+Adventure+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frickadams.org%2Fadventure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANN-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANN_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANN_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2006-02-08/amn-and-anime-advanced-announce-anime-game-demo-downloads">"AMN and Anime Advanced Announce Anime Game Demo Downloads"</a>. 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Prentice Hall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217232801/http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_gamedev_1/54/14053/3597646.cw/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Game+Design&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rollings&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Ernest+Adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwps.prenhall.com%2Fbp_gamedev_1%2F54%2F14053%2F3597646.cw%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronstring2012" class="citation web cs1">Bronstring, Marek (12 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventuregamers.com/articles/view/17547">"What are adventure games?"</a>. Adventure Gamers. Nito Games – Adventure Gamers. Retrieved 24 January 2021. <q>Adventure games focus on puzzle solving within a narrative framework, generally with few or no action elements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adventure+Gamers&rft.atitle=What+are+adventure+games%3F&rft.date=2012-02-12&rft.aulast=Bronstring&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventuregamers.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F17547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalenZimmerman2004385-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalenZimmerman2004385_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalenZimmerman2004">Salen & Zimmerman 2004</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2007" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Deborah (23 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0z_OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">"The Hat Trick of Game Design—Environments, Puzzles, and Levels"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0z_OBQAAQBAJ">Game Design: From Blue Sky to Green Light</a>. Matt Costello (quotation). Wellesley, Massachusetts: A K Peters, Ltd. (published 2007). p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439894095" title="Special:BookSources/9781439894095"><bdi>9781439894095</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 January 2023. <q>The key thing is to make it so the puzzle belongs in that world. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hat+Trick+of+Game+Design%E2%80%94Environments%2C+Puzzles%2C+and+Levels&rft.btitle=Game+Design%3A+From+Blue+Sky+to+Green+Light&rft.place=Wellesley%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=A+K+Peters%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2007-02-23&rft.isbn=9781439894095&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0z_OBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443–444-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443–444_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003443–444_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRollingsAdams2003">Rollings & Adams 2003</a>, pp. 443–444. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003446–447-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003446–447_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003446–447_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003446–447_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRollingsAdams2003">Rollings & Adams 2003</a>, pp. 446–447. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventuregamers.com/article/id,903/">"Insecticide, Part 1 review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Gamers" title="Adventure Gamers">Adventure Gamers</a>. 4 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080811024218/http://www.adventuregamers.com/article/id%2C903/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insecticide%2C+Part+1+review&rft.pub=Adventure+Gamers&rft.date=2008-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadventuregamers.com%2Farticle%2Fid%2C903%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003239–240-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollingsAdams2003239–240_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRollingsAdams2003">Rollings & Adams 2003</a>, pp. 239–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobygames.com/game/heros-quest-so-you-want-to-be-a-hero">"Hero's Quest: So You Want To Be A Hero"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MobyGames" title="MobyGames">MobyGames</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612232502/http://www.mobygames.com/game/heros-quest-so-you-want-to-be-a-hero">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2008. 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Retrieved 5 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=In-Depth%3A+Your+Survival+Guide+to+the+iPad%27s+Launch+Lineup&rft.date=2010-04-05&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Fnews%2F27947%2FInDepth_Your_Survival_Guide_to_the_iPads_Launch_Lineup.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipad_interview-131"><a href="#cite_ref-ipad_interview_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth2010" class="citation web cs1">North, Dale (3 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destructoid.com/telltale-s-dan-connors-on-the-ipad-sam-max-169778.phtml">"Telltale's Dan Connors on the iPad, Sam & Max"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Destructoid" title="Destructoid">Destructoid</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100405003652/http://www.destructoid.com/telltale-s-dan-connors-on-the-ipad-sam-max-169778.phtml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Destructoid&rft.atitle=Telltale%27s+Dan+Connors+on+the+iPad%2C+Sam+%26+Max&rft.date=2010-04-03&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destructoid.com%2Ftelltale-s-dan-connors-on-the-ipad-sam-max-169778.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2013" class="citation web cs1">MacDonald, Keza (15 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/01/15/adventure-time-the-comeback-of-a-great-gaming-genre">"Adventure Time: The Comeback of a Great Gaming Genre"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Adventure+Time%3A+The+Comeback+of+a+Great+Gaming+Genre&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Keza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F01%2F15%2Fadventure-time-the-comeback-of-a-great-gaming-genre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolan2009" class="citation web cs1">Kolan, Patrick (17 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/996/996020p1.html">"Interview: Monkey Island – The Return of Adventure Games"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=LucasArts+Hopes+To+Turn+Old+Into+Gold+With+Adventure+Games&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft.aulast=Crecente&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2F5308707%2Flucasarts-hopes-to-turn-old-into-gold-with-adventure-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoba2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Joba, Joe (3 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206152947/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/01/03/opinion-episodic-gaming-needs-to-change.aspx">"Opinion – Episodic Gaming Needs To Change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Game_Informer" title="Game Informer">Game Informer</a>. 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Retrieved 2 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurogamer&rft.atitle=Kickstarter+funding+drive+for+Leisure+Suit+Larry+remake&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Farticles%2F2012-04-02-kickstarter-funding-drive-for-leisure-suit-larry-remake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunelley2012" class="citation web cs1">Nunelley, Stephany (16 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vg247.com/2012/06/16/tex-murphy-project-fedora-exceeds-kickstarter-goal/">"Tex Murphy – Project Fedora exceeds Kickstarter goal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/VG247" class="mw-redirect" title="VG247">VG247</a>. 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ITmedia +D Games (in Japanese). ITmedia. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125031/http://plusd.itmedia.co.jp/games/articles/0509/06/news029.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITmedia+%2BD+Games&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E9%80%A3%E7%B6%9A%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E8%88%9E%E5%8F%B0%E3%82%92%E5%B7%A1%E3%82%8B&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2005-09-06&rft.au=Gameman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplusd.itmedia.co.jp%2Fgames%2Farticles%2F0509%2F06%2Fnews029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fgamez.itmedia.co.jp%2Fgames%2Farticles%2F0509%2F06%2Fnews029.html">Translation</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kasavin-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kasavin_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kasavin_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasavin2005" class="citation web cs1">Kasavin, Greg (21 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/features/6120427/p-2.html">""Everything is Possible": Inside the Minds of Gaming's Master Storytellers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNET_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="CNET Networks">CNET Networks</a>. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100614/http://www.gamespot.com/features/6120427/p-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=%22Everything+is+Possible%22%3A+Inside+the+Minds+of+Gaming%27s+Master+Storytellers&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2005-03-21&rft.aulast=Kasavin&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Ffeatures%2F6120427%2Fp-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ascii.jp/elem/000/000/341/341643/">"月刊アスキー別冊蘇るPC-9801伝説永久保存版"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASCII_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCII (company)">ASCII</a>. February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729141111/http://ascii.jp/elem/000/000/341/341643/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%88%E5%88%8A%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E5%88%A5%E5%86%8A+%E8%98%87%E3%82%8BPC-9801%E4%BC%9D%E8%AA%AC+%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E4%BF%9D%E5%AD%98%E7%89%88&rft.pub=ASCII&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fascii.jp%2Felem%2F000%2F000%2F341%2F341643%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ja&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fascii.jp%2Felem%2F000%2F000%2F341%2F341643%2F&act=url">Translation</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-hg101_retro-148"><a href="#cite_ref-hg101_retro_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Szczepaniak" class="citation web cs1">John Szczepaniak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers.htm">"Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier"</a>. Hardcore Gaming 101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110113214914/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Retro+Japanese+Computers%3A+Gaming%27s+Final+Frontier&rft.pub=Hardcore+Gaming+101&rft.au=John+Szczepaniak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hardcoregaming101.net%2FJPNcomputers%2FJapanesecomputers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> Reprinted from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier", <a href="/wiki/Retro_Gamer" title="Retro Gamer">Retro Gamer</a>, no. 67, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Retro+Gamer&rft.atitle=Retro+Japanese+Computers%3A+Gaming%27s+Final+Frontier&rft.issue=67&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pesimo-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pesimo_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pesimo_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPesimo,_Rudyard_Contretas2007" class="citation cs2">Pesimo, Rudyard Contretas (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904050744/http://www.apimal.org/blogcms/media/13/File/Pesimo.pdf">"'Asianizing' Animation in Asia: Digital Content Identity Construction Within the Animation Landscapes of Japan and Thailand"</a> (PDF), Reflections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity – The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows, The Nippon Foundation, pp. 124–160, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apimal.org/blogcms/media/13/File/Pesimo.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 September 2011, retrieved 31 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Asianizing%27+Animation+in+Asia%3A+Digital+Content+Identity+Construction+Within+the+Animation+Landscapes+of+Japan+and+Thailand&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+the+Human+Condition%3A+Change%2C+Conflict+and+Modernity+%E2%80%93+The+Work+of+the+2004%2F2005+API+Fellows&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.pub=The+Nippon+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Pesimo%2C+Rudyard+Contretas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apimal.org%2Fblogcms%2Fmedia%2F13%2FFile%2FPesimo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohfm_reviver-150"><a href="#cite_ref-ohfm_reviver_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403034420/http://fm-7.com/museum/softhouse/arsyssoftware/001100200.html">"Reviver"</a>. <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!FM" class="extiw" title="jp:Oh!FM">Oh!FM</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://retropc.net/fm-7/museum/softhouse/arsyssoftware/001100200.html">the original</a> on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oh%21FM&rft.atitle=Reviver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fretropc.net%2Ffm-7%2Fmuseum%2Fsofthouse%2Farsyssoftware%2F001100200.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ja&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fretropc.net%2Ffm-7%2Fmuseum%2Fsofthouse%2Farsyssoftware%2F001100200.html">Alt URL</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1UP-Kojima-151"><a href="#cite_ref-1UP-Kojima_151-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/features/retroactive-metal-gear">Retroactive: Kojima's Productions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160626222742/http://www.1up.com/features/retroactive-metal-gear?pager.offset=0">Archived</a> 26 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/1UP.com" class="mw-redirect" title="1UP.com">1UP</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-allgame-152"><a href="#cite_ref-allgame_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101010101/https://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=9550">"Astron Belt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllGame" class="mw-redirect" title="AllGame">AllGame</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=9550">the original</a> on 1 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllGame&rft.atitle=Astron+Belt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allgame.com%2Fgame.php%3Fid%3D9550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AtariHQ-153"><a href="#cite_ref-AtariHQ_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarihq.com/coinops/laser/astbelt.html">"ASTRON BELT"</a>. Atari HQ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110320215956/http://www.atarihq.com/coinops/laser/astbelt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASTRON+BELT&rft.pub=Atari+HQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atarihq.com%2Fcoinops%2Flaser%2Fastbelt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis_Fahs2008" class="citation web cs1">Travis Fahs (3 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.retro.ign.com/articles/856/856379p2.html">"The Lives and Deaths of the Interactive Movie"</a>. IGN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713004742/http://uk.retro.ign.com/articles/856/856379p2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=The+Lives+and+Deaths+of+the+Interactive+Movie&rft.date=2008-03-03&rft.au=Travis+Fahs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.retro.ign.com%2Farticles%2F856%2F856379p2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2008100-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf2008100_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolf2008">Wolf 2008</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-GP-45-156"><a href="#cite_ref-GP-45_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaptain_Pachinko1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Captain Pachinko (April 1993). "Overseas Prospects: Time Gal". <a href="/wiki/GamePro" title="GamePro">GamePro</a>. No. 45. Bob Huseby. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GamePro&rft.atitle=Overseas+Prospects%3A+Time+Gal&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=138&rft.date=1993-04&rft.au=Captain+Pachinko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohfm7_mephius-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohfm7_mephius_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohfm7_mephius_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://retropc.net/fm-7/museum/softhouse/tandesoft/330100300.html">"Planet Mephius"</a>. <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!FM" class="extiw" title="jp:Oh!FM">Oh! FM-7</a>. 21 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501185438/http://retropc.net/fm-7/museum/softhouse/tandesoft/330100300.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oh%21+FM-7&rft.atitle=Planet+Mephius&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fretropc.net%2Ffm-7%2Fmuseum%2Fsofthouse%2Ftandesoft%2F330100300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ja&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fretropc.net%2Ffm-7%2Fmuseum%2Fsofthouse%2Ftandesoft%2F330100300.html&act=url">Translation</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-ohfm7_wingman-158"><a href="#cite_ref-ohfm7_wingman_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://retropc.net/fm-7/museum/softhouse/enix/030502100.html">"Wingman"</a>. <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!FM" class="extiw" title="jp:Oh!FM">Oh! FM-7</a>. 21 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110405062450/http://www.retropc.net/fm-7/museum/softhouse/enix/030502100.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oh%21+FM-7&rft.atitle=Wingman&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fretropc.net%2Ffm-7%2Fmuseum%2Fsofthouse%2Fenix%2F030502100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ja&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fretropc.net%2Ffm-7%2Fmuseum%2Fsofthouse%2Fenix%2F030502100.html&act=url">Translation</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-se_portopia-159"><a href="#cite_ref-se_portopia_159-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.square-enix.com/jp/archive/portpia/">Portopia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927221426/http://www.square-enix.com/jp/archive/portpia/">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.square-enix.com%2Fjp%2Farchive%2Fkarinnoturugi%2F&sl=ja&tl=en&hl=&ie=UTF-8">Translation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Square_Enix" title="Square Enix">Square Enix</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Square-Enix-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Square-Enix_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.square-enix.com/jp/archive/suisho_no_dragon/">"水晶の龍 – SQUARE ENIX"</a>. Square Enix Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512212118/http://www.square-enix.com/jp/archive/suisho_no_dragon/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%B4%E6%99%B6%E3%81%AE%E9%BE%8D+%E2%80%93+SQUARE+ENIX&rft.pub=Square+Enix+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.square-enix.com%2Fjp%2Farchive%2Fsuisho_no_dragon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.square-enix.com%2Fjp%2Farchive%2Fsuisho_no_dragon%2F">Translation</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Moby-Harold-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moby-Harold_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moby-Harold_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moby-Harold_161-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mobygames.com/game/murder-club">Murder Club</a> at <a href="/wiki/MobyGames" title="MobyGames">MobyGames</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSpot-Harold-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GSpot-Harold_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSpot-Harold_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Mac_DonaldTim_Tracy" class="citation cs2">Ryan Mac Donald; Tim Tracy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120707202217/http://uk.gamespot.com/features/6086894/p-3.html">"J.B. Harold Murder Club"</a>, Games That Should Be Remade, vol. IV, <a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a>, p. 3, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.gamespot.com/features/6086894/p-3.html">the original</a> on 7 July 2012, retrieved 24 March 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Games+That+Should+Be+Remade&rft.atitle=J.B.+Harold+Murder+Club&rft.volume=IV&rft.pages=3&rft.au=Ryan+Mac+Donald&rft.au=Tim+Tracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.gamespot.com%2Ffeatures%2F6086894%2Fp-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812073133/http://www.next-gen.biz/features/hellboy-director-talks-gaming">"Hellboy Director Talks Gaming – Edge Magazine"</a>. Next-gen.biz. 26 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.next-gen.biz/features/hellboy-director-talks-gaming">the original</a> on 12 August 2010. 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Retrieved 6 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+Sales+Units&rft.pub=Capcom&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capcom.co.jp%2Fir%2Fenglish%2Fbusiness%2Fsalesdata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunneley2011" class="citation web cs1">Nunneley, Stephany (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vg247.com/2011/02/17/professor-layton-franchise-moves-11-47-million-units-worldwide/">"Professor Layton franchise moves 11.47 million units worldwide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/VG247" class="mw-redirect" title="VG247">VG247</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220055413/http://www.vg247.com/2011/02/17/professor-layton-franchise-moves-11-47-million-units-worldwide/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VG247&rft.atitle=Professor+Layton+franchise+moves+11.47+million+units+worldwide&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Nunneley&rft.aufirst=Stephany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vg247.com%2F2011%2F02%2F17%2Fprofessor-layton-franchise-moves-11-47-million-units-worldwide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifarchive.org/indexes/if-archiveXinfocomXinterpretersXfrotz.html">"Windows Frotz"</a>. Interactive Fiction Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140926024742/http://www.ifarchive.org/indexes/if-archiveXinfocomXinterpretersXfrotz.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interactive+Fiction+Archive&rft.atitle=Windows+Frotz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifarchive.org%2Findexes%2Fif-archiveXinfocomXinterpretersXfrotz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter201483–84-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalter201483–84_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalter2014">Salter 2014</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1999" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Ernest (29 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3414/the_designers_notebook_three_.php">"The Designer's Notebook: Three Problems for Interactive Storytellers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamasutra">Gamasutra</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510155724/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3414/the_designers_notebook_three_.php">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=The+Designer%27s+Notebook%3A+Three+Problems+for+Interactive+Storytellers&rft.date=1999-12-29&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F3414%2Fthe_designers_notebook_three_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2014" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ernest (2014). Fundamentals of Game Design (Third ed.). New Riders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-92967-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-92967-9"><bdi>978-0-321-92967-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Game+Design&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=New+Riders&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-321-92967-9&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlessiTrollip1985" class="citation book cs1">Alessi, Stephen M.; Trollip, Stanley R. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computerbasedins0000ales">Computer-based instruction: methods and development</a>. Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-164161-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-164161-1"><bdi>0-13-164161-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer-based+instruction%3A+methods+and+development&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-13-164161-1&rft.aulast=Alessi&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rft.au=Trollip%2C+Stanley+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputerbasedins0000ales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2000" class="citation book cs1">Bergman, Eric (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/informationappli00berg">Information Appliances and Beyond: Interaction Design for Consumer Products</a>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55860-600-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55860-600-9"><bdi>1-55860-600-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Appliances+and+Beyond%3A+Interaction+Design+for+Consumer+Products&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55860-600-9&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finformationappli00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon2005" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, Alexander (2005). Audio for Games: Planning, Process, and Production. New Riders Games. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7357-1413-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7357-1413-4"><bdi>0-7357-1413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Audio+for+Games%3A+Planning%2C+Process%2C+and+Production&rft.pub=New+Riders+Games&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7357-1413-4&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1989" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Keith (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiddenwarofinfor0000gonz">Computer Assisted Language Learning: Program Structure and Principles</a>. Intellect Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89391-560-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89391-560-2"><bdi>0-89391-560-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Assisted+Language+Learning%3A+Program+Structure+and+Principles&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-89391-560-2&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiddenwarofinfor0000gonz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandlerChandler2011" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, Heather Maxwell; Chandler, Rafael (2011). Fundamentals of Game Development. Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-7895-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-7895-8"><bdi>978-0-7637-7895-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Game+Development&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-7895-8&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Heather+Maxwell&rft.au=Chandler%2C+Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemariaWilson2003" class="citation book cs1">Demaria, Rusel; Wilson, Johnny L. (2003). High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games. McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-223172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-223172-4"><bdi>978-0-07-223172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Score%21%3A+The+Illustrated+History+of+Electronic+Games&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-223172-4&rft.aulast=Demaria&rft.aufirst=Rusel&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Johnny+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonAldrich2006" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, David; Aldrich, Clark (2006). Games And Simulations in Online Learning: Research And Development Frameworks. Information Science Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59904-305-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59904-305-0"><bdi>978-1-59904-305-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Games+And+Simulations+in+Online+Learning%3A+Research+And+Development+Frameworks&rft.pub=Information+Science+Pub.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59904-305-0&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Aldrich%2C+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2002" class="citation book cs1">Hitchens, Joe (2002). "Special Issues in Multi player Game Design". In François-Dominic Laramée (ed.). Game Design Perspectives. Charles River Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1584500905" title="Special:BookSources/1584500905"><bdi>1584500905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Special+Issues+in+Multi+player+Game+Design&rft.btitle=Game+Design+Perspectives&rft.pub=Charles+River+Media&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1584500905&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentWilliams1989" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Allen; Williams, James G (1989). Encyclopedia of Microcomputers. Vol. 3. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-2702-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-2702-9"><bdi>0-8247-2702-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Microcomputers&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8247-2702-9&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Williams%2C+James+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaddJenkins2011" class="citation book cs1">Ladd, B. C.; Jenkins, Christopher James (2011). Introductory Programming with Simple Games. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470-21284-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470-21284-4"><bdi>978-0470-21284-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Programming+with+Simple+Games&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0470-21284-4&rft.aulast=Ladd&rft.aufirst=B.+C.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Christopher+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholderZimmerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Scholder, Amy; Zimmerman, Eric (2003). Re:play: game design + game culture. P. Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7053-5"><bdi>978-0-8204-7053-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re%3Aplay%3A+game+design+%2B+game+culture&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-7053-5&rft.aulast=Scholder&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontfort2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Montfort" title="Nick Montfort">Montfort, Nick</a> (2003). Twisty Little Passages: An Approach to Interactive Fiction. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-63318-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-63318-3"><bdi>0-262-63318-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twisty+Little+Passages%3A+An+Approach+to+Interactive+Fiction&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-262-63318-3&rft.aulast=Montfort&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonRees2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Nelson" title="Graham Nelson">Nelson, Graham</a>; Rees, Gareth (2001). The Inform Designer's Manual (4th ed.). Gareth Sanderson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9713119-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9713119-0-0"><bdi>0-9713119-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inform+Designer%27s+Manual&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Gareth+Sanderson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-9713119-0-0&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Rees%2C+Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsenSmithTosca2008" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Simon; Smith, Jonas; Tosca, Susana (2008). Understanding Video Games. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97721-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97721-0"><bdi>978-0-415-97721-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Video+Games&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97721-0&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Tosca%2C+Susana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2003" class="citation book cs1">Pedersen, Roger E. (2003). Game Design Foundations (Second ed.). Wordware Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55622-973-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55622-973-9"><bdi>1-55622-973-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+Design+Foundations&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Wordware+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55622-973-9&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1983" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Dale (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genesisiicreatio0000pete">Genesis II, Creation and Recreation with Computers: Creation and Recreation With Computers</a>. Reston Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8359-2434-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8359-2434-3"><bdi>0-8359-2434-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+II%2C+Creation+and+Recreation+with+Computers%3A+Creation+and+Recreation+With+Computers&rft.pub=Reston+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8359-2434-3&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenesisiicreatio0000pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollingsAdams2003" class="citation book cs1">Rollings, Andrew; Adams, Ernest (2003). Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design. New Riders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59273-001-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59273-001-9"><bdi>1-59273-001-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Rollings+and+Ernest+Adams+on+Game+Design&rft.pub=New+Riders&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59273-001-9&rft.aulast=Rollings&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Adams%2C+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse2005" class="citation book cs1">Rouse, Richard (2005). Game Design: Theory and Practice (2nd ed.). Worldware Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55622-912-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55622-912-7"><bdi>1-55622-912-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+Design%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Worldware+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-55622-912-7&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalenZimmerman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katie_Salen" title="Katie Salen">Salen, Katie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eric_Zimmerman" title="Eric Zimmerman">Zimmerman, Eric</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Play" title="Rules of Play">Rules of Play</a>: Game Design Fundamentals. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-24045-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-24045-9"><bdi>0-262-24045-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules+of+Play%3A+Game+Design+Fundamentals&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-262-24045-9&rft.aulast=Salen&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalter2014" class="citation book cs1">Salter, Anastasia (2014). What Is Your Quest?: From Adventure Games to Interactive Books. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60938-275-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60938-275-9"><bdi>978-1-60938-275-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Your+Quest%3F%3A+From+Adventure+Games+to+Interactive+Books&rft.place=Iowa+City&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-60938-275-9&rft.aulast=Salter&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloane2000" class="citation book cs1">Sloane, Sarah (2000). Digital Fictions: Storytelling in a Material World. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56750-482-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56750-482-8"><bdi>978-1-56750-482-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Fictions%3A+Storytelling+in+a+Material+World&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56750-482-8&rft.aulast=Sloane&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2007" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Deborah (2007). Game Design: From Blue Sky to Green Light. A K Peters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-318-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-318-9"><bdi>978-1-56881-318-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+Design%3A+From+Blue+Sky+to+Green+Light&rft.pub=A+K+Peters&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56881-318-9&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2008" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Mark J. P. (2008). The Video Game Explosion: A History from PONG to PlayStation and Beyond. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33868-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Video+Game+Explosion%3A+A+History+from+PONG+to+PlayStation+and+Beyond&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33868-7&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdventure+game" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_game&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adventure_games" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Adventure games">Adventure games</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atariarchives.org/adventure/">"Creating Adventure Games on Your Computer"</a>, a 1983 programming manual by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hartnell" title="Tim Hartnell">Tim Hartnell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventureclassicgaming.com/index.php/site/features/105/">"Defining the ideal adventure game"</a>, article by David Tanguay (1999)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080810115309/http://www.strangehorizons.com/2008/20080804/newheiser-a.shtml">"Searching under the rug"</a>, an article on adventure game puzzles and interfaces</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adventure.if-legends.org/">Adventureland</a>, database of adventure games</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.GameBoomers.com/">GameBoomers</a>, walkthroughs, reviews, and info on Adventure games</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springbringer.com/fantasya/">Fantasy Adventures</a>, classic adventure computer game museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRhbcDzbGSU">GET LAMP: The Text Adventure Documentary</a> . Google Tech Talk 7 March 2011. 2hour documentary.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platformer" title="Platformer">Platformer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endless_runner" title="Endless runner">Endless runner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">Shooter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_shooter" title="Arena shooter">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_shooter" title="Hero shooter">Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">Light gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">Shoot 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hell" title="Bullet hell">Bullet hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_shooter" title="Rail shooter">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-stick_shooter" title="Twin-stick shooter">Twin-stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_shooter" title="Tactical shooter">Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">Third-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Survival_game" title="Survival game">Survival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_royale_game" title="Battle royale game">Battle royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_%27em_up" title="Beat 'em up">Beat 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hack_and_slash" title="Hack and slash">Hack and slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze video game">Maze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pac-Man_clones" title="List of Pac-Man clones">Pac-Man clone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_(video_game_genre)" title="Snake (video game genre)">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_game" title="Stealth game">Stealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/60px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/90px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/120px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">Action-adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_clone" title="Grand Theft Auto clone">Grand Theft Auto clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroidvania" title="Metroidvania">Metroidvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_room_video_game" title="Escape room video game">Escape room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_adventure_games" title="List of graphic adventure games">Graphic adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_film" title="Interactive film">Interactive film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_simulator" title="Walking simulator">Walking sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_tabletop_game" title="Digital tabletop game">Digital tabletop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deck-building_game" title="Deck-building game">Deck-building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_collectible_card_game" title="Digital collectible card game">Digital collectible card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">Puzzle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_object_game" title="Hidden object game">Hidden object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban">Sokoban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-matching_video_game" title="Tile-matching video game">Tile-matching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">Role-playing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">Action role-playing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Looter_shooter" title="Looter shooter">Looter shooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulslike" title="Soulslike">Soulslike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_crawl" title="Dungeon crawl">Dungeon crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">MMORPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster-taming_game" title="Monster-taming game">Monster-taming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simulation_video_game" title="Simulation video game">Simulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_simulation_game" title="Life simulation game">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dating_sim" title="Dating sim">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_life_sim" title="Farm life sim">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_game" title="God game">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_simulation_game" title="Social simulation game">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_pet" title="Virtual pet">Virtual pet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction_and_management_simulation" title="Construction and management simulation">CMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_simulation_game" title="Business simulation game">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-building_game" title="City-building game">City-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_simulation_game" title="Government simulation game">Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_video_game" title="Sports video game">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_video_game" title="Fishing video game">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">Racing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing_game" title="Kart racing game">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim_racing" title="Sim racing">Sim racing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_simulation_game" title="Vehicle simulation game">Vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_simulation_video_game" title="Flight simulation video game">Flight simulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_flight_simulation_game" title="Combat flight simulation game">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_flight_simulation_game" title="Space flight simulation game">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_simulator" title="Submarine simulator">Submarine simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_simulator" title="Train simulator">Train simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_combat_game" title="Vehicular combat game">Vehicular combat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falling-sand_game" title="Falling-sand game">Falling-sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_sim" title="Immersive sim">Immersive sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4X" title="4X">4X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_battler" title="Auto battler">Auto battler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena" title="Multiplayer online battle arena">MOBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">Real-time strategy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_management_game" title="Time management game">Time management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_tactics" title="Real-time tactics">Real-time tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_defense" title="Tower defense">Tower defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn-based strategy">Turn-based strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_tactics" title="Turn-based tactics">Turn-based tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_game" title="Artillery game">Artillery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_wargame" title="Computer wargame">Wargame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy_wargame" title="Grand strategy wargame">Grand strategy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_game" title="Cozy game">Cozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_game" title="Fitness game">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_game" title="Horror game">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_game" title="Incremental game">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video_game" title="Music video game">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_game" title="Rhythm game">Rhythm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-game" title="Non-game">Non-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_video_game" title="Party video game">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_game" title="Photography game">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_game" title="Programming game">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typing_game" title="Typing game">Typing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advergame" title="Advergame">Advergame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo_game" title="Bishōjo game">Bishōjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_video_game" title="Christian video game">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_video_games" title="Comedy in video games">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_video_game" title="Educational video game">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_video_games" title="Girls' video games">Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensed_game" title="Licensed game">Licensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otome_game" title="Otome game">Otome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_content_in_video_games" title="Sexual content in video games">Sexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">Eroge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game" title="Nonviolent video game">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_video_game" title="Personalized video game">Personalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_video_game" title="Science fiction video game">Sci-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_game" title="Serious game">Serious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_video_game" title="Climate change video game">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsgame" title="Newsgame">News</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Player modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_video_game" title="Cooperative video game">Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">MMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_versus_player" title="Player versus player">PVP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">Single-player</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft">Doujin soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercasual_game" title="Hypercasual game">Hypercasual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_gameplay" title="Emergent gameplay">Emergent gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">FMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacha_game" title="Gacha game">Gacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaizo" title="Kaizo">Kaizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masocore" title="Masocore">Masocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">Nonlinear gameplay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">Open world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_game" title="Sandbox game">Sandbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game" title="Side-scrolling video game">Side-scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_gameplay" title="Twitch gameplay">Twitch gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_scrolling_video_game" title="Vertically scrolling video game">Vertically scrolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minigame" title="Minigame">Minigame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys-to-life" title="Toys-to-life">Toys-to-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">Video game clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_remake" title="Video game remake">Video game remake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" 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