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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Teeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Eocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oligocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oligocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Oligocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oligocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Miocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pliocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pliocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Pliocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pliocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pleistocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pleistocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Pleistocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pleistocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Taxonomy and classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy_and_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy and classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>External relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Internal relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Human interaction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_interaction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human interaction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Prehistoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Historic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Literary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Heraldic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Deer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 159 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-159" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">159 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa" title="Rusa – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Rusa" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertagtiges" title="Hertagtiges – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hertagtiges" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirsche" title="Hirsche – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hirsche" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%85_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%8B%E1%8B%98%E1%8A%95" title="የፈረንጅ አጋዘን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የፈረንጅ አጋዘን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heorot" title="Heorot – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Heorot" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%84" title="أيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" title="Cervidae – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cervidae" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aerbu" title="Țerbu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Țerbu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" title="Cervidae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cervidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wackeciw" title="Wackeciw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Wackeciw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guasu" title="Guasu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guasu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D3%80%D1%83%D1%87%D3%80" title="РитӀучӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="РитӀучӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taruka" title="Taruka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Taruka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marallar" title="Marallar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%AD%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="مارال (حئیوان) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارال (حئیوان)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menjangan" title="Menjangan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Menjangan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3" title="হরিণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হরিণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minjangan" title="Minjangan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Minjangan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%CC%8Dk-kho" title="Lo̍k-kho – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lo̍k-kho" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Болан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Болан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Алені – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алені" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Аленевыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аленевыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usa" title="Usa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Usa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Еленови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еленови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤ་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelen" title="Jelen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jelen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karveged" title="Karveged – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karveged" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Буга – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Буга" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8rvids" title="Cèrvids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cèrvids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Пăлан йышшисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăлан йышшисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" title="Cervidae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cervidae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelenovit%C3%AD" title="Jelenovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jelenovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carw" title="Carw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjorte" title="Hjorte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjorte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasch" title="Hasch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Hasch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirsche" title="Hirsche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hirsche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%AF%C4%AFh" title="Bįįh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bįįh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirvlased" title="Hirvlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hirvlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B9" title="Ελάφι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελάφι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" title="Cervidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cervidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervedoj" title="Cervedoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cervedoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orein" title="Orein – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orein" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="گوزن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوزن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" title="Cervidae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cervidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fia" title="Fia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeaih" title="Feeaih – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Feeaih" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiadh" title="Fiadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fiadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9rvidos" title="Cérvidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cérvidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Саьрчий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Саьрчий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%D9%86%D8%AC" title="گؤنج – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="گؤنج" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3" title="હરણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હરણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%CC%8Dk-%C3%A9" title="Lu̍k-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lu̍k-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%B4" title="사슴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사슴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabbar_rendiya" title="Dabbar rendiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dabbar rendiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" title="Cervidae – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Cervidae" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B2%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Եղջերու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եղջերու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="हिरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeleni" title="Jeleni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jeleni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%27ulu" title="Bu'ulu – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bu'ulu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervo" title="Cervo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cervo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa" title="Rusa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rusa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervides" title="Cervides – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cervides" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Саг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Саг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyamazane" title="Inyamazane – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inyamazane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjartard%C3%BDr" title="Hjartardýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjartardýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" title="Cervidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cervidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אייליים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אייליים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಿಂಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಿಂಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ირმისებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირმისებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B3%D8%A0_%DA%A9%D9%94%D9%B9" title="روٗسؠ کٔٹ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="روٗسؠ کٔٹ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B1%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бұғылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бұғылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karow" title="Karow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" title="Cervidae – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Cervidae" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D1%80" title="Кӧр – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кӧр" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wocol_(Cervidae)" title="Wocol (Cervidae) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Wocol (Cervidae)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8f" title="Sèf – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sèf" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Пучы – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Пучы" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerf" title="Cerf – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cerf" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Бюрни – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Бюрни" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87" title="ກວາງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກວາງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%BC%C5%86u_saime" title="Aļņu saime – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Aļņu saime" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" title="Cervidae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cervidae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brie%C5%BEu_dzimta" title="Briežu dzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Briežu dzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elniniai" title="Elniniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elniniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo" title="Servo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Servo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szarvasf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Szarvasfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szarvasfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Елени – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Елени" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfa" title="Serfa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Serfa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="മാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A3" title="हरीण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हरीण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84_(%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="ايل (فصيله من الثدييات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايل (فصيله من الثدييات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%88" title="اشکاری‌گو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اشکاری‌گو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa" title="Rusa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rusa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯁꯖꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯖꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%95%CC%A4k" title="Lĕ̤k – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lĕ̤k" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သမင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သမင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertachtigen" title="Hertachtigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hertachtigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3" title="हरिण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हरिण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="चलाचा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चलाचा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AB" title="シカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Сай – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сай" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirsker" title="Hirsker – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hirsker" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjortedyr" title="Hjortedyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjortedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjortedyr" title="Hjortedyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjortedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" title="Cervidae – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cervidae" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%B1%D1%87%D3%A7-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Пӱчӧ-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пӱчӧ-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug%CA%BBusimonlar" title="Bugʻusimonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bugʻusimonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ہرن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہرن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D1%80" title="Кӧр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кӧр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeleniowate" title="Jeleniowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jeleniowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerv%C3%ADdeos" title="Cervídeos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cervídeos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerb" title="Cerb – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cerb" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwichu" title="Luwichu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Luwichu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Оленевые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оленевые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Табатыҥылар кэргэннэрэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Табатыҥылар кэргэннэрэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ngabul,_malunem" title="ngabul, malunem – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="ngabul, malunem" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%83" title="हरिणः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हरिणः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer" title="Deer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Deer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harte" title="Harte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Harte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreri" title="Dreri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dreri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F" title="මුවා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුවා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer" title="Deer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%B1%DA%BB%D9%8A" title="ھرڻي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھرڻي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jele%C5%88ovit%C3%A9" title="Jeleňovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jeleňovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeleni" title="Jeleni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jeleni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eelo" title="Eelo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Eelo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%8C" title="گاکێوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گاکێوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abani" title="Abani – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Abani" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Јелени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јелени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeleni" title="Jeleni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jeleni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncal" title="Uncal – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uncal" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirviel%C3%A4imet" title="Hirvieläimet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hirvieläimet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjortdjur" title="Hjortdjur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjortdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usa" title="Usa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Usa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izerzer" title="Izerzer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Izerzer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Боланнар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Боланнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="กวาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กวาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD" title="Гавазн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гавазн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%AB" title="ᎠᏫ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏫ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1%C3%B3ts%C3%A9va" title="Váótséva – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Váótséva" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಿಂಕೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜಿಂಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geyik" title="Geyik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Geyik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Пужей – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Пужей" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Оленеві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оленеві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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<div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Deer" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23390" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of mammals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ruminant animal. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Deer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Deer (disambiguation)">Deer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fawn" and "Stag" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fawn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fawn (disambiguation)">Fawn (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stag_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stag (disambiguation)">Stag (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Deer<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Early Miocene–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:212.20184615385px; width:7.7981538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:212.20184615385px; width:7.7981538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:213.20184615385px; width:5.7981538461538px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_Cervidae_five_species.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Family_Cervidae_five_species.jpg/330px-Family_Cervidae_five_species.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Family_Cervidae_five_species.jpg/390px-Family_Cervidae_five_species.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Family_Cervidae_five_species.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="452" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Images of a few members of the family Cervidae (clockwise from top left): the <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">sika deer</a> (<i>Cervus nippon</i>), <a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">barasingha</a> (<i>Rucervus duvaucelii</i>), <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a> (<i>Rangifer tarandus</i>) and <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Cervidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pecora" title="Pecora">Pecora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cervidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Georg_August_Goldfuss" title="Georg August Goldfuss">Goldfuss</a>, 1820</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>A <b>deer</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: deer) or <b>true deer</b> is a hoofed <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <b>Cervidae</b> (informally the <b>deer family</b>). Cervidae is divided into subfamilies <a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a> (which includes, among others, <a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">muntjac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> (wapiti), <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a> (which includes, among others <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> (caribou), <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>). Male deer of almost all species (except the <a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">water deer</a>), as well as female reindeer, grow and shed new <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a> each year. These antlers are bony extensions of the skull and are often used for combat between males. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">musk deer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a>) of Asia and <a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">chevrotains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a>) of tropical African and Asian forests are separate families that are also in the ruminant clade <a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</a>; they are not especially closely related to Cervidae. </p><p>Deer appear in art from <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> cave paintings onwards, and they have <a href="/wiki/Deer_in_mythology" title="Deer in mythology">played a role in mythology</a>, religion, and literature throughout history, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, such as red deer that appear in the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land" title="Coat of arms of Åland">coat of arms of Åland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their economic importance includes the use of their meat as <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a>, their skins as soft, strong <a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">buckskin</a>, and their antlers as handles for knives. <a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer hunting</a> has been a popular activity since the Middle Ages and remains a resource for many families today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_(Kunsthistorisches_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_%28Kunsthistorisches_Museum%29.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_%28Kunsthistorisches_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_%28Kunsthistorisches_Museum%29.jpg/330px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_%28Kunsthistorisches_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_%28Kunsthistorisches_Museum%29.jpg/440px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_%28Kunsthistorisches_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6855" data-file-height="4829" /></a><figcaption>"The Stag Hunt of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick III, Elector of Saxony</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>, 1529</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>deer</i> was originally broad in meaning, becoming more specific with time. <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">dēor</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">der</i></span> meant a wild animal of any kind. Cognates of Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">dēor</i></span> in other dead <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> have the general sense of <i>animal</i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i>tior</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">djur</i></span> or <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">dȳr</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <i>dius</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <i>dier</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> <i>diar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This general sense gave way to the modern English sense by the end of the Middle English period, around 1500. All modern Germanic languages save English and Scots retain the more general sense: for example, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>/<a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Frisian</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">dier</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tier</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <i>dyr</i> mean <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">animal</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many types of deer in modern English usage, the male is a <i>buck</i> and the female a <i>doe</i>, but the terms vary with dialect, and according to the size of the species. The male <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> is a <i>stag</i>, while for other large species the male is a <i>bull</i>, the female a <i>cow</i>, as in cattle. In older usage, the male of any species is a <i><a href="/wiki/Hart_(deer)" title="Hart (deer)">hart</a></i>, especially if over five years old, and the female is a <i>hind</i>, especially if three or more years old.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young of small species is a <i>fawn</i> and of large species a <i><a href="/wiki/Calf_(animal)" title="Calf (animal)">calf</a></i>; a very small young may be a <i>kid</i>. A castrated male is a <i>havier</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brander159_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brander159-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of any species is a <i>herd</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> of relation is <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cervine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cervine">cervine</a></i>; like the family name <i>Cervidae</i>, this is from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">cervus</i>, meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">stag</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">deer</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="doe"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chital_(8458215435).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chital_%288458215435%29.jpg/250px-Chital_%288458215435%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chital_%288458215435%29.jpg/330px-Chital_%288458215435%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chital_%288458215435%29.jpg/500px-Chital_%288458215435%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital</a> deer in <a href="/wiki/Nagarhole_National_Park" title="Nagarhole National Park">Nagarahole</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Deer live in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a>, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>. While often associated with forests, many deer are <a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">ecotone</a> species that live in transitional areas between forests and thickets (for cover) and prairie and savanna (open space). The majority of large deer species inhabit temperate mixed deciduous forest, mountain mixed coniferous forest, tropical seasonal/dry forest, and savanna habitats around the world. Clearing open areas within forests to some extent may actually benefit deer populations by exposing the <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a> and allowing the types of grasses, weeds, and herbs to grow that deer like to eat. Access to adjacent croplands may also benefit deer. Adequate forest or brush cover must still be provided for populations to grow and thrive. </p><p>Deer are widely distributed, with indigenous representatives in all continents except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> has only one native deer, the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_stag" title="Barbary stag">Barbary stag</a>, a subspecies of <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> that is confined to the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> in the northwest of the continent. Another extinct species of deer, <i><a href="/wiki/Megaceroides" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaceroides">Megaceroides algericus</a>,</i> was present in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> until 6000 years ago. <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">Fallow deer</a> have been introduced to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Small species of <a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">brocket deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pud%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudú">pudús</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">muntjacs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> generally occupy dense forests and are less often seen in open spaces, with the possible exception of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_muntjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian muntjac">Indian muntjac</a>. There are also several species of deer that are highly specialized and live almost exclusively in mountains, grasslands, swamps, and "wet" savannas, or <a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">riparian corridors</a> surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>. Some deer have a circumpolar distribution in both <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">caribou</a> that live in Arctic <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> (boreal forests) and <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> that inhabit taiga and adjacent areas. Huemul deer (<a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">taruca</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">Chilean huemul</a>) of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> fill the ecological niches of the <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">wild goat</a>, with the fawns behaving more like <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> kids. </p><p>The highest concentration of large deer species in temperate North America lies in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rocky_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Rocky Mountains">Canadian Rocky Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Mountains" title="Columbia Mountains">Columbia Mountain</a> regions between Alberta and British Columbia where all five North American deer species (<a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>) can be found. This region has several clusters of national parks including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Revelstoke_National_Park" title="Mount Revelstoke National Park">Mount Revelstoke National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(Canada)" title="Glacier National Park (Canada)">Glacier National Park (Canada)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoho_National_Park" title="Yoho National Park">Yoho National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kootenay_National_Park" title="Kootenay National Park">Kootenay National Park</a> on the British Columbia side, and <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasper_National_Park" title="Jasper National Park">Jasper National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park (U.S.)</a> on the Alberta and Montana sides. Mountain slope habitats vary from moist coniferous/mixed forested habitats to dry subalpine/pine forests with alpine meadows higher up. The foothills and river valleys between the mountain ranges provide a mosaic of cropland and deciduous parklands. The rare woodland caribou have the most restricted range living at higher altitudes in the subalpine meadows and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a> areas of some of the mountain ranges. Elk and mule deer both migrate between the alpine meadows and lower coniferous forests and tend to be most common in this region. Elk also inhabit river valley bottomlands, which they share with White-tailed deer. The White-tailed deer have recently expanded their range within the foothills and river valley bottoms of the Canadian Rockies owing to conversion of land to cropland and the clearing of coniferous forests allowing more deciduous vegetation to grow up the mountain slopes. They also live in the aspen parklands north of Calgary and Edmonton, where they share habitat with the moose. The adjacent <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> grassland habitats are left to herds of elk, <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reindeer-on-the-rocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Reindeer-on-the-rocks.jpg/220px-Reindeer-on-the-rocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Reindeer-on-the-rocks.jpg/330px-Reindeer-on-the-rocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Reindeer-on-the-rocks.jpg/440px-Reindeer-on-the-rocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a> herds standing on snow to avoid flies</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> Continent (including the Indian Subcontinent) boasts the most species of deer in the world, with most species being found in Asia. Europe, in comparison, has lower diversity in plant and animal species. Many national parks and protected reserves in Europe have populations of red deer, <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, and fallow deer. These species have long been associated with the continent of Europe, but also inhabit <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>, and Northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. "European" fallow deer historically lived over much of Europe during the Ice Ages, but afterwards became restricted primarily to the Anatolian Peninsula, in present-day Turkey. </p><p>Present-day fallow deer populations in Europe are a result of historic man-made introductions of this species, first to the Mediterranean regions of Europe, then eventually to the rest of Europe. They were initially park animals that later escaped and reestablished themselves in the wild. Historically, Europe's deer species shared their deciduous forest habitat with other herbivores, such as the extinct <a href="/wiki/Tarpan" title="Tarpan">tarpan</a> (forest horse), extinct <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> (forest ox), and the endangered <a href="/wiki/Wisent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisent">wisent</a> (European bison). Good places to see deer in Europe include the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> between <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, and some National Parks, including <a href="/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Park" title="Doñana National Park">Doñana National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> have forest areas that are not only home to sizable deer populations but also other animals that were once abundant such as the wisent, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">wolves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_nippon_and_Macaca_fuscata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cervus_nippon_and_Macaca_fuscata.jpg/220px-Cervus_nippon_and_Macaca_fuscata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cervus_nippon_and_Macaca_fuscata.jpg/330px-Cervus_nippon_and_Macaca_fuscata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cervus_nippon_and_Macaca_fuscata.jpg/440px-Cervus_nippon_and_Macaca_fuscata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>Some <a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">sika deer</a> (<i>Cervus nippon</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_macaque" title="Japanese macaque">Japanese macaques</a> (<i>Macaca fuscata</i>) along a waterside</figcaption></figure> <p>The highest concentration of large deer species in temperate Asia occurs in the mixed deciduous forests, mountain coniferous forests, and taiga bordering North Korea, Manchuria (Northeastern China), and the Ussuri Region (Russia). These are among some of the richest deciduous and coniferous forests in the world where one can find <a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">sika deer</a>, elk, and moose. Asian caribou occupy the northern fringes of this region along the Sino-Russian border. </p><p>Deer such as the sika deer, <a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer</a>, and elk have historically been farmed for their antlers by <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>. Like the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a> of Finland and Scandinavia, the Tungusic peoples, Mongolians, and Turkic peoples of Southern Siberia, Northern Mongolia, and the Ussuri Region have also taken to raising semi-domesticated herds of Asian caribou. </p><p>The highest concentration of large deer species in the tropics occurs in Southern Asia in India's Indo-Gangetic Plain Region and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>'s Terai Region. These fertile plains consist of tropical seasonal moist deciduous, dry deciduous forests, and both dry and wet savannas that are home to <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hog_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hog deer">hog deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">barasingha</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_muntjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian muntjac">Indian muntjac</a>. Grazing species such as the endangered barasingha and very common chital are gregarious and live in large herds. Indian sambar can be gregarious but are usually solitary or live in smaller herds. Hog deer are solitary and have lower densities than Indian muntjac. Deer can be seen in several national parks in India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka of which <a href="/wiki/Kanha_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanha National Park">Kanha National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dudhwa_National_Park" title="Dudhwa National Park">Dudhwa National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chitwan_National_Park" title="Chitwan National Park">Chitwan National Park</a> are most famous. Sri Lanka's <a href="/wiki/Wilpattu_National_Park" title="Wilpattu National Park">Wilpattu National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yala_National_Park" title="Yala National Park">Yala National Park</a> have large herds of Indian sambar and chital. The Indian sambar are more gregarious in Sri Lanka than other parts of their range and tend to form larger herds than elsewhere. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambar_deer_and_spotted_deer_-_lvm_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sambar_deer_and_spotted_deer_-_lvm_2016.jpg/220px-Sambar_deer_and_spotted_deer_-_lvm_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sambar_deer_and_spotted_deer_-_lvm_2016.jpg/330px-Sambar_deer_and_spotted_deer_-_lvm_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sambar_deer_and_spotted_deer_-_lvm_2016.jpg/440px-Sambar_deer_and_spotted_deer_-_lvm_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A couple <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar</a> does and a <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital</a> buck roaming the <a href="/wiki/Sigur_Plateau" title="Sigur Plateau">Sigur Plateau</a> in southern India</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chao Praya River Valley of Thailand was once primarily tropical seasonal moist deciduous forest and wet savanna that hosted populations of hog deer, the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Schomburgk%27s_deer" title="Schomburgk's deer">Schomburgk's deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer</a>, Indian sambar, and Indian muntjac. Both the hog deer and Eld's deer are rare, whereas Indian sambar and Indian muntjac thrive in protected national parks, such as <a href="/wiki/Khao_Yai_National_Park" title="Khao Yai National Park">Khao Yai</a>. Many of these South Asian and Southeast Asian deer species also share their habitat with other <a href="/wiki/Herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivory">herbivores</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephants</a>, the various Asian rhinoceros species, various antelope species (such as <a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">nilgai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">four-horned antelope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Indian gazelle</a> in India), and wild oxen (such as <a href="/wiki/Wild_Asian_water_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild Asian water buffalo">wild Asian water buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">banteng</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kouprey" title="Kouprey">kouprey</a>). One way that different herbivores can survive together in a given area is for each species to have different food preferences, although there may be some overlap. </p><p>As a result of <a href="/wiki/Acclimatisation_society" title="Acclimatisation society">acclimatisation society</a> releases in the 19th century, Australia has six <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> of deer that have established sustainable wild populations. They are fallow deer, red deer, sambar, hog deer, <a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">rusa</a>, and chital. Red deer were introduced into New Zealand in 1851 from English and Scottish stock. Many have been domesticated in <a href="/wiki/Deer_farm" title="Deer farm">deer farms</a> since the late 1960s and are common farm animals there now. Seven other species of deer were introduced into New Zealand but none are as widespread as red deer.<sup id="cite_ref-DeerInNewZealand_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeerInNewZealand-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_Histories_of_Northern_Mammals_(1909)_Cervidae_tails.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Life_Histories_of_Northern_Mammals_%281909%29_Cervidae_tails.png/250px-Life_Histories_of_Northern_Mammals_%281909%29_Cervidae_tails.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Life_Histories_of_Northern_Mammals_%281909%29_Cervidae_tails.png/330px-Life_Histories_of_Northern_Mammals_%281909%29_Cervidae_tails.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Life_Histories_of_Northern_Mammals_%281909%29_Cervidae_tails.png/500px-Life_Histories_of_Northern_Mammals_%281909%29_Cervidae_tails.png 2x" data-file-width="3142" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>Deer tails: <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_deer" title="Black-tailed deer">Black-tailed deer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer</a></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Deer constitute the second most diverse family of artiodactyla after bovids.<sup id="cite_ref-Groves2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though of a similar build, deer are strongly distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelopes</a> by their <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a>, which are temporary and regularly regrown unlike the permanent <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a> of bovids.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingdon2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingdon2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characteristics typical of deer include long, powerful legs, a diminutive tail and long ears.<sup id="cite_ref-Jameson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jameson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deer exhibit a broad variation in physical proportions. The <a href="/wiki/Largest_cervids" title="Largest cervids">largest</a> extant deer is the <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, which is nearly 2.6 metres (8 ft 6 in) tall and weighs up to 800 kilograms (1,800 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Long_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prothero2002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elk stands 1.4–2 metres (4 ft 7 in – 6 ft 7 in) at the shoulder and weighs 240–450 kilograms (530–990 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern pudu is the smallest deer in the world; it reaches merely <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>32–35 centimetres (<span class="frac">12<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–14 in) at the shoulder and weighs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />3.3–6 kilograms (<span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac">13<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> lb). The southern pudu is only slightly taller and heavier.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> is quite pronounced – in most species males tend to be larger than females,<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, except for the reindeer, only males have antlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingdon2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingdon2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coat colour generally varies between red and brown,<sup id="cite_ref-mcshea_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcshea-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it can be as dark as chocolate brown in the tufted deer<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or have a grayish tinge as in elk.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurta_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different species of brocket deer vary from gray to reddish brown in coat colour.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several species such as the chital,<sup id="cite_ref-texas_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texas-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fallow deer<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sika deer<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feature white spots on a brown coat. Coat of reindeer shows notable geographical variation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deer undergo two <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moults</a> in a year;<sup id="cite_ref-mcshea_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcshea-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance, in red deer the red, thin-haired summer coat is gradually replaced by the dense, greyish brown winter coat in autumn, which in turn gives way to the summer coat in the following spring.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moulting is affected by the <a href="/wiki/Photoperiod" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoperiod">photoperiod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deer are also excellent jumpers and swimmers. Deer are <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, or cud-chewers, and have a four-chambered stomach. Some deer, such as those on the island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B9m" title="Rùm">Rùm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Owen2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do consume meat when it is available.<sup id="cite_ref-carniDeer_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carniDeer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly all deer have a facial gland in front of each eye. The gland contains a strongly scented <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a>, used to <a href="/wiki/Territorial_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial marking">mark</a> its home range. Bucks of a wide range of species open these glands wide when angry or excited. All deer have a <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> without a <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>. Deer also have a <a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum lucidum</a>, which gives them sufficiently good <a href="/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">night vision</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antlers">Antlers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">Antler</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White-tailed_deer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/White-tailed_deer.jpg/250px-White-tailed_deer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/White-tailed_deer.jpg/330px-White-tailed_deer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/White-tailed_deer.jpg/500px-White-tailed_deer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2051" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>All male deer have <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a>, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">water deer</a>, in which males have long tusk-like canines that reach below the lower jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-BurtonChinese_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurtonChinese-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females generally lack antlers, though female reindeer bear antlers smaller and less branched than those of the males.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall2005_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally females in other species may develop antlers, especially in telemetacarpal deer such as European roe deer, red deer, white-tailed deer and mule deer and less often in plesiometacarpal deer. A study of antlered female white-tailed deer noted that antlers tend to be small and malformed, and are shed frequently around the time of parturition.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antler_phylogenetics_-_Samejima_et_al_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Antler_phylogenetics_-_Samejima_et_al_2020.png/220px-Antler_phylogenetics_-_Samejima_et_al_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Antler_phylogenetics_-_Samejima_et_al_2020.png/330px-Antler_phylogenetics_-_Samejima_et_al_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Antler_phylogenetics_-_Samejima_et_al_2020.png/440px-Antler_phylogenetics_-_Samejima_et_al_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2853" data-file-height="2013" /></a><figcaption>Antler phylogenetics</figcaption></figure> <p>The fallow deer and the various subspecies of the reindeer have the largest as well as the heaviest antlers, both in absolute terms as well as in proportion to body mass (an average of eight grams per kilogram of body mass);<sup id="cite_ref-Hall2005_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tufted deer, on the other hand, has the smallest antlers of all deer, while the pudú has the lightest antlers with respect to body mass (0.6 g per kilogram of body mass).<sup id="cite_ref-Hall2005_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure of antlers show considerable variation; while fallow deer and elk antlers are palmate (with a broad central portion), white-tailed deer antlers include a series of tines sprouting upward from a forward-curving main beam, and those of the pudú are mere spikes.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antler development begins from the pedicel, a bony structure that appears on the top of the skull by the time the animal is a year old. The pedicel gives rise to a spiky antler the following year, that is replaced by a branched antler in the third year. This process of losing a set of antlers to develop a larger and more branched set continues for the rest of the life.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall2005_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The antlers emerge as soft tissues (known as <a href="/wiki/Velvet_antler" title="Velvet antler">velvet antlers</a>) and progressively harden into bony structures (known as hard antlers), following <a href="/wiki/Mineralization_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralization (biology)">mineralisation</a> and blockage of <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> in the tissue, from the tip to the base.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambar_deers_Fighting_Silvassa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sambar_deers_Fighting_Silvassa.jpg/250px-Sambar_deers_Fighting_Silvassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sambar_deers_Fighting_Silvassa.jpg/330px-Sambar_deers_Fighting_Silvassa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sambar_deers_Fighting_Silvassa.jpg/500px-Sambar_deers_Fighting_Silvassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar deer</a> fighting, <a href="/wiki/Silvassa" title="Silvassa">Silvassa</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Antlers might be one of the most exaggerated male <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sexual_characteristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sexual characteristic">secondary sexual characteristics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Malo_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are intended primarily for reproductive success through <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> and for combat. The tines (forks) on the antlers create grooves that allow another male's antlers to lock into place. This allows the males to wrestle without risking injury to the face.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antlers are correlated to an individual's position in the social hierarchy and its behaviour. For instance, the heavier the antlers, the higher the individual's status in the social hierarchy, and the greater the delay in shedding the antlers;<sup id="cite_ref-Hall2005_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> males with larger antlers tend to be more aggressive and dominant over others.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antlers can be an <a href="/wiki/Honest_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest signal">honest signal</a> of genetic quality; males with larger antlers relative to body size tend to have increased resistance to <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and higher reproductive capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In elk in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, antlers also provide protection against predation by <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wolves_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolves-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homology of tines, that is, the branching structure of antlers among species, have been discussed before the 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, a new method to describe the branching structure of antlers and determining homology of tines was developed.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teeth">Teeth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer_jaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Deer_jaw.jpg/250px-Deer_jaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Deer_jaw.jpg/330px-Deer_jaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Deer_jaw.jpg/500px-Deer_jaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3327" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>An example of a deer's mandible and teeth</figcaption></figure> <p>Most deer bear 32 teeth; the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Dental_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental formula">dental formula</a> is: <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;" title="upper dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">0.0.3.3</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;" title="lower dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">3.1.3.3</span></span></span>. The elk and the reindeer may be exceptions, as they may retain their upper canines and thus have 34 teeth (dental formula: <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;" title="upper dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">0.1.3.3</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;" title="lower dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">3.1.3.3</span></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese water deer, tufted deer, and <a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">muntjac</a> have enlarged upper <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine teeth</a> forming sharp tusks, while other species often lack upper canines altogether. The cheek teeth of deer have crescent ridges of enamel, which enable them to grind a wide variety of vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teeth of deer are adapted to feeding on vegetation, and like other ruminants, they lack upper <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a>, instead having a tough pad at the front of their upper jaw. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roe_deer_eating_leaves_in_Tuntorp_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Roe_deer_eating_leaves_in_Tuntorp_2.jpg/250px-Roe_deer_eating_leaves_in_Tuntorp_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Roe_deer_eating_leaves_in_Tuntorp_2.jpg/330px-Roe_deer_eating_leaves_in_Tuntorp_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Roe_deer_eating_leaves_in_Tuntorp_2.jpg/500px-Roe_deer_eating_leaves_in_Tuntorp_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4572" data-file-height="3190" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">Roe deer</a> browsing tree leaves in <a href="/wiki/Brastad" title="Brastad">Brastad</a>, Sweden</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <p>Deer are <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">browsers</a>, and feed primarily on foliage of <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedge">sedges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forb" title="Forb">forbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, secondarily on <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> in northern latitudes during winter.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have small, unspecialized stomachs by <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> standards, and high nutrition requirements. Rather than eating and digesting vast quantities of low-grade fibrous food as, for example, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> do, deer select easily digestible shoots, young leaves, fresh grasses, soft twigs, fruit, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>. The low-fibered food, after minimal fermentation and shredding, passes rapidly through the alimentary canal. The deer require a large amount of minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and phosphate in order to support antler growth, and this further necessitates a nutrient-rich diet. There are some reports of deer engaging in carnivorous activity, such as eating dead <a href="/wiki/Alewife_(fish)" title="Alewife (fish)">alewives</a> along lakeshores<sup id="cite_ref-Case1987_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case1987-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or depredating the nests of <a href="/wiki/Northern_bobwhite" title="Northern bobwhite">northern bobwhites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)#Cervidae" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">Rut (mammalian reproduction) § Cervidae</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_(01)_2006-09-19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wapiti_%2801%29_2006-09-19.JPG/250px-Wapiti_%2801%29_2006-09-19.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wapiti_%2801%29_2006-09-19.JPG/330px-Wapiti_%2801%29_2006-09-19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wapiti_%2801%29_2006-09-19.JPG/500px-Wapiti_%2801%29_2006-09-19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Female <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> nursing young</figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly all cervids are so-called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/uniparental" class="extiw" title="wikt:uniparental">uniparental</a> species: the young, known in most species as fawns, are only cared for by the mother, most often called a doe. A doe generally has one or two fawns at a time (triplets, while not unknown, are uncommon). Mating season typically begins in later August and lasts until December. Some species mate until early March. The <a href="/wiki/Gestation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestation period">gestation period</a> is anywhere up to ten months for the European roe deer. Most fawns are born with their fur covered with white spots, though in many species they lose these spots by the end of their first winter. In the first twenty minutes of a fawn's life, the fawn begins to take its first steps. Its mother licks it clean until it is almost free of scent, so <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> will not find it. Its mother leaves often to graze, and the fawn does not like to be left behind. Sometimes its mother must gently push it down with her foot.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_a_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_a-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The fawn stays hidden in the grass for one week until it is strong enough to walk with its mother. The fawn and its mother stay together for about one year. A male usually leaves and never sees his mother again, but females sometimes come back with their own fawns and form small herds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease">Disease</h3></div> <p>In some areas of the UK, deer (especially <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a> due to their <a href="/wiki/Gregarious_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregarious behaviour">gregarious behaviour</a>) have been implicated as a possible reservoir for transmission of <a href="/wiki/Bovine_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine tuberculosis">bovine tuberculosis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Delahay_et_al.,_2007_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delahay_et_al.,_2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward_et_al.,_2009_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_et_al.,_2009-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a disease which in the UK in 2005 cost £90 million in attempts to eradicate.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Vet_Record,_2008_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Vet_Record,_2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New Zealand, deer are thought to be important as vectors picking up <i>M. bovis</i> in areas where brushtail possums <i><a href="/wiki/Trichosurus_vulpecula" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichosurus vulpecula">Trichosurus vulpecula</a></i> are infected, and transferring it to previously uninfected possums when their carcasses are scavenged elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Delehay_et_al,_2002_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delehay_et_al,_2002-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white-tailed deer <i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus_virginianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odocoileus virginianus">Odocoileus virginianus</a></i> has been confirmed as the sole maintenance host in the Michigan outbreak of bovine tuberculosis which remains a significant barrier to the US nationwide eradication of the disease in livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Brien_et_al.,_2011_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Brien_et_al.,_2011-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moose and deer can carry <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mtt_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtt-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Docile moose may suffer from <a href="/wiki/Brain_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain worm">brain worm</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm">helminth</a> which drills holes through the brain in its search for a suitable place to lay its eggs. A government biologist states that "They move around looking for the right spot and never really find it." Deer appear to be immune to this parasite; it passes through the digestive system and is excreted in the feces. The parasite is not screened by the moose intestine, and passes into the brain where damage is done that is externally apparent, both in behaviour and in gait.<sup id="cite_ref-mtt_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtt-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deer, elk and moose in North America may suffer from <a href="/wiki/Chronic_wasting_disease" title="Chronic wasting disease">chronic wasting disease</a>, which was identified at a <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> laboratory in the 1960s and is believed to be a prion disease. Out of an abundance of caution hunters are advised to avoid contact with <a href="/wiki/Specified_risk_material" title="Specified risk material">specified risk material</a> (SRM) such as the brain, spinal column or lymph nodes. Deboning the meat when butchering and sanitizing the knives and other tools used to butcher are amongst other government recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <p>Deer are believed to have evolved from antlerless, <a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">tusked</a> ancestors that resembled modern <a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">duikers</a> and diminutive deer in the early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, and gradually developed into the first antlered cervoids (the <a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (taxonomy)">superfamily</a> of cervids and related extinct families) in the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>. Eventually, with the development of antlers, the tusks as well as the upper <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a> disappeared. Thus, evolution of deer took nearly 30 million years. Biologist <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Geist" title="Valerius Geist">Valerius Geist</a> suggests evolution to have occurred in stages. There are not many prominent fossils to trace this evolution, but only fragments of skeletons and antlers that might be easily confused with false antlers of non-cervid species.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goss1983_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goss1983-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eocene">Eocene</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, ancestors of the Cervidae, are believed to have evolved from <i><a href="/wiki/Diacodexis" title="Diacodexis">Diacodexis</a></i>, the earliest known artiodactyl (even-toed ungulate), 50–55 Mya in the Eocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Janis1998_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janis1998-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Diacodexis</i>, nearly the size of a <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a>, featured the <a href="/wiki/Talus_bone" title="Talus bone">talus bone</a> characteristic of all modern <a href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-toed ungulate">even-toed ungulates</a>. This ancestor and its relatives occurred throughout North America and Eurasia, but were on the decline by at least 46 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-Janis1998_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janis1998-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heffelfinger_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heffelfinger-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of a nearly complete skeleton of <i>Diacodexis</i> discovered in 1982 gave rise to speculation that this ancestor could be closer to the non-ruminants than the ruminants.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeryx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andromeryx (page does not exist)">Andromeryx</a></i> is another prominent prehistoric ruminant, but appears to be closer to the <a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">tragulids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oligocene">Oligocene</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptomeryx_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Leptomeryx_1.JPG/250px-Leptomeryx_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Leptomeryx_1.JPG/330px-Leptomeryx_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Leptomeryx_1.JPG/500px-Leptomeryx_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Leptomeryx" title="Leptomeryx">Leptomeryx</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The formation of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> brought about significant geographic changes. This was the chief reason behind the extensive diversification of deer-like forms and the emergence of cervids from the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> to the early <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludt_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludt-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter half of the Oligocene (28–34 Mya) saw the appearance of the European <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eumeryx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eumeryx (page does not exist)">Eumeryx</a></i> and the North American <i><a href="/wiki/Leptomeryx" title="Leptomeryx">Leptomeryx</a></i>. The latter resembled modern-day bovids and cervids in dental morphology (for instance, it had <a href="/wiki/Brachyodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachyodont">brachyodont</a> molars), while the former was more <a href="/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">advanced</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other deer-like forms included the North American <i><a href="/wiki/Blastomeryx" title="Blastomeryx">Blastomeryx</a></i> and the European <i><a href="/wiki/Dremotherium" title="Dremotherium">Dremotherium</a></i>; these sabre-toothed animals are believed to have been the direct ancestors of all modern antlered deer, though they themselves lacked antlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Stirton_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stirton-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another contemporaneous form was the four-horned <a href="/wiki/Protoceratidae" title="Protoceratidae">protoceratid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Protoceras" title="Protoceras">Protoceras</a></i>, that was replaced by <i><a href="/wiki/Syndyoceras" title="Syndyoceras">Syndyoceras</a></i> in the Miocene; these animals were unique in having a horn on the nose.<sup id="cite_ref-Goss1983_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goss1983-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late Eocene fossils dated approximately 35 million years ago, which were found in North America, show that <i>Syndyoceras</i> had bony skull outgrowths that resembled non-deciduous antlers.<sup id="cite_ref-agate_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agate-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miocene">Miocene</h3></div> <p>Fossil evidence suggests that the earliest members of the superfamily Cervoidea appeared in Eurasia in the Miocene. <i><a href="/wiki/Dicrocerus" title="Dicrocerus">Dicrocerus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euprox" title="Euprox">Euprox</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Heteroprox" title="Heteroprox">Heteroprox</a></i> were probably the first antlered cervids.<sup id="cite_ref-Gentry1994_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gentry1994-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dicrocerus</i> featured single-forked antlers that were shed regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-Azanza_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azanza-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanocemas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanocemas (page does not exist)">Stephanocemas</a></i> had more developed and diffuse ("crowned") antlers.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Procervulus" title="Procervulus">Procervulus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Palaeomerycidae" title="Palaeomerycidae">Palaeomerycidae</a>) also had antlers that were not shed.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary forms such as the <a href="/wiki/Merycodontinae" title="Merycodontinae">merycodontines</a> eventually gave rise to the modern pronghorn.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cervinae emerged as the first group of extant cervids around 7–9 Mya, during the late Miocene in central Asia. The tribe Muntiacini made its appearance as <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muntiacus_leilaoensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muntiacus leilaoensis (page does not exist)">Muntiacus leilaoensis</a></i> around 7–8 Mya;<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early muntjacs varied in size–as small as hares or as large as fallow deer. They had tusks for fighting and antlers for defence.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capreolinae followed soon after; Alceini appeared 6.4–8.4 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert2006_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert2006-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this period, the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> disappeared to give way to vast stretches of grassland; these provided the deer with abundant protein-rich vegetation that led to the development of ornamental antlers and allowed populations to flourish and colonise areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ludt_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludt-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As antlers had become pronounced, the canines were either lost or became poorly represented (as in elk), probably because diet was no longer <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">browse</a>-dominated and antlers were better display organs. In muntjac and tufted deer, the antlers as well as the canines are small. The tragulids have long canines to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Heffelfinger_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heffelfinger-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pliocene">Pliocene</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervoceros_novorossiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cervoceros_novorossiae.jpg/220px-Cervoceros_novorossiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cervoceros_novorossiae.jpg/330px-Cervoceros_novorossiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cervoceros_novorossiae.jpg/440px-Cervoceros_novorossiae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cervocerus_novorossiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervocerus novorossiae">Cervocerus novorossiae</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>With the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>, the global climate became cooler. A fall in the sea-level led to massive glaciation; consequently, grasslands abounded in nutritious forage. Thus a new spurt in deer populations ensued.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ludt_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludt-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest member of Cervini, <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cervocerus_novorossiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervocerus novorossiae">Cervocerus novorossiae</a></i>, appeared around the transition from Miocene to Pliocene (4.2–6 Mya) in Eurasia;<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cervine fossils from early Pliocene to as late as the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> have been excavated in China<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Himalayas.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <i>Cervus</i> and <i>Dama</i> appeared nearly 3 Mya, <i>Axis</i> emerged during the late Pliocene–Pleistocene. The tribes Capreolini and Rangiferini appeared around 4–7 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert2006_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert2006-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 5 Mya, the rangiferina <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bretzia" title="Bretzia">Bretzia</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eocoileus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eocoileus (page does not exist)">Eocoileus</a></i> were the first cervids to reach North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert2006_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert2006-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implies the Bering Strait could be crossed during the late Miocene–Pliocene; this appears highly probable as the <a href="/wiki/Camelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelid">camelids</a> migrated into Asia from North America around the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deer invaded South America in the late Pliocene (2.5–3 Mya) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Interchange" title="Great American Interchange">Great American Interchange</a>, thanks to the recently formed <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, and emerged successful due to the small number of competing ruminants in the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</h3></div> <p>Large deer with impressive antlers evolved during the early Pleistocene, probably as a result of abundant resources to drive evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Pleistocene cervid <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Eucladoceros" title="Eucladoceros">Eucladoceros</a></i> was comparable in size to the modern elk.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Megaloceros" title="Megaloceros">Megaloceros</a></i> (Pliocene–Pleistocene) featured the <a href="/wiki/Irish_elk" title="Irish elk">Irish elk</a> (<i>M. giganteus</i>), one of the <a href="/wiki/Largest_cervids" title="Largest cervids">largest known cervids</a>. The Irish elk reached <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />2 metres (<span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> ft) at the shoulder and had heavy antlers that spanned 3.6 metres (11 ft 10 in) from tip to tip.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These large animals were traditionally thought to have faced extinction due to conflict between <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> for large antlers and body and <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> for a smaller form,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a combination of anthropogenic and climatic pressures is now thought to be the most likely culprit.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the moose and reindeer radiated into North America from Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_classification">Taxonomy and classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cervids" title="List of cervids">List of cervids</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervid_skull-FMVZ_USP-21.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cervid_skull-FMVZ_USP-21.jpeg/250px-Cervid_skull-FMVZ_USP-21.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cervid_skull-FMVZ_USP-21.jpeg/330px-Cervid_skull-FMVZ_USP-21.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cervid_skull-FMVZ_USP-21.jpeg/500px-Cervid_skull-FMVZ_USP-21.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="3583" /></a><figcaption>Cervid skull</figcaption></figure> <p>Deer constitute the <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">artiodactyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Cervidae. This family was first <a href="/wiki/Scientific_description" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific description">described</a> by German zoologist <a href="/wiki/Georg_August_Goldfuss" title="Georg August Goldfuss">Georg August Goldfuss</a> in <i>Handbuch der Zoologie</i> (1820). Three <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamilies</a> were recognised: Capreolinae (first described by the English zoologist <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Brookes" title="Joshua Brookes">Joshua Brookes</a> in 1828), Cervinae (described by Goldfuss) and Hydropotinae (first described by French zoologist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Louis_Trouessart" title="Édouard Louis Trouessart">Édouard Louis Trouessart</a> in 1898).<sup id="cite_ref-Groves2007_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other attempts at the classification of deer have been based on morphological and <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> differences.<sup id="cite_ref-Goss1983_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goss1983-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglo-Irish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Brooke" title="Victor Brooke">Victor Brooke</a> suggested in 1878 that deer could be bifurcated into two classes on the according to the features of the second and fifth <a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpal bone">metacarpal bones</a> of their forelimbs: Plesiometacarpalia (most Old World deer) and Telemetacarpalia (most New World deer). He treated the <a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">musk deer</a> as a cervid, placing it under Telemetacarpalia. While the telemetacarpal deer showed only those elements located far from the joint, the plesiometacarpal deer retained the elements closer to the joint as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke1878_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke1878-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differentiation on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Diploidy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploidy">diploid</a> number of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> in the late 20th century has been flawed by several inconsistencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Goss1983_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goss1983-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, the zoologists <a href="/wiki/Colin_Groves" title="Colin Groves">Colin Groves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Grubb_(zoologist)" title="Peter Grubb (zoologist)">Peter Grubb</a> identified three subfamilies: Cervinae, Hydropotinae and Odocoileinae; they noted that the hydropotines lack antlers, and the other two subfamilies differ in their skeletal morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-Groves1987_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves1987-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reverted from this classification in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Grubb2000_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grubb2000-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molecular phylogenetic analyses since the latter half of the 2000s all show that <i><a href="/wiki/Hydropotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydropotes">hydropotes</a></i> is a sister taxon of <i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i>, and “Hydropotinae” became outdated subfamily.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitra_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitra-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-B_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_relationships">External relationships</h3></div> <p>Until 2003, it was understood that the family <a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a> (musk deer) was <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister</a> to Cervidae. Then a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> study by Alexandre Hassanin (of <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Natural History (France)">National Museum of Natural History, France</a>) and colleagues, based on <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus (biology)">nuclear</a> analyses, revealed that Moschidae and <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> form a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> sister to Cervidae. According to the study, Cervidae <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">diverged</a> from the Bovidae-Moschidae clade 27 to 28 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassanin2003_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassanin2003-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> is based on the 2003 study.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassanin2003_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassanin2003-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size: 100%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Tragulina" title="Tragulina">Tragulina</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tragulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragulidae">Tragulidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="298" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pecora" title="Pecora">Pecora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antilocapra_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Antilocapra_white_background.jpg/60px-Antilocapra_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Antilocapra_white_background.jpg/120px-Antilocapra_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="670" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giraffa_camelopardalis_Brockhaus_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Giraffa_camelopardalis_Brockhaus_white_background.jpg/60px-Giraffa_camelopardalis_Brockhaus_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Giraffa_camelopardalis_Brockhaus_white_background.jpg/120px-Giraffa_camelopardalis_Brockhaus_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="556" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Cervidae</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Hangul_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png/60px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png/120px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png 1.5x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="715" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds_and_nature_(1901)_(14562088237)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="280" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moschus_chrysogaster_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moschus_chrysogaster_white_background.jpg/60px-Moschus_chrysogaster_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moschus_chrysogaster_white_background.jpg/120px-Moschus_chrysogaster_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="393" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_relationships">Internal relationships</h3></div> <p>A 2006 <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> study of the internal relationships in Cervidae by Clément Gilbert and colleagues divided the family into two major clades: Capreolinae (telemetacarpal or New World deer) and Cervinae (plesiometacarpal or Old World deer). Studies in the late 20th century suggested a similar bifurcation in the family. This as well as previous studies support <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> in Cervinae, while Capreolinae appears <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>. The 2006 study identified two lineages in Cervinae, Cervini (comprising the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(deer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (deer)">Dama</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i>) and Muntiacini (<i><a href="/wiki/Muntiacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Muntiacus">Muntiacus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Elaphodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaphodus">Elaphodus</a></i>). Capreolinae featured three lineages, Alceini (<i><a href="/wiki/Alces" title="Alces">Alces</a></i> species), Capreolini (<i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i> and the subfamily Hydropotinae) and Rangiferini (<i><a href="/wiki/Blastocerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastocerus">Blastocerus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mazama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazama (genus)">Mazama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i> species). The following cladogram is based on the 2006 study.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert2006_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert2006-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade" style="font-size: 90%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Cervidae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a> (Old World deer) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Muntiacini" class="mw-redirect" title="Muntiacini">Muntiacini</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Michie%27s_tufted_deer_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Michie%27s_tufted_deer_white_background.png/60px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Michie%27s_tufted_deer_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Michie%27s_tufted_deer_white_background.png/120px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Michie%27s_tufted_deer_white_background.png 1.5x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="401" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Cervini" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervini">Cervini</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Common_fallow_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fallow deer">Common fallow deer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_dama_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cervus_dama_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Cervus_dama_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cervus_dama_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Cervus_dama_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cervus_dama_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Cervus_dama_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="576" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_dama_(var._nigra)_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cervus_dama_%28var._nigra%29_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Cervus_dama_%28var._nigra%29_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cervus_dama_%28var._nigra%29_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Cervus_dama_%28var._nigra%29_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cervus_dama_%28var._nigra%29_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Cervus_dama_%28var._nigra%29_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="547" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png/50px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png/75px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png/100px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="592" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archives_du_Mus%C3%A9um_d%27Histoire_Naturelle,_Paris_(1852)_(Cervus_unicolor).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Archives_du_Mus%C3%A9um_d%27Histoire_Naturelle%2C_Paris_%281852%29_%28Cervus_unicolor%29.png/60px-Archives_du_Mus%C3%A9um_d%27Histoire_Naturelle%2C_Paris_%281852%29_%28Cervus_unicolor%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Archives_du_Mus%C3%A9um_d%27Histoire_Naturelle%2C_Paris_%281852%29_%28Cervus_unicolor%29.png/120px-Archives_du_Mus%C3%A9um_d%27Histoire_Naturelle%2C_Paris_%281852%29_%28Cervus_unicolor%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="664" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Thorold%27s_deer_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Thorold%27s_deer_white_background.png/60px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Thorold%27s_deer_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Thorold%27s_deer_white_background.png/120px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Thorold%27s_deer_white_background.png 1.5x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="636" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_(Pl._22)_(Cervus_nippon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._22%29_%28Cervus_nippon%29.jpg/60px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._22%29_%28Cervus_nippon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._22%29_%28Cervus_nippon%29.jpg/120px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._22%29_%28Cervus_nippon%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1058" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a> (Wapiti) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_canadensis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cervus_canadensis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Cervus_canadensis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cervus_canadensis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Cervus_canadensis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="3704" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_hippelaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cervus_hippelaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Cervus_hippelaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cervus_hippelaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Cervus_hippelaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="584" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elaphurusdavidianus_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Elaphurusdavidianus_white_background.jpg/50px-Elaphurusdavidianus_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Elaphurusdavidianus_white_background.jpg/75px-Elaphurusdavidianus_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Elaphurusdavidianus_white_background.jpg/100px-Elaphurusdavidianus_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Swamp_deer_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Swamp_deer_white_background.png/60px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Swamp_deer_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Swamp_deer_white_background.png/120px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Swamp_deer_white_background.png 1.5x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Indian hog deer</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_axis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cervus_axis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Cervus_axis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cervus_axis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Cervus_axis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cervus_axis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Cervus_axis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2416" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a> (New World deer) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Rangiferini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangiferini">Rangiferini</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a> (Caribou) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Scandinavian_reindeer_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Scandinavian_reindeer_white_background.png/60px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Scandinavian_reindeer_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Scandinavian_reindeer_white_background.png/120px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Scandinavian_reindeer_white_background.png 1.5x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="519" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/American_red_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="American red brocket">American red brocket</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PZSL1850PlateMammalia24_Mazama_americana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PZSL1850PlateMammalia24_Mazama_americana.png/50px-PZSL1850PlateMammalia24_Mazama_americana.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PZSL1850PlateMammalia24_Mazama_americana.png/75px-PZSL1850PlateMammalia24_Mazama_americana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PZSL1850PlateMammalia24_Mazama_americana.png/100px-PZSL1850PlateMammalia24_Mazama_americana.png 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="485" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Virginia_deer_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Virginia_deer_white_background.png/50px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Virginia_deer_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Virginia_deer_white_background.png/75px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Virginia_deer_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Virginia_deer_white_background.png/100px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Virginia_deer_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="438" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Mule_deer_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Mule_deer_white_background.png/50px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Mule_deer_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Mule_deer_white_background.png/75px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Mule_deer_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Mule_deer_white_background.png/100px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Mule_deer_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="570" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pudu_puda_Werner_(white_background).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pudu_puda_Werner_%28white_background%29.JPG/50px-Pudu_puda_Werner_%28white_background%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pudu_puda_Werner_%28white_background%29.JPG/75px-Pudu_puda_Werner_%28white_background%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pudu_puda_Werner_%28white_background%29.JPG/100px-Pudu_puda_Werner_%28white_background%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="228" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Peruvian_guemal_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Peruvian_guemal_white_background.png/50px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Peruvian_guemal_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Peruvian_guemal_white_background.png/75px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Peruvian_guemal_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Peruvian_guemal_white_background.png/100px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Peruvian_guemal_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Capreolini" title="Capreolini">Capreolini</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">Roe deer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_European_roe_deer_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_European_roe_deer_white_background.png/50px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_European_roe_deer_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_European_roe_deer_white_background.png/75px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_European_roe_deer_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_European_roe_deer_white_background.png/100px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_European_roe_deer_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="455" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Chinese_water_deer_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Chinese_water_deer_white_background.png/60px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Chinese_water_deer_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Chinese_water_deer_white_background.png/120px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Chinese_water_deer_white_background.png 1.5x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="344" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Alceini" title="Alceini">Alceini</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Eurasian elk</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Elk_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Elk_white_background.png/60px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Elk_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Elk_white_background.png/120px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Elk_white_background.png 1.5x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="623" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_interaction">Human interaction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deer_in_mythology" title="Deer in mythology">Deer in mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascaux,_Megaloceros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg/250px-Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg/330px-Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg/500px-Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave painting</a> of a <i><a href="/wiki/Megaloceros" title="Megaloceros">Megaloceros</a></i> giant deer at <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, 17,300 years old</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</h3></div> <p>Deer were an important source of food for early hominids. In China, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> fed upon the <a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">sika deer</a>, while the red deer was hunted in Germany. In the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a>, the reindeer was the staple food for <a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a> people,<sup id="cite_ref-guide_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> in southwestern France include some 90 images of stags.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, deer continued to be a main source of food for millennia even after people began farming, and it is possible that sika and other deer benefited from the frequently abandoned field sites.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic">Historic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gilt-silver_Rhyton_(Libation_Vessel)_In_the_Form_of_a_Stag%27s_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Gilt-silver_Rhyton_%28Libation_Vessel%29_In_the_Form_of_a_Stag%27s_Head.jpg/220px-Greek_Gilt-silver_Rhyton_%28Libation_Vessel%29_In_the_Form_of_a_Stag%27s_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Gilt-silver_Rhyton_%28Libation_Vessel%29_In_the_Form_of_a_Stag%27s_Head.jpg/330px-Greek_Gilt-silver_Rhyton_%28Libation_Vessel%29_In_the_Form_of_a_Stag%27s_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Gilt-silver_Rhyton_%28Libation_Vessel%29_In_the_Form_of_a_Stag%27s_Head.jpg/440px-Greek_Gilt-silver_Rhyton_%28Libation_Vessel%29_In_the_Form_of_a_Stag%27s_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> gilt-silver <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a>, 4th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Deer had a central role in the ancient art, culture and mythology of various peoples including the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic people">Celts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a>, and certain East Asian cultures. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Stag_Hunt_Mosaic" title="Stag Hunt Mosaic">Stag Hunt Mosaic</a> of ancient <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Macedonia">Kingdom of Macedonia</a> (4th century BC), possibly depicts <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> hunting a deer with <a href="/wiki/Hephaestion" title="Hephaestion">Hephaestion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shintoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoism">Shintoism</a>, the sika deer is believed to be a messenger to the gods. <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">In China</a>, deer are associated with great medicinal significance; <a href="/wiki/Deer_penis" title="Deer penis">deer penis</a> is thought by some in China to have <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a> properties.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spotted deer are believed in China to accompany the god of longevity. Deer was the principal sacrificial animal for the Huichal Indians of Mexico. In medieval Europe, deer appeared in hunting scenes and coats-of-arms. Deer are depicted in many materials by various pre-Hispanic civilizations in the Andes.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ref_f_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_f-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common male given name <i><a href="/wiki/Oscar_(given_name)" title="Oscar (given name)">Oscar</a></i> is taken from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Language">Irish Language</a>, where it is derived from two elements: the first, <i>os</i>, means "deer"; the second element, <i>cara</i>, means "friend". The name is borne by a famous hero of <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a>—<a href="/wiki/Oscar_(Irish_mythology)" title="Oscar (Irish mythology)">Oscar</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Fionn_Mac_Cumhail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fionn Mac Cumhail">Fionn Mac Cumhail</a>. The name was popularised in the 18th century by <a href="/wiki/James_Macpherson" title="James Macpherson">James Macpherson</a>, creator of 'Ossianic poetry'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary">Literary</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_stalks_the_demon_Marica,_who_has_assumed_the_form_of_a_golden_deer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rama_stalks_the_demon_Marica%2C_who_has_assumed_the_form_of_a_golden_deer.jpg/170px-Rama_stalks_the_demon_Marica%2C_who_has_assumed_the_form_of_a_golden_deer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rama_stalks_the_demon_Marica%2C_who_has_assumed_the_form_of_a_golden_deer.jpg/255px-Rama_stalks_the_demon_Marica%2C_who_has_assumed_the_form_of_a_golden_deer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rama_stalks_the_demon_Marica%2C_who_has_assumed_the_form_of_a_golden_deer.jpg/340px-Rama_stalks_the_demon_Marica%2C_who_has_assumed_the_form_of_a_golden_deer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>In the Indian epic <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> kills the illusional <a href="/wiki/Maricha" title="Maricha">golden deer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Deer have been an integral part of fables and other literary works since the inception of writing. Stags were used as symbols in the latter Sumerian writings. For instance, the boat of Sumerian god Enki is named the <i>Stag of Azbu</i>. There are several mentions of the animal in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. In the Indian epic <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> is lured by a golden deer which <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> tries to catch. In the absence of both Rama and <a href="/wiki/Lakshman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshman">Lakshman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> kidnaps Sita. Many of the allegorical <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_fables" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesop's fables">Aesop's fables</a>, such as "The Stag at the Pool", "The One-Eyed Doe" and "The Stag and a Lion", personify deer to give moral lessons. For instance, "The Sick Stag" gives the message that uncaring friends can do more harm than good.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqui people">Yaqui</a> deer song accompanies the deer dance which is performed by a pascola [from the Spanish 'pascua', Easter] dancer (also known as a deer dancer). Pascolas would perform at religious and social functions many times of the year, especially during Lent and Easter.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harvey_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Erich_Raspe" title="Rudolf Erich Raspe">Rudolf Erich Raspe</a>'s 1785 stories of <i><a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen" title="Baron Munchausen">Baron Munchausen</a>'s Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia</i>, the baron encounters a stag while eating cherries and, without ammunition, fires the cherry-pits at the stag with his musket, but it escapes. The next year, the baron encounters a stag with a <a href="/wiki/Cherry_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry tree">cherry tree</a> growing from its head; presumably this is the animal he had shot at the previous year. In <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> lore (such as in the narrative poem "<a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> are often depicted pulling the <a href="/wiki/Sleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleigh">sleigh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Kinnan_Rawlings" title="Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings">Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning 1938 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yearling" title="The Yearling">The Yearling</a></i> was about a boy's relationship with a baby deer. The fiction book <i><a href="/wiki/Fire_Bringer" title="Fire Bringer">Fire Bringer</a></i> is about a young fawn who goes on a quest to save the Herla, the deer kind.<sup id="cite_ref-firebringer_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firebringer-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Walt Disney Pictures</a> film, <i><a href="/wiki/Bambi" title="Bambi">Bambi</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Felix_Salten" title="Felix Salten">Felix Salten</a>'s original 1923 book <i><a href="/wiki/Bambi,_a_Life_in_the_Woods" title="Bambi, a Life in the Woods">Bambi, a Life in the Woods</a></i>, he is a <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>. In <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>'s 1950 fantasy novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a></i> the adult Pevensies, now kings and queens of <a href="/wiki/Narnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Narnia">Narnia</a>, chase the White Stag on a hunt, as the Stag is said to grant its captor a wish. The hunt is key in returning the Pevensies to their home in England. In the 1979 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_of_Farthing_Wood_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals of Farthing Wood (book)">The Animals of Farthing Wood</a></i>, The Great White Stag is the leader of all the animals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heraldic">Heraldic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Raon_aux_bois.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Blason_Raon_aux_bois.svg/250px-Blason_Raon_aux_bois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Blason_Raon_aux_bois.svg/330px-Blason_Raon_aux_bois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Blason_Raon_aux_bois.svg/500px-Blason_Raon_aux_bois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Arms of <a href="/wiki/Raon-aux-Bois" title="Raon-aux-Bois">Raon-aux-Bois</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Arms of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Deer of various types appear frequently in European <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>. In the British armory, the term "stag" is typically used to refer to antlered male red deer, while "buck" indicates an antlered male fallow deer. Stags and bucks appear in a number of <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">attitudes</a>, referred to as "lodged" when the deer is lying down, "trippant" when it has one leg raised, "courant" when it is running, "springing" when in the act of leaping, "statant" when it is standing with all hooves on the ground and looking ahead, and "at gaze" when otherwise statant but looking at the viewer. Stags' heads are also frequently used; these are typically portrayed without an attached neck and as facing the viewer, in which case they are termed "caboshed".<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of deer in <a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms">coats of arms</a> can be found in the arms of <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, England, and its county town of <a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a>; both are examples of <a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">canting arms</a>. A deer appears on the arms of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Postal_Company" title="Israel Postal Company">Israeli Postal Authority</a>. Coats of arms featuring deer include those of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dotternhausen" title="Dotternhausen">Dotternhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thierachern" title="Thierachern">Thierachern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friolzheim" title="Friolzheim">Friolzheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauen" title="Bauen">Bauen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albstadt" title="Albstadt">Albstadt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dassel" title="Dassel">Dassel</a> in Germany; of the <a href="/wiki/Earls_Bathurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls Bathurst">Earls Bathurst</a> in England;<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Balakhna" title="Balakhna">Balakhna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gusev,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast">Gusev</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Odintsovo" title="Odintsovo">Odintsovo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slavsk" title="Slavsk">Slavsk</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Russia; of <a href="/wiki/Berezhany" title="Berezhany">Berezhany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambir" title="Sambir">Sambir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>; of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland; of <a href="/wiki/Gjemnes_Municipality" title="Gjemnes Municipality">Gjemnes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hitra_Municipality" title="Hitra Municipality">Hitra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hjartdal_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hjartdal Municipality">Hjartdal</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rendalen_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Rendalen Municipality">Rendalen</a><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Norway; of <a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra" title="Jelenia Góra">Jelenia Góra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poland; of <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wærn_1992_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wærn_1992-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden; of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia; of <a href="/wiki/Cervera" title="Cervera">Cervera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catalonia; of <a href="/wiki/Selonia" title="Selonia">Selonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Semigallia" title="Semigallia">Semigallia</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Latvia; and of <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile" title="Coat of arms of Chile">Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other types of deer used in heraldry include the hind, portrayed much like the stag or buck but without antlers, as well as the reindeer and winged stags. Winged stags are used as <a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">supporters</a> in the arms of the <a href="/wiki/De_Carteret_family" title="De Carteret family">de Carteret family</a>. The sea-stag, having the antlers, head, forelegs and upper body of a stag and the tail of a <a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">mermaid</a>, is often found in German heraldry.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warring_States_Bronze_Deer_1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Warring_States_Bronze_Deer_1b.jpg/250px-Warring_States_Bronze_Deer_1b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Warring_States_Bronze_Deer_1b.jpg/330px-Warring_States_Bronze_Deer_1b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Warring_States_Bronze_Deer_1b.jpg/500px-Warring_States_Bronze_Deer_1b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bronze deer, <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Deer have long had economic significance to humans. Deer meat, known as <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a>, is highly nutritious.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the inherently wild nature and diet of deer, venison is most often obtained through deer hunting. In the United States, it is produced in small amounts compared to <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, but still represents a significant trade. Deer hunting is a popular activity in the U.S. that can provide the hunter's family with high quality meat and generates revenue for states and the federal government from the sales of <a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">licenses, permits and tags</a>. The 2006 survey by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> estimates that license sales generate approximately $700 million annually. This revenue generally goes to support conservation efforts in the states where the licenses are purchased. Overall, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that big game hunting for deer and elk generates approximately $11.8 billion annually in hunting-related travel, equipment and related expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_d_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_d-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservation laws prevent the sale of unlicensed wild game meat, although it may be donated. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg/250px-Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg/330px-Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg/500px-Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavrogenes" title="Nicholas Mavrogenes">Nicholas Mavrogenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariote</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, riding through <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> in a stag−drawn carriage. Late 1780s</figcaption></figure> <p>Deer have often been bred in captivity as ornaments for parks, but only in the case of reindeer has thorough domestication succeeded.<sup id="cite_ref-ea_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2012, some 25,000 tons of red deer were raised on farms in North America. The <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a> of Scandinavia and the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a> of Russia and other nomadic peoples of northern Asia use reindeer for food, clothing, and transport. Others are bred for hunting are selected based on the size of the antlers.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major deer-producing countries are New Zealand, the market leader, with Ireland, Great Britain and Germany. The trade earns over $100 million annually for these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Automobile collisions with deer can impose a significant cost on the economy. In the U.S., about 1.5 million deer-vehicle collisions occur each year, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a>. Those accidents cause about 150 human deaths and $1.1 billion in property damage annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_c_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_c-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scotland, several roads including the <a href="/wiki/A82_road" title="A82 road">A82</a>, the <a href="/wiki/A87_road" title="A87 road">A87</a> and the <a href="/wiki/A835_road" title="A835 road">A835</a> have had significant enough problems with <i>deer vehicle collisions</i> (DVCs) that sets of vehicle activated automatic warning signs have been installed along these roads.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roe_deer_fur_skin_(leather_side).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Roe_deer_fur_skin_%28leather_side%29.jpg/164px-Roe_deer_fur_skin_%28leather_side%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Roe_deer_fur_skin_%28leather_side%29.jpg/246px-Roe_deer_fur_skin_%28leather_side%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Roe_deer_fur_skin_%28leather_side%29.jpg/327px-Roe_deer_fur_skin_%28leather_side%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>Leather side of a <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a> hide</figcaption></figure> <p>The skins make a peculiarly strong, soft leather, known as <a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">buckskin</a>. There is nothing special about skins with the fur still on since the hair is brittle and soon falls off. The hooves and antlers are used for ornamental purposes, especially the antlers of the <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, which are utilized for making umbrella handles, and for similar purposes; elk antlers is often employed in making knife handles. Among the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Ulu" title="Ulu">ulu</a></i> women's knife was made with an antler or ivory handle.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, a <a href="/wiki/Traditional_chinese_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional chinese medicine">traditional chinese medicine</a> is made from stag antler, and the antlers of certain species are eaten when "in the velvet".<sup id="cite_ref-ea_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antlers can also be boiled down to release the protein gelatin, which is used as a topical treatment for skin irritation and is also used in cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the early 20th century, deer have become commonly thought of as pests in New Zealand due to a lack of predators on the island causing population numbers to increase and begin encroaching on more populated areas. They compete with livestock for resources, as well as cause excess erosion and wreak havoc on wild plant species and agriculture alike. They can also have an effect on the conservation efforts of other plant and animal species, as they can critically offset the balance within an environment by drastically depleting diversity within forests.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/40px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/60px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/120px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/40px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/60px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/120px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mammals" title="Portal:Mammals">Mammals portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Deer_Association" title="Australian Deer Association">Australian Deer Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_management" title="Deer management">Deer management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_cervids" title="Largest cervids">Largest cervids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer hunting in Greenland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'deer' singular and plural among examples (swine OE swin, deer OE deor, sheep OE sceap, horse OE hors, year OE gear, pound OE pana) -Jespersen, Part II SYNTAX (First Volume), Ch.III The Unchanged Plural (p. 49) <i>arrow.latrobe.edu.au</i> accessed 14 November 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iltanen, Jussi: <i>Suomen kuntavaakunat</i> (2013), Karttakeskus, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-593-915-1" title="Special:BookSources/951-593-915-1">951-593-915-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref_-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ref_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040325232020/http://www.bartleby.com/61/75/D0087500.html">"deer"</a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/75/D0087500.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=deer&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2F75%2FD0087500.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=deer">"Deer"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Deer&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Ddeer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>, s.v. <i>hart</i> and <i>hind</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brander159-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brander159_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrander1986" class="citation book cs1">Brander, Michael (1986). <i>Deer Stalking in Britain</i>. London: Sportsman's Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948253-05-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-948253-05-3"><bdi>0-948253-05-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deer+Stalking+in+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Sportsman%27s+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-948253-05-3&rft.aulast=Brander&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, published 1913 by G. & C. Merriam Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeerInNewZealand-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeerInNewZealand_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLintock1966" class="citation web cs1">McLintock, A. H., ed. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/mammals-introduced/page-10">"Deer"</a>. <i>Te Ara: An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara%3A+An+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Deer&rft.date=1966&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fmammals-introduced%2Fpage-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groves2007-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Groves2007_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groves2007_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroves2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Groves" title="Colin Groves">Groves, C.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qO8H_alEofAC&pg=PA249">"Family Cervidae"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Donald_Prothero" title="Donald Prothero">Prothero, D. R.</a>; Foss, S. E. (eds.). <i>The Evolution of Artiodactyls</i> (Illustrated ed.). Baltimore, US: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">249–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-88735-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-88735-2"><bdi>978-0-801-88735-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Cervidae&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Artiodactyls&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+US&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-801-88735-2&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqO8H_alEofAC%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingdon2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kingdon2015_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKingdon2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kingdon" title="Jonathan Kingdon">Kingdon, J.</a> (2015). <i>The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals</i> (2nd ed.). London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2531-2"><bdi>978-1-4729-2531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdon+Field+Guide+to+African+Mammals&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=499&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-2531-2&rft.aulast=Kingdon&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jameson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jameson_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamesonPeeters2004" class="citation book cs1">Jameson, E. W.; Peeters, H. J. Jr. (2004). <i>Mammals of California</i> (Revised ed.). Berkeley, US: University of California Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23582-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23582-3"><bdi>978-0-520-23582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+California&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+US&rft.pages=241&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23582-3&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=E.+W.&rft.au=Peeters%2C+H.+J.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Long_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong2008" class="citation book cs1">Long, C. A. (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildmammalswisco00long"><i>The Wild Mammals of Wisconsin</i></a></span>. Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildmammalswisco00long/page/n439">439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789546423139" title="Special:BookSources/9789546423139"><bdi>9789546423139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wild+Mammals+of+Wisconsin&rft.place=Sofia%2C+Bulgaria&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Pensoft&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789546423139&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwildmammalswisco00long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero2002-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero2002_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProtheroSchoch2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Prothero" title="Donald Prothero">Prothero, D. R.</a>; Schoch, R. M. (2002). <i>Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals</i>. Baltimore, US: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7135-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-7135-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horns%2C+Tusks%2C+and+Flippers%3A+The+Evolution+of+Hoofed+Mammals&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+US&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7135-1&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.au=Schoch%2C+R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurta-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurta_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurta1995" class="citation book cs1">Kurta, A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalsofgreatla00kurt_0/page/260"><i>Mammals of the Great Lakes Region</i></a> (1st ed.). Michigan, US: University of Michigan Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalsofgreatla00kurt_0/page/260">260–1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06497-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06497-7"><bdi>978-0-472-06497-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+the+Great+Lakes+Region&rft.place=Michigan%2C+US&rft.pages=260-1&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06497-7&rft.aulast=Kurta&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammalsofgreatla00kurt_0%2Fpage%2F260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geist-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeist1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Geist" title="Valerius Geist">Geist, V.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcWZX-IMEVkC"><i>Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour and Ecology</i></a> (1st ed.). Mechanicsburg, US: Stackpole Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0496-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0496-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-0496-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deer+of+the+World%3A+Their+Evolution%2C+Behaviour+and+Ecology&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+US&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-0496-0&rft.aulast=Geist&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcWZX-IMEVkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmstrongFitzgeraldMeaney2011" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M.; Fitzgerald, J. P.; Meaney, C. A. (2011). <i>Mammals of Colorado</i> (2nd ed.). Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-048-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-048-7"><bdi>978-1-60732-048-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+Colorado&rft.place=Colorado%2C+US&rft.pages=445&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60732-048-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Meaney%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingdon2013-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kingdon2013_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKingdonHappoldButynskiHoffmann2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kingdon" title="Jonathan Kingdon">Kingdon, J.</a>; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (2013). <i>Mammals of Africa</i>. Vol. VI. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8996-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8996-2"><bdi>978-1-4081-8996-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+Africa&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-8996-2&rft.aulast=Kingdon&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Happold%2C+D.&rft.au=Butynski%2C+T.&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+M.&rft.au=Happold%2C+M.&rft.au=Kalina%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcshea-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcshea_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcshea_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeldhamerMcShea2012" class="citation book cs1">Feldhamer, G. A.; McShea, W. J. (2012). <i>Deer: The Animal Answer Guide</i>. Baltimore, US: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0387-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0387-8"><bdi>978-1-4214-0387-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deer%3A+The+Animal+Answer+Guide&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+US&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0387-8&rft.aulast=Feldhamer&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rft.au=McShea%2C+W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2008" class="citation book cs1">Francis, C. M. (2008). <i>A Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia</i>. London, UK: New Holland. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84537-735-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84537-735-9"><bdi>978-1-84537-735-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+the+Mammals+of+South-East+Asia&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=New+Holland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84537-735-9&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrolleEmmons2004" class="citation journal cs1">Trolle, M.; Emmons, L. H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4762/VZ_lhe3.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"A record of a dwarf brocket from Lowland Madre De Dios, Peru"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Deer Specialist Group News</i> (19): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deer+Specialist+Group+News&rft.atitle=A+record+of+a+dwarf+brocket+from+Lowland+Madre+De+Dios%2C+Peru&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Trolle&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Emmons%2C+L.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.si.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10088%2F4762%2FVZ_lhe3.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-texas-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-texas_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmidly2004" class="citation book cs1">Schmidly, D. J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/cervaxis.htm"><i>The Mammals of Texas</i></a> (Revised ed.). Austin, Texas (US): University of Texas Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">263–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0886-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0886-8"><bdi>978-1-4773-0886-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mammals+of+Texas&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas+%28US%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-0886-8&rft.aulast=Schmidly&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsrl.ttu.edu%2Ftmot1%2Fcervaxis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamesKoshowski1999" class="citation book cs1">Hames, D. S.; Koshowski, Denise (1999). <i>Hoofed Mammals of British Columbia</i>. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0728-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0728-9"><bdi>978-0-7748-0728-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoofed+Mammals+of+British+Columbia&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+Canada&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0728-9&rft.aulast=Hames&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft.au=Koshowski%2C+Denise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBooyWadeRoy2015" class="citation book cs1">Booy, O.; Wade, M.; Roy, H. (2015). <i>Field Guide to Invasive Plants and Animals in Britain</i>. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-1153-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-1153-7"><bdi>978-1-4729-1153-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+Invasive+Plants+and+Animals+in+Britain&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-1153-7&rft.aulast=Booy&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Wade%2C+M.&rft.au=Roy%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowersBowersKaufmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Bowers, N.; Bowers, R.; Kaufmann, K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618153138/page/158"><i>Mammals of North America</i></a>. New York, US: Houghton Mifflin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618153138/page/158">158–9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-15313-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-15313-8"><bdi>978-0-618-15313-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+North+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pages=158-9&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-618-15313-8&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Bowers%2C+R.&rft.au=Kaufmann%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780618153138%2Fpage%2F158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHooey2004" class="citation book cs1">Hooey, T. (2004). <i>Strategic Whitetail Hunting</i>. Krause Publications. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-2702-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-2702-8"><bdi>978-1-4402-2702-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Whitetail+Hunting&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4402-2702-8&rft.aulast=Hooey&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyderKay1973" class="citation journal cs1">Ryder, M. L.; Kay, R. N. B. (1973). "Structure of and seasonal change in the coat of Red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>)". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Zoology" title="Journal of Zoology">Journal of Zoology</a></i>. <b>170</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1973.tb05044.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1973.tb05044.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0952-8369">0952-8369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Structure+of+and+seasonal+change+in+the+coat+of+Red+deer+%28Cervus+elaphus%29&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1973.tb05044.x&rft.issn=0952-8369&rft.aulast=Ryder&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=Kay%2C+R.+N.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLincolnGuinness1972" class="citation journal cs1">Lincoln, G. A.; Guinness, F. E. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/31/3/455.full.pdf">"Effect of altered photoperiod on delayed implantation and moulting in roe deer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reproduction_(journal)" title="Reproduction (journal)">Reproduction</a></i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">455–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2Fjrf.0.0310455">10.1530/jrf.0.0310455</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4648129">4648129</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/31/3/455.full.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reproduction&rft.atitle=Effect+of+altered+photoperiod+on+delayed+implantation+and+moulting+in+roe+deer&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2Fjrf.0.0310455&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4648129&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rft.au=Guinness%2C+F.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reproduction-online.org%2Fcontent%2F31%2F3%2F455.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Owen2003_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen2003" class="citation news cs1">Owen, James (25 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030829000347/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0825_030825_carnivorousdeer.html">"Scottish Deer Are Culprits in Bird Killings"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scottish+Deer+Are+Culprits+in+Bird+Killings&rft.date=2003-08-25&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2F08%2F0825_030825_carnivorousdeer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carniDeer-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carniDeer_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDale1988" class="citation journal cs1">Dale, Michael (1988). 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(1 October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1993.10420359">"Pests or valued resources? Conflicts in management of deer"</a>. <i>New Zealand Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>20</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">361–</span>366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1993.10420359">10.1080/03014223.1993.10420359</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-4223">0301-4223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Pests+or+valued+resources%3F+Conflicts+in+management+of+deer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.date=1993-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03014223.1993.10420359&rft.issn=0301-4223&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Fraser%2C+K.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03014223.1993.10420359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><i>Deerland: America's Hunt for Ecological Balance and the Essence of Wildness</i> by Al Cambronne, Lyons Press (2013), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-8027-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-8027-3">978-0-7627-8027-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/deer" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/deer">deer</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cervidae.html">Family Cervidae</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">Animal Diversity Web</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504233808/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/Hunt_Trap/deer/disease/cwdinformation.asp">Chronic Wasting Disease Information</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLydekker1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Lydekker, Richard</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Deer"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Deer">"Deer" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">922–</span>924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deer&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E922-%3C%2Fspan%3E924&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lydekker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldofdeer.com/museum/">World of Deer Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022142701/https://worldofdeer.com/museum/">Archived</a> 22 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090819192649/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/D/DE004.html">Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Deer</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Deer"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Deer">"Deer" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deer&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (<i>A. americana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (<i>O. johnstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (<i>G. giraffa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (<i>G. reticulata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (<i>G. tippelskirchi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (<i>M. anhuiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (<i>M. berezovskii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (<i>M. chrysogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (<i>M. cupreus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (<i>M. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (<i>M. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (<i>M. moschiferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (<i>H. aquaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (<i>M. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (<i>M. kathygre</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (<i>M. meminna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (<i>T. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (<i>T. kanchil</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (<i>T. napu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (<i>T. nigricans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (<i>T. versicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (<i>T. williamsoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cervidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (<i>M. atherodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (<i>M. crinifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (<i>M. feae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (<i>M. gongshanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (<i>M. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (<i>M. muntjak</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (<i>M. puhoatensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (<i>M. putaoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (<i>M. reevesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (<i>M. rooseveltorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (<i>M. truongsonensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (<i>M. vaginalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (<i>M. vuquangensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (<i>E. cephalophus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (<i>D. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (<i>D. mesopotamica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (<i>A. axis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (<i>A. calamianensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (<i>A. kuhlii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (<i>A. porcinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (<i>R. duvaucelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (<i>R. eldii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (<i>E. davidianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (<i>R. alfredi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (<i>R. mariannus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (<i>R. unicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (<i>C. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (<i>C. hanglu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (<i>C. nippon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (<i>A. alces</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (<i>H. inermis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (<i>C. capreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (<i>C. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (<i>R. tarandus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (<i>H. antisensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (<i>H. bisulcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (<i>M. bororo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (<i>M. bricenii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (<i>M. chunyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (<i>M. gouazoubira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (<i>M. nana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (<i>M. nemorivaga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (<i>M. rufina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (<i>M. temama</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (<i>O. bezoarticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (<i>B. dichotomus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (<i>P. pudu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudella" title="Pudella">Pudella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (<i>P. carlae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (<i>O. hemionus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (<i>O. pandora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (<i>O. virginianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (<i>H. equinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (<i>H. niger</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (<i>O. beisa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (<i>O. dammah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (<i>O. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (<i>O. leucoryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (<i>A. nasomaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (<i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (<i>K. kob</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (<i>K. leche</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (<i>K. megaceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (<i>K. vardonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (<i>R. arundinum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (<i>R. redunca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (<i>A. melampus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (<i>P. capreolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (<i>B. hunteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (<i>D. lunatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (<i>D. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (<i>A. buselaphus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (<i>C. gnou</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (<i>C. taurinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (<i>P. hodgsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (<i>A. lervia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (<i>A. jayakari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (<i>B. taxicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (<i>C. aegagrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (<i>C. caucasia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (<i>C. cylindricornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (<i>C. falconeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (<i>C. hircus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (<i>C. ibex</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (<i>C. nubiana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (<i>C. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (<i>C. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (<i>C. walie</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (<i>C. crispus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (<i>C. rubidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (<i>C. sumatraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (<i>C. swinhoei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (<i>H. jemlahicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (<i>N. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (<i>N. caudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (<i>N. goral</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (<i>N. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (<i>O. americanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (<i>O. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (<i>N. hylocrius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (<i>O. ammon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (<i>O. aries</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (<i>O. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (<i>O. dalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (<i>O. gmelini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (<i>O. nivicola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (<i>O. vignei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (<i>P. nayaur</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (<i>R. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (<i>R. rupicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (<i>T. quadricornis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (<i>B. tragocamelus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (<i>B. arnee</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (<i>B. bubalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (<i>B. depressicornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (<i>B. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (<i>B. quarlesi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (<i>B. bison</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (<i>B. bonasus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (<i>B. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (<i>B. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (<i>B. gaurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (<i>B. grunniens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (<i>B. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (<i>B. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (<i>B. mutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (<i>B. taurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (<i>P. nghetinhensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (<i>S. caffer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (<i>T. angasii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (<i>T. buxtoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (<i>T. eurycerus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (<i>T. imberbis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (<i>T. scriptus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (<i>T. spekeii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (<i>T. strepsiceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (<i>T. sylvaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (<i>T. derbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (<i>T. oryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (<i>A. clarkei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (<i>A. marsupialis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (<i>A. cervicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (<i>E. albonotata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (<i>E. rufifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (<i>E. thomsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (<i>E. tilonura</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (<i>G. bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (<i>G. cuvieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (<i>G. dorcas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (<i>G. erlangeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (<i>G. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (<i>G. leptoceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (<i>G. spekei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (<i>G. subgutturosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (<i>L. walleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (<i>N. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (<i>N. granti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (<i>N. notatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (<i>N. petersii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (<i>N. soemmerringii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (<i>P. gutturosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (<i>P. picticaudata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (<i>P. przewalskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (<i>S. tatarica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (<i>D. megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (<i>M. guentheri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (<i>M. kirkii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (<i>M. piacentinii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (<i>M. saltiana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (<i>N. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (<i>N. batesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (<i>N. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (<i>O. oreotragus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (<i>O. ourebi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (<i>R. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (<i>R. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (<i>R. sharpei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (<i>C. adersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (<i>C. brookei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (<i>C. callipygus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (<i>C. crusalbum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (<i>C. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (<i>C. harveyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (<i>C. jentinki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (<i>C. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (<i>C. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (<i>C. niger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (<i>C. nigrifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (<i>C. ogilbyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (<i>C. rubidis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (<i>C. rufilatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (<i>C. silvicultor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (<i>C. spadix</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (<i>C. weynsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (<i>C. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (<i>P. monticola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (<i>P. maxwellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (<i>P. walteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (<i>S. grimmia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (<i>B. babyrussa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (<i>B. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (<i>B. togeanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (<i>H. meinertzhageni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (<i>P. aethiopicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (<i>P. africanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (<i>P. salvania</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (<i>P. larvatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (<i>P. porcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (<i>S. ahoenobarbus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (<i>S. barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (<i>S. cebifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (<i>S. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (<i>S. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (<i>S. heureni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (<i>S. oliveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (<i>S. philippensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (<i>S. scrofa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (<i>S. timoriensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (<i>S. verrucosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (<i>T. pecari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (<i>C. wagneri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (<i>D. tajacu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (<i>L. glama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (<i>L. guanicoe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (<i>L. pacos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (<i>L. vicugna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (<i>C. dromedarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (<i>H. amphibius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (<i>C. liberiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heraldry713" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldry" title="Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraldry" title="Template talk:Heraldry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heraldry713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_authority" title="Heraldic authority">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_of_arms" title="Grant of arms">Grant of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_heraldry" title="History of heraldry">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_heraldic_arms" title="Law of heraldic arms">Law of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_arms" title="Officer of arms">Officers of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Arms">King of Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuivant" title="Pursuivant">pursuivant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_officer_of_arms" title="Private officer of arms">private</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_coat_of_arms" title="National coat of arms">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_dominion" title="Arms of dominion">dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_heraldry" title="Civic heraldry">civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">Ecclesiastical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_armorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal armorial">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_arms" title="Burgher arms">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_heraldry" title="Women in heraldry">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">Attributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">Armiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">Augmentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatement_(heraldry)" title="Abatement (heraldry)">abatement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_modern_arms" title="Ancient and modern arms">Ancient and modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_alliance" title="Arms of alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_courtesy" title="Heraldic courtesy">courtesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">Blazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadency" title="Cadency">Cadency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marks_of_distinction" title="Marks of distinction">distinction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">Canting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debased_heraldry" title="Debased heraldry">Debased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(heraldry)" title="Field (heraldry)">Field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_of_the_field" title="Variation of the field">variations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_fraud" title="Heraldic fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry#Marshalling" title="Heraldry">Marshalling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impalement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldic_traditions_by_country" title="Template:Heraldic traditions by country">National traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_societies" title="Heraldry societies">Societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">Achievement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">Crowns and coronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">Crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(heraldry)" title="Compartment (heraldry)">Compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Escutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">Mantling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_and_pavilion_(heraldry)" title="Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)">pavilion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)" title="Slogan (heraldry)">slogan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">Supporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torse" title="Torse">Torse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">Charges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">Attitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasure_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasure (heraldry)">Erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriation" title="Fimbriation">Fimbriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(heraldry)" title="Line (heraldry)">Lines</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(heraldry)" title="Ordinary (heraldry)">Ordinaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulet_(heraldry)" title="Annulet (heraldry)">Annulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(heraldry)" title="Bar (heraldry)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordure" title="Bordure">Bordure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_(heraldry)" title="Canton (heraldry)">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">Chevron</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99kawica_(ordinary)" title="Łękawica (ordinary)">Łękawica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compon%C3%A9e" title="Componée">Componée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosses_in_heraldry" title="Crosses in heraldry">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozier_head" title="Crozier head">Crozier head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_(heraldry)" title="Chief (heraldry)">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaunch" title="Flaunch">Flaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goutte" title="Goutte">Goutte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyron" title="Gyron">Gyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamade" title="Hamade">Hamade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">Inescutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)" title="Lozenge (heraldry)">Lozenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orle_(heraldry)" title="Orle (heraldry)">Orle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_(heraldry)" title="Pall (heraldry)">Pall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_(heraldry)" title="Pile (heraldry)">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)" title="Roundel (heraldry)">Roundel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">Bezant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">Saltire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle#In_heraldry" title="Cattle">Bull/ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound_(heraldry)" title="Hound (heraldry)">Dog/hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Camelopard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Heraldic">Hind/stag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_(heraldry)" title="Leopard (heraldry)">Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_heraldry" title="Wolves in heraldry">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alerion" title="Alerion">Alerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_swan_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Black swan emblems and popular culture">Black swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster#Emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">Cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_(heraldry)" title="Crow (heraldry)">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szaszor" title="Szaszor">Szaszor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przepaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Przepaska">Przepaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican#Heraldry" title="Pelican">Pelican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_(heraldry)" title="Bee (heraldry)">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crapaud#Heraldry" title="Crapaud">Crapaudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(heraldry)" title="Dolphin (heraldry)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_(heraldry)" title="Emmet (heraldry)">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ged_(heraldry)" title="Ged (heraldry)">Ged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox#Heraldry" title="Esox">Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis#Heraldry" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(heraldry)" title="Bat (heraldry)">Reremouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#Badge" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism#Flags_and_heraldry" title="Serpent symbolism">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsangel" title="Wolfsangel">Wolfsangel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allocamelus" title="Allocamelus">Allocamelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphyn" title="Alphyn">Alphyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiptere" title="Amphiptere">Amphiptere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscione" title="Biscione">Biscione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chollima">Chollima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">Cockatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfield_(heraldry)" title="Enfield (heraldry)">Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin/Keythong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippogriff" title="Hippogriff">Hippogriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampago" title="Lampago">Lampago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manticore" title="Manticore">Manticore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musimon" title="Musimon">Musimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(mythical_creature)" title="Pantheon (mythical creature)">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_(legendary_creature)" title="Panther (legendary creature)">Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanders_in_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders in folklore">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-griffin" title="Sea-griffin">Sea-griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-lion" title="Sea-lion">Sea-lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyger_(heraldry)" title="Tyger (heraldry)">Tyger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_lion" title="Winged lion">Winged lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Woodwose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_(mythical_creature)" title="Yale (mythical creature)">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath#As_used_in_heraldry" title="Laurel wreath">Laurel wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak#Regional_and_state" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">Quatrefoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldry)" title="Rose (heraldry)">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock#Symbol_of_Ireland" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">Trefoil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle#Heraldry" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip#Heraldry" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeblatt" title="Seeblatt">Waterlily/Seeblatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_knot" title="Heraldic knot">Knots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourchier_knot" title="Bourchier knot">Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Cavendish/Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacre_knot" title="Dacre knot">Dacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_knot" title="Harrington knot">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hastings/Hungerford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneage_knot" title="Heneage knot">Heneage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinckaert_knot" title="Hinckaert knot">Hinckaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hungerford knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacy_knot" title="Lacy knot">Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Ormonde/Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_knot" title="Stafford knot">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Tristram/Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Wake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_tincture" title="Rule of tincture">Rule of tincture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking" title="Tricking">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">Hatching</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background: white; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> (white)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background-color: white; background-image: radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0), radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0); background-size: 10px 10px; background-position: 0px 0px, 5px 5px;); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> (gold)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> (red)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a> (black)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> (blue)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a> (green)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:purple; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a> (purple)<sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Furs" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Furs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/7px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/11px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/14px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Pean</a></li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/15px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/23px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/30px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="195" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">Vair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vair#Potent" title="Vair">Potent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8b004b; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Murrey" title="Murrey">Murrey</a> (mulberry)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:FireBrick; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sanguine_(heraldry)" title="Sanguine (heraldry)">Sanguine</a> (blood red)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c67000; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">Tenné</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rare metals<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CDA8A5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Copper_(heraldry)" title="Copper (heraldry)">Copper</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0AB76; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (metal in the United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rare colours<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:skyblue; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(35deg, transparent 0, transparent 5px, white 5px, white 6px, transparent 5px, transparent 7px, white 7px, white 8px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bleu_celeste" title="Bleu celeste">Bleu celeste</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:sienna; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%A2tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunâtre">Brunâtre</a> (brown)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0AB76; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#In_Canadian_heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (color in Canada)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cendr%C3%A9e" title="Cendrée">Cendrée</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC7722; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ochre#In_heraldry" title="Ochre">Ochre</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(heraldry)" title="Orange (heraldry)">Orange</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:HotPink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldic_tincture)" title="Rose (heraldic tincture)">Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Realistic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Proper" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_(heraldry)" title="Carnation (heraldry)">Carnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_hatchment" title="Funerary hatchment">Hatchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">banner of arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_of_arms" title="Roll of arms">Roll of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_armorials" title="Illyrian armorials">Illyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_seal" title="Equestrian seal">equestrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">Tabard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">Trophy of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state_emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist state emblems">socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Logotype">Logotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry" title="List of oldest heraldry">List of oldest heraldry</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/20px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/40px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry/Web_resources" title="Portal:Heraldry/Web resources">resources</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3643" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3643" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Cervidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23390" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q23390">Q23390</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cervidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Cervidae">Cervidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cervidae/">Cervidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Cervidae">Cervidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1473">1473</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7XR">7XR</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/7685">7685</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CERVF">1CERVF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12647">12647</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/11775a0c-f5d4-4992-ad19-8f6342a3b8ca">11775a0c-f5d4-4992-ad19-8f6342a3b8ca</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5298">5298</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42158">42158</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115925">115925</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180693">180693</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200205">14200205</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000376180">NHMSYS0000376180</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9850">9850</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e453e55e-9524-44ed-8988-416d0ff88311">e453e55e-9524-44ed-8988-416d0ff88311</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=460505">460505</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42652">42652</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=993628">993628</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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