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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Standardmodell:_Big_Bang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardmodell:_Big_Bang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Standardmodell: Big Bang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardmodell:_Big_Bang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fysikalisk_kosmologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fysikalisk_kosmologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fysikalisk kosmologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fysikalisk_kosmologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiska_teorier_inom_fysikalisk_kosmologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiska_teorier_inom_fysikalisk_kosmologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historiska teorier inom fysikalisk kosmologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiska_teorier_inom_fysikalisk_kosmologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternativa_modeller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternativa_modeller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternativa modeller</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternativa_modeller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historisk_bakgrund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historisk_bakgrund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historisk bakgrund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historisk_bakgrund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmologi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 101 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologie" title="Kosmologie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kosmologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्रह्माण्डविद्या – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ब्रह्माण्डविद्या" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="علم الكون – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الكون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmolox%C3%ADa" title="Cosmoloxía – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cosmoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologiya" title="Kosmologiya – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosmologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="বিশ্বতত্ত্ব – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্বতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Касмалогія – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Касмалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Космология – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Космология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologie" title="Kosmologie – bayerska" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kosmologie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bayerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologija" title="Kosmologija – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kosmologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologiezh" title="Kosmologiezh – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kosmologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologia" title="Cosmologia – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cosmologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Космологи – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Космологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologie" title="Kosmologie – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kosmologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmoleg" title="Cosmoleg – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cosmoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologi_(astronomi)" title="Kosmologi (astronomi) – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kosmologi (astronomi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologie" title="Kosmologie – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kosmologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmoloogia" title="Kosmoloogia – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosmoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κοσμολογία – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοσμολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Physical cosmology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmolog%C3%ADa" title="Cosmología – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cosmología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologio" title="Kosmologio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosmologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologia" title="Kosmologia – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kosmologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کیهان‌شناسی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیهان‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologie" title="Cosmologie – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cosmologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmology" title="Kosmology – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kosmology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeola%C3%ADocht" title="Cosmeolaíocht – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cosmeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmolox%C3%ADa" title="Cosmoloxía – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cosmoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%A1%A0" title="우주론 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տիեզերագիտություն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիեզերագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्रह्माण्डविद्या – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रह्माण्डविद्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmologija" title="Kozmologija – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kozmologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologio" title="Kosmologio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kosmologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kosmologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologia" title="Cosmologia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cosmologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimsfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Heimsfræði – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heimsfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologia_(astronomia)" title="Cosmologia (astronomia) – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cosmologia (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="קוסמולוגיה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוסמולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kosmologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კოსმოლოგია – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოსმოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Космология – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Космология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd%C3%BBnnas%C3%AE" title="Gerdûnnasî – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gerdûnnasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Космология – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Космология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologia" title="Cosmologia – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cosmologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmolo%C4%A3ija" title="Kosmoloģija – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kosmoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologie" title="Kosmologie – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kosmologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologija" title="Kosmologija – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kosmologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologia" title="Cosmologia – liguriska" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cosmologia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmolougii" title="Kosmolougii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kosmolougii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mu%27eske" title="mu'eske – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mu'eske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmol%C3%B3gia" title="Kozmológia – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kozmológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4sm%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Kôsmôlôjia – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kôsmôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രപഞ്ചവിജ്ഞാനീയം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രപഞ്ചവിജ്ഞാനീയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კოსმოლოგია – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოსმოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="علم الكون – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم الكون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kosmologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Космологи – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Космологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%A0%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="စကြဝဠာဗေဒ – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စကြဝဠာဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologie" title="Kosmologie – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kosmologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="कस्मोलोजी – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कस्मोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AB%96" title="宇宙論 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kosmologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kosmologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologia" title="Kosmologia – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kosmologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologia" title="Cosmologia – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cosmologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koosmooloojii" title="Koosmooloojii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Koosmooloojii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologiya" title="Kosmologiya – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kosmologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬ੍ਰਹਿਮੰਡ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬ੍ਰਹਿਮੰਡ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="تشيال پېژندنه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تشيال پېژندنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologia" title="Kosmologia – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kosmologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologia" title="Cosmologia – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cosmologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologie" title="Cosmologie – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cosmologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Космология – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmologjia" title="Kozmologjia – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kozmologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmolugg%C3%ACa" title="Cosmoluggìa – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cosmoluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="විශ්වවේදය – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශ්වවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cosmology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="ڪائنات جو علم – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪائنات جو علم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmol%C3%B3gia" title="Kozmológia – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kozmológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmologija" title="Kozmologija – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kozmologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کۆسمۆلۆجی – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆسمۆلۆجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Космологија – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Космологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologija" title="Kosmologija – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kosmologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmologia" title="Kosmologia – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kosmologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmolohiya" title="Kosmolohiya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kosmolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அண்டவியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அண்டவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnam%E1%B8%8Delt" title="Tasnamḍelt – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnamḍelt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="విశ్వనిర్మాణ శాస్త్రం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విశ్వనిర్మాణ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="จักรวาลวิทยา – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวาลวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Кайҳоншиносӣ – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кайҳоншиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmoloji" title="Kozmoloji – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kozmoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Космологія – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کونیات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کونیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Vũ trụ học – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vũ trụ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmolohiya" title="Kosmolohiya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kosmolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宇宙学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cosmology" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q338" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><dl class="noexcerpt dablink"><dd><i>För andra betydelser, se <a href="/wiki/Kosmologi_(olika_betydelser)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kosmologi (olika betydelser)">Kosmologi (olika betydelser)</a>.</i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:WMAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/WMAP.jpg/250px-WMAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/WMAP.jpg/375px-WMAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/WMAP.jpg/500px-WMAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>Karta över fluktuationer i den <a href="/wiki/Kosmisk_bakgrundsstr%C3%A5lning" title="Kosmisk bakgrundsstrålning">kosmiska bakgrundsstrålningen</a>, uppmätt av <a href="/wiki/WMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="WMAP">WMAP</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kosmologi</b> är det <a href="/wiki/Vetenskap" title="Vetenskap">vetenskapliga</a> studiet inom <a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomin</a> och <a href="/wiki/Fysik" title="Fysik">fysiken</a> av <a href="/wiki/Universum" title="Universum">universums</a> uppkomst och utveckling och dess storskaliga struktur. Den <a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM-modellen" title="Lambda-CDM-modellen">kosmologiska standardmodellen</a> är den vedertagna beskrivningen av <a href="/wiki/Universums_%C3%A5lder" title="Universums ålder">hur universum uppkom för omkring 13,8 miljarder år sedan</a> genom <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> – en våldsam händelse då <a href="/wiki/Rum_(fysik)" title="Rum (fysik)">rummet</a> och <a href="/wiki/Tid" title="Tid">tiden</a> uppkom och rummet började expandera från ett gemensamt hett tillstånd i <a href="/wiki/Termodynamisk_j%C3%A4mvikt" title="Termodynamisk jämvikt">termodynamisk jämvikt</a>. </p><p>Kosmologin utgår från den <a href="/wiki/Kosmologiska_principen" title="Kosmologiska principen">kosmologiska principen</a>, som säger att universum ser likadant ut för alla observatörer: universum är <a href="/wiki/Isotropi" title="Isotropi">isotropiskt</a> och <a href="/wiki/Homogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogen">homogent</a> på stora avståndsskalor (miljontals <a href="/wiki/Ljus%C3%A5r" title="Ljusår">ljusår</a> eller mer). En stor mängd observationer tyder på att detta är riktigt. Den kosmologiska principen tillsammans med <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Hubbles</a> observation att universum expanderar har lett till uppkomsten av Big Bang-teorin. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardmodell:_Big_Bang">Standardmodell: Big Bang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Standardmodell: Big Bang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Standardmodell: Big Bang"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></dd></dl></div> <p>De klassiska hörnstenarna i kosmologin är <a href="/wiki/Universums_framtid" title="Universums framtid">universums expansion</a>, den <a href="/wiki/Kosmiska_bakgrundsstr%C3%A5lningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmiska bakgrundsstrålningen">kosmiska bakgrundsstrålningen</a> och syntesen av lätta <a href="/wiki/Grund%C3%A4mnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundämnen">grundämnen</a> i det tidiga universum, den så kallade <a href="/wiki/Nukleosyntes" title="Nukleosyntes">nukleosyntesen</a>. I den moderna kosmologin studerar man också uppkomsten av <a href="/wiki/Galax" title="Galax">galaxer</a> och storskaliga strukturer, <a href="/wiki/Anisotropi" title="Anisotropi">anisotropier</a> och fluktuationer i den kosmiska bakgrundsstrålningen, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rk_materia" title="Mörk materia">mörk materia</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rk_energi" title="Mörk energi">mörk energi</a> och <a href="/wiki/Inflation_(kosmologi)" title="Inflation (kosmologi)">inflation</a>. </p><p>Kosmologi studeras experimentellt genom astronomiska <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observationer</a> och markbaserade eller <a href="/wiki/Satellit" title="Satellit">satellitbaserade</a> mätningar av <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A5lning" title="Strålning">strålning</a>. Den teoretiska beskrivningen är baserad på den <a href="/wiki/Allm%C3%A4nna_relativitetsteorin" title="Allmänna relativitetsteorin">allmänna relativitetsteorin</a>, där man kan visa att den kosmologiska principen och ett expanderande universum leder till Big Bang-teorin och den kosmiska bakgrundsstrålningen. Fysikerna använder även många andra grenar av fysiken, som <a href="/wiki/Partikelfysik" title="Partikelfysik">partikelfysik</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rnfysik" title="Kärnfysik">kärnfysik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistisk_mekanik" title="Statistisk mekanik">statistisk fysik</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kvantf%C3%A4ltteori" title="Kvantfältteori">kvantfältteori</a>. </p><p>Några av de viktigaste experimentella observationerna är upptäckten av avlägsna galaxer liknande vår egen, Hubbles upptäckt av universums expansion, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Penzias" title="Arno Penzias">Penzias</a> och <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilsons</a> upptäckt av den kosmiska bakgrundsstrålningen och senare upptäckten av dess anisotropier av <a href="/wiki/COBE" class="mw-redirect" title="COBE">COBE</a>-satelliten, och <a href="/wiki/Hubbleteleskopet" title="Hubbleteleskopet">Hubbleteleskopets</a> mätningar av galaxers hastigheter. På senare tid har mörk materia upptäckts, <a href="/wiki/WMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="WMAP">WMAP</a>-satelliten har gjort mycket precisa mätningar av bakgrundsstrålningens fluktuationer och studier av avlägsna <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovor</a> har lett till upptäckten av mörk energi – vakuumenergi eller en <a href="/wiki/Kosmologiska_konstanten" title="Kosmologiska konstanten">kosmologisk konstant</a>. </p><p>Den moderna versionen av den kosmologiska standardmodellen kallas också <a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM-modellen" title="Lambda-CDM-modellen">Lambda-CDM-modellen</a>, där Lambda betecknar den <a href="/wiki/Kosmologiska_konstanten" title="Kosmologiska konstanten">kosmologiska konstanten</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rk_energi" title="Mörk energi">mörk energi</a>) och CDM står för <i>Cold Dark Matter</i> (kall mörk materia). Enligt mätningarna består universum till 4 procent av vanlig materia, 23 procent mörk materia och 73 procent mörk energi, så vi känner bara till 4 % av universums beståndsdelar. Mätningarna har också avslöjat att universums expansion accelererar, och att <a href="/wiki/Universums_framtid" title="Universums framtid">universums geometri</a> är flat (till skillnad från stängd eller öppen). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fysikalisk_kosmologi">Fysikalisk kosmologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Fysikalisk kosmologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Fysikalisk kosmologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Se vidare </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrofysik" title="Astrofysik">Astrofysik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_(kosmologi)" title="Inflation (kosmologi)">Inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmisk_bakgrundsstr%C3%A5lning" title="Kosmisk bakgrundsstrålning">Kosmisk bakgrundsstrålning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siunjajev-Zeldovitj-effekten" title="Siunjajev-Zeldovitj-effekten">Siunjajev-Zeldovitj-effekten</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rk_materia" title="Mörk materia">Mörk materia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rk_energi" title="Mörk energi">Mörk energi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universums_framtid" title="Universums framtid">Universums framtid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmologins_tidslinje" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmologins tidslinje">Kosmologins tidslinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antropiska_principen" title="Antropiska principen">Antropiska principen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiska_teorier_inom_fysikalisk_kosmologi">Historiska teorier inom fysikalisk kosmologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historiska teorier inom fysikalisk kosmologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historiska teorier inom fysikalisk kosmologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Innan den <a href="/wiki/Kosmisk_bakgrundsstr%C3%A5lning" title="Kosmisk bakgrundsstrålning">kosmiska bakgrundsstrålningen</a> upptäcktes hade Big Bang-teorin sin största konkurrent i den så kallade <a href="/wiki/Steady_state-teorin" title="Steady state-teorin">Steady state-teorin</a>. Det har också tidigare funnits andra alternativa modeller. Allteftersom fler och exaktare kosmologiska observationer har gjorts har de äldre teorierna alla övergivits till förmån för Big Bang. </p><p>Bland historiska kosmologiska modeller kan nämnas </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steady_state-teorin" title="Steady state-teorin">Steady state-teorin</a>, föreslagen av <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Bondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold" title="Thomas Gold">Gold</a> och <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Hoyle</a>. Denna teori övergavs eftersom den inte kunde förklara den <a href="/wiki/Kosmisk_bakgrundsstr%C3%A5lning" title="Kosmisk bakgrundsstrålning">kosmiska bakgrundsstrålningen</a> på ett tillfredsställande sätt.</li> <li>Den kvasistationära tillståndsteorin (eng. <i>Quasi Steady State</i>) är en modifikation av den ursprungliga Steady state-teorin av Hoyle, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Burbidge" title="Geoffrey Burbidge">Burbidge</a> och <a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein-Alfv%C3%A9ns_kosmologi" title="Klein-Alfvéns kosmologi">Klein-Alfvéns kosmologi</a> (kallas också <i>plasmakosmologi</i>), är en alternativ teori utarbetad av <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a> och <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein" title="Oskar Klein">Oskar Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B6tt_ljus" title="Trött ljus">Trött ljus</a>-teorin (eng. <i>Tired light</i>) är en alternativ teori som försöker förklara <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6df%C3%B6rskjutning" title="Rödförskjutning">rödförskjutningen</a> hos avlägsna objekt med energiförlust hos ljuset istället för universums expansion.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternativa_modeller">Alternativa modeller</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Alternativa modeller" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Alternativa modeller"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det finns alternativa kosmologiska modeller till den kosmologiska <a href="/wiki/Standardmodellen" title="Standardmodellen">standardmodellen</a>. Det rör sig å ena sidan om modeller som motsäger någon av de grundläggande aspekterna av standardmodellen: </p> <ul><li>att universum expanderar,</li> <li>att universum uppstod i det förflutna från ett mycket hett och tätt tillstånd</li> <li>den <a href="/wiki/Kosmologiska_principen" title="Kosmologiska principen">kosmologiska principen</a> att universum är i stort sett homogent och isotropiskt</li> <li>den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kopernikanska_principen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kopernikanska principen [inte skriven än]">Kopernikanska principen</a> att vi inte observerar universum från någon utvald plats,</li></ul> <p>och å andra sidan om alternativa modeller för olika delar av standardmodellen, till exempel alternativ till <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rk_energi" title="Mörk energi">mörk energi</a> eller modeller som kompletterar standardmodellen med en teori för vad som hände innan Big Bang (som den <a href="/wiki/Cykliska_modellen" title="Cykliska modellen">cykliska modellen</a>). Ett exempel på en teori som ämnar ersätta behovet av mörk materia är <a href="/wiki/MOND" class="mw-redirect" title="MOND">MOND</a>, en alternativ <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation">gravitationsteori</a> föreslagen av <a href="/wiki/Mordehai_Milgrom" title="Mordehai Milgrom">Mordehai Milgrom</a> som ersätter behovet av mörk materia med en modifierad gravitationslag på stora avstånd. </p><p>På grund av att det observationella stödet för standardmodellen är mycket starkt är intresset för dessa alternativa modeller i allmänhet inte stort bland kosmologer och astronomer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historisk_bakgrund">Historisk bakgrund</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historisk bakgrund" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historisk bakgrund"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordet "kosmologi" är relativt nytt (det användes först 1730 i <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Wolff">Christian Wolffs</a> <i>Cosmologia Generalis</i>), men studiet av universum har en lång historia i <a href="/wiki/Vetenskap" title="Vetenskap">vetenskap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esoterik" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoterik">esoterik</a> och <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> antog att objekt hade en absolut <a href="/wiki/Hastighet" title="Hastighet">hastighet</a> och att vissa objekt verkligen befann sig i vila medan andra verkligen var i rörelse. Han insåg att det inte finns något sätt att mäta dessa absoluta hastigheter. Newton trodde dock att hans teori var orimlig utan antagandet att det finns absoluta referenspunkter även om de inte kan fastställas. För rotationer anförde han den roterande vattenspannen som ett exempel på absolut rörelse. Om vi kan iaktta en konkav vattenyta är det möjligt att påstå att spannen roterar i en absolut mening. </p><p>På 1800-talet formulerade <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> en uppsättning ekvationer – <a href="/wiki/Maxwells_f%C3%A4ltekvationer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwells fältekvationer">Maxwells fältekvationer</a> – som visade att ljus beter sig som en elektromagnetisk våg som färdas med konstant hastighet genom rummet (som fortfarande kunde antas vara absolut, innehålla en "<a href="/wiki/Eter_(fysik)" title="Eter (fysik)">eter</a>" som medium för ljusets utbredning). Detta tycktes innebära ett sätt att undvika problemen med Newtons relativitet. Genom att mäta <a href="/wiki/Ljusets_hastighet" title="Ljusets hastighet">ljushastigheten</a> för ljus utsänt från objekt i olika rörelsetillstånd skulle dessa objekts hastighet relativt det absoluta rummet kunna fastställas. Försök gjorda av <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morleys_experiment" title="Michelson–Morleys experiment">Michelson och Morley</a> mot slutet av 1800-talet gav dock det entydiga resultatet att ljusets hastighet var oberoende av dessa rörelsetillstånd. </p><p>Einstein kom på teoretisk väg fram till detta resultat, som han publicerade 1905 i sin uppsats <i>Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper</i> (Om <a href="/wiki/Elektrodynamik" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektrodynamik">elektrodynamiken</a> hos kroppar i rörelse). </p><p>Den <a href="/wiki/Speciella_relativitetsteorin" title="Speciella relativitetsteorin">speciella relativitetsteorin</a> (formulerad av <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> 1905) utgick från <a href="/wiki/Postulat" title="Postulat">postulatet</a> att ljusets hastighet är densamma för alla observatörer. Den gjorde mekanikens ekvationer konsistenta med avseende på observationer gjorda av observatörer i likformig relativ rörelse, vilket krävde att avstånd och tid var variabla, var olika för olika observatörer. Det var därmed inte längre möjligt att betrakta rum och tid som åtskilda utan endast som delar av ett enhetligt fyrdimensionellt system, en "<a href="/wiki/Rumtid" title="Rumtid">rumtid</a>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Speciella_relativitetsteorin" title="Speciella relativitetsteorin">Speciella relativitetsteorin</a> behandlar system som befinner sig i likformig relativ rörelse. Enligt teorin finns det inget sätt att avgöra att något sådant system skulle ha en särställning. Det finns därför inte någon meningsfull tolkning av påståendet att ett system "är i vila". Det är detta förhållande som ordet relativitet syftar på. Det är inte möjligt att på ett fysikaliskt meningsfullt sätt tala om ett objekts <a href="/wiki/Hastighet" title="Hastighet">hastighet</a> och <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> utan att först välja en referensram, definiera ett <a href="/wiki/Koordinatsystem" title="Koordinatsystem">koordinatsystem</a> i rummet, som objektets rörelse relateras till. </p><p>Den allmänna relativitetsteorin kombinerar relativitet med ekvivalensprincipen, nämligen principen att man i ett lokalt system inte kan särskilja effekterna av gravitation och likformig acceleration. Detta leder till att rumtidens geometri beror på förekomsten av materia och energi: materia/energi ger upphov till en krökt rumtid. Partiklar som färdas fritt i denna krökta rumtid rör sig därmed under inflytande av gravitationen som inte längre kan anses vara en kraft utan är en egenskap hos rummet. Gravitationen är universell i den meningen att den påverkar alla kroppar på samma sätt, till skillnad från andra krafter som till exempel den elektromagnetiska kraften. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFP._J._E._Peebles1993">P. J. E. Peebles (1993). <i><span>Principles of Physical Cosmology</span></i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-691-01933-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-691-01933-9">ISBN 0-691-01933-9</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Physical+Cosmology&rft.aulast=P.+J.+E.+Peebles&rft.au=P.+J.+E.+Peebles&rft.date=1993&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kosmologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFJ._A._Peacock1998">J. A. Peacock (1998). <i><span>Cosmological Physics</span></i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-521-42270-1" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-521-42270-1">ISBN 0-521-42270-1</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmological+Physics&rft.aulast=J.+A.+Peacock&rft.au=J.+A.+Peacock&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kosmologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFS._Dodelson2003">S. Dodelson (2003). <i><span>Modern Cosmology</span></i> (2nd ed). San Diego: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-12-219141-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-12-219141-2">ISBN 0-12-219141-2</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Cosmology&rft.aulast=S.+Dodelson&rft.au=S.+Dodelson&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=2nd+ed&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kosmologi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmologi&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cosmology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cosmology">Kosmologi</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cosmology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cosmology">Bilder & media</a></div></li> <li>Ned Wright: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmolog.htm">Cosmology tutorial and FAQ</a></li> <li>Sean Carroll: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217232555/http://preposterousuniverse.com/writings/cosmologyprimer/">Cosmology Primer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/medievalcosmology.htm">Medeltida Kosmologi (eng)</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title 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autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Universum" title="Mall:Universum"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Universum&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Universum" title="Universum">Universum</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosmologi</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Universums_historia" title="Universums historia">Universums historia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Universums_framtid" title="Universums framtid">Universums framtid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Universums_expansion" title="Universums expansion">Universums expansion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Universums_accelererande_expansion" title="Universums accelererande expansion">Universums accelererande expansion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Big_bang" title="Big bang">Big bang</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM-modellen" title="Lambda-CDM-modellen">Lambda-CDM-modellen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Steady_state-teorin" title="Steady state-teorin">Steady state</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Statiskt_universum" title="Statiskt universum">Statiskt universum</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B6tt_ljus" title="Trött ljus">Trött ljus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rk_materia" title="Mörk materia">Mörk materia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rk_energi" title="Mörk energi">Mörk energi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Negativ_energi" title="Negativ energi">Negativ energi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tillst%C3%A5ndsekvation_(kosmologi)" title="Tillståndsekvation (kosmologi)">Tillståndsekvation</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kosmisk_avst%C3%A5ndsstege" title="Kosmisk avståndsstege">Kosmisk avståndsstege</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Maskh%C3%A5l" title="Maskhål">Maskhål</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vitt_h%C3%A5l" title="Vitt hål">Vitt hål</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gaiateori" title="Gaiateori">Gaiateori</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kosmologisk_dekad" title="Kosmologisk dekad">Kosmologisk dekad</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Partikelkluster i vakuum</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4r" title="Atmosfär">Atmosfär</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Solvind" title="Solvind">Solvind</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kosmiska_partiklar" title="Kosmiska partiklar">Kosmiska partiklar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kosmisk_bakgrundsstr%C3%A5lning" title="Kosmisk bakgrundsstrålning">Kosmisk bakgrundsstrålning</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Asteroidb%C3%A4ltet" title="Asteroidbältet">Asteroidbältet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rnhop" title="Stjärnhop">Stjärnhop</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Solsystem" title="Solsystem">Solsystem</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Galaxhop" title="Galaxhop">Galaxhop</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Galaxrelaterade artiklar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Galax" title="Galax">Galax</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Laniakeasuperhopen" title="Laniakeasuperhopen">Laniakeasuperhopen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Virgosuperhopen" title="Virgosuperhopen">Virgosuperhopen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kvasar" title="Kvasar">Kvasar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vintergatan" title="Vintergatan">Vintergatan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Seyfertgalax" title="Seyfertgalax">Seyfert</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Radiogalax" title="Radiogalax">Radiogalax</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Starburstgalax" title="Starburstgalax">Starburstgalax</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Aktiv_galaxk%C3%A4rna" title="Aktiv galaxkärna">Aktiv galaxkärna</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Stjärnrelaterade artiklar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">Astronomi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Astrofysik" title="Astrofysik">Astrofysik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Protostj%C3%A4rna" title="Protostjärna">Protostjärna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Brun_dv%C3%A4rg" title="Brun dvärg">Brun dvärg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vit_dv%C3%A4rg" title="Vit dvärg">Vit dvärg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rna" title="Stjärna">Stjärna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6d_j%C3%A4tte" title="Röd jätte">Röd jätte</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Dubbelstj%C3%A4rna" title="Dubbelstjärna">Dubbelstjärna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Neutronstj%C3%A4rna" title="Neutronstjärna">Neutronstjärna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kvarkstj%C3%A4rna" title="Kvarkstjärna">Kvarkstjärna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Svart_h%C3%A5l" title="Svart hål">Svart hål</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ackretionsskiva" title="Ackretionsskiva">Ackretionsskiva</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Stjärnfenomen</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Olbers_paradox" title="Olbers paradox">Olbers paradox</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhargr%C3%A4nsen" title="Chandrasekhargränsen">Chandrasekhargränsen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nberg-Chandrasekhar-gr%C3%A4nsen" title="Schönberg-Chandrasekhar-gränsen">Schönberg-Chandrasekhar-gränsen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Eddington-luminositet" title="Eddington-luminositet">Eddington-luminositet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ultralumin%C3%B6s_r%C3%B6ntgenk%C3%A4lla" title="Ultraluminös röntgenkälla">Ultraluminös röntgenkälla</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gammablixt" title="Gammablixt">Gammablixt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Neutrinoastronomi" title="Neutrinoastronomi">Neutrinoastronomi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nukleosyntes" title="Nukleosyntes">Nukleosyntes</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Mindre himlakroppar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5ne" title="Måne">Måne</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Komet" title="Komet">Komet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">meteor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteorit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eldkula" title="Eldkula">eldkula</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5planet" title="Småplanet">Småplaneter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dv%C3%A4rgplanet" title="Dvärgplanet">dvärgplanet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Rymdfart</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Rymdfart" title="Rymdfart">Rymdfart</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdfarkost" title="Rymdfarkost">Rymdfarkost</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdraket" title="Rymdraket">Rymdraket</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdf%C3%A4rja" title="Rymdfärja">Rymdfärja</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdsond" title="Rymdsond">Rymdsond</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdstation" title="Rymdstation">Rymdstation</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdfarare" title="Rymdfarare">Rymdfarare</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Övrigt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Himmel" title="Himmel">Himmel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Himlakropp" title="Himlakropp">Himlakropp</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Naturlig_satellit" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturlig satellit">Satellit</a> (drabant)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Omloppsbana" title="Omloppsbana">Omloppsbana</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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