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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Correction_of_the_original_Āḷvār_(ஆள்வார்)_to_Āḻvār_(ஆழ்வார்)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correction_of_the_original_Āḷvār_(ஆள்வார்)_to_Āḻvār_(ஆழ்வார்)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Correction of the original Āḷvār (ஆள்வார்) to Āḻvār (ஆழ்வார்)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correction_of_the_original_Āḷvār_(ஆள்வார்)_to_Āḻvār_(ஆழ்வார்)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_by_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_by_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reception by scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_by_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varnas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varnas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Varnas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varnas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="অলবর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অলবর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_(Hinduismus)" title="Alvar (Hinduismus) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alvar (Hinduismus)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_(hinduismo)" title="Alvar (hinduismo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alvar (hinduismo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar" title="Alvar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alvar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="आलवार सन्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आलवार सन्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80%E1%B8%BBv%C4%81r" title="Āḻvār – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Āḻvār" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಆಳ್ವಾರರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಳ್ವಾರರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarai" title="Alvarai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alvarai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lv%C3%A1rok" title="Álvárok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Álvárok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="ആഴ്‌വാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഴ്‌വാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="आळ्वार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आळ्वार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwarowie" title="Alwarowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alwarowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvares_(hindu%C3%ADsmo)" title="Alvares (hinduísmo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alvares (hinduísmo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Альвары – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альвары" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆழ்வார்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆழ்வார்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఆళ్వారులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆళ్వారులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Альвари – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альвари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q448316#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Alvars%22">"Alvars"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Alvars%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Alvars%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Alvars%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Alvars%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Alvars%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tamil poet-saints of South India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Indian city in Rajasthan, see <a href="/wiki/Alwar" title="Alwar">Alwar</a>. For the village in Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Alvars,_Iran" title="Alvars, Iran">Alvars, Iran</a>. For the 2007 Indian Tamil film, see <a href="/wiki/Aalwar" title="Aalwar">Aalwar</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFC569; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Alvar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;margin:auto;width:200px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:100px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:100px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nammazhwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nammazhwar.jpg/100px-Nammazhwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nammazhwar.jpg/150px-Nammazhwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nammazhwar.jpg/200px-Nammazhwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="408" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></div></td><td style="width:100px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:100px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Saint_Andal_LACMA_M.86.94.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Saint_Andal_LACMA_M.86.94.2.jpg/52px-The_Saint_Andal_LACMA_M.86.94.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="52" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Saint_Andal_LACMA_M.86.94.2.jpg/79px-The_Saint_Andal_LACMA_M.86.94.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Saint_Andal_LACMA_M.86.94.2.jpg/105px-The_Saint_Andal_LACMA_M.86.94.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:100px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:100px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg/36px-Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="36" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg/54px-Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg/73px-Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Thiruppaan_Alvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppaan Alvar">Thiruppaan Alvar</a></div></td><td style="width:100px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:100px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yathothkari_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Yathothkari_%288%29.jpg/100px-Yathothkari_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Yathothkari_%288%29.jpg/150px-Yathothkari_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Yathothkari_%288%29.jpg/200px-Yathothkari_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Poigai_Alvar" title="Poigai Alvar">Poigai Alvar</a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:100px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:100px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg/45px-Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg/67px-Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg/90px-Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="992" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Thondaradippodi_Alvar" title="Thondaradippodi Alvar">Thondaradippodi Alvar</a></div></td><td style="width:100px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:100px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirumangai_Alvar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Thirumangai_Alvar.jpg/75px-Thirumangai_Alvar.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Thirumangai_Alvar.jpg/112px-Thirumangai_Alvar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Thirumangai_Alvar.jpg/150px-Thirumangai_Alvar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Thirumangai_Alvar" title="Thirumangai Alvar">Thirumangai Alvar</a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:100px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:100px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kulasekhara_Alwar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kulasekhara_Alwar.png/39px-Kulasekhara_Alwar.png" decoding="async" width="39" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kulasekhara_Alwar.png/59px-Kulasekhara_Alwar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kulasekhara_Alwar.png/78px-Kulasekhara_Alwar.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Kulasekhara_Alvar" title="Kulasekhara Alvar">Kulasekhara Alvar</a></div></td><td style="width:100px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:100px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Periazhwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Periazhwar.jpg/89px-Periazhwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Periazhwar.jpg/133px-Periazhwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Periazhwar.jpg/177px-Periazhwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Periyalvar" title="Periyalvar">Periyalvar</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Organization</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Philosophy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Religious career</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Regional Vaishnava movements<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Alvars</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">ஆழ்வார்</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Āḻvār</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'The Immersed') were the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> poet-saints of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> who espoused <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i> (devotion) to the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> preserver deity <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, in their songs of longing, ecstasy, and service.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are venerated in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, which regards Vishnu as the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Ultimate Reality</a>. </p><p>Many modern academics place the lifetime of the Alvars between the 5th century and 9th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the Alvars are considered to have lived between 4200 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span> and 2700 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span>. Orthodoxy posits the number of Alvars as ten, though there are other references that include <a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhurakavi_Alvar" title="Madhurakavi Alvar">Madhurakavi Alvar</a>, making the number 12.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andal is the only female Alvar among the 12. Together with the contemporary 63 <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a> <a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a>, they are among the most important saints from Tamil Nadu. </p><p>The devotional outpourings of the Alvars, composed during the early medieval period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">Tamil history</a>, were the catalysts behind the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti Movement</a> through their hymns of worship to Vishnu and his avatars. They praised the <a href="/wiki/Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">Divya Desams</a>, the 108 divine realms of deities affiliated to Vaishnavism. The poetry of the Alvars echoes <i>bhakti</i> to God through love, and in the ecstasy of such devotions they sang hundreds of songs which embodied both depth of feeling and the felicity of expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection of their hymns is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i>. The <i>bhakti</i> literature that sprang from Alvars has contributed to the establishment and sustenance of a culture that deviated from the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a> and rooted itself in devotion as the only path for salvation. In addition, they contributed to Tamil devotional verses independent of a knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Alvars_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Alvars-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a part of the legacy of the Alvars, five Vaishnavite philosophical traditions (<i><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradayas</a></i>) developed over a period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittal2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittal2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Vaishnavism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/220px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/440px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Supreme deity</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Important deities</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Holy scriptures</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Sampradayas</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Teachers—acharyas</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Related traditions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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Palaniappan cites inscriptional evidence and even literary evidence from Vaishnavaite tradition itself for a gradual sound change from Āḷvār (ஆள்வார்) to Āḻvār (ஆழ்வார்) over a period of two centuries from the 9th to the 11th century involving references to religious leaders in Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism and even Jainism and to political personalities. He states: "āḻvār is but a corrupt form of āḷvār which has been used interchangeably with nāyanār in secular and religious contexts in the Tamil land" and "... Notwithstanding the Vaiṣṇava claim of unbroken teacher-student tradition, the fact that Nāthamuni has used the form āļvār but Piļļān, a disciple and younger cousin of Rāmānuja, ended up using the form āḻvār suggests that there has been an error in transmission somewhere along the teacher-student chain between the two teachers. This error was obviously due to the influence of the sound variation that has occurred in the Srirangam area and elsewhere". </p><p>The original word ஆள்வார் compares with the epithet 'Āṇḍãḷ' (ஆண்டாள்) for the female canonized Vaishnava saint Gōdai (கோதை) and they share the same verb Tamil. āḷ (ஆள், to rule), the former being the honorific non-past (or present-future) form and the latter the feminine past form of that same verb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception_by_scholars">Reception by scholars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception by scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palaniappan's findings on 'Āḻvār' have been accepted by scholars like Prof. Alexander Dubyanskiy. In his article on Āṇṭāḷ, Dubyanskiy says,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Āṇṭāḷ was among the twelve Āḻvārs, the poet-saints, adepts of Viṣṇu, canonized by the tradition, which accepted the interpretation of meaning of the word āḻvār as "submerged, plunged [in love for god]", from the verbal root āḻ, "to plunge, to be in the deep". But recently it was convincingly shown by S. Palaniappan (2004) that initially the term in question was represented by the word āḷvār (from the verbal root āḷ "to rule"), which reads as "those who rule, lords", and was applied in the texts, both Śaiva and Vaiṣṇava, to Śiva and Viṣṇu accordingly (pp. 66–70). In the course of time the term underwent the process of sound variation, took the form āḻvār and acquired the folk etymology which was accepted and fixed by the tradition. It is worth noting here that this interpretation agrees well with the meaning of the poetess' nickname Āṇṭāḷ, which means "she who rules". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend">Legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Alvars are considered the twelve supreme devotees of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a>, who were instrumental in popularising <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> in the Tamil-speaking regions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alvars were influential in promoting the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> cult and the two Hindu epics, the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabaratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabaratha">Mahabharata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The religious works of these saints in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, and their hymns, are compiled as the <i><a href="/wiki/Nalayira_Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a>,</i> containing 4000 verses, and the 108 temples revered in their hymns are classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Divya_desam" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya desam">Divya Desams</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalal21_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal21-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verses of the various <i>Alvars</i> were compiled by <a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a> (824–924 CE), a 9th-century Vaishnavite theologian, who called it the "Dravida Veda or Tamil Veda".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garg_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The songs of the <i>Prabandam</i> are regularly sung in various Vishnu temples of South India, daily, and also during festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalal21_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal21-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legendary birth of the Alvars is traced to an event in the mid-<a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a>, due to a heated debate between <a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a> (the divine architect of the gods) and <a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a> (a sage) about the superiority of the Sanskrit or the Tamil language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the midst of this debate, Agastya gets furious, which makes him curse the former that at some point of time, one of his pieces of architecture would be destroyed (a contemporary to <a href="/wiki/Gandhari_(Mahabharata)" title="Gandhari (Mahabharata)">Gandhari's</a> curse to <a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvaraka</a>) and would never be recovered. (Some sources say Agastya curses Vishvakarma for Sanskrit to lose its fame, as the curse became true in the present <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Enraged, Vishvakarma curses Agastya in turn that his most favourite language (Tamil) would be tarnished in the future.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Agastya, feeling guilty regarding his actions, is offered a divine vision of Vishnu, who promises him that Tamil would regain its prestige, and that a Tamil Veda would emerge. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra</a> war, the decline of Dvaraka, and Krishna's death at the hands of the hunter Jara, Krishna, as Vishnu resumes his residence at his abode in <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a>, sowing the seeds of the <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a>. He becomes worried about the people of the Kali Yuga. His attributes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Sudarshana Chakra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Panchajanya" title="Panchajanya">Panchajanya</a>, enquire the reason for his anxiety, and he confides his fears to them. The Sudarshana Chakra suggests that he slice the head of all the people who refuse <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, to which Vishnu smiles and refuses. Vishnu decides that his <i>amshas</i> (parts of his identity) would be incarnated as humans on earth, and teach them the path of righteousness and devotion to him. These amshas happily accepted their birth as the twelve Alvars, aligning with the boon given to Agastya, and also became a role model for the human beings who came later in the Kali Yuga. </p><p>Fulfilling the promise that Vishnu made to Agastya, Nammalvar (Regarded to be an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vishvaksena" title="Vishvaksena">Vishvaksena</a>) is credited for converting the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> to 100 poems called the <i><a href="/wiki/Tiruviruttam" title="Tiruviruttam">Tiruviruttam</a>,</i> the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> as <i>Thiruvarshiyam,</i> and the Sama Veda as <i><a href="/wiki/Tiruvaymoli" title="Tiruvaymoli">Tiruvaymoli</a></i> in 1000 verses (poems). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:294px;max-width:294px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiruthankal_temple_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Thiruthankal_temple_%287%29.jpg/292px-Thiruthankal_temple_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Thiruthankal_temple_%287%29.jpg/438px-Thiruthankal_temple_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Thiruthankal_temple_%287%29.jpg/584px-Thiruthankal_temple_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Murtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtis">Murtis</a> of the Alvars, Ninra Narayana temple: (From the left: Bhootathalvar, Peyalvar, Nammalvar, and Tirumangai Alvar, also featuring Ramanuja)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:294px;max-width:294px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiruthankal_temple_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Thiruthankal_temple_%288%29.jpg/292px-Thiruthankal_temple_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Thiruthankal_temple_%288%29.jpg/438px-Thiruthankal_temple_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Thiruthankal_temple_%288%29.jpg/584px-Thiruthankal_temple_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Murtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtis">Murtis</a> of the Alvars, Ninra Narayana temple: (From the left: Periyalvar, Tirumalisai Alvar, Tiruppan Alvar, Tondaradippodi Alvar, Kulashekara Alvar, and Madhurakavi Alvar, also featuring Nathamuni)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varnas">Varnas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Varnas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The saints had different origins and belonged to different <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varnas</a>. As per tradition, the first three Alvars, Poigai Alvar, Bhuthath Alvar, Peyalvar and Andal were born miraculously i.e., they were not given birth. Thirumalisai Alvar was the son of a sage Bhargava; Thondaradipodi Alvar, Mathurakavi Alvar, Perialvar were <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>; Kulasekhara was a <a href="/wiki/Kshatria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshatria">Kshatriya</a>; Nammalvar was from a <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a> (cultivator) <a href="/wiki/Vellalar" title="Vellalar">vellalar</a> family; Thirupanalvar was from the <a href="/wiki/Avarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Avarna">Avarna</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Panar" title="Tamil Panar">Tamil Panar</a></i> community; and Thirumangai Alvar was a <a href="/wiki/Kshatria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshatria">Kshatriya</a> <a href="/wiki/Kallar_(caste)" title="Kallar (caste)">Kallar</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Vaishnavities consider only the main 10 Alvars (except Andal and Madhurakavi Alvar) while others include these two in the list too. Srirangam is the only Divya Desam that was glorified commonly by the 12 Alvars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temple records and inscriptions give a detailed account of the Alvars and their works. According to these texts, the saints were considered incarnations of some form of Vishnu. Few of them are: </p> <ol><li><i>Divya Suri Charitam</i> by Garuda-Vahana Pandita (11th century)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Guruparamparaprabavam</i> by Pinbazhagiya Perumal Jiyar</li> <li><i>Periya tiru mudi adaivu</i> by Anbillai Kandadiappan</li> <li><i>Yatindra Pranava Prabavam</i> by Pillai Lokam Jiyar</li> <li>commentaries on <i>Divya Prabandam</i></li> <li>Guru Parampara (lineage of Gurus) texts</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to traditional account by <a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a>, the first three <i>Alvars</i> namely Poigai Alvar, Bhoothath Alvar and Pey Alvar belong to <i><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a></i> (even before the birth of Krishna, i.e., before 4200 BCE). It is widely accepted by tradition and historians that the trio are the earliest among the twelve Alvars.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalal21_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal21-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-James_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the three Saiva <a href="/wiki/Nayanmars" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayanmars">Nayanmars</a>, they influenced the ruling <a href="/wiki/Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava">Pallava</a> kings, creating a Bhakti movement that resulted in changing the religious geography from <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> to these two sects of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> in the region (even though Buddhism did not exist until 5th century BCE). </p><p>After the era of the Alvars, a few of the poems from the Divya Prabandham were said to be lost. Nathmuni in the 10th century is said to have gone on search for these lost works. He is said to have been blessed with the revelation of three short works by Nammalvar and around 20 poems composed by other poets.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some modern scholars suggest that they lived during 5th – 9th century CE, "on the basis of a few historical evidences", although no "clear" evidence exists to place them between the 5th to the 9th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Chari_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chari-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> says that Alvars lived between 7th and 10th centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor of Religion and Asian Studies, James G. Lochtefeld of <a href="/wiki/Carthage_College" title="Carthage College">Carthage College</a>, notes in his <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>, the first three Alvars Poigai, Bhoothath and Pey belonged to the 7th century; while Nammalvar and Madhurakavi belonged to the 10th century; while the rest of them lived in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally the Alvars are considered to have lived between 4200 BCE and 2700 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some texts account for range between 4200 BCE and early 10th century. Traditional dates take them to the age of <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Shuka</a> from the period of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, the first four (<a href="/wiki/Poigai_Alvar" title="Poigai Alvar">Poigai</a> Alvar, <a href="/wiki/Bhoothath_Alvar" title="Bhoothath Alvar">Bhoothathalvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pey_Alvar" title="Pey Alvar">Peyalvar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thirumalisai_Alvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumalisai Alvar">Thirumalisai</a> Alvar) are from <i><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a></i>, while <a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhurakavi_Alvar" title="Madhurakavi Alvar">Madhurakavi Alvar</a> and others belong to <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table shows the place, century and star of birth of each Alvar. Scholarly dating, except that of Kulasekhara Alvar, is based on summary of views of modern scholars by Dr. N Subba Reddiar, although even these dates lack historical evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Chari_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chari-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much effort has gone into dating Kulasekhara Alvar recently. The Alvar is now tentatively identified as <a href="/wiki/Sthanu_Ravi_Kulasekhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara">Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara</a> (reigned c. 844/45–870/71 CE), the first known ruler of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cheras</a> kings of Kerala.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:22_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sl no </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Alvar Saint </th> <th>Modern dating<sup id="cite_ref-Chari_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chari-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Traditional date<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and place </th> <th>Composition </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Calendar#The_Months_of_a_Tamil_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Calendar">Month</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nakshatra" title="Nakshatra">Nakshatra</a> </th> <th>Avatar of </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poigai_Alvar_-_Sri_Appan_Venkatachalapati_Temple,_Cheranmahadevi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Poigai_Alvar_-_Sri_Appan_Venkatachalapati_Temple%2C_Cheranmahadevi.jpg/143px-Poigai_Alvar_-_Sri_Appan_Venkatachalapati_Temple%2C_Cheranmahadevi.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Poigai_Alvar_-_Sri_Appan_Venkatachalapati_Temple%2C_Cheranmahadevi.jpg/215px-Poigai_Alvar_-_Sri_Appan_Venkatachalapati_Temple%2C_Cheranmahadevi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Poigai_Alvar_-_Sri_Appan_Venkatachalapati_Temple%2C_Cheranmahadevi.jpg/286px-Poigai_Alvar_-_Sri_Appan_Venkatachalapati_Temple%2C_Cheranmahadevi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="4584" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poigai_Alvar" title="Poigai Alvar">Poigai Alvar</a> </td> <td>713 CE </td> <td>4203 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> </td> <td><i>Mutal Tiruvantati</i>, 100 verses. </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Calendar">Aippasi</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Shravana" title="Shravana">Thiruvonam (Sravana)</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panchajanya" title="Panchajanya">Panchajanya</a> (Vishnu's <a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">conch</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BhoothAlvar_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/BhoothAlvar_cropped.jpg/106px-BhoothAlvar_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/BhoothAlvar_cropped.jpg/159px-BhoothAlvar_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/BhoothAlvar_cropped.jpg/212px-BhoothAlvar_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhoothath_Alvar" title="Bhoothath Alvar">Bhoothath Alvar</a> </td> <td>713 CE </td> <td>4203 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Thirukadalmallai (Mahabhalipuram)</a> </td> <td><i>Irandam Tiruvantati</i>, 100 verses. </td> <td><i>Aippasi</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanishta" title="Dhanishta">Avittam (Dhanishta)</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaumodaki" title="Kaumodaki">Kaumodaki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">mace</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pey_Alvar_PBA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pey_Alvar_PBA.jpg/108px-Pey_Alvar_PBA.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pey_Alvar_PBA.jpg/162px-Pey_Alvar_PBA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Pey_Alvar_PBA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pey_Alvar" title="Pey Alvar">Pey Alvar</a> </td> <td>713 CE </td> <td>4203 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a> </td> <td><i>Moondram Tiruvantati</i>, 100 verses. </td> <td><i>Aippasi</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Shatabhisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatabhisha">Sadayam (Shatabhisha)</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nandaka" title="Nandaka">Nandaka</a> (Vishnu's sword) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirumazhsai_Alvar_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Thirumazhsai_Alvar_cropped.jpg/215px-Thirumazhsai_Alvar_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Thirumazhsai_Alvar_cropped.jpg/323px-Thirumazhsai_Alvar_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Thirumazhsai_Alvar_cropped.jpg/430px-Thirumazhsai_Alvar_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thirumalisai_Alvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumalisai Alvar">Thirumalisai Alvar</a> </td> <td>720 CE </td> <td>3102 BCE <a href="/wiki/Thirumazhisai" title="Thirumazhisai">Thirumalisai</a> </td> <td><i>Nanmugan Tiruvantati</i>, 96 verses; <i>Thiruchanda Virutham</i>, 120 verses. </td> <td><i>Thai</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Magh%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghā">Magam (Maghā)</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Sudarshana Chakra</a> (Vishnu's <a href="/wiki/Discus" class="mw-redirect" title="Discus">discus</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalamegaperumal1_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kalamegaperumal1_%282%29.jpg/192px-Kalamegaperumal1_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kalamegaperumal1_%282%29.jpg/288px-Kalamegaperumal1_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kalamegaperumal1_%282%29.jpg/384px-Kalamegaperumal1_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a> </td> <td>798 CE </td> <td>3059 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Alwarthirunagiri" title="Alwarthirunagiri">Alwarthirunagiri (Kurugur)</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruvaymoli" title="Tiruvaymoli">Tiruvaymoli</a></i>, 1102 verses; <i>Thiruvasiriyam</i>, 7 verses; <i><a href="/wiki/Tiruviruttam" title="Tiruviruttam">Tiruviruttam</a></i>, 100 verses; <i>Periya Tiruvantati</i>, 87 verses. </td> <td><i>Vaikasi</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Vish%C4%81kh%C4%81" title="Vishākhā">Vishakam (Vishākhā)</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishvaksena" title="Vishvaksena">Vishvaksena</a> (Vishnu's commander) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madurakavi_Alvar_PBA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Madurakavi_Alvar_PBA.jpg/149px-Madurakavi_Alvar_PBA.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Madurakavi_Alvar_PBA.jpg/224px-Madurakavi_Alvar_PBA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Madurakavi_Alvar_PBA.jpg/299px-Madurakavi_Alvar_PBA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhurakavi_Alvar" title="Madhurakavi Alvar">Madhurakavi Alvar</a> </td> <td>800 CE </td> <td>3049 BCE, Thirukollur </td> <td><i>Kanninun Siruthambu</i>, 11 verses. </td> <td><i>Chittirai</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Chithra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chithra">Chittirai (Chithra)</a></i> </td> <td>Kumuda Ganesha (Vishvaksena's disciple) or <a href="/wiki/Padma_(Vishnu)" title="Padma (Vishnu)">Padma (Lotus)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kulasekhara_Alwar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kulasekhara_Alwar.png/84px-Kulasekhara_Alwar.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kulasekhara_Alwar.png/126px-Kulasekhara_Alwar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kulasekhara_Alwar.png/168px-Kulasekhara_Alwar.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kulasekhara_Alvar" title="Kulasekhara Alvar">Kulasekhara Alvar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sthanu_Ravi_Kulasekhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara">Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara</a>?<b><sup id="cite_ref-:22_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b>) </td> <td>9th century CE<sup id="cite_ref-:22_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3075 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvanchikulam_Temple" title="Thiruvanchikulam Temple">Thiruvanchikulam</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Perumal_Tirumoli" title="Perumal Tirumoli">Perumal Tirumoli</a></i>, 105 verses. </td> <td><i>Māsi</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Punarvasu" title="Punarvasu">Punar Poosam (Punarvasu)</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaustubha" title="Kaustubha">Kaustubha</a> (Vishnu's jewel embedded in his necklace) </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periazhwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Periazhwar.jpg/191px-Periazhwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Periazhwar.jpg/286px-Periazhwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Periazhwar.jpg/381px-Periazhwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Periyalvar" title="Periyalvar">Periyalvar</a> </td> <td>785 CE </td> <td>3056 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur" title="Srivilliputhur">Srivilliputhur</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Periyalvar_Tirumoli" title="Periyalvar Tirumoli">Periyalvar Tirumoli</a></i>, 461 verses. </td> <td><i>Āni</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Svati" title="Svati">Svati</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> (Vishnu's <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">mount</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NarayanaTirumala5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NarayanaTirumala5.JPG/161px-NarayanaTirumala5.JPG" decoding="async" width="161" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NarayanaTirumala5.JPG/242px-NarayanaTirumala5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NarayanaTirumala5.JPG/322px-NarayanaTirumala5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a> </td> <td>767 CE </td> <td>3005 BCE, Srivilliputhur </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Nachiyar_Thirumozhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nachiyar Thirumozhi">Nachiyar Tirumoli</a></i>, 143 verses; <i><a href="/wiki/Thiruppavai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppavai">Thiruppavai</a></i>, 30 verses. </td> <td><i>Ādi</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%ABrva_Phalgun%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pūrva Phalgunī (page does not exist)">Pooram (Pūrva Phalgunī)</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhudevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhudevi">Bhudevi</a> (Lakshmi's aspect as the earth goddess) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg/97px-Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg/146px-Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg/194px-Thondaradipodi_Azhwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thondaradippodi_Alvar" title="Thondaradippodi Alvar">Thondaradippodi Alvar</a> </td> <td>726 CE </td> <td>2814 BCE, Thirumandangudi </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tirum%C4%81lai" title="Tirumālai">Tirumālai</a></i>, 45 verses; <i><a href="/wiki/Tirupalliye%E1%B8%BBuchi" title="Tirupalliyeḻuchi">Tirupalliḻeuchi</a></i>, 10 verses. </td> <td><i>Mārgaḻi</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Jyeshta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyeshta">Kettai (Jyeshta)</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaijayanti" title="Vaijayanti">Vanamalai</a> (Vishnu's <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garland</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg/78px-Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg/117px-Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg/156px-Thirupaan_Azhwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiruppaan_Alvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppaan Alvar">Thiruppaan Alvar</a> </td> <td>781 CE </td> <td>2760 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Uraiyur" title="Uraiyur">Uraiyur</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Amalanadhipiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalanadhipiran">Amalandhipiran</a></i>, 10 verses. </td> <td><i>Kārtikai</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(nakshatra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohini (nakshatra)">Rohini</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivatsa">Srivatsa</a> (An auspicious mark on Vishnu's chest) </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirumangai_Azhwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thirumangai_Azhwar.jpg/104px-Thirumangai_Azhwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thirumangai_Azhwar.jpg/157px-Thirumangai_Azhwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thirumangai_Azhwar.jpg/209px-Thirumangai_Azhwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thirumangai_Alvar" title="Thirumangai Alvar">Thirumangai Alvar</a> </td> <td>776 CE (Contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Nandivarman_II" title="Nandivarman II">Nandivarman II</a> (731 CE - 796 CE) as mentioned in his Hymns) <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2706 BCE, Thirukurayalur </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Periya_Tirumoli" title="Periya Tirumoli">Periya Tirumoli</a></i>, 1084 verses; <i>Thiru Veḻukootru irukkai</i>, 1 verse; <i>Thiru Kurun Thandagam</i>, 20 verses; <i>Thiru Nedun Thandagam</i>, 30 verses; <i>Siriya Tirumadal</i>, 40 verses; <i>Periya Tirumadal</i>, 78 verses; </td> <td><i>Kārtikai</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%9Bttik%C4%81" title="Kṛttikā">Krithika (Kṛttikā)</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharanga_(Hindu_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharanga (Hindu mythology)">Sharanga</a> (Vishnu's bow) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti movements">Bhakti movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_mythology" title="Tamil mythology">Tamil mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&dq=alvars+influenced+vaishnavism&pg=PA625"><i>Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia</i></a>. Abc-Clio. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576073551" title="Special:BookSources/9781576073551"><bdi>9781576073551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+People+of+the+World%3A+A+Cross-cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781576073551&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5cQH17-HnMC%26dq%3Dalvars%2Binfluenced%2Bvaishnavism%26pg%3DPA625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_Nippard" class="citation web cs1">Andrea Nippard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001609/http://www.mahavidya.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Nippard-Andrea-The-Alvars-Yes.pdf">"The Alvars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahavidya.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Nippard-Andrea-The-Alvars-Yes.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Alvars&rft.au=Andrea+Nippard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahavidya.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F05%2FNippard-Andrea-The-Alvars-Yes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasa_Chari1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasa Chari, S. M. (6 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC"><i>Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120813427" title="Special:BookSources/9788120813427"><bdi>9788120813427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Theistic+Mysticism+of+the+%C4%80l%CC%B2v%C4%81rs&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1997-10-06&rft.isbn=9788120813427&rft.aulast=Srinivasa+Chari&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TwHhuZrZ-wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515213735/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/literaryarts.htm">"Indian Literature Through the Ages"</a>. Indian literature, Govt of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrtindia.gov.in/literaryarts.htm">the original</a> on 15 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Literature+Through+the+Ages&rft.pub=Indian+literature%2C+Govt+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccrtindia.gov.in%2Fliteraryarts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_Alvars-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About_Alvars_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621230057/http://www.divyadesamonline.com/alwars.asp">"<i>About Alvars</i>"</a>. divyadesamonline.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divyadesamonline.com/alwars.asp">the original</a> on 21 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Alvars&rft.pub=divyadesamonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divyadesamonline.com%2Falwars.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mittal2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mittal2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittalThursby2006" class="citation book cs1">Mittal, S. G. R.; Thursby (2006). <i>Religions of South Asia: An Introduction</i>. Routledge. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203970027" title="Special:BookSources/9780203970027"><bdi>9780203970027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+South+Asia%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780203970027&rft.aulast=Mittal&rft.aufirst=S.+G.+R.&rft.au=Thursby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etymology-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Etymology_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramanuja.org/sv/alvars/">"<i>Meaning of Alvar</i>"</a>. ramanuja.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meaning+of+Alvar&rft.pub=ramanuja.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramanuja.org%2Fsv%2Falvars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalaniappan" class="citation journal cs1">Palaniappan, Sudalaimuthu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9668394">"Āḻvār or Nāyaṉār: The Role of Sound Variation, Hypercorrection and Folk Etymology in Interpreting the Nature of Vaiṣṇava Saint-Poets"</a>. <i>South-Indian Horizons</i>: 63 – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South-Indian+Horizons&rft.atitle=%C4%80%E1%B8%BBv%C4%81r+or+N%C4%81ya%E1%B9%89%C4%81r%3A+The+Role+of+Sound+Variation%2C+Hypercorrection+and+Folk+Etymology+in+Interpreting+the+Nature+of+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Saint-Poets&rft.pages=63&rft.aulast=Palaniappan&rft.aufirst=Sudalaimuthu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9668394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://publications.efeo.fr/en/livres/820_the-archaeology-of-bhakti-i">https://publications.efeo.fr/en/livres/820_the-archaeology-of-bhakti-i</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232903/https://publications.efeo.fr/en/livres/820_the-archaeology-of-bhakti-i">Archived</a> 7 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www2.rsuh.ru/binary/object_40.1412591563.13923.pdf">http://www2.rsuh.ru/binary/object_40.1412591563.13923.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124717/http://www2.rsuh.ru/binary/object_40.1412591563.13923.pdf">Archived</a> 7 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#B.S.">B.S.</a> 2011, p. 47-48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#B.S.">B.S.</a> 2011, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rao_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2008" class="citation book cs1">Rao, P.V.L. Narasimha (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GTMTQLuCNSMC&q=poigai+azhwar&pg=PA27"><i>Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples</i></a>. New Delhi: Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5018-104-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5018-104-1"><bdi>978-93-5018-104-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kanchipuram+%E2%80%93+Land+of+Legends%2C+Saints+%26+Temples&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Readworthy+Publications+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-93-5018-104-1&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=P.V.L.+Narasimha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGTMTQLuCNSMC%26q%3Dpoigai%2Bazhwar%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalal21-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal21_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal21_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal21_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dalal">Dalal</a> 2011, pp. 20-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1999" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&q=poygai&pg=PA15"><i>A Dictionary of Indian Literatures: Beginnings-1850 Volume 1 of A Dictionary of Indian Literature, A Dictionary of Indian Literature</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125014539" title="Special:BookSources/9788125014539"><bdi>9788125014539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Indian+Literatures%3A+Beginnings-1850+Volume+1+of+A+Dictionary+of+Indian+Literature%2C+A+Dictionary+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788125014539&rft.au=Mukherjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCJrUfVtZxoC%26q%3Dpoygai%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garg-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garg_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarg1992" class="citation book cs1">Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC&q=poygai&pg=PA352"><i>Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: Ak-Aq</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 352–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170223757" title="Special:BookSources/9788170223757"><bdi>9788170223757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Hindu+World%3A+Ak-Aq&rft.pages=352-354&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788170223757&rft.aulast=Garg&rft.aufirst=Ga%E1%B9%85g%C4%81+R%C4%81m&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjDcd0cTFxQC%26q%3Dpoygai%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy2007" class="citation book cs1">Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=poygai&pg=PA14"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Tamils</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810864450" title="Special:BookSources/9780810864450"><bdi>9780810864450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Tamils&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780810864450&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Vijaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH4q0DHGMcjEC%26q%3Dpoygai%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanina2012" class="citation book cs1">Vanina, Evgenii͡a I͡Urʹevna (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC&dq=kallar+%C2%A0Kshatriya&pg=PA131"><i>Medieval Indian Mindscapes</i></a>. Primus Books. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-19-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-19-1"><bdi>978-93-80607-19-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+Mindscapes&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-19-1&rft.aulast=Vanina&rft.aufirst=Evgenii%CD%A1a+I%CD%A1Ur%CA%B9evna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyriGbWNAF5EC%26dq%3Dkallar%2B%25C2%25A0Kshatriya%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaṇḍita1978" class="citation book cs1">Paṇḍita, Garuḍa Vāhana (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Divyasuri-Charitam-Garudavahana-Pandita/page/n4/mode/1up"><i>Divyasūri Caritam</i></a> (1 ed.). Bombay, India: Ananthacharya Research Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divyas%C5%ABri+Caritam&rft.place=Bombay%2C+India&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Ananthacharya+Research+Institute&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Pa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dita&rft.aufirst=Garu%E1%B8%8Da+V%C4%81hana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDivyasuri-Charitam-Garudavahana-Pandita%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/515">515</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823931804" title="Special:BookSources/9780823931804"><bdi>9780823931804</bdi></a>. <q>poygai.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+N-Z&rft.pages=515&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780823931804&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiyangar1920" class="citation book cs1">Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryvai00aiyagoog"><i>Early history of Vaishnavism in south India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryvai00aiyagoog/page/n35">17</a>–18. <q>poigai azhwar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+history+of+Vaishnavism+in+south+India&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Aiyangar&rft.aufirst=Sakkottai+Krishnaswami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyhistoryvai00aiyagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna2009" class="citation book cs1">Krishna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC&q=poygai&pg=PA136"><i>Book of Vishnu</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143067627" title="Special:BookSources/9780143067627"><bdi>9780143067627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Vishnu&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780143067627&rft.au=Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df9cSlaLMlgEC%26q%3Dpoygai%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2007" class="citation book cs1">Narayanan, Vasudha (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRtREAAAQBAJ&dq=divya+prabandham+nathmuni&pg=PA187">"7"</a>. In Bryant, Edwin F. (ed.). <i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514891-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514891-6&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRtREAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddivya%2Bprabandham%2Bnathmuni%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chari-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chari_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chari_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chari_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC">Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs</a>", by S. M. Srinivasa Chari, publisher = Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120813427" title="Special:BookSources/9788120813427">9788120813427</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mādhavêndra Purī: A Link between Bengal Vaiṣṇavism and South Indian "Bhakti", by Friedhelm HardyThe Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland No. 1 (1974), pp. 23-41, Published by: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203503">25203503</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Azhvaar". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 30 Dec. 2014 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/18115/Azhvar">https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/18115/Azhvar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107100955/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/18115/Azhvar">Archived</a> 7 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n7">29</a>–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC">Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs</a>", by S. M. Srinivasa Chari, publisher = Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120813427" title="Special:BookSources/9788120813427">9788120813427</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Śrībhāṣyam: Catuḥsūtryātmakaḥ", by Rāmānuja, Raghunath Damodar Karmarkar, p.18, original from = The University of Michigan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Filliozat" class="citation book cs1">Jean Filliozat. <i>Religion, Philosophy, Yoga: A Selection of Articles</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Philosophy%2C+Yoga%3A+A+Selection+of+Articles&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.au=Jean+Filliozat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarashima2014" class="citation book cs1">Karashima, Noboru, ed. (2014). "States in Deccan and Kerala". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772?cc=us&lang=en&"><i>A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-809977-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-809977-2"><bdi>978-0-19-809977-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=States+in+Deccan+and+Kerala&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+South+India%3A+Issues+and+Interpretations&rft.pages=146-47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-809977-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fa-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htArUg0OMpcC">Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=htArUg0OMpcC">Archived</a> 11 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", by Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, p. 403-404, publisher = Asian Educational Services</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Music and temples, a ritualistic approach", by L. Annapoorna, p. 23, year = 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175740907" title="Special:BookSources/9788175740907">9788175740907</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC">History of Classical Sanskrit Literature</a>", by M. Srinivasachariar, p. 278, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120802841" title="Special:BookSources/9788120802841">9788120802841</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidya_Dehejia" class="citation book cs1">Vidya Dehejia. <i>Slaves of the Lord: The Path of the Tamil Saints</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal, 1988. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaves+of+the+Lord%3A+The+Path+of+the+Tamil+Saints&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal%2C+1988&rft.au=Vidya+Dehejia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._V._Jagadisa_Ayyar" class="citation book cs1">P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar. <i>South Indian Shrines: Illustrated</i>. Asian Educational Services, 1982. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Shrines%3A+Illustrated&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services%2C+1982&rft.au=P.+V.+Jagadisa+Ayyar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin D. (13 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-07-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hymns for the Drowning by A.K. Ramanujan (Penguin)</li> <li>Nammalvar by A. Srinivasa Raghavan (Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi),1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-260-0416%2B9" title="Special:BookSources/81-260-0416+9">81-260-0416 9</a></li> <li>Alwargal - ^Or Eliya Arimugam by Sujatha (Visa Publications, Chennai, India)(in Tamil), 2001</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alvars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alvars">Alvars</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/a-history-of-indian-philosophy-volume-3/d/doc209943.html">The Philosophy of the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Āḻvārs</i></span></i></a>, Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramanuja.org/sv/alvars/index.html">The Alvar Saints</a> (ramanuja.org)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/alvars.htm">The Alvar Saints of Tamil Nadu</a> by Jyotsna Kamat</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyangar1966" class="citation book cs1">Ayyangar, D. Ramaswamy (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUgqAAAAYAAJ&q=peeps+into+mysticism"><i>Peeps Into Mysticism</i></a>. Visishtadvaita Pracharini Sabha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peeps+Into+Mysticism&rft.pub=Visishtadvaita+Pracharini+Sabha&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Ayyangar&rft.aufirst=D.+Ramaswamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUgqAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dpeeps%2Binto%2Bmysticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1991" class="citation book cs1">Dasgupta, Surendranath (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jI2PUAa8B8oC&q=history+of+indian+philosophy+volume+3"><i>A History of Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0414-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0414-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0414-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0414-2&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Surendranath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjI2PUAa8B8oC%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bindian%2Bphilosophy%2Bvolume%2B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2014" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Friedhelm (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XY42EAAAQBAJ&q=viraha+bhakti"><i>Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion</i></a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3816-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3816-1"><bdi>978-81-208-3816-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viraha+Bhakti%3A+The+Early+History+of+Krsna+Devotion&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidas&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3816-1&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Friedhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXY42EAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dviraha%2Bbhakti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvars" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Thondaradippodi_Alvar" title="Thondaradippodi Alvar">Thondaradippodi Alvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppaan_Alvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppaan Alvar">Thiruppaan Alvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumangai_Alvar" title="Thirumangai Alvar">Thirumangai Alvar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="padding-right:0.75em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hindu swastika"><img alt="Hindu swastika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/25px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/38px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/50px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" 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