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<span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Proto-language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Internal classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internal classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diffloth_(1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffloth_(1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diffloth (1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffloth_(1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peiros_(2004)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peiros_(2004)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Peiros (2004)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peiros_(2004)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diffloth_(2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffloth_(2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Diffloth (2005)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffloth_(2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sidwell_(2009–2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sidwell_(2009–2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sidwell (2009–2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sidwell_(2009–2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sidwell_(2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sidwell_(2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sidwell (2018)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sidwell_(2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_extinct_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_extinct_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Possible extinct branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_extinct_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austric_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austric_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Austric languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austric_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hmong-Mien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hmong-Mien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hmong-Mien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hmong-Mien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Aryan_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Aryan_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Indo-Aryan languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Aryan_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austroasiatic_migrations_and_archaeogenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austroasiatic_migrations_and_archaeogenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Austroasiatic migrations and archaeogenetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Austroasiatic_migrations_and_archaeogenetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Austroasiatic migrations and archaeogenetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Austroasiatic_migrations_and_archaeogenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration_into_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_into_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Migration into India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_into_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Austroasiatic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Asiatiese_tale" title="Austro-Asiatiese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Austro-Asiatiese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات أسترو آسيوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات أسترو آسيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_austroasi%C3%A1tiques" title="Llingües austroasiátiques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües austroasiátiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstroasiya_dill%C9%99ri" title="Avstroasiya dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avstroasiya dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آوسترو آسیا دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آوسترو آسیا دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="অস্ট্রো-এশীয় ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্ট্রো-এশীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Аўстраазіяцкія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўстраазіяцкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Аўстраазіяцкія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўстраазіяцкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_tataramon_na_Austroasyatiko" title="Mga tataramon na Austroasyatiko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga tataramon na Austroasyatiko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Австроазиатски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Австроазиатски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_aostrez-aziatek" title="Yezhoù aostrez-aziatek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù aostrez-aziatek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_austroasi%C3%A0tiques" title="Llengües austroasiàtiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües austroasiàtiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasijsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Austroasijské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Austroasijské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatiske_sprog" title="Austroasiatiske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Austroasiatiske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatische_Sprachen" title="Austroasiatische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Austroasiatische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroaasia_keeled" title="Austroaasia keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Austroaasia keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Αυστροασιατικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυστροασιατικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_austroasi%C3%A1ticas" title="Lenguas austroasiáticas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas austroasiáticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADstralazia_lingvaro" title="Aŭstralazia lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭstralazia lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiar_hizkuntzak" title="Austroasiar hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Austroasiar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های آستروآسیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های آستروآسیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_austroasiatiques" title="Langues austroasiatiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues austroasiatiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_austroasi%C3%A1ticas" title="Linguas austroasiáticas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas austroasiáticas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="오스트로아시아어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트로아시아어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="आग्नेय भाषापरिवार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आग्नेय भाषापरिवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroazijski_jezici" title="Austroazijski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Austroazijski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_nga_Austroasiatiko" title="Sasao nga Austroasiatiko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao nga Austroasiatiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Austroasiatik" title="Rumpun bahasa Austroasiatik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Austroasiatik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingues_austro-asian" title="Lingues austro-asian – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lingues austro-asian" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon-khmer_m%C3%A1l" title="Mon-khmer mál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mon-khmer mál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_austroasiatiche" title="Lingue austroasiatiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue austroasiatiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות אוסטרו-אסיאתיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות אוסטרו-אסיאתיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawarga_basa_Austroasiatika" title="Kulawarga basa Austroasiatika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kulawarga basa Austroasiatika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B-%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೋ-ಏಷ್ಯಾಟಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೋ-ಏಷ್ಯಾಟಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kiaustro-Asiatiki" title="Lugha za Kiaustro-Asiatiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kiaustro-Asiatiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Austroasiaticae" title="Linguae Austroasiaticae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Austroasiaticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroazi%C4%81tu_valodas" title="Austroaziātu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austroaziātu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroazin%C4%97s_kalbos" title="Austroazinės kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Austroazinės kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_austroasiatica" title="Linguas austroasiatica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas austroasiatica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausztro%C3%A1zsiai_nyelvcsal%C3%A1d" title="Ausztroázsiai nyelvcsalád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ausztroázsiai nyelvcsalád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Австроазиски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Австроазиски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianakaviam-piteny_aostr%C3%B4aziatika" title="Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B-%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ആസ്ട്രോ-ഏഷ്യാറ്റിക് ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആസ്ട്രോ-ഏഷ്യാറ്റിക് ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="ऑस्ट्रो-आशियन भाषासमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑस्ट्रो-आशियन भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ავსტრაზიული ნინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ავსტრაზიული ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%91%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC)" title="သြသထြောအေရှတေတ် (အရေဝ်ဘာသာ) – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သြသထြောအေရှတေတ် (အရေဝ်ဘာသာ)" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Austroasia" title="Bahasa-bahasa Austroasia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Austroasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A9%E1%80%85%E1%80%91%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဩစထြိုအေးရှားတစ် ဘာသာစကားများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဩစထြိုအေးရှားတစ် ဘာသာစကားများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroaziatische_talen" title="Austroaziatische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Austroaziatische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="आग्नेली भाषा परिवार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आग्नेली भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="オーストロアジア語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストロアジア語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiaatisk_spriaken" title="Austroasiaatisk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Austroasiaatisk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Austroasiatiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Austroasiatiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Austroasiatiske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Austroasiatiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_austroasiaticas" title="Lengas austroasiaticas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas austroasiaticas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਆਸਟਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਸਟਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آسٹرو ایشیائی بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آسٹرو ایشیائی بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="سوېلي اسيايي ژبې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوېلي اسيايي ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="អំបូរភាសាអូស្ត្រូអាស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អំបូរភាសាអូស្ត្រូអាស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_%C3%A0ustro-asi%C3%A0tiche" title="Lenghe àustro-asiàtiche – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe àustro-asiàtiche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_austroazjatyckie" title="Języki austroazjatyckie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki austroazjatyckie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_austro-asi%C3%A1ticas" title="Línguas austro-asiáticas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas austro-asiáticas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_austro-asiatice" title="Limbi austro-asiatice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi austro-asiatice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urin_anti_asya_rimaykuna" title="Urin anti asya rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urin anti asya rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Австроазиатские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Австроазиатские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="आग्नेयभाषाः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आग्नेयभाषाः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%BC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Austroasiatic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Аустроазијски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аустроазијски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroazijski_jezici" title="Austroazijski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Austroazijski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroaasialaiset_kielet" title="Austroaasialaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Austroaasialaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Austroasiatiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Austroasiatiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_wikang_Austroasyatiko" title="Mga wikang Austroasyatiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga wikang Austroasyatiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆசுத்ரோ-ஆசிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆசுத்ரோ-ஆசிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ตระกูลภาษาออสโตรเอเชียติก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตระกูลภาษาออสโตรเอเชียติก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avustroasya_dilleri" title="Avustroasya dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avustroasya dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Австроазійські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Австроазійські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="جنوبی ایشیائی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوبی ایشیائی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Nam_%C3%81" title="Ngữ hệ Nam Á – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Nam Á" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南亚语系 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南亚语系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90-%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%9F" title="אויסטרא-אזיאטישע שפראכן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אויסטרא-אזיאטישע שפראכן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ositiro-Esiatiiki" title="Ositiro-Esiatiiki – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ositiro-Esiatiiki" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南亞語系 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南亞語系" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南亚语系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南亚语系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33199#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightcoral;">Austroasiatic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;">Austro-Asiatic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> 117 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Austroasiatic language">Proto-Austroasiatic</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi-Palaungic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasi-Palaungic languages">Khasi-Palaungic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang language">Mang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/aav" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:aav">aav</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aust1305">aust1305</a></code></samp>  <span class="nowrap">(Austroasiatic)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austroasiatic-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Austroasiatic-en.svg/300px-Austroasiatic-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Austroasiatic-en.svg/450px-Austroasiatic-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Austroasiatic-en.svg/600px-Austroasiatic-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="615" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Austroasiatic languages <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;width: 350px; font-style: italic;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFEC19; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFBF00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8400; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF3C00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF82BF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B67BFF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5D98FF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#61FFCF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9CE100; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#55CE00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#01A604; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808040; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#946432; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Austroasiatic languages</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">OSS</span>-troh-ay-zhee-<span style="font-size:90%">AT</span>-ik, AWSS-</i></a>) are a large <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> spoken throughout <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. These languages are natively spoken by the majority of the population in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and by minority populations scattered throughout parts of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a>. Approximately 117 million people speak an Austroasiatic language, of which more than two-thirds are <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Austroasiatic languages, only <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a> have lengthy, established presences in the historical record. Only two are presently considered to be the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a> of sovereign states: Vietnamese in Vietnam, and Khmer in Cambodia. The Mon language is a recognized indigenous language in Myanmar and Thailand, while the <a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa language</a> is a "recognized national language" in the de facto autonomous <a href="/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State">Wa State</a> within Myanmar. <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a> is one of <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">the 22 scheduled languages of India</a>. The remainder of the family's languages are spoken by minority groups and have no official status. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> identifies 168 Austroasiatic languages. These form thirteen established families (plus perhaps <a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>, which is poorly attested, as a fourteenth), which have traditionally been grouped into two, as Mon–Khmer,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a>. However, one recent classification posits three groups (Munda, Mon-Khmer, and <a href="/wiki/Khasi%E2%80%93Palaungic_languages" title="Khasi–Palaungic languages">Khasi–Khmuic</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another has abandoned <b>Mon–Khmer</b> as a taxon altogether, making it synonymous with the larger family.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars generally date the ancestral language to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BCE</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BCE</span> with a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">homeland</a> in southern China or the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a> valley. Sidwell (2022) proposes that the locus of Proto-Austroasiatic was in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> area around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500 BCE</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell_JSEALS_Special_8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell_JSEALS_Special_8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic and linguistic research in 2015 about ancient people in East Asia suggest an origin and homeland of Austroasiatic in today's <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">southern China</a> or even further north.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Austroasiatic</i> was coined by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_(linguist)" title="Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)">Wilhelm Schmidt</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">austroasiatisch</i>) based on <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">auster</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for "South" (but idiosyncratically used by Schmidt to refer to the southeast), and "Asia".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the literal meaning of its name, only three Austroasiatic branches are actually spoken in South Asia: <a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regarding word structure, Austroasiatic languages are well known for having an iambic <a href="/wiki/Sesquisyllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesquisyllable">"sesquisyllabic"</a> pattern, with basic nouns and verbs consisting of an initial, unstressed, reduced <a href="/wiki/Minor_syllable" title="Minor syllable">minor syllable</a> followed by a stressed, full syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlves2014524_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlves2014524-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reduction of presyllables has led to a variety of phonological shapes of the same original Proto-Austroasiatic prefixes, such as the causative prefix, ranging from CVC syllables to consonant clusters to single consonants among the modern languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlves2014526_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlves2014526-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for word formation, most Austroasiatic languages have a variety of derivational prefixes, many have <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infixes</a>, but suffixes are almost completely non-existent in most branches except Munda, and a few specialized exceptions in other Austroasiatic branches.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Austroasiatic languages are further characterized as having unusually large vowel inventories and employing some sort of <a href="/wiki/Register_(phonology)" title="Register (phonology)">register</a> contrast, either between <a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">modal</a> (normal) voice and <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy</a> (lax) voice or between modal voice and <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky voice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Languages in the Pearic branch and some in the Vietic branch can have a three- or even four-way voicing contrast. </p><p>However, some Austroasiatic languages have lost the register contrast by evolving more diphthongs or in a few cases, such as Vietnamese, <a href="/wiki/Tonogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonogenesis">tonogenesis</a>. Vietnamese has been so heavily influenced by Chinese that its original Austroasiatic phonological quality is obscured and now resembles that of South Chinese languages, whereas Khmer, which had more influence from Sanskrit, has retained a more typically Austroasiatic structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-language">Proto-language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proto-language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Austroasiatic language">Proto-Austroasiatic language</a></div> <p>Much work has been done on the reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mon%E2%80%93Khmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Mon–Khmer">Proto-Mon–Khmer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shorto" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry L. Shorto">Harry L. Shorto</a>'s <i>Mon–Khmer Comparative Dictionary</i>. Little work has been done on the <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda languages</a>, which are not well documented. With their demotion from a primary branch, Proto-Mon–Khmer becomes synonymous with Proto-Austroasiatic. Paul Sidwell (2005) reconstructs the consonant inventory of Proto-Mon–Khmer as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidwell2005196_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidwell2005196-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*p</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*t</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*c</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*k</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ʔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*b</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*d</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ɟ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ɡ</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant"><small>implosive</small></a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ɓ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ɗ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ʄ</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*m</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*n</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ɲ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ŋ</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*w</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*l,<span class="wrap"> </span>*r</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*j</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*s</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*h</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This is identical to earlier reconstructions except for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ʄ</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ʄ</span> is better preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic languages</a>, which Sidwell has specialized in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_classification">Internal classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internal classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linguists traditionally recognize two primary divisions of Austroasiatic: the <a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Khmer_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon–Khmer languages">Mon–Khmer languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North-East India">Northeast India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nicobar_Islands" title="Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. However, no evidence for this classification has ever been published. </p><p>Each of the families that is written in boldface type below is accepted as a valid clade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By contrast, the relationships <i>between</i> these families within Austroasiatic are debated. In addition to the traditional classification, two recent proposals are given, neither of which accepts traditional "Mon–Khmer" as a valid unit. However, little of the data used for competing classifications has ever been published, and therefore cannot be evaluated by peer review. </p><p>In addition, there are suggestions that additional branches of Austroasiatic might be preserved in substrata of <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> in Sumatra (Diffloth), the <a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic languages</a> of Vietnam, and the <a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak languages</a> of Borneo (Adelaar 1995).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diffloth_(1974)"><span id="Diffloth_.281974.29"></span>Diffloth (1974)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diffloth (1974)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Diffloth" title="Gérard Diffloth">Diffloth</a>'s widely cited original classification, now abandoned by Diffloth himself, is used in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> and—except for the breakup of Southern Mon–Khmer—in <i>Ethnologue</i>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Austro‑Asiatic</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a></b> <ul><li>North Munda <ul><li>Korku</li> <li><b>Kherwarian</b></li></ul></li> <li>South Munda <ul><li><b>Kharia–Juang</b></li> <li><b>Koraput Munda</b></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Mon–Khmer <ul><li>Eastern Mon–Khmer <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></b> (Cambodian)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></b> (Vietnamese, <a href="/wiki/Muong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Muong language">Muong</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Northern Mon–Khmer <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, India)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a></b></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Mon–Khmer <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Malaya</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Nicobar_Islands" title="Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peiros_(2004)"><span id="Peiros_.282004.29"></span>Peiros (2004)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peiros (2004)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peiros is a <a href="/wiki/Lexicostatistics" title="Lexicostatistics">lexicostatistic</a> classification, based on percentages of shared vocabulary. This means that languages can appear to be more distantly related than they actually are due to <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a>. Indeed, when Sidwell (2009) replicated Peiros's study with languages known well enough to account for loans, he did not find the internal (branching) structure below. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AustroAsiatic_tree_Peiros2004.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AustroAsiatic_tree_Peiros2004.png/500px-AustroAsiatic_tree_Peiros2004.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AustroAsiatic_tree_Peiros2004.png/750px-AustroAsiatic_tree_Peiros2004.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AustroAsiatic_tree_Peiros2004.png/1000px-AustroAsiatic_tree_Peiros2004.png 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="1909" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Austro‑Asiatic</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a></b></li> <li>Munda–Khmer <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a></b></li> <li>Mon–Khmer <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></b></li> <li>Nuclear Mon–Khmer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Mangic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang language">Mang</a> + <a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Palyu</a>) (perhaps in Northern MK)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></b> (perhaps in Northern MK)</li> <li>Northern Mon–Khmer <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a></b></li></ul></li> <li>Central Mon–Khmer <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></b> dialects</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a></b></li> <li>Asli-Bahnaric <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></b></li> <li>Mon–Bahnaric <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a></b></li> <li>Katu–Bahnaric <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diffloth_(2005)"><span id="Diffloth_.282005.29"></span>Diffloth (2005)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diffloth (2005)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Diffloth" title="Gérard Diffloth">Diffloth</a> compares reconstructions of various clades, and attempts to classify them based on shared innovations, though like other classifications the evidence has not been published. As a schematic, we have: </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Austro‑Asiatic</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bonda_language" title="Bonda language">Remo</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Savara</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a>–<a href="/wiki/Juang_language" title="Juang language">Juang</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Kherwarian </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Khasi%E2%80%93Khmuic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasi–Khmuic languages">Khasi–Khmuic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">(Nuclear) Mon–Khmer </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">?<sup id="cite_ref-VK_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VK-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Or in more detail, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Austro‑Asiatic</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda languages</a></b> (India) <ul><li><b>Koraput</b>: 7 languages</li> <li>Core Munda languages <ul><li><b>Kharian–Juang</b>: 2 languages</li> <li>North Munda languages <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></i></li> <li><b>Kherwarian</b>: 12 languages</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi%E2%80%93Khmuic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasi–Khmuic languages">Khasi–Khmuic languages</a> (Northern Mon–Khmer) <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasian</a></b>: 3 languages of north eastern India and adjacent region of Bangladesh</li> <li>Palaungo-Khmuic languages <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a></b>: 13 languages of Laos and Thailand</li> <li>Palaungo-Pakanic languages <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic</a></b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Palyu</a></b>: 4 or 5 languages of southern China and Vietnam</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></b>: 21 languages of Burma, southern China, and Thailand</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Nuclear Mon–Khmer languages <ul><li>Khmero-Vietic languages (Eastern Mon–Khmer) <ul><li>Vieto-Katuic languages ?<sup id="cite_ref-VK_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VK-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></b>: 10 languages of Vietnam and Laos, including <a href="/wiki/Muong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Muong language">Muong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, which has the most speakers of any Austroasiatic language.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></b>: 19 languages of Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand.</li></ul></li> <li>Khmero-Bahnaric languages <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></b>: 40 languages of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.</li> <li>Khmeric languages <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></b> dialects of Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a></b>: 6 languages of Cambodia.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Nico-Monic languages (Southern Mon–Khmer) <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a></b>: 6 languages of the <a href="/wiki/Nicobar_Islands" title="Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</a>, a territory of India.</li> <li>Asli-Monic languages <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></b>: 19 languages of peninsular Malaysia and Thailand.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a></b>: 2 languages, the <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon language</a> of Burma and the <a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyahkur language</a> of Thailand.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sidwell_(2009–2015)"><span id="Sidwell_.282009.E2.80.932015.29"></span>Sidwell (2009–2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sidwell (2009–2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mekong_river_basin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mekong_river_basin.png/400px-Mekong_river_basin.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="535" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mekong_river_basin.png/600px-Mekong_river_basin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mekong_river_basin.png/800px-Mekong_river_basin.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidwell" title="Paul Sidwell">Paul Sidwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> propose that the Austroasiatic phylum dispersed via the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> River <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidwell" title="Paul Sidwell">Paul Sidwell</a> (2009), in a <a href="/wiki/Lexicostatistical" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicostatistical">lexicostatistical</a> comparison of 36 languages which are well known enough to exclude loanwords, finds little evidence for internal branching, though he did find an area of increased contact between the Bahnaric and Katuic languages, such that languages of all branches apart from the geographically distant <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a> and Nicobarese show greater similarity to Bahnaric and Katuic the closer they are to those branches, without any noticeable innovations common to Bahnaric and Katuic. </p><p>He therefore takes the conservative view that the thirteen branches of Austroasiatic should be treated as equidistant on current evidence. Sidwell & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Blench</a> (2011) discuss this proposal in more detail, and note that there is good evidence for a Khasi–Palaungic node, which could also possibly be closely related to Khmuic.<sup id="cite_ref-SidwellBlench2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SidwellBlench2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If this would the case, Sidwell & Blench suggest that Khasic may have been an early offshoot of Palaungic that had spread westward. Sidwell & Blench (2011) suggest <a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a> as an additional branch, and believe that a Vieto-Katuic connection is worth investigating. In general, however, the family is thought to have diversified too quickly for a deeply nested structure to have developed, since Proto-Austroasiatic speakers are believed by Sidwell to have radiated out from the central <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> river valley relatively quickly. </p><p>Subsequently, Sidwell (2015a: 179)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed that <a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a> subgroups with <a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a>, just as how Khasian and Palaungic subgroup with each other. </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap">Austroasiatic: <span class="nowrap">Mon–Khmer</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Khasi–Palaungic </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang language">Mang</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Aslian–Monic </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>?<a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>A subsequent computational phylogenetic analysis (Sidwell 2015b)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that Austroasiatic branches may have a loosely nested structure rather than a completely rake-like structure, with an east–west division (consisting of Munda, Khasic, Palaungic, and Khmuic forming a western group as opposed to all of the other branches) occurring possibly as early as 7,000 years before present. However, he still considers the subbranching dubious. </p><p>Integrating computational phylogenetic linguistics with recent archaeological findings, Paul Sidwell (2015c)<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further expanded his Mekong riverine hypothesis by proposing that Austroasiatic had ultimately expanded into <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a>, with the subsequent Mekong riverine dispersal taking place after the initial arrival of Neolithic farmers from southern China. </p><p>Sidwell (2015c) tentatively suggests that Austroasiatic may have begun to split up 5,000 years B.P. during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic transition">Neolithic transition</a> era of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland Southeast Asia</a>, with all the major branches of Austroasiatic formed by 4,000 B.P. Austroasiatic would have had two possible dispersal routes from the western periphery of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a> watershed of <a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a>, which would have been either a coastal route down the coast of Vietnam, or downstream through the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a> via <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2015_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Austroasiatic and the archaeological record clearly show that early Austroasiatic speakers around 4,000 B.P. cultivated rice and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, kept livestock such as dogs, pigs, and chickens, and thrived mostly in estuarine rather than coastal environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2015_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 4,500 B.P., this "Neolithic package" suddenly arrived in Indochina from the Lingnan area without cereal grains and displaced the earlier pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherer cultures, with grain husks found in northern Indochina by 4,100 B.P. and in southern Indochina by 3,800 B.P.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2015_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Sidwell (2015c) found that iron is not reconstructable in Proto-Austroasiatic, since each Austroasiatic branch has different terms for iron that had been borrowed relatively lately from Tai, Chinese, Tibetan, Malay, and other languages. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> about 2,500 B.P., relatively young Austroasiatic branches in Indochina such as <a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> were formed, while the more internally diverse <a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a> branch (dating to about 3,000 B.P.) underwent more extensive internal diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2015_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the Iron Age, all of the Austroasiatic branches were more or less in their present-day locations, with most of the diversification within Austroasiatic taking place during the Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2015_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul Sidwell (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considers the Austroasiatic language family to have rapidly diversified around 4,000 years B.P. during the arrival of rice agriculture in Indochina, but notes that the origin of Proto-Austroasiatic itself is older than that date. The lexicon of Proto-Austroasiatic can be divided into an early and late stratum. The early stratum consists of basic lexicon including body parts, animal names, natural features, and pronouns, while the names of cultural items (agriculture terms and words for cultural artifacts, which are reconstructible in Proto-Austroasiatic) form part of the later stratum. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-Blench2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that vocabulary related to aquatic subsistence strategies (such as boats, waterways, river fauna, and fish capture techniques) can be reconstructed for Proto-Austroasiatic. Blench (2017) finds widespread Austroasiatic roots for 'river, valley', 'boat', 'fish', 'catfish sp.', 'eel', 'prawn', 'shrimp' (Central Austroasiatic), 'crab', 'tortoise', 'turtle', 'otter', 'crocodile', 'heron, fishing bird', and 'fish trap'. Archaeological evidence for the presence of agriculture in northern <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> (northern Vietnam, Laos, and other nearby areas) dates back to only about 4,000 years ago (2,000 BC), with agriculture ultimately being introduced from further up to the north in the Yangtze valley where it has been dated to 6,000 B.P.<sup id="cite_ref-Blench2017_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sidwell (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell_JSEALS_Special_8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell_JSEALS_Special_8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2021_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2021-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposes that the locus of Proto-Austroasiatic was in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> area about 4,000-4,500 years before present, instead of the Middle Mekong as he had previously proposed. Austroasiatic dispersed coastal maritime routes and also upstream through river valleys. Khmuic, Palaungic, and Khasic resulted from a westward dispersal that ultimately came from the Red River valley. Based on their current distributions, about half of all Austroasiatic branches (including Nicobaric and Munda) can be traced to coastal maritime dispersals. </p><p>Hence, this points to a relatively late riverine dispersal of Austroasiatic as compared to <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a>, whose speakers had a distinct non-riverine culture. In addition to living an aquatic-based lifestyle, early Austroasiatic speakers would have also had access to livestock, crops, and newer types of watercraft. As early Austroasiatic speakers dispersed rapidly via waterways, they would have encountered speakers of older language families who were already settled in the area, such as Sino-Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-Blench2017_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sidwell_(2018)"><span id="Sidwell_.282018.29"></span>Sidwell (2018)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sidwell (2018)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sidwell (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (quoted in Sidwell 2021<sup id="cite_ref-WOL-MSEA-11_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WOL-MSEA-11-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) gives a more nested classification of Austroasiatic branches as suggested by his computational phylogenetic analysis of Austroasiatic languages using a 200-word list. Many of the tentative groupings are likely <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(linguistics)" title="Linkage (linguistics)">linkages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a> were not included. </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Austroasiatic </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Eastern </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Vietic–Katuic </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmeric</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang language">Mang</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Northern </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Khasi–Palaungic </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Southern </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_extinct_branches">Possible extinct branches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Possible extinct branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also proposes that there might have been other primary branches of Austroasiatic that are now extinct, based on <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substrate</a> evidence in modern-day languages. </p> <ul><li><b>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Chamic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamic language">Chamic</a> languages</b> (the languages of coastal Vietnam before the Chamic migrations). Chamic has various Austroasiatic loanwords that cannot be clearly traced to existing Austroasiatic branches (Sidwell 2006, 2007).<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larish (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-Larish1999_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larish1999-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also notes that <a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic languages</a> contain many Austroasiatic loanwords, some of which are similar to the ones found in Chamic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> substratum</b> (Sidwell 2006).<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2006_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acehnese has many basic words that are of Austroasiatic origin, suggesting that either Austronesian speakers have absorbed earlier Austroasiatic residents in northern Sumatra, or that words might have been borrowed from Austroasiatic languages in southern Vietnam – or perhaps a combination of both. Sidwell (2006) argues that Acehnese and Chamic had often borrowed Austroasiatic words independently of each other, while some Austroasiatic words can be traced back to Proto-Aceh-Chamic. Sidwell (2006) accepts that Acehnese and Chamic are related, but that they had separated from each other before Chamic had borrowed most of its Austroasiatic lexicon.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornean languages">Bornean</a> substrate languages</b> (Blench 2010).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blench cites Austroasiatic-origin words in modern-day Bornean branches such as <a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bidayuh_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidayuh languages">Bidayuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakati%CA%BC_language" title="Bakatiʼ language">Dayak Bakatiq</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Dusunic_languages" title="Dusunic languages">Dusunic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Central Dusun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Visayan</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenyah_languages" title="Kenyah languages">Kenyah</a>, noting especially resemblances with <a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a>. As further evidence for his proposal, Blench also cites ethnographic evidence such as musical instruments in Borneo shared in common with Austroasiatic-speaking groups in mainland Southeast Asia. Adelaar (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has also noticed phonological and lexical similarities between <a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a>. Kaufman (2018) presents dozens of lexical comparisons showing similarities between various Bornean and Austroasiatic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a> substratum</b> ("<i><b>Rongic</b></i>").<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many words of Austroasiatic origin have been noticed in <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a>, suggesting a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> superstrate laid over an Austroasiatic substrate. Blench (2013) calls this branch "<i>Rongic</i>" based on the Lepcha autonym <i>Róng</i>.</li></ul> <p>Other languages with proposed Austroasiatic substrata are: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></b>, based on evidence from the register system of Jiamao, a <a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a> language (Thurgood 1992).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiamao is known for its highly aberrant vocabulary in relation to other <a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai languages</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></b>: van Reijn (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that Kerinci, a <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> language of central <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, shares many phonological similarities with Austroasiatic languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Sesquisyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesquisyllabic">sesquisyllabic</a> word structure and vowel inventory.</li></ul> <p>John Peterson (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that "pre-<a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a>" (early languages related to Proto-Munda) languages may have once dominated the eastern <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>, and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east. Peterson notes that eastern <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of Munda languages, while western Indo-Aryan languages do not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than Latin-based alphabets, many Austroasiatic languages are written with the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao alphabet">Lao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> alphabets. Vietnamese divergently had an indigenous script based on Chinese logographic writing. This has since been supplanted by the Latin alphabet in the 20th century. The following are examples of past-used alphabets or current alphabets of Austroasiatic languages. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom script</a> (used for a short period in the early 20th century for indigenous languages in Laos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Mon script">Old Mon script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language#Alphabet" title="Mon language">Mon script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a> was once used to write <a href="/wiki/Khmu_language" title="Khmu language">Khmu</a>, under the name "Pahawh Khmu"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Tham">Tai Tham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ol Chiki alphabet">Ol Chiki alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a> alphabet)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a> alphabet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a> alphabet)<sup id="cite_ref-N4259_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N4259-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bhumij_language" title="Bhumij language">Bhumij</a> alphabet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorang Sompeng alphabet">Sorang Sompeng alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a> alphabet)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_relations">External relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austric_languages">Austric languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Austric languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric languages</a></div> <p>Austroasiatic is an integral part of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric hypothesis</a>, which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, and in some proposals also the <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hmong-Mien">Hmong-Mien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hmong-Mien"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_language#Austroasiatic" title="Proto-Hmong–Mien language">Several lexical resemblances</a> are found between the Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic language families (Ratliff 2010), some of which had earlier been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Georges_Haudricourt" title="André-Georges Haudricourt">Haudricourt</a> (1951). This could imply a relation or early language contact along the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Cai (et al. 2011), <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a> people are <i>genetically</i> related to Austroasiatic speakers, and their languages were heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Aryan_languages">Indo-Aryan languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indo-Aryan languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is suggested that the Austroasiatic languages have some influence on <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> including <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and middle Indo-Aryan languages. Indian linguist <a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a> pointed that a specific number of substantives in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> were borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda languages</a>. Additionally, French linguist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Przyluski" title="Jean Przyluski">Jean Przyluski</a> suggested a similarity between the tales from the Austroasiatic realm and the Indian mythological stories of <a href="/wiki/Matsyagandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyagandha">Matsyagandha</a> (Satyavati from <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>) and the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāgas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Austroasiatic_migrations_and_archaeogenetics">Austroasiatic migrations and archaeogenetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Austroasiatic migrations and archaeogenetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Peopling of Southeast Asia">Peopling of Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Southern_East_Asian#Neolithic_expansion_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Ancient Southern East Asian">Ancient Southern East Asian § Neolithic expansion into Southeast Asia and Oceania</a></div> <p><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B4%8E%E8%B0%B7%E6%BA%80" class="extiw" title="ja:崎谷満">Mitsuru Sakitani</a> suggests that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_O-M95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplogroup O-M95 (page does not exist)">Haplogroup O1b1</a>, which is common in Austroasiatic people and some other ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a>, and haplogroup O1b2, which is common in today's <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, are the carriers of early rice agriculture from southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study suggests that the haplogroup O1b1 is the major Austroasiatic paternal lineage and O1b2 the "para-Austroasiatic" lineage of the <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_people" title="Yayoi people">Yayoi people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_proposed_route_of_Austroasiatic_and_Austronesian_migration_into_Indonesia_and_the_geographic_distribution_of_sites_that_have_produced_red-slipped_and_cord-marked_pottery.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_proposed_route_of_Austroasiatic_and_Austronesian_migration_into_Indonesia_and_the_geographic_distribution_of_sites_that_have_produced_red-slipped_and_cord-marked_pottery.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_proposed_route_of_Austroasiatic_and_Austronesian_migration_into_Indonesia_and_the_geographic_distribution_of_sites_that_have_produced_red-slipped_and_cord-marked_pottery.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_proposed_route_of_Austroasiatic_and_Austronesian_migration_into_Indonesia_and_the_geographic_distribution_of_sites_that_have_produced_red-slipped_and_cord-marked_pottery.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>The Austroasiatic migration route began earlier than the Austronesian expansion, but later migrations of Austronesians resulted in the assimilation of the pre-Austronesian Austroasiatic populations.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-Austroasiatic_migration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Proto-Austroasiatic_migration.png/220px-Proto-Austroasiatic_migration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Proto-Austroasiatic_migration.png/330px-Proto-Austroasiatic_migration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Proto-Austroasiatic_migration.png/440px-Proto-Austroasiatic_migration.png 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="1613" /></a><figcaption>Austroasiatic possible migration routes</figcaption></figure> <p>A full genomic study by Lipson et al. (2018) identified a characteristic lineage that can be associated with the spread of Austroasiatic languages in Southeast Asia and which can be traced back to remains of Neolithic farmers from <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1n_B%E1%BA%A1c" title="Mán Bạc">Mán Bạc</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BCE</span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> in northern Vietnam, and to closely related <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chiang" title="Ban Chiang">Ban Chiang</a> and Vat Komnou remains in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> respectively. This Austroasiatic lineage can be modeled as a sister group of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> with significant admixture (ca. 30%) from a deeply diverging eastern Eurasian source (modeled by the authors as sharing some genetic drift with the <a href="/wiki/Onge_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Onge people">Onge</a>, a modern <a href="/wiki/Andamanese_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Andamanese peoples">Andamanese hunter-gatherer group</a>) and which is ancestral to modern Austroasiatic-speaking groups of Southeast Asia such as the <a href="/wiki/Mlabri_people" title="Mlabri people">Mlabri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_people" title="Nicobarese people">Nicobarese</a>, and partially to the Austroasiatic Munda-speaking groups of South Asia (<i>e.g.</i> the <a href="/wiki/Juang_people" title="Juang people">Juang</a>). Significant levels of Austroasiatic ancestry were also found in Austronesian-speaking groups of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austroasiatic-speaking groups in southern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>) predominatly carry the same Mainland Southeast Asian Neolithic farmer ancestry, but with additional geneflow from northern and southern East Asian lineages that can be associated with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai languages</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_into_India">Migration into India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Migration into India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Chaubey et al., "Austro-Asiatic speakers in India today are derived from dispersal from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, followed by extensive sex-specific admixture with local Indian populations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaubeyMetspaluChoiMagi20101013_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaubeyMetspaluChoiMagi20101013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Riccio et al., the <a href="/wiki/Munda_peoples" title="Munda peoples">Munda peoples</a> are likely descended from Austroasiatic migrants from Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Zhang et al., Austroasiatic migrations from Southeast Asia into India took place after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, circa 10,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2015_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arunkumar et al., suggest Austroasiatic migrations from Southeast Asia occurred into Northeast India 5.2 ± 0.6 kya and into East India 4.3 ± 0.2 kya.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Tagore et al., the ancestors of present-day Austroasiatic peoples lived in diverse territories, from central India to mainland Southeast Asia. Austroasiatic Indians and Malaysians also shared common ancestry until about 10.5 kya. Around 7 kya, East Asian farmers migrated to mainland Southeast Asia and intermixed with local Austroasiatic hunter-gatherers. Continuous migration eventually led to the fragmentation and isolation of the latter. East Asian ancestry was not introduced in Austroasiatic Indians, who intermixed with locals with <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_South_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral South Indian">Ancestral South Indian</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes also <i>Austro-Asiatic</i> or <i>Austroasian</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earlier classifications by Sidwell had lumped <a href="/wiki/Mang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang language">Mang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic</a> together into a <i>Mangic</i> subgroup, but Sidwell currently considers Mang and Pakanic to each be independent branches of Austroasiatic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austroasiatic-related ancestry had been detected before also in other ethnic groups of the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Austroasiatic.html">"Austroasiatic"</a>. <i>www.languagesgulper.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329085717/http://languagesgulper.com/eng/Austroasiatic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.languagesgulper.com&rft.atitle=Austroasiatic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesgulper.com%2Feng%2FAustroasiatic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley (2012) notes, <i>MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffloth 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidwell 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidwell_JSEALS_Special_8-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell_JSEALS_Special_8_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell_JSEALS_Special_8_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sidwell, Paul (28 January 2022). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/52498">"Austroasiatic Dispersal: the AA "Water-World" Extended"</a>. <i>Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021)</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.5773247">10.5281/zenodo.5773247</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821">1836-6821</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130075639/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/52498">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Southeast+Asian+Linguistics+Society%3A+Papers+from+the+30th+Conference+of+the+Southeast+Asian+Linguistics+Society+%282021%29&rft.atitle=Austroasiatic+Dispersal%3A+the+AA+%22Water-World%22+Extended&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.5773247&rft.issn=1836-6821&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fhandle%2F10524%2F52498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangLiaoQiLiu2015" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Xiaoming; Liao, Shiyu; Qi, Xuebin; Liu, Jiewei; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Zhang, Hui; Yang, Zhaohui; Serey, Bun; Tuot, Sovannary (20 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283080042"><i>Y-chromosome diversity suggests southern origin and Paleolithic backwave migration of Austro- Asiatic speakers from eastern Asia to the Indian subcontinent OPEN</i></a>. Vol. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Y-chromosome+diversity+suggests+southern+origin+and+Paleolithic+backwave+migration+of+Austro-+Asiatic+speakers+from+eastern+Asia+to+the+Indian+subcontinent+OPEN&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoming&rft.au=Liao%2C+Shiyu&rft.au=Qi%2C+Xuebin&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jiewei&rft.au=Kampuansai%2C+Jatupol&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Hui&rft.au=Yang%2C+Zhaohui&rft.au=Serey%2C+Bun&rft.au=Tuot%2C+Sovannary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F283080042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1906" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Wilhelm (1906). "Die Mon–Khmer-Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentralasiens und Austronesiens ('[The Mon–Khmer Peoples, a Link between the Peoples of Central Asia and Austronesia')". <i>Archiv für Anthropologie</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">59–</span>109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Anthropologie&rft.atitle=Die+Mon%E2%80%93Khmer-V%C3%B6lker%2C+ein+Bindeglied+zwischen+V%C3%B6lkern+Zentralasiens+und+Austronesiens+%28%27%5BThe+Mon%E2%80%93Khmer+Peoples%2C+a+Link+between+the+Peoples+of+Central+Asia+and+Austronesia%27%29&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlves2014524-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlves2014524_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlves2014">Alves 2014</a>, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlves2014526-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlves2014526_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlves2014">Alves 2014</a>, p. 526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alves 2014, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffloth, Gérard (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/15:139-154.pdf">"Proto-Austroasiatic creaky voice."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825080117/http://www.sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/15:139-154.pdf">Archived</a> 25 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESidwell2005196-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidwell2005196_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSidwell2005">Sidwell (2005)</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Blench, <i>2009. Are there four additional unrecognised branches of Austroasiatic?</i> Presentation at ICAAL-4, Bangkok, 29–30 October. Summarized in Sidwell and Blench (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VK-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VK_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VK_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidwell (2005) casts doubt on Diffloth's Vieto-Katuic hypothesis, saying that the evidence is ambiguous, and that it is not clear where Katuic belongs in the family.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SidwellBlench2011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SidwellBlench2011_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidwell, Paul, and Roger Blench. 2011. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/SR09/Sidwell%20Blench%20offprint.pdf">The Austroasiatic Urheimat: the Southeastern Riverine Hypothesis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118041741/http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE">Archived</a> 18 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Enfield, NJ (ed.) <i>Dynamics of Human Diversity</i>, 317–345. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidwell, Paul. 2015a. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). <i>The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages</i>. Leiden: Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidwell, Paul. 2015b. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/fileadmin/content_files/linguistics/conferences/2015-diversity-linguistics/Sidwell_slides.pdf">A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Austroasiatic languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215184958/http://www.eva.mpg.de/fileadmin/content_files/linguistics/conferences/2015-diversity-linguistics/Sidwell_slides.pdf">Archived</a> 15 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Presented at Diversity Linguistics: Retrospect and Prospect, 1–3 May 2015 (Leipzig, Germany), Closing conference of the Department of Linguistics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidwell2015-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell2015_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell2015_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell2015_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell2015_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell2015_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell2015_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidwell, Paul. 2015c. <i>Phylogeny, innovations, and correlations in the prehistory of Austroasiatic</i>. Paper presented at the workshop <i>Integrating inferences about our past: new findings and current issues in the peopling of the Pacific and South East Asia</i>, 22–23 June 2015, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidwell, Paul. 2018. <i>Austroasiatic deep chronology and the problem of cultural lexicon</i>. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held 17–19 May 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench2017-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2017_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2017_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2017_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. 2017. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southasiabibliography.de/uploads/Blench.pdf">Waterworld: lexical evidence for aquatic subsistence strategies in Austroasiatic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014949/http://southasiabibliography.de/uploads/Blench.pdf">Archived</a> 14 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Presented at ICAAL 7, Kiel, Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidwell2021-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell2021_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidwell, Paul. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GSfNDgaDM_lzWrQxZ5w-Tas8aVKfT-Sj/view"><i>Austroasiatic Dispersal: the AA "Water-World" Extended</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217053955/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GSfNDgaDM_lzWrQxZ5w-Tas8aVKfT-Sj/view">Archived</a> 17 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/sealsjournal/seals-and-jseals-history/seals-online-2021/seals-2021-program">SEALS 2021</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216175236/https://sites.google.com/site/sealsjournal/seals-and-jseals-history/seals-online-2021/seals-2021-program">Archived</a> 16 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QREB1UttWTI">Video)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217063156/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QREB1UttWTI">Archived</a> 17 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidwell, Paul. 2018. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1b_vqZuDTnR9VkcpgAiJZveQ4nlvbxN0D">Austroasiatic deep chronology and the problem of cultural lexicon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331162655/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1b_vqZuDTnR9VkcpgAiJZveQ4nlvbxN0D/edit">Archived</a> 31 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Linguistics_Society" title="Southeast Asian Linguistics Society">Southeast Asian Linguistics Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>, Taiwan. (accessed 16 December 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WOL-MSEA-11-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WOL-MSEA-11_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2021" class="citation book cs1">Sidwell, Paul (9 August 2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages". <i>The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia</i>. De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">179–</span>206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110558142-011">10.1515/9783110558142-011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110558142" title="Special:BookSources/9783110558142"><bdi>9783110558142</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242599355">242599355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classification+of+MSEA+Austroasiatic+languages&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2021-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242599355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110558142-011&rft.isbn=9783110558142&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. 2009. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icaal.org/abstract/blench-are.html">Are there four additional unrecognised branches of Austroasiatic?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221221/http://icaal.org/abstract/blench-are.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidwell2006-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell2006_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell2006_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidwell, Paul. 2006. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>In our study, we found the sharing of a large amount of ancestry (>50%) among the Vietnam Late Neolithic ancients, Wa_L and Blang_X, indicating the Yunnan Austroasiatic populations had been influenced both linguistically and genetically by the expansion of Austroasiatic groups from mainland SEA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Biological+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Genomic+insights+into+Neolithic+farming-related+migrations+in+the+junction+of+east+and+southeast+Asia&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E328-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244155341%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2692-7691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.24434&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Jianxin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Weitao&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Kai&rft.au=Li%2C+Guangxing&rft.au=He%2C+Guanglin&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Jing&rft.au=Yang%2C+Xiaomin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jinwen&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Kongyang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Rui&rft.au=Ma%2C+Hao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.24434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaubeyMetspaluChoiMagi20101013-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaubeyMetspaluChoiMagi20101013_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaubeyMetspaluChoiMagi2010">Chaubey et al. 2010</a>, p. 1013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiccio2011" class="citation journal cs1">Riccio, M. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12147">"A late Neolithic expansion of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a1-M95 from east to west"</a>. <i>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</i>. <b>53</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">546–</span>560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12147">10.1111/jse.12147</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83103649">83103649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+late+Neolithic+expansion+of+Y+chromosomal+haplogroup+O2a1-M95+from+east+to+west&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E546-%3C%2Fspan%3E560&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjse.12147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83103649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arunkumar&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjse.12147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagoreAghakhanianNaiduPhipps2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tagore, Debashree; Aghakhanian, Farhang; Naidu, Rakesh; Phipps, Maude E.; Basu, Analabha (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-021-00981-x#Sec10">"Insights into the demographic history of Asia from common ancestry and admixture in the genomic landscape of present-day Austroasiatic speakers"</a>. <i>BMC Biology</i>. <b>19</b> (61) – via BMC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Insights+into+the+demographic+history+of+Asia+from+common+ancestry+and+admixture+in+the+genomic+landscape+of+present-day+Austroasiatic+speakers&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=61&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Tagore&rft.aufirst=Debashree&rft.au=Aghakhanian%2C+Farhang&rft.au=Naidu%2C+Rakesh&rft.au=Phipps%2C+Maude+E.&rft.au=Basu%2C+Analabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbmcbiol.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs12915-021-00981-x%23Sec10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Adams, K. L. (1989). <i>Systems of numeral classification in the Mon–Khmer, Nicobarese and Aslian subfamilies of Austroasiatic</i>. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-373-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-373-5">0-85883-373-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlves2014" class="citation book cs1">Alves, Mark J. (2014). "Mon-Khmer". In Rochelle Lieber; Pavel Stekauer (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">520–</span>544.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mon-Khmer&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Derivational+Morphology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E520-%3C%2Fspan%3E544&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Alves&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Alves, Mark J. (2015). Morphological functions among Mon-Khmer languages: beyond the basics. In N. J. Enfield & Bernard Comrie (eds.), <i>Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: the state of the art</i>. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton, 531–557.</li> <li>Bradley, David (2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1542763/Languages_and_Language_Families_in_China">Languages and Language Families in China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430061616/http://www.academia.edu/1542763/Languages_and_Language_Families_in_China">Archived</a> 30 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in Rint Sybesma (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byomkes_Chakrabarti" title="Byomkes Chakrabarti">Chakrabarti, Byomkes</a>. (1994). <i>A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaubeyMetspaluChoiMagi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chaubey, G.; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355372">"Population Genetic Structure in Indian Austroasiatic Speakers: The Role of Landscape Barriers and Sex-Specific Admixture"</a>. <i>Mol Biol Evol</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1013–</span>1024. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq288">10.1093/molbev/msq288</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355372">3355372</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20978040">20978040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol+Biol+Evol&rft.atitle=Population+Genetic+Structure+in+Indian+Austroasiatic+Speakers%3A+The+Role+of+Landscape+Barriers+and+Sex-Specific+Admixture&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1013-%3C%2Fspan%3E1024&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3355372%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20978040&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq288&rft.aulast=Chaubey&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+M.&rft.au=Choi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Magi%2C+R.&rft.au=Romero%2C+I.+G.&rft.au=Soares%2C+P.&rft.au=van+Oven%2C+M.&rft.au=Behar%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Rootsi%2C+S.&rft.au=Hudjashov%2C+G.&rft.au=Mallick%2C+C.+B.&rft.au=Karmin%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelis%2C+M.&rft.au=Parik%2C+J.&rft.au=Reddy%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+E.&rft.au=van+Driem%2C+G.&rft.au=Xue%2C+Y.&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+C.&rft.au=Thangaraj%2C+K.&rft.au=Singh%2C+L.&rft.au=Remm%2C+M.&rft.au=Richards%2C+M.+B.&rft.au=Lahr%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Kayser%2C+M.&rft.au=Villems%2C+R.&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3355372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Diffloth" title="Gérard Diffloth">Diffloth, Gérard</a>. (2005). "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology and Austro-Asiatic". in Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. <i>The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.</i> 77–80. London: Routledge Curzon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32242-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32242-1">0-415-32242-1</a></li> <li>Filbeck, D. (1978). <i>T'in: a historical study</i>. Pacific linguistics, no. 49. 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(German language)</li> <li>Jenny, Mathias and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidwell" title="Paul Sidwell">Paul Sidwell</a>, eds (2015). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/products/reference-work/handbook-austroasiatic-languages-2-vols">The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150305205754/http://www.brill.com/products/reference-work/handbook-austroasiatic-languages-2-vols">Archived</a> 5 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Leiden: Brill.</li> <li>Peck, B. M., Comp. (1988). <i>An Enumerative Bibliography of South Asian Language Dictionaries</i>.</li> <li>Peiros, Ilia. 1998. <i>Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia.</i> Pacific Linguistics Series C, No. 142. Canberra: Australian National University.</li> <li>Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11344550/A_Mon-Khmer_comparative_dictionary">A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809114321/http://www.academia.edu/11344550/A_Mon-Khmer_comparative_dictionary">Archived</a> 9 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-570-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-570-3">0-85883-570-3</a></li> <li>Shorto, H. L. <i>Bibliographies of Mon–Khmer and Tai Linguistics</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=The+Austroasiatic+central+riverine+hypothesis&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jolr.ru%2Ffiles%2F%252851%2529jlr2010-4%2528117-134%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>van Driem, George. (2007). Austroasiatic phylogeny and the Austroasiatic homeland in light of recent population genetic studies. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>, 37, 1–14.</li> <li>Zide, Norman H., and Milton E. Barker. (1966) <i>Studies in Comparative Austroasiatic Linguistics</i>, The Hague: Mouton (Indo-Iranian monographs, v. 5.).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4611482">"Y-chromosome diversity suggests southern origin and Paleolithic backwave migration of Austro-Asiatic speakers from eastern Asia to the Indian subcontinent"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>5</b>: 1548. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...515486Z">2015NatSR...515486Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep15486">10.1038/srep15486</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4611482">4611482</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26482917">26482917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+diversity+suggests+southern+origin+and+Paleolithic+backwave+migration+of+Austro-Asiatic+speakers+from+eastern+Asia+to+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=1548&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4611482%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26482917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep15486&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...515486Z&rft.au=Zhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4611482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwellJenny2021" class="citation book cs1">Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/205815/1/10.1515_9783110558142-fm.pdf"><i>The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110558142">10.1515/9783110558142</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F97064">2262/97064</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-055814-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-055814-2"><bdi>978-3-11-055814-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242359233">242359233</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/205815/1/10.1515_9783110558142-fm.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2262%2F97064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242359233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110558142&rft.isbn=978-3-11-055814-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F205815%2F1%2F10.1515_9783110558142-fm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mann, Noel, Wendy Smith and Eva Ujlakyova. 2009. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Linguistic%20Clusters%20of%20Mainland%20Southeast%20Asia%20A%20Description%20of%20the%20Clusters.pdf">Linguistic clusters of Mainland Southeast Asia: an overview of the language families.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324073521/http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Linguistic%20Clusters%20of%20Mainland%20Southeast%20Asia%20A%20Description%20of%20the%20Clusters.pdf">Archived</a> 24 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Chiang Mai: Payap University.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1854" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Mason_(missionary)" title="Francis Mason (missionary)">Mason, Francis</a> (1854). "The Talaing Language". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>4</b>: 277, <span class="nowrap">279–</span>288. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/592280">592280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Talaing+Language&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=277%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.date=1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F592280%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sidwell, Paul (2013). "Issues in Austroasiatic Classification". <i>Language and Linguistics Compass</i>. <b>7</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">437–</span>457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Flnc3.12038">10.1111/lnc3.12038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Linguistics+Compass&rft.atitle=Issues+in+Austroasiatic+Classification&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E457&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Flnc3.12038&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustroasiatic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sidwell, Paul. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/view/paulsidwell/bibliography-of-austroasiatic-linguistics">Bibliography of Austroasiatic linguistics and related resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324073521/https://sites.google.com/view/paulsidwell/bibliography-of-austroasiatic-linguistics">Archived</a> 24 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>E. K. Brown (ed.) Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier Press.</li> <li>Gregory D. S. Anderson and Norman H. Zide. 2002. Issues in Proto-Munda and Proto-Austroasiatic Nominal Derivation: The Bimoraic Constraint. In Marlys A. Macken (ed.) Papers from the 10th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, South East Asian Studies Program, Monograph Series Press. pp. 55–74.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Swadesh lists for Austro-Asiatic languages">Swadesh lists for Austro-Asiatic languages</a> (from Wiktionary's <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Swadesh lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110322035535/http://people.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/languages.html">Mon–Khmer.com</a> Lectures by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidwell" title="Paul Sidwell">Paul Sidwell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/monkhmer/">Mon–Khmer Languages Project</a> at <a href="/wiki/SEAlang_Library" title="SEAlang Library">SEAlang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/munda/">Munda Languages Project</a> at <a href="/wiki/SEAlang_Library" title="SEAlang Library">SEAlang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai">RWAAI</a> (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)</li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66A4-2@view" class="extiw" title="hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66A4-2@view">RWAAI Digital Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/pangloss/languages/AA_Ferlus_en.php">Michel Ferlus's recordings of Mon-Khmer (Austroasiatic) languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180112/http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/pangloss/languages/AA_Ferlus_en.php">Archived</a> 9 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (CNRS)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austroasiatic_languages" title="Template:Austroasiatic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austroasiatic_languages" title="Template talk:Austroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austroasiatic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austroasiatic_languages605" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austroasiatic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeh_language" title="Jeh language">Jeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halang_language" title="Halang language">Halang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayong language">Kayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaco%CA%BC_language" title="Kacoʼ language">Kacoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takua_language" title="Takua language">Takua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monom_language" title="Monom language">Monom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todrah_language" title="Todrah language">Todrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedang_language" title="Sedang language">Sedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahnar_language" title="Bahnar language">Bahnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengao_language" title="Rengao language">Rengao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%AA_language" title="Hrê language">Hrê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Duan language (Austroasiatic)">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katua_language" title="Katua language">Katua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavi_language" title="Lavi language">Lavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jru%27_language" title="Jru' language">Jru'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laven_language" title="Laven language">Laven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%27_language" title="Su' language">Su'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juk_language" title="Juk language">Juk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaheun_language" title="Nyaheun language">Nyaheun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapuan_language" title="Sapuan language">Sapuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi_language" title="Oi language">Oi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brao_language" title="Brao language">Brao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alak_language" title="Alak language">Alak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariang_language" title="Tariang language">Tariang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampuan_language" title="Tampuan language">Tampuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrau_language" title="Chrau language">Chrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koho_language" title="Koho language">Koho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_language" title="Stieng language">Stieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%CA%BCong_language" title="Raʼong language">Raʼong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnong_language" title="Mnong language">Mnong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel-Khaonh_language" title="Mel-Khaonh language">Mel-Khaonh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thmon_language" title="Thmon language">Thmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cua_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Cua language (Austroasiatic)">Cua</a> (East)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_language" title="Kuy language">Kuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Katu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katu_language" title="Katu language">Katu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuong_language" title="Phuong language">Phuong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacoh_language" title="Pacoh language">Pacoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27Oi_language" title="Ta'Oi language">Ta'Oi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viet-Muong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese dialects">Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="vi:Phương ngữ tiếng Việt">vi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese language in China">in China</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kinh_t%E1%BA%A1i_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" class="extiw" title="vi:Tiếng Kinh tại Trung Quốc">vi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Vietnamese language in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_language" title="Mường language">Mường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_language" title="Nguồn language">Nguồn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chut_languages" title="Chut languages">Chut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arem_language" title="Arem language">Arem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0y_language" title="Mày language">Mày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruc_language" title="Ruc language">Ruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sach_language" title="Sach language">Sach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maleng_language" title="Maleng language">Maleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri_language" title="Kri language">Kri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Thavưng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phong–Liha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phong_language" title="Phong language">Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liha_language" title="Liha language">Liha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%91i_language" title="Cuối language">Cuối</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phay-Pram</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prai_language" title="Prai language">Prai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_language" title="Mal language">Mal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksingmul_language" title="Ksingmul language">Ksingmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCdu_language" title="Oʼdu language">Oʼdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniang_language" title="Kniang language">Phong-Kniang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_language" title="Khmu language">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_language" title="Pear language">Pear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western<br />(Chong)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Central Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samre_language_of_Pursat" title="Samre language of Pursat">Samre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasong_dialect" title="Kasong dialect">Kasong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suoy_language" title="Suoy language">Suoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27och_language" title="Sa'och language">Sa'och</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somray_language" title="Somray language">Somray</a> (Northern Chong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Western Chong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khasi%E2%80%93Palaungic_languages" title="Khasi–Palaungic languages">Khasi–<br />Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_language" title="Pnar language">Pnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngngam_language" title="Lyngngam language">Lyngngam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharam_language" title="Maharam language">Maharam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_language" title="War language">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angkuic_languages" title="Angkuic languages">Angkuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mok_language" title="Mok language">Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waic_languages" title="Waic languages">Waic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawa_language" title="Lawa language">Lawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meung_Yum_language" title="Meung Yum language">Meung Yum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savaiq_language" title="Savaiq language">Savaiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bit%E2%80%93Khang_languages" title="Bit–Khang languages">Bit-Khang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_L%C3%A2m_language" title="Quảng Lâm language">Quảng Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ng_language" title="Kháng language">Kháng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lamet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_language" title="Lamet language">Lamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiorr_language" title="Kiorr language">Kiorr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danau_language" title="Danau language">Danau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Loi_language" title="Tai Loi language">Tai Loi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kherwarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mundaric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korwa_language" title="Korwa language">Korwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asur_language" title="Asur language">Asur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birjia_language" title="Birjia language">Birjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birhor_language" title="Birhor language">Birhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koda_language" title="Koda language">Koda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhwar_language" title="Majhwar language">Majhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turi_language" title="Turi language">Turi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agariya_language" title="Agariya language">Agariya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Santalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Bangladesh)" title="Kol language (Bangladesh)">Kol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sora-Gorum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorum_language" title="Gorum language">Gorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juray_language" title="Juray language">Juray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodhi_language" title="Lodhi language">Lodhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gutob-Remo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonda_language" title="Bonda language">Bonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutob_language" title="Gutob language">Gutob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gta%CA%BC_language" title="Gtaʼ language">Gtaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juang_language" title="Juang language">Juang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chaura-Teresa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaura_language" title="Chaura language">Chaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teressa_language" title="Teressa language">Teressa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Nicobarese_languages" title="Central Nicobarese languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancowry_language" title="Nancowry language">Nancowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camorta_language" title="Camorta language">Camorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katchal_language" title="Katchal language">Katchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_language" title="Car language">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nicobarese_language" title="Southern Nicobarese language">Southern Nicobarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jahaic_languages" title="Jahaic languages">Jahaic</a> (Northern)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Ten'edn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senoic_languages" title="Senoic languages">Senoic</a> (Central)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semelaic (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Aslian_languages" title="Southern Aslian languages">Southern</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i> (unclassified; possibly a language isolate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_dialect" title="Northern Khmer dialect">Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Khmer_dialect" title="Western Khmer dialect">Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Khe_dialect" title="Khmer Khe dialect">Khmer Khe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyah Kur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a> (Pakan)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Austroasiatic language">Proto-Austroasiatic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Palaungic_language" title="Proto-Palaungic language">Proto-Palaungic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Khmeric_language" title="Proto-Khmeric language">Proto-Khmeric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Aslian_language" title="Proto-Aslian language">Proto-Aslian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Munda_language" title="Proto-Munda language">Proto-Munda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li><li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families757" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families757" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gule_language" title="Gule language">Gule</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam%C3%ABnt%C5%A1%C3%A1_language" title="Kamëntšá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanavir%C3%B3n_language" title="Sanavirón language">Sanavirón</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia513" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia513" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicanian">Sicanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;63" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33199#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1851" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33199#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1851" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33199#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4143669-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Austroasiatic languages"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85009775">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langues austro-asiatiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12049145p">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langues austro-asiatiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12049145p">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="austroasijské jazyky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138588&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mon-khmerské jazyky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph487761&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007295743805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028710959">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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2 Template:Reflist"," 9.87% 134.103 1 Template:Austroasiatic_languages"," 9.14% 124.107 1 Template:Infobox_language_family"," 8.67% 117.812 1 Template:Langx"," 8.55% 116.158 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.25% 112.076 14 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.51% 102.057 6 Template:Cite_web"," 6.75% 91.695 4 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.828","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17831722,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlves2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArunkumar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaubeyMetspaluChoiMagi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConsortiumLiJinHuang2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuoWangZhaoLi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipsonCheronetMallickRohland2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipsonLohPattersonMoorjani2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLéviPrzyluskiBloch1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiccio2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbeetsSavelyev2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidwell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidwell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidwell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidwell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidwell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidwell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidwellJenny2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagoreAghakhanianNaiduPhipps2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangLiaoQiLiu2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Austroasiatic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Clade\"] = 30,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Est.\"] = 1,\n [\"Eurasian languages\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 23,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox language family\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Language families\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 13,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"Respelling\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 3,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 25,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-z5b9v","timestamp":"20250220042802","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Austroasiatic languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austroasiatic_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33199","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33199","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-03-06T21:44:00Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T05:57:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8e\/Austroasiatic-en.svg","headline":"language family of Continental Southeast Asia"}</script> </body> </html>