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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical periods of execration texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_periods_of_execration_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periods_reflected_in_the_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periods_reflected_in_the_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Periods reflected in the texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periods_reflected_in_the_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sites_where_execration_texts_were_found" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sites_where_execration_texts_were_found"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sites where execration texts were found</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sites_where_execration_texts_were_found-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_execration_ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_execration_ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The execration ritual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_execration_ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_mentioned" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_mentioned"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Places mentioned</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_mentioned-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historical interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_Egyptian_borders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_Egyptian_borders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Beyond Egyptian borders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond_Egyptian_borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testos_d%27execraci%C3%B3n" title="Testos d'execración – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Testos d'execración" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%99n%C9%99t_m%C9%99tnl%C9%99ri" title="Lənət mətnləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lənət mətnləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84chtungstext" title="Ächtungstext – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ächtungstext" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textos_de_execraci%C3%B3n" title="Textos de execración – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Textos de execración" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstoj_de_malbeno" title="Tekstoj de malbeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tekstoj de malbeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texte_d%27ex%C3%A9cration" title="Texte d'exécration – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Texte d'exécration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskah_Eksekrasi" title="Naskah Eksekrasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Naskah Eksekrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testi_di_esecrazione" title="Testi di esecrazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Testi di esecrazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Egyptian ritual writing</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aechtungstext2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aechtungstext2.jpg/330px-Aechtungstext2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aechtungstext2.jpg/500px-Aechtungstext2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aechtungstext2.jpg/960px-Aechtungstext2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Hieratic <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">sherds</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Execration texts</b>, also referred to as <b>proscription lists</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are ancient Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">hieratic</a> texts, listing enemies of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>, most often enemies of the Egyptian state or troublesome foreign neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The texts were most often written upon statuettes of bound foreigners, bowls, or blocks of clay or stone, which were subsequently destroyed. The <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial process</a> of breaking the names and burying them was intended to be a sort of <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">sympathetic magic</a> that would affect the persons or entities named in the texts. The fragments were usually placed near tombs or ritual sites. This practice was most common during times of conflict with the Asiatic neighbors of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_periods_of_execration_texts">Historical periods of execration texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execration_texts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical periods of execration texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Execration texts are attested from the late <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2686–2160 BCE) up into the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (c. 1550–1069). </p><p>The earliest physical execration texts date to the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">6th dynasty</a> (24th–22nd century BCE) during Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a>. They are statuettes made from unbaked clay and fashioned into the shape of bound foreigners with name labels inscribed on their chests, sometimes in red ink.<sup id="cite_ref-Seidlmayer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seidlmayer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 400 of these statuettes were excavated from the cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giza Necropolis">Giza</a>, while a few others have been unearthed at the settlements of <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a> and Balat.<sup id="cite_ref-Seidlmayer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seidlmayer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (c. 2055–1650), Egyptians continued to use statuettes as execration texts. For example, a group of both large and small figurines dating to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">12th dynasty</a> was excavated at the <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seidlmayer_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seidlmayer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle Kingdom Egyptians also began to use pottery vessels for execration texts, which is evidenced by an excavation of over 175 vessels outside the Egyptian fortress at <a href="/wiki/Mirgissa" title="Mirgissa">Mirgissa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a>. These vessels, dating to the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">12th dynasty</a>, were inscribed with lengthy execration texts and appear to have been deliberately broken, likely as part of the execration ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-Seidlmayer_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seidlmayer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only a few examples of execration texts dating to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> (c. 1700–1550) and <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (c. 1550–1069) have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periods_reflected_in_the_texts">Periods reflected in the texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execration_texts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Periods reflected in the texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been noted that the later execration texts created during the Middle Kingdom, at least partially repeat, with some updates, formulas from the older, Old Kingdom texts.<sup id="cite_ref-BenTor81_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenTor81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ben-Tor therefore argues that Middle Kingdom texts don't reflect, either in part or entirely, the historical reality of their time, but that of the Old Kingdom or, archaeologically speaking, of the Early Bronze Age (EB) rather than the Middle Bronze Age (MB).<sup id="cite_ref-BenTor81_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenTor81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He points out that the identified sites were all occupied during the EB, most of them being fortified.<sup id="cite_ref-BenTor81_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenTor81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sites_where_execration_texts_were_found">Sites where execration texts were found</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execration_texts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sites where execration texts were found"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execration_Figurine_-_E.7465.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Execration_Figurine_-_E.7465.jpg/220px-Execration_Figurine_-_E.7465.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Execration_Figurine_-_E.7465.jpg/330px-Execration_Figurine_-_E.7465.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Execration_Figurine_-_E.7465.jpg/440px-Execration_Figurine_-_E.7465.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="3664" /></a><figcaption>Execration figurines from the Brussels Collection (Royal Museums of Art and History)</figcaption></figure> <p>There have been over 1,000 execration deposits found, with sites at <a href="/wiki/Semna" class="mw-redirect" title="Semna">Semna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uronarti" title="Uronarti">Uronarti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirgissa" title="Mirgissa">Mirgissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, Balat, <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhlestein,_Kerry_2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhlestein,_Kerry_2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the execration jars, figurines, vases, and statues were almost destroyed during the rituals, archaeologists have to put all the pieces they find from execration pits back together to learn about the rituals. Four deposits have been uncovered at Giza, which contained figurines packed into pottery jars.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Middle Kingdom fortress of <a href="/wiki/Mirgissa" title="Mirgissa">Mirgissa</a>, execration remains included 200 broken inscribed red vases, over 400 broken uninscribed red vases, nearly 350 mud figurines, four limestone figures, small traces of beeswax dyed red — probably the remnants of melted figurines, and one human — whose head was ritually severed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other evidence of human sacrifice and execration victims, as well as animal sacrifice was found at <a href="/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris">Avaris</a>, probably from the 18th dynasty. Two execration pits were found: one containing skulls and fingers while the other had two full male skeletons. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Posener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Posener (page does not exist)">Georges Posener</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Posener" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges Posener">fr</a>]</span> published his findings from <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a> in 1940, which later became known as the Brussels texts. Figurines there name over 60 enemy cities, people, and tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-BenTor_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenTor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_execration_ritual">The execration ritual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execration_texts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The execration ritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The execration ritual was the process by which one could thwart or eradicate one's enemies. Usually the ritual object(s) would be bound (usually a small figurine, but sometimes human sacrifice was practiced), then the object was smashed, stomped on, stabbed, cut, speared, spat on, locked in a box, burned, saturated in urine, and finally buried. But not every execration included all of the previous components. A full rite could use any of these actions numerous times with numerous figures. One recorded rite gave instructions to "spit on him four times ... trample on him with the left foot ... smite him with a spear ... slaughter him with a knife ... place him on the fire ... spit on him in the fire many times"<sup id="cite_ref-Muhlestein,_Kerry_2008_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhlestein,_Kerry_2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_mentioned">Places mentioned</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execration_texts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Places mentioned"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of foreign names of cities and tribes has long been a source for researchers to learn more about the dates and influence of these sites. The first two groups of execration texts published, the Berlin and Brussels texts, contain numerous mentions of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician cities</a>. The Berlin and Brussels texts date approximately from the end of the 20th century BCE to midway through the 18th century BCE. From an archaeological standpoint, these execration texts range from MB I to MB IIB. Archaeological remains from this period have not been found in all of the sites mentioned on Egyptian execration texts.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Places mentioned in execration texts for which there is substantial archaeological remains from MB IIA:<sup id="cite_ref-BenTor67_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenTor67-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afek,_Israel" title="Afek, Israel">Aphek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_(ancient_city)" title="Dan (ancient city)">Laish</a> (biblical city of Dan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a></li></ul> <p>Places mentioned in execration texts with little or no archaeological remains from MB IIA:<sup id="cite_ref-BenTor67_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenTor67-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehov" title="Rehov">Rehov</a></li> <li>Pehel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achshaph" title="Achshaph">Achshaph</a></li></ul> <p>The site <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> may also have been mentioned in these sets of execration texts, but this site has not been identified with certainty. <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> was mentioned as the name of a tribe in execration texts, but not as a site.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most scholars claim that the Šu-tu mentioned in execration texts and other Egyptian texts may refer to the land and people of <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> due to the text in Numbers 24:17<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which refers to the Moabites as the "sons of Sheth". However, it is also possible that the term <a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Šu-tu</a> may refer to all people living in an area ranging from <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Zered" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Zered">Wadi al-Hassa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zarqa_River" title="Zarqa River">Nahr ez-Zerqa</a>, instead of referring exclusively to Moab.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> in Nubia is also mentioned in execration texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execration_texts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The execration texts are an important resource for researchers in the field of ancient Near Eastern history of the 20th–18th centuries BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Albright1969_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright1969-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> studies. The first group of execration texts were published by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Sethe" title="Kurt Sethe">Kurt Sethe</a> in 1926, known as the Berlin texts. Georges Posener published a second group of texts in 1957, known as the Brussels texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright1961_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright1961-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BenTor_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenTor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first collection are inscribed on pottery <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">sherds</a>, and contain the names of approximately 20 places in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, and over 30 rulers of the period. These texts contain what is possibly the first known mention of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FreedmanMyers2000_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreedmanMyers2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE, the end of the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">11th Dynasty</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">12th Dynasty</a>. </p><p>The second group of texts are inscribed on figurines of bound prisoners discovered in <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>. This group contains the names of 64 places, usually listing one or two rulers. Seven known Asian countries are listed.<sup id="cite_ref-Aharoni1979_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aharoni1979-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group has been dated to the end of the 12th Dynasty. </p><p>An additional group of texts, the <a href="/wiki/Mirgissa" title="Mirgissa">Mirgissa</a> texts, was published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvan_Koenig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yvan Koenig (page does not exist)">Yvan Koenig</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvan_Koenig" class="extiw" title="fr:Yvan Koenig">fr</a>]</span> in 1990. </p><p>The execration texts are mostly inscribed on (un)baked clay materials and written in black carbon or red iron containing pigments. An obstacle to still being able to read them after thousands of years is that these texts have faded over time. This has partly been overcome by applying <a href="/wiki/Multispectral_imaging" title="Multispectral imaging">multi-spectral imaging</a> techniques to enhance their readability.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_interpretation">Historical interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execration_texts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The interpretation of historians as to the meaning of execration texts has been well established thanks to documents that detail the ritual creation of the texts and the manner in which they were to be destroyed<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to invoke a form of magic to protect Egypt and the pharaoh, in earlier cases, but especially in the Ptolemaic period they began to be utilized by more and more Egyptians for their own personal use.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because many of the early execration texts are found on pottery, some historians believe that the ritual smashing of execration figures originated from the smashing of clay vessels used in funerary preparations so as to prevent their use for other purposes and to relinquish any magical power that may have resided in the vessel after having been used for funerary washings.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_Egyptian_borders">Beyond Egyptian borders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execration_texts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Beyond Egyptian borders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Execration texts deal with kings and cities who the Egyptians felt threatened by; some of whom lived in the Canaanite and Syrian lands. Execration texts including the Berlin, Brussels, and Migrissa groups contain curses targeting over 100 Syro-Palestinian kings and villages.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nubian kings such as Segersenti were mentioned in execration texts, as well as over 200 other Nubian kings.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biblical connections to execration texts: Egyptian sources are important when wanting to understand the history of Canaan. Their relationship with Egyptian pharaohs is brought to life by some execration texts.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some execration texts refer to the people living on both sides of the Jordan River as <i>su-tu</i>. Scholars make a connection with the <i>su-tu</i> and the "sons of Sheth" or "bene-set", referred to in the book of Numbers 24:17 of the Bible: </p><p>"I shall see him, but not now: I shall behold him, but not nigh: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth." (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בני שת</span> <i>bənê-Šêṯ</i>) </p><p>It is widely accepted that the "sons of Sheth" are those who dwelt in Moab, or the Moabites, on the borders of the Hebrews' lands.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr. A. Bentzen in the 1950s advanced his thesis that the first and second chapters of the book of Amos in the Old Testament "is modelled on cultic patterns, resembling the ritual behind the Egyptian Execration Texts." Many have taken this theory and interpreted it wrongly by saying there is evidence that Amos' speech is influenced by Egyptian execration texts. Bentzen is simply stating that the influences for Amos' speech resemble (are not influenced by) Egyptian execration texts. They are similar, but there is no connection. Other books of the Bible share this same similarity; Daniel 11:41; Isaiah 11:14; Jeremiah 48–49; Zephaniah 2:8–9; Ezekiel 25:1–14 and Nehemiah 13:1–2:23.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execration_texts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curse_tablet" title="Curse tablet">Curse tablet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execration_texts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Gadd, and Hammond (1971), p. 494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinch-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinch_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPinch,_Geraldine1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Harris" title="Geraldine Harris">Pinch, Geraldine</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Op3RD28z_4C"><i>Magic in ancient Egypt</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 92f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76559-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76559-7"><bdi>978-0-292-76559-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+in+ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=92f&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-292-76559-7&rft.au=Pinch%2C+Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Op3RD28z_4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Gadd, and Hammond (1971), p. 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seidlmayer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seidlmayer_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seidlmayer_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seidlmayer_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seidlmayer_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeidlmayer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Seidlmayer, Stephan J. (2001). "Execration Texts". <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.atitle=Execration+Texts&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Seidlmayer&rft.aufirst=Stephan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Seidlmayer (2001) and Theis, Christoffer (2014). "Magie und Raum. Der magische Schutz ausgewählter Räume im Alten Ägypten nebst einem Vergleich zu angrenzenden Kulturbereichen". <i>Orientalische Religionen in der Antike</i> 13, Tübingen, pp. 65–87 for a collection of the material.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_De_Mieroop2011" class="citation book cs1">Van De Mieroop, Marc (2011). <i>A History of Ancient Egypt</i>. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6071-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-6071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6071-1&rft.aulast=Van+De+Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenTor81-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BenTor81_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BenTor81_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BenTor81_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben-Tor (2006), p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muhlestein,_Kerry_2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muhlestein,_Kerry_2008_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muhlestein,_Kerry_2008_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhlestein, Kerry. 2008, Execration Ritual. In Willeke Wendrich, Jacco Dieleman (eds.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abu Bakr, Abdel Moneim, and Jürgen Osing, "Ächtungstexte aus dem Alten Reich", MDAIK 29, 1973, 97–133; Osing, "Ächtungstexte aus dem Alten Reich (II)", pp. 133–85; Hermann Junder, Giza VIII, Vienna: Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1947, pp. 30–38; and Stephan J. Seidlmayer, "Gräberfelder aus dem Übergang vom Altern zum Mittleren Reich". <i>Studien zur archäologie der Ersten Zwischenzeit</i>, Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag, 1990, pp. 488–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritner, Robert. 1993. The mechanics of ancient Egyptian magical practice. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 54. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 153–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vila, Un rituel, p. 631, fig. 15: and Ritner, The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenTor-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BenTor_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BenTor_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben-Tor (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schott, Siegfried. 1929 Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts. Urkunden des aegyptischen Altertums 6, ed. Georg Steindorff. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben-Tor (2006), pp. 63–87; see the last references and maps by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoffer_Theis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoffer Theis (page does not exist)">Christoffer Theis</a>, "Magie und Raum. Der magische Schutz ausgewählter Räume im Alten Ägypten nebst einem Vergleich zu angrenzenden Kulturbereichen" (<i>Orientalische Religionen in der Antike</i> 13), Tübingen 2014, pp. 82–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenTor67-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BenTor67_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BenTor67_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben-Tor (2006), p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben-Tor (2006), p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worschech (1997), pp. 229–230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albright1969-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Albright1969_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1969" class="citation book cs1">Albright, W.F. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejxx86Udw7AC"><i>Studies in the history of culture: the disciplines of the humanities</i></a>. Ayer Publishing. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-1170-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-1170-1"><bdi>978-0-8369-1170-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+history+of+culture%3A+the+disciplines+of+the+humanities&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-1170-1&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=W.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dejxx86Udw7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright1961-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wright1961_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright,_G._E.1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._Ernest_Wright" title="G. Ernest Wright">Wright, G. E.</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_-0WAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Bible and the ancient Near East: Essays in Honor of William Foxwell Albright</i></a>. Doubleday. p. 304<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+ancient+Near+East%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+William+Foxwell+Albright&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Wright%2C+G.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_-0WAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreedmanMyers2000-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FreedmanMyers2000_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Noel_FreedmanAllen_C._MyersAstrid_B._Beck2000" class="citation book cs1">David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers; Astrid B. Beck (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC"><i>Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">694–</span>695. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E694-%3C%2Fspan%3E695&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4&rft.au=David+Noel+Freedman&rft.au=Allen+C.+Myers&rft.au=Astrid+B.+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9sYIRXZZ2MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aharoni1979-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aharoni1979_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAharoni1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yohanan_Aharoni" title="Yohanan Aharoni">Aharoni, Yohanan</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMtoyNxWw0UC&pg=PA144"><i>The land of the Bible: a historical geography</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">144–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24266-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24266-4"><bdi>978-0-664-24266-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+land+of+the+Bible%3A+a+historical+geography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-664-24266-4&rft.aulast=Aharoni&rft.aufirst=Yohanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMtoyNxWw0UC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_PerreBraekmansBoschloosOssieur2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Van der Perre, Athena; Braekmans, Dennis; Boschloos, Vanessa; Ossieur, France; Hameeuw, Hendrik; Delvaux, Luc (2018). "The Egyptian Execration Figurines of the Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels: Conservation, Pigments and Digitisation". <i>Bulletin des Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire</i>. 87/88: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+des+Mus%C3%A9es+royaux+d%27Art+et+d%27Histoire&rft.atitle=The+Egyptian+Execration+Figurines+of+the+Royal+Museums+of+Art+and+History%2C+Brussels%3A+Conservation%2C+Pigments+and+Digitisation&rft.volume=87%2F88&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Van+der+Perre&rft.aufirst=Athena&rft.au=Braekmans%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Boschloos%2C+Vanessa&rft.au=Ossieur%2C+France&rft.au=Hameeuw%2C+Hendrik&rft.au=Delvaux%2C+Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dunand" title="Françoise Dunand">Françoise Dunand</a>, Christiane Zivie-Coche, Gods and Men in Egypt: 3000 BCE To 395 CE, Cornell University Press, 2005, pg. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Allan Mirecki, Marvin W. Meyer, Magic and Ritual in the Ancient World, Brill 2002, Part 4, p. 440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobus Van Dijk, The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis, Groningen, 1993, p. 185f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Egyptian Relations with Palestine in the Middle Kingdom James M. Weinstein Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 217 (Feb. 1975), pp. 1–16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Three Rulers in Nubia and the Early Middle Kingdom in Egypt Bruce Williams Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 72, No. 1 (April 2013), pp. 1–10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Hebrew Books and Papers <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>, Vol. 10, No. 3 (1960), pp. 184–189)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Egypt and Moab Udo Worschech The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 60, No. 4, The Archaeology of Moab (Dec., 1997), pp. 229–236)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(The Pattern of the 'Execration Texts' in the Prophetic Literature M. WEISS Israel Exploration Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1969), pp. 150–157)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execration_texts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFI.E.S._EdwardsC.J._GaddN.G.L._Hammond1971" class="citation book cs1">I.E.S. Edwards; C.J. Gadd; N.G.L. Hammond (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History: Early History of the Middle East</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07791-0"><bdi>978-0-521-07791-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Early+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07791-0&rft.au=I.E.S.+Edwards&rft.au=C.J.+Gadd&rft.au=N.G.L.+Hammond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeancient02edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicolás_Grimal1994" class="citation book cs1">Nicolás Grimal (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzTiXt49I0YC"><i>A history of ancient Egypt</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19396-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19396-8"><bdi>978-0-631-19396-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19396-8&rft.au=Nicol%C3%A1s+Grimal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzTiXt49I0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBen-Tor2006" class="citation cs2">Ben-Tor, Amnon (2006), Yaira Amit; Nadav Naʼaman (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku4OKVrEd4MC&pg=PA63">"Do the Execration Texts reflect an accurate picture of the contemporary settlement map of Palestine?"</a>, <i>Essays on ancient Israel in its Near Eastern context: a tribute to Nadav Naʼaman</i>, EISENBRAUNS, pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>87, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-128-3"><bdi>978-1-57506-128-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+on+ancient+Israel+in+its+Near+Eastern+context%3A+a+tribute+to+Nadav+Na%CA%BCaman&rft.atitle=Do+the+Execration+Texts+reflect+an+accurate+picture+of+the+contemporary+settlement+map+of+Palestine%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-128-3&rft.aulast=Ben-Tor&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKu4OKVrEd4MC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span> Re-accessed 20 July 2022.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Posener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Posener (page does not exist)">Georges Posener</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Posener" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges Posener">fr</a>]</span>: <i>Princes et Pays d'Asie et de Nubie. Textes hiératiques sur des figurines d'envoûtement du Moyen Empire.</i> Brüssel 1940 (Jüngere Texte der 12. Dynastie).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Sethe" title="Kurt Sethe">Kurt Sethe</a>: <i>Die Ächtung feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf altägyptischen Tongefäßscherben des Mittleren Reiches.</i> (=: <i>Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.</i> 1926, philos-histor. Klasse Nr. 5) Berlin 1926 (Ältere Ächtungstexte aus der 12. Dynastie).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoffer_Theis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoffer Theis (page does not exist)">Christoffer Theis</a>, Magie und Raum. Der magische Schutz ausgewählter Räume im Alten Ägypten nebst einem Vergleich zu angrenzenden Kulturbereichen (Orientalische Religionen in der Antike 13), Tübingen 2014, pp. 65–87.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoffer_Theis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoffer Theis (page does not exist)">Christoffer Theis</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibelwissenschaft.de/stichwort/12613/">Ächtungstexte</a>. In: Michaela Bauks, Klaus Koenen, Stefan Alkier (Hrsg.): <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_wissenschaftliche_Bibellexikon_im_Internet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet (page does not exist)">Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_wissenschaftliche_Bibellexikon_im_Internet" class="extiw" title="de:Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet">de</a>]</span></i> (WiBiLex), Stuttgart 2006 ff.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_L._Thompson2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas L. Thompson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwrzapZYqFAC&pg=PA106"><i>The historicity of the patriarchal narratives: the quest for the historical Abraham</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-389-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-389-2"><bdi>978-1-56338-389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historicity+of+the+patriarchal+narratives%3A+the+quest+for+the+historical+Abraham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56338-389-2&rft.au=Thomas+L.+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwrzapZYqFAC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorschech1997" class="citation journal cs1">Worschech, Udo (December 1997). "Egypt and Moab". <i>The Biblical Archaeologist</i>. <b>60</b> (The Archaeology of Moab): <span class="nowrap">229–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210625">10.2307/3210625</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210625">3210625</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164026781">164026781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Egypt+and+Moab&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=The+Archaeology+of+Moab&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=1997-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164026781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210625%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210625&rft.aulast=Worschech&rft.aufirst=Udo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecration+texts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execration_texts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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