CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Space debris - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c3313551-f384-482a-a9a5-339ffdcca067","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Space_debris","wgTitle":"Space debris","wgCurRevisionId":1276706093,"wgRevisionId":1276706093,"wgArticleId":266344,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Webarchive template archiveis links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2020","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2022","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2019","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2019","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009","Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2013","Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2016","Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2019","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020","All self-contradictory articles","Self-contradictory articles from December 2015","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2015","Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2009","Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2022","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from March 2021","Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2014","Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2014","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2019","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2024","Commons link is on Wikidata","Space debris","Global issues","Space hazards","Spaceflight","Near-Earth objects","Future problems","Pollution","Technology hazards","Space traffic management","Planetary rings"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Space_debris","wgRelevantArticleId":266344,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q275450","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png/1200px-Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png/800px-Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png/640px-Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Space debris - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_debris"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_debris"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Space_debris rootpage-Space_debris skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Space+debris" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Space+debris" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Space+debris" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Space+debris" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debris_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debris_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Debris growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debris_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debris_history_in_particular_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debris_history_in_particular_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Debris history in particular years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debris_history_in_particular_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characterization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characterization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Characterization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characterization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characterization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characterization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size_and_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Size and numbers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_and_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_Earth_orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_Earth_orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Low Earth orbit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_Earth_orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_altitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_altitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Higher altitudes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_altitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dead_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dead_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Dead spacecraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dead_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Lost equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boosters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boosters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Boosters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boosters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Weapons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Hazards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hazards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-To_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 To spacecraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uncrewed_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncrewed_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Uncrewed spacecraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncrewed_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crewed_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crewed_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Crewed spacecraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crewed_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Space_Shuttle_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Shuttle_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.1 Space Shuttle missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Shuttle_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.2 Mir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Space_Station" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Space_Station"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.3 International Space Station </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Space_Station-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kessler_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kessler_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Kessler syndrome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kessler_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 On Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking_and_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking_and_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Tracking and measurement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tracking_and_measurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tracking and measurement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tracking_and_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tracking_from_the_ground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking_from_the_ground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tracking from the ground </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking_from_the_ground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement_in_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_in_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Measurement in space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement_in_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gabbard_diagrams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gabbard_diagrams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Gabbard diagrams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gabbard_diagrams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dealing_with_debris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dealing_with_debris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Dealing with debris </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dealing_with_debris-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dealing with debris subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dealing_with_debris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_and_international_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_international_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 National and international regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_and_international_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Growth mitigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Self-removal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 External removal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Remotely_controlled_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remotely_controlled_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Remotely controlled vehicles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remotely_controlled_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laser_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laser_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Laser methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laser_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.3 Nets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harpoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harpoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.4 Harpoon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harpoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling_space_debris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling_space_debris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.5 Recycling space debris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recycling_space_debris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reusing_space_debris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reusing_space_debris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.6 Reusing space debris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reusing_space_debris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barriers_to_dealing_with_debris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barriers_to_dealing_with_debris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Barriers to dealing with debris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barriers_to_dealing_with_debris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incomplete_data_of_space_debris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incomplete_data_of_space_debris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Incomplete data of space debris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incomplete_data_of_space_debris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insufficient_participation_of_private_actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insufficient_participation_of_private_actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Insufficient participation of private actors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insufficient_participation_of_private_actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_other_celestial_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_other_celestial_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 On other celestial bodies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_other_celestial_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Space debris</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" > 59 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimterommel" title="Ruimterommel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ruimterommel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مخلفات فضائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخلفات فضائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasuera_espacial" title="Vasuera espacial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vasuera espacial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmik_tullant%C4%B1" title="Kosmik tullantı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosmik tullantı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মহাকাশ বর্জ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাকাশ বর্জ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Касмічнае смецце – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Касмічнае смецце" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Касьмічнае сьмецьце – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Касьмічнае сьмецьце" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Космически отпадъци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Космически отпадъци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brossa_espacial" title="Brossa espacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brossa espacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmick%C3%A9_smet%C3%AD" title="Kosmické smetí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kosmické smetí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumaffald" title="Rumaffald – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumaffald" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltraumm%C3%BCll" title="Weltraummüll – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltraummüll" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmosepr%C3%BCgi" title="Kosmoseprügi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosmoseprügi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Διαστημικά συντρίμμια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαστημικά συντρίμμια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basura_espacial" title="Basura espacial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Basura espacial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmorubo" title="Kosmorubo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosmorubo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espazioko_zabor" title="Espazioko zabor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espazioko zabor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زباله‌های فضایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زباله‌های فضایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9bris_spatial" title="Débris spatial – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Débris spatial" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smionagar_satail%C3%ADt%C3%AD" title="Smionagar satailítí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Smionagar satailítí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugallo_espacial" title="Refugallo espacial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Refugallo espacial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EC%93%B0%EB%A0%88%EA%B8%B0" title="우주 쓰레기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주 쓰레기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A2" title="Տիեզերական աղբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիեզերական աղբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampah_antariksa" title="Sampah antariksa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sampah antariksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detrito_spaziale" title="Detrito spaziale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Detrito spaziale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="פסולת חלל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסולת חלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ғарыш қоқысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғарыш қоқысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takataka_ya_angani" title="Takataka ya angani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Takataka ya angani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltraumschrott" title="Weltraumschrott – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Weltraumschrott" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmin%C4%97s_nuolau%C5%BEos" title="Kosminės nuolaužos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kosminės nuolaužos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtepuin" title="Ruimtepuin – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ruimtepuin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B0rszem%C3%A9t" title="Űrszemét – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Űrszemét" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ശൂന്യാകാശ അവശിഷ്ടങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശൂന്യാകാശ അവശിഷ്ടങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampah_angkasa" title="Sampah angkasa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sampah angkasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сансрын хог хаягдал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сансрын хог хаягдал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimteschroot" title="Ruimteschroot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruimteschroot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%87%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA" title="スペースデブリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペースデブリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roms%C3%B8ppel" title="Romsøppel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romsøppel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%81" title="خلائی ملبہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خلائی ملبہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%AE%DA%81%D9%84%DB%90" title="فضايي خځلې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فضايي خځلې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmiczne_%C5%9Bmieci" title="Kosmiczne śmieci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kosmiczne śmieci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detrito_espacial" title="Detrito espacial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Detrito espacial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunoi_spa%C8%9Bial" title="Gunoi spațial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gunoi spațial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Космический мусор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космический мусор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Space debris" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmick%C3%BD_odpad" title="Kozmický odpad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kozmický odpad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odpadki_v_vesolju" title="Odpadki v vesolju – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odpadki v vesolju" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaruusromu" title="Avaruusromu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaruusromu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymdskrot" title="Rymdskrot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rymdskrot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="விண்வெளிக் கழிவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்வெளிக் கழிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="అంతరిక్ష శిథిలాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంతరిక్ష శిథిలాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="ขยะอวกาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขยะอวกาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzay_enkaz%C4%B1" title="Uzay enkazı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzay enkazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Космічне сміття – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космічне сміття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%81" title="خلائی ملبہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلائی ملبہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3nh_v%E1%BB%A5n_kh%C3%B4ng_gian" title="Mảnh vụn không gian – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mảnh vụn không gian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE" title="太空垃圾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="太空垃圾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE" title="太空垃圾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太空垃圾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE" title="太空垃圾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太空垃圾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q275450#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Space_debris" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Space_debris" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Space_debris" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&oldid=1276706093" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Space_debris&id=1276706093&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpace_debris">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpace_debris">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Space_debris&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Space_debris" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q275450" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pollution around Earth by defunct artificial objects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Space Junk" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Space_Junk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Space Junk (disambiguation)">Space Junk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cosmic debris" redirects here. For the Frank Zappa song, see <a href="/wiki/Cosmik_Debris" title="Cosmik Debris">Cosmik Debris</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png/440px-Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png/660px-Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png/880px-Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png 2x" data-file-width="4735" data-file-height="4735" /></a><figcaption>Infographic showing the space debris situation in different kinds of orbits around Earth</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/250px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/500px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-exhaust_emissions" title="Non-exhaust emissions">Non-exhaust emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban blight">Urban blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/20px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/40px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/20px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/40px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Space debris (also known as space junk, space pollution,<a href="#cite_note-guardian20170326-1">[1]</a> space waste, space trash, space garbage, or cosmic debris<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>) are defunct human-made objects in space – principally in <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a> – which no longer serve a useful function. These include <a href="/wiki/Derelict_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Derelict spacecraft">derelict spacecraft</a> (nonfunctional spacecraft and abandoned launch vehicle stages), mission-related debris, and particularly numerous in-Earth orbit, fragmentation debris from the breakup of derelict rocket bodies and spacecraft. In addition to derelict human-made objects left in orbit, space debris includes fragments from disintegration, <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Collision" title="Collision">collisions</a>; solidified liquids expelled from spacecraft; unburned particles from solid rocket motors; and even paint flecks. Space debris represents a risk to spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Space debris is typically a <a href="/wiki/Negative_externality" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative externality">negative externality</a>. It creates an external cost on others from the initial action to launch or use a spacecraft in near-Earth orbit, a cost that is typically not taken into account nor fully accounted for<a href="#cite_note-coase1960-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ewot2014-5">[5]</a> by the launcher or payload owner.<a href="#cite_note-muñoz-patchen2019-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian20170326-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-aiaa201804-7">[7]</a> Several spacecraft, both crewed and un-crewed, have been damaged or destroyed by space debris. The measurement, mitigation, and potential removal of debris is conducted by some participants in the <a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">space industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-esadebris20190306-8">[8]</a> As of November 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Surveillance_Network" title="United States Space Surveillance Network">US Space Surveillance Network</a> reported 25,857 artificial objects in orbit above the Earth,<a href="#cite_note-ODQN-201911-9">[9]</a> including 5,465 operational satellites.<a href="#cite_note-ucs20191216-10">[10]</a> However, these are just the objects large enough to be tracked and in an orbit that makes tracking possible. Satellite debris that is in a <a href="/wiki/Molniya_orbit" title="Molniya orbit">Molniya orbit</a>, such as the Kosmos <a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">Oko</a> series, might be too high above the Northern Hemisphere to be tracked.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-11">[11]</a> As of January 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 128 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm (0.4 in), about 900,000 pieces of debris 1–10 cm, and around 34,000 of pieces larger than 10 cm (3.9 in) were estimated to be in orbit around the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-esadebris20190306-8">[8]</a> When the smallest objects of artificial space debris (paint flecks, solid rocket exhaust particles, etc.) are grouped with <a href="/wiki/Micrometeoroid" title="Micrometeoroid">micrometeoroids</a>, they are together sometimes referred to by space agencies as MMOD (Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris). Collisions with debris have become a hazard to spacecraft. The smallest objects cause damage akin to <a href="/wiki/Sandblasting" title="Sandblasting">sandblasting</a>, especially to solar panels and optics like telescopes or <a href="/wiki/Star_tracker" title="Star tracker">star trackers</a> that cannot easily be protected by a <a href="/wiki/Hypervelocity_ballistic_shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypervelocity ballistic shield">ballistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Whipple_shield" title="Whipple shield">shield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nasa20090428-12">[12]</a> Below 2,000 km (1,200 mi), pieces of debris are denser than <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a>. Most are dust from solid rocket motors, surface erosion debris like paint flakes, and frozen coolant from <a href="/wiki/RORSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="RORSAT">Soviet nuclear-powered satellites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wiedemann2009-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-rossi2009-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-wiedemann2005-15">[15]</a> For comparison, the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) orbits in the 300–400 kilometres (190–250 mi) range, while the two most recent large debris events, the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test" title="2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test">antisatellite weapon test</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2009_satellite_collision" title="2009 satellite collision">2009 satellite collision</a>, occurred at 800 to 900 kilometres (500 to 560 mi) altitude.<a href="#cite_note-nasa9-16">[16]</a> The ISS has <a href="/wiki/Whipple_shielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Whipple shielding">Whipple shielding</a> to resist damage from small MMOD. However, known debris with a collision chance over 1/10,000 are avoided by <a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">maneuvering</a> the station. According to a report published in January 2025, scientists are encouraging vigilance around closing airspace more often to avoid collisions between airline flights and space debris reentering the earth's atmosphere amid an increasing volume of both.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Following a destructive event, the explosion of SpaceX's Starship Flight 7 on January 16, 2025, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) slowed air traffic in the area where debris was falling. This prompted several aircraft to request diversion because of low fuel levels while they were holding outside the Debris Response Area.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baker-Nunn_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large camera, with a man standing next to it for scale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Baker-Nunn_camera.jpg/250px-Baker-Nunn_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Baker-Nunn_camera.jpg/330px-Baker-Nunn_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Baker-Nunn_camera.jpg/340px-Baker-Nunn_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Schmidt_camera#Baker-Nunn" title="Schmidt camera">Baker-Nunn cameras</a> were widely used to study space debris.</figcaption></figure> Space debris began to accumulate in Earth orbit with the launch of the first <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, into orbit in October, 1957. But even before this event, humans might have produced ejecta that became space debris, as in the August 1957 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plumbbob#Pascal-B" title="Operation Plumbbob">Pascal B test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brownlee,_Harrington-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brownlee,_Thomson-20">[20]</a> Going back further, natural <a href="/wiki/Ejecta" title="Ejecta">ejecta</a> from Earth has entered orbit. After the launch of Sputnik, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">North American Aerospace Defense Command</a> (NORAD) began compiling a database (the <a href="/wiki/Space_Object_Catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Object Catalog">Space Object Catalog</a>) of all known rocket launches and objects reaching orbit, including satellites, protective shields and upper-stages of <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> later published modified versions of the database in <a href="/wiki/Two-line_element_set" title="Two-line element set">two-line element sets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHootsSchumacherGlover2004174–185-21">[21]</a> and beginning in the early 1980s, they were republished in the CelesTrak <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabbard_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Debris graph of altitude and orbital period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gabbard_diagram.png/330px-Gabbard_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gabbard_diagram.png/500px-Gabbard_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gabbard_diagram.png/520px-Gabbard_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Gabbard diagram of almost 300 pieces of debris from the disintegration of the five-month-old third stage of the Chinese Long March 4 booster on 11 March 2000</figcaption></figure> NORAD trackers who fed the database were aware of other objects in orbit, many of which were the result of in-orbit explosions.<a href="#cite_note-s48-23">[23]</a> Some were deliberately caused during <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">anti-satellite weapon</a> (ASAT) testing in the 1960s, and others were the result of rocket stages blowing up in orbit as leftover propellant expanded and ruptured their tanks. More detailed databases and tracking systems were gradually developed, including Gabbard diagrams, to improve the modeling of orbital evolution and decay.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-portree-25">[25]</a> When the NORAD database became publicly available during the 1970s,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] techniques developed for the asteroid-belt were applied to the study[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] of known artificial satellite objects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Time and natural gravitational/atmospheric effects help to clear space debris. A variety of technological approaches have also been proposed, though most have not been implemented. A number of scholars have observed that systemic factors, political, legal, economic, and cultural, are the greatest impediment to the cleanup of near-Earth space. There has been little commercial incentive to reduce space debris since the associated cost does not accrue to the entity producing it. Rather, the cost falls to all users of the space environment who benefit from space technology and knowledge. A number of suggestions for increasing incentives to reduce space debris have been made. These would encourage companies to see the economic benefit of reducing debris more aggressively than existing government mandates require.<a href="#cite_note-sn20141125-26">[26]</a> In 1979, NASA founded the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Orbital_Debris_Program_Office" title="NASA Orbital Debris Program Office">Orbital Debris Program</a> to research mitigation measures for space debris in Earth orbit.<a href="#cite_note-nasa20161103-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debris_growth">Debris growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Debris growth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debris-GEO1280.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Debris-GEO1280.jpg/220px-Debris-GEO1280.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Debris-GEO1280.jpg/330px-Debris-GEO1280.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Debris-GEO1280.jpg/440px-Debris-GEO1280.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>NASA computer-generated image of debris objects in Earth orbit, c. 2005</figcaption></figure> During the 1980s, NASA and other U.S. groups attempted to limit the growth of debris. One trial solution was implemented by <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> in 1981 for the <a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta launch vehicle</a> by having the booster move away from its payload and vent any propellant remaining in its tanks.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> This eliminated one source for pressure buildup in the tanks which had previously caused them to explode and create additional orbital debris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter198250-30">[30]</a> Other countries were slower to adopt this measure and, due especially to a number of launches by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the problem grew throughout the decade.<a href="#cite_note-h7-31">[31]</a> A new battery of studies followed as NASA, NORAD, and others attempted to better understand the orbital environment, with each adjusting the number of pieces of debris in the critical-mass zone upward. Although in 1981 (when Schefter's article was published) the number of objects was estimated at 5,000,<a href="#cite_note-s48-23">[23]</a> new detectors in the <a href="/wiki/Ground-based_Electro-Optical_Deep_Space_Surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance">Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance</a> system found new objects. By the late 1990s, it was thought that most of the 28,000 launched objects had already decayed and about 8,500 remained in orbit.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> By 2005 this was adjusted upward to 13,000 objects,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and a 2006 study increased the number to 19,000 as a result of an ASAT and a satellite collision.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 2011, NASA said that 22,000 objects were being tracked.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> A 2006 NASA model suggested that if no new launches took place, the environment would retain the then-known population until about 2055, when it would increase on its own.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Richard Crowther of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Defence_Evaluation_and_Research_Agency" title="Defence Evaluation and Research Agency">Defence Evaluation and Research Agency</a> said in 2002 that he believed the cascade would begin about 2015.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The National Academy of Sciences, summarizing the professional view, noted widespread agreement that two bands of LEO space – 900 to 1,000 km (620 mi) and 1,500 km (930 mi) – were already past critical density.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleghorn19957-39">[39]</a> In the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Council_of_European_Aerospace_Societies" title="Council of European Aerospace Societies">CEAS</a> European Air and Space Conference, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a> researcher Hugh Lewis predicted that the threat from space debris would rise 50 percent in the next decade and quadruple in the next 50 years. As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 13,000 close calls were tracked weekly.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> A 2011 report by the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (United States)">U.S. National Research Council</a> warned NASA that the amount of orbiting space debris was at a critical level. According to some computer models, the amount of space debris "has reached a tipping point, with enough currently in orbit to continually collide and create even more debris, raising the risk of spacecraft failures." The report called for international regulations limiting debris and research of disposal methods.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LEO-SpaceDebris-Nov2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Objects in Earth orbit including fragmentation debris. November 2020 NASA:ODPO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/LEO-SpaceDebris-Nov2020.png/350px-LEO-SpaceDebris-Nov2020.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/LEO-SpaceDebris-Nov2020.png/525px-LEO-SpaceDebris-Nov2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/LEO-SpaceDebris-Nov2020.png/700px-LEO-SpaceDebris-Nov2020.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Objects in Earth orbit including fragmentation debris, November 2020, NASA: ODPO</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debris_history_in_particular_years">Debris history in particular years</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Debris history in particular years">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>By mid-1994 there had been 68 breakups or debris "anomalous events" involving satellites launched by the former Soviet Union/Russia and 18 similar events had been discovered involving rocket bodies and other propulsion-related operational debris.<a href="#cite_note-soviet-42">[42]</a></li> <li>As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, 19,000 debris over 5 cm (2 in) were tracked by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Surveillance_Network" title="United States Space Surveillance Network">United States Space Surveillance Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nasa9-16">[16]</a></li> <li>As of July 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, estimates of more than 170 million debris smaller than 1 cm (0.4 in), about 670,000 debris 1–10 cm, and approximately 29,000 larger pieces of debris were in orbit.<a href="#cite_note-esadebris2013-43">[43]</a></li> <li>As of July 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, nearly 18,000 artificial objects were orbiting above Earth,<a href="#cite_note-ODQN-201607-44">[44]</a> including 1,419 operational satellites.<a href="#cite_note-ucs20160811-45">[45]</a></li> <li>As of October 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, nearly 20,000 artificial objects were in orbit above the Earth,<a href="#cite_note-ODQN-201911-9">[9]</a> including 2,218 operational satellites.<a href="#cite_note-ucs20191216-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characterization">Characterization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characterization">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_and_numbers">Size and numbers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Size and numbers">edit</a>]</div> As of January 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a> there were estimated to be over 128 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm (0.39 in), and approximately 900,000 pieces between 1 and 10 cm. The count of large debris (defined as 10 cm across or larger<a href="#cite_note-untechreport1999-46">[46]</a>) was 34,000 in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-esadebris20190306-8">[8]</a> and at least 37,000 by June 2023.<a href="#cite_note-alderson2023-47">[47]</a> The technical measurement cut-off[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] is c. 3 mm (0.12 in).<a href="#cite_note-nasadebris2012-48">[48]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 8,000 metric tons of debris in orbit, a figure that is expected to increase.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiou2020-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_Earth_orbit">Low Earth orbit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Low Earth orbit">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Objects_and_debris_in_LEO_by_height_black.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Objects_and_debris_in_LEO_by_height_black.png/500px-Objects_and_debris_in_LEO_by_height_black.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="686" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Objects_and_debris_in_LEO_by_height_black.png/960px-Objects_and_debris_in_LEO_by_height_black.png 1.5x" data-file-width="4066" data-file-height="6337" /></a><figcaption>Debris density in low Earth orbit</figcaption></figure> In the orbits nearest to Earth – less than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) <a href="/wiki/Orbital_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital altitude">orbital altitude</a>, referred to as low-Earth orbit (LEO) – there have traditionally been few "universal orbits" that keep a number of spacecraft in particular rings (in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">GEO</a>, a single orbit that is widely used by <a href="/wiki/List_of_satellites_in_geosynchronous_orbit" title="List of satellites in geosynchronous orbit">over 500 satellites</a>). There is currently 85% pollution in LEO (Low Earth Orbit). This was beginning to change in 2019, and several companies began to deploy the early phases of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_internet_constellation" title="Satellite internet constellation">satellite internet constellations</a>, which will have many universal orbits in LEO with 30 to 50 satellites per orbital plane and altitude. Traditionally, the most populated LEO orbits have been a number of <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous satellites</a> that keep a constant angle between the Sun and the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital plane (astronomy)">orbital plane</a>, making Earth observation easier with consistent sun angle and lighting. Sun-synchronous orbits are <a href="/wiki/Polar_orbit" title="Polar orbit">polar</a>, meaning they cross over the polar regions. LEO satellites orbit in many planes, typically up to 15 times a day, causing frequent approaches between objects. The density of satellites – both active and derelict – is much higher in LEO.<a href="#cite_note-ars200902-50">[50]</a> Orbits are affected by <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">gravitational perturbations</a> (which in LEO include unevenness of the Earth's gravitational field due to variations in the density of the planet), and collisions can occur from any direction. The average impact speed of collisions in Low Earth Orbit is 10 km/s with maximums reaching above 14 km/s due to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2009_satellite_collision" title="2009 satellite collision">2009 satellite collision</a> occurred at a closing speed of 11.7 km/s (26,000 mph),<a href="#cite_note-esa20110809-52">[52]</a> creating over 2,000 large debris fragments.<a href="#cite_note-nasa201107-53">[53]</a> These debris cross many other orbits and increase debris collision risk. It is theorized that a sufficiently large collision of spacecraft could potentially lead to a cascade effect, or even make some particular <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbits</a> effectively unusable for long term use by orbiting satellites, a phenomenon known as the <a href="/wiki/Kessler_syndrome" title="Kessler syndrome">Kessler syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-k09-54">[54]</a> The theoretical effect is projected to be a theoretical runaway <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a> of collisions that could occur, exponentially increasing the number and density of space debris in low-Earth orbit, and has been hypothesized to ensue beyond some critical density.<a href="#cite_note-wired20140222-55">[55]</a> Crewed space missions are mostly at 400 km (250 mi) altitude and below, where air drag helps clear zones of fragments. The <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">upper atmosphere</a> is not a fixed density at any particular orbital altitude; it varies as a result of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_tide" title="Atmospheric tide">atmospheric tides</a> and expands or contracts over longer time periods as a result of <a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">space weather</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> These longer-term effects can increase drag at lower altitudes; the 1990s expansion was a factor in reduced debris density.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessler199165-57">[57]</a> Another factor was fewer launches by Russia; the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a> made most of their launches in the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-klinkrad2006-58">[58]</a>: 7  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_altitudes">Higher altitudes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Higher altitudes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_break-up_ESA375611.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Satellite_break-up_ESA375611.jpg/250px-Satellite_break-up_ESA375611.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Satellite_break-up_ESA375611.jpg/330px-Satellite_break-up_ESA375611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Satellite_break-up_ESA375611.jpg/500px-Satellite_break-up_ESA375611.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a satellite breaking up into multiple pieces at higher altitudes</figcaption></figure> At higher altitudes, where air drag is less significant, orbital decay takes longer. Slight <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">atmospheric drag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunar_theory" title="Lunar theory">lunar perturbations</a>, Earth's gravity perturbations, <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, and solar <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a> can gradually bring debris down to lower altitudes (where it decays), but at very high altitudes this may take centuries.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Although high-altitude orbits are less commonly used than LEO and the onset of the problem is slower, the numbers progress toward the critical threshold more quickly.[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Many communications satellites are in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbits</a> (GEO), clustering over specific targets and sharing the same orbital path. Although velocities are low between GEO objects, when a satellite becomes derelict (such as <a href="/wiki/Telstar_401" title="Telstar 401">Telstar 401</a>) it assumes a geosynchronous orbit; its <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">orbital inclination</a> increases about 0.8° and its speed increases about 160 km/h (99 mph) per year. Impact velocity peaks at about 1.5 km/s (0.93 mi/s). <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">Orbital perturbations</a> cause longitude drift of the inoperable spacecraft and <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a> of the orbital plane. Close approaches (within 50 meters) are estimated at one per year.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The collision debris pose less short-term risk than from a LEO collision, but the satellite would likely become inoperable. Large objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">solar-power satellites</a>, are especially vulnerable to collisions.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a> now requires proof a satellite can be moved out of its orbital slot at the end of its lifespan, studies suggest this is insufficient.<a href="#cite_note-Anselmo-63">[63]</a> Since GEO orbit is too distant to accurately measure objects under 1 m (3 ft 3 in), the nature of the problem is not well known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleghorn199586-64">[64]</a> Satellites could be moved to empty spots in GEO, requiring less maneuvering and making it easier to predict future motion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleghorn1995152-65">[65]</a> Satellites or boosters in other orbits, especially stranded in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">geostationary transfer orbit</a>, are an additional concern due to their typically high crossing velocity. Despite efforts to reduce risk, spacecraft collisions have occurred. The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> telecom satellite <a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> was struck by a <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a> on 11 August 1993 and eventually moved to a <a href="/wiki/Graveyard_orbit" title="Graveyard orbit">graveyard orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Olympus_failure-66">[66]</a> On 29 March 2006, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Express_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Express (satellite)">Express-AM11</a> communications satellite was struck by an unknown object and rendered inoperable;<a href="#cite_note-srdc20060419-67">[67]</a> its engineers had enough contact time with the satellite to send it into a graveyard orbit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dead_spacecraft">Dead spacecraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dead spacecraft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Derelict_satellites_orbiting_Earth" title="Category:Derelict satellites orbiting Earth">Derelict satellites orbiting Earth</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_that_broke_apart_in_space" title="Category:Spacecraft that broke apart in space">Spacecraft that broke apart in space</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanguard_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small, round satellite with six rod antennas radiating from it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vanguard_1.jpg/250px-Vanguard_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vanguard_1.jpg/330px-Vanguard_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Vanguard_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_1" title="Vanguard 1">Vanguard 1</a> is expected to remain in orbit for 240 years.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1958, the United States of America launched <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard I">Vanguard I</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">medium Earth orbit</a> (MEO). As of October 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, it, the upper stage of Vanguard 1's launch rocket and associated piece of debris, are the oldest surviving artificial space objects still in orbit and are expected to be until after the year 2250.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199862-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> As of May 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a> listed 5,465 operational satellites from a known population of 27,000 pieces of orbital debris tracked by NORAD.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Occasionally satellites are left in orbit when they're no longer useful. Many countries require that satellites go through <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(spacecraft)" title="Passivation (spacecraft)">passivation</a> at the end of their life. The satellites are then either boosted into a higher, <a href="/wiki/Graveyard_orbit" title="Graveyard orbit">graveyard orbit</a> or a lower, short-term orbit. Nonetheless, satellites that have been properly moved to a higher orbit have an eight-percent probability of puncture and coolant release over a 50-year period. The coolant freezes into droplets of solid sodium-potassium alloy, creating more debris.<a href="#cite_note-wiedemann2009-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-rossi1997-74">[74]</a> Despite the use of passivation, or prior to its standardization, many satellites and rocket bodies have exploded or broken apart on orbit. In February 2015, for example, the <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Defense_Meteorological_Satellite_Program" title="Defense Meteorological Satellite Program">Defense Meteorological Satellite Program</a> Flight 13 (DMSP-F13) exploded on orbit, creating at least 149 debris objects, which were expected to remain in orbit for decades.<a href="#cite_note-sn20150506-75">[75]</a> Later that same year, <a href="/wiki/NOAA-16" title="NOAA-16">NOAA-16</a> which had been decommissioned after an anomaly in June 2014, broke apart on orbit into at least 275 pieces.<a href="#cite_note-keiso-20160326-76">[76]</a> For older programs, such as the Soviet-era <a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)#Meteor-2" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(satellite)" title="Kosmos (satellite)">Kosmos</a> satellites, design flaws resulted in numerous break-ups – at least 68 by 1994 – following decommissioning, resulting in more debris.<a href="#cite_note-soviet-42">[42]</a> In addition to the accidental creation of debris, some has been made intentionally through the deliberate destruction of satellites. This has been done as a test of anti-satellite or anti-ballistic missile technology, or to prevent a sensitive satellite from being examined by a foreign power.<a href="#cite_note-soviet-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> has conducted over 30 <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">anti-satellite weapons tests</a> (ASATs), the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>/<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> has performed at least 27, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has performed 10 and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> has performed at least one.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatest-78">[78]</a> The most recent ASATs were the Chinese <a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test" title="2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test">interception of FY-1C</a>, Russian trials of its <a href="/wiki/PL-19_Nudol" class="mw-redirect" title="PL-19 Nudol">PL-19 Nudol</a>, the American <a href="/wiki/Operation_Burnt_Frost" title="Operation Burnt Frost">interception of USA-193</a> and India's <a href="/wiki/2019_Indian_anti-satellite_missile_test" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Indian anti-satellite missile test">interception of an unstated live satellite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indiatest-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_equipment">Lost equipment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lost equipment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Knight_Satellite_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Knight_Satellite_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Black_Knight_Satellite_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Knight_Satellite_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Black_Knight_Satellite_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Knight_Satellite_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Black_Knight_Satellite_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>A drifting <a href="/wiki/Space_blanket" title="Space blanket">thermal blanket</a> photographed in 1998 during <a href="/wiki/STS-88" title="STS-88">STS-88</a></figcaption></figure> Space debris includes a glove lost by astronaut <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> on the first American <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">space-walk</a> (EVA), a camera lost by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> near <a href="/wiki/Gemini_10" title="Gemini 10">Gemini 10</a>, a thermal blanket lost during STS-88, garbage bags jettisoned by Soviet <a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonauts">cosmonauts</a> during <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>'s 15-year life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199863-79">[79]</a> a wrench, and a toothbrush.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a> of <a href="/wiki/STS-116" title="STS-116">STS-116</a> lost a camera during an EVA. During an <a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a> EVA to reinforce a torn solar panel, a pair of pliers was lost, and in an <a href="/wiki/STS-126" title="STS-126">STS-126</a> EVA, <a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a> lost a briefcase-sized tool bag.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boosters">Boosters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Boosters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_that_broke_apart_in_space" title="Category:Spacecraft that broke apart in space">Spacecraft that broke apart in space</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta-II_Stage2_XSS-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Delta-II_Stage2_XSS-10.jpg/220px-Delta-II_Stage2_XSS-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Delta-II_Stage2_XSS-10.jpg/330px-Delta-II_Stage2_XSS-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Delta-II_Stage2_XSS-10.jpg/440px-Delta-II_Stage2_XSS-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Spent upper stage of a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> rocket, photographed by the <a href="/wiki/XSS_10" class="mw-redirect" title="XSS 10">XSS 10</a> satellite</figcaption></figure> A significant portion of debris is due to rocket upper stages (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a>) breaking up due to decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(spacecraft)" title="Passivation (spacecraft)">unvented</a> fuel.<a href="#cite_note-loftus1989-82">[82]</a> The first such instance involved the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Transit_(satellite)" title="Transit (satellite)">Transit-4a</a> satellite in 1961. Two hours after insertion, the <a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">Ablestar</a> upper stage exploded. Even boosters that don't break apart can be a problem. A major known impact event involved an (intact) <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a> booster.<a href="#cite_note-klinkrad2006-58">[58]</a>: 2  Although NASA and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> now require upper-stage passivation, other launchers – such as the Chinese and Russian space agencies – do not. Lower stages, like the Space Shuttle's <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_booster" title="Solid rocket booster">solid rocket boosters</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> launch vehicles, do not reach orbit.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Examples: <ul><li>Two Japanese H-2A rockets broke up in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-newscientist.com-84">[84]</a></li> <li>A Russian <a href="/wiki/Briz-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Briz-M">Briz-M</a> booster stage exploded in orbit over South Australia on 19 February 2007. Launched on 28 February 2006 carrying an <a href="/wiki/Arabsat-4A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabsat-4A">Arabsat-4A</a> <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a>, it malfunctioned before it could use up its propellant. Although the explosion was captured on film by astronomers, due to the orbit path the debris cloud has been difficult to measure with radar. By 21 February 2007, over 1,000 fragments were identified.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A 14 February 2007 breakup was recorded by Celestrak.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Another Briz-M broke up on 16 October 2012 after a failed 6 August <a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a> launch. The amount and size of the debris was unknown.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>The second stage of the <a href="/wiki/Zenit-2" title="Zenit-2">Zenit-2</a>, called the SL-16 by western governments, along with the second stages of the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a> launch vehicles, make up about 20% of the total mass of launch debris in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> An analysis that determined the 50 "statistically most concerning" debris objects in low Earth orbit determined that the top 20 were all Zenit-2 upper stages.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>a Delta II rocket used to launch NASA's 1989 COBE spacecraft exploded on December 3, 2006. This occurred even though its residual fuel had already been vented to space.<a href="#cite_note-newscientist.com-84">[84]</a></li> <li>In 2018–2019, three different <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> second stages broke up.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>In December 2020, scientists confirmed that a previously detected near-Earth object, 2020 SO, was rocket booster space junk launched in <a href="/wiki/1966_in_spaceflight" title="1966 in spaceflight">1966</a> orbiting Earth and the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>At least eight Delta rockets have contributed orbital debris in the Sun-synchronous low Earth orbit environment. The variant of the Delta upper stage that was used in the 1970s was found to be prone to in-orbit explosions. Starting in 1981, depletion burns – to get rid of excess propellant – became standard and no Delta Rocket Bodies launched after 1981 experienced severe fragmentations afterward, but some of those launched prior to 1981 continued to explode. In 1991, the Delta 1975-052B fragmented, 16 years after launch, demonstrating the resilience of the propellent.<a href="#cite_note-Delta_Debris-95">[95]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons">Weapons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Weapons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Intentionally_destroyed_artificial_satellites" title="Category:Intentionally destroyed artificial satellites">Intentionally destroyed artificial satellites</a></div> A former source of debris was anti-satellite weapons (ASATs) testing by the U.S. and Soviet Union during the 1960s and 1970s. <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">North American Aerospace Defense Command</a> (NORAD) only collected data for Soviet tests, and debris from U.S. tests were identified subsequently.<a href="#cite_note-s48-note-96">[96]</a> By the time the debris problem was understood, widespread ASAT testing had ended. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Program_437" title="Program 437">Program 437</a> was shut down in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The U.S. restarted their ASAT programs in the 1980s with the Vought <a href="/wiki/ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">ASM-135 ASAT</a>. A 1985 test destroyed a 1-tonne (2,200 lb) satellite orbiting at 525 km (326 mi), creating thousands of debris larger than 1 cm (0.39 in). At this altitude, atmospheric drag decayed the orbit of most debris within a decade. A de facto moratorium followed the test.<a href="#cite_note-brief-98">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fengyun-1C_debris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Simulation of Earth from space, with orbit planes in red" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Fengyun-1C_debris.jpg/250px-Fengyun-1C_debris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Fengyun-1C_debris.jpg/330px-Fengyun-1C_debris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Fengyun-1C_debris.jpg/500px-Fengyun-1C_debris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Known orbit planes of <a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun</a>-1C debris one month after the weather satellite's disintegration by the <a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test" title="2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test">Chinese ASAT</a></figcaption></figure> China's government was condemned for the military implications and the amount of debris from the 2007 anti-satellite missile test,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> the largest single space debris incident in history (creating over 2,300 pieces golf-ball size or larger, over 35,000 1 cm (0.4 in) or larger, and one million pieces 1 mm (0.04 in) or larger). The target satellite orbited between 850 km (530 mi) and 882 km (548 mi), the portion of near-Earth space most densely populated with satellites.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Since atmospheric drag is low at that altitude, the debris is slow to return to Earth, and in June 2007 NASA's <a href="/wiki/Terra_(satellite)" title="Terra (satellite)">Terra environmental spacecraft</a> maneuvered to avoid impact from the debris.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Brian Weeden, U.S. Air Force officer and Secure World Foundation staff member, noted that the 2007 Chinese satellite explosion created an orbital debris of more than 3,000 separate objects that then required tracking.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On 20 February 2008, the U.S. launched an <a href="/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3" title="RIM-161 Standard Missile 3">SM-3 missile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/USS_Lake_Erie_(CG-70)" title="USS Lake Erie (CG-70)">USS Lake Erie</a> to destroy a defective U.S. spy satellite thought to be carrying 450 kg (1,000 lb) of toxic <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> propellant. The event occurred at about 250 km (155 mi), and the resulting debris has a <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perigee</a> of 250 km (155 mi) or lower.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The missile was aimed to minimize the amount of debris, which (according to Pentagon Strategic Command chief Kevin Chilton) had decayed by early 2009.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> On 27 March 2019, Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> announced that India shot down one of its own LEO satellites with a ground-based missile. He stated that the operation, part of Mission Shakti, would defend the country's interests in space. Afterwards, US <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Space_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space Command">Air Force Space Command</a> announced they were tracking 270 new pieces of debris but expected the number to grow as data collection continues.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> On 15 November 2021, the Russian Defense Ministry destroyed <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1408" title="Kosmos 1408">Kosmos 1408</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> orbiting at around 450 km, creating "more than 1,500 pieces of trackable debris and hundreds of thousands of pieces of un-trackable debris" according to the US State Department.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The vulnerability of satellites to debris and the possibility of attacking LEO satellites to create debris clouds has triggered speculation that it is possible for countries unable to make a precision attack.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] An attack on a satellite of 10 t (22,000 lb) or more would heavily damage the LEO environment.<a href="#cite_note-brief-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hazards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_debris_impact_on_Space_Shuttle_window.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large glass pit (damage)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Space_debris_impact_on_Space_Shuttle_window.jpg/250px-Space_debris_impact_on_Space_Shuttle_window.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Space_debris_impact_on_Space_Shuttle_window.jpg/330px-Space_debris_impact_on_Space_Shuttle_window.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Space_debris_impact_on_Space_Shuttle_window.jpg/500px-Space_debris_impact_on_Space_Shuttle_window.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Micrometeoroid" title="Micrometeoroid">micrometeoroid</a> left this crater on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a>'s front window on <a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_spacecraft">To spacecraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: To spacecraft">edit</a>]</div> Space junk can be a hazard to active satellites and spacecraft. It has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a> could even become impassable if the risk of collision becomes too great.<a href="#cite_note-sp1-108">[108]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Kessler refuted the statement that Earth orbit could become impassible. Therefore, we need a scholarly source for such a statement by other professionals. However, this popular source contains no academic reference to this statement. (March 2021)">failed verification</a>] However, since the risk to spacecraft increases with exposure to high debris densities, it is more accurate to say that LEO would be rendered unusable by orbiting craft. The threat to craft passing through LEO to reach a higher orbit would be much lower owing to the short time span of the crossing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uncrewed_spacecraft">Uncrewed spacecraft</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uncrewed spacecraft">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMM_panel_hole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SMM_panel_hole.jpg/250px-SMM_panel_hole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SMM_panel_hole.jpg/330px-SMM_panel_hole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SMM_panel_hole.jpg/500px-SMM_panel_hole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="2175" /></a><figcaption>View of an orbital debris hole made in the panel of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission" title="Solar Maximum Mission">Solar Max</a> satellite</figcaption></figure> Although spacecraft are typically protected by <a href="/wiki/Whipple_shield" title="Whipple shield">Whipple shields</a>, solar panels, which are exposed to the Sun, wear from low-mass impacts. Even small impacts can produce a cloud of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> which is an electrical risk to the panels.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Satellites are believed to have been destroyed by micrometeorites and (small) orbital debris (MMOD). The earliest suspected loss was of <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1275" title="Kosmos 1275">Kosmos 1275</a>, which disappeared on 24 July 1981 (a month after launch). Kosmos contained no volatile fuel, therefore, there appeared to be nothing internal to the satellite which could have caused the destructive explosion which took place. However, the case has not been proven and another hypothesis forwarded is that the battery exploded. Tracking showed it broke up, into 300 objects.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Many impacts have been confirmed since. For example, on 24 July 1996, the French <a href="/wiki/Miniaturized_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniaturized satellite">microsatellite</a> <a href="/wiki/Cerise_(satellite)" title="Cerise (satellite)">Cerise</a> was hit by fragments of an <a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">Ariane 1</a> H-10 upper-stage booster which exploded in November 1986.<a href="#cite_note-klinkrad2006-58">[58]</a>: 2  On 29 March 2006, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Ekspress-AM11" title="Ekspress-AM11">Ekspress-AM11</a> communications satellite was struck by an unknown object and rendered inoperable.<a href="#cite_note-srdc20060419-67">[67]</a> On 13 October 2009, <a href="/wiki/Terra_(satellite)" title="Terra (satellite)">Terra</a> suffered a single battery cell failure anomaly and a battery heater control anomaly which were subsequently considered likely the result of an MMOD strike.<a href="#cite_note-Mission_Report-111">[111]</a> On 12 March 2010, <a href="/wiki/Aura_(satellite)" title="Aura (satellite)">Aura</a> lost power from one-half of one of its 11 solar panels and this was also attributed to an MMOD strike.<a href="#cite_note-2017Status-112">[112]</a> On 22 May 2013, <a href="/wiki/GOES_13" title="GOES 13">GOES 13</a> was hit by an MMOD which caused it to lose track of the stars that it used to maintain an operational attitude. It took nearly a month for the spacecraft to return to operation.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2009_satellite_collision" title="2009 satellite collision">first major satellite collision</a> occurred on 10 February 2009. The 950 kg (2,090 lb) derelict satellite <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2251" title="Kosmos 2251">Kosmos 2251</a> and the operational 560 kg (1,230 lb) <a href="/wiki/Iridium_33" title="Iridium 33">Iridium 33</a> collided, 500 mi (800 km)<a href="#cite_note-n2yo-114">[114]</a> over northern Siberia. The relative speed of impact was about 11.7 km/s (7.3 mi/s), or about 42,120 km/h (26,170 mph).<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Both satellites were destroyed, creating thousands of pieces of new smaller debris, with legal and political liability issues unresolved even years later.<a href="#cite_note-listner2012-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-I33-K2251-118">[118]</a> On 22 January 2013, <a href="/wiki/BLITS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="BLITS (satellite)">BLITS</a> (a Russian laser-ranging satellite) was struck by debris suspected to be from the <a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test" title="2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test">2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test</a>, changing both its orbit and rotation rate.<a href="#cite_note-sdc20130310-119">[119]</a> Satellites sometimes[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] perform <a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_(spacecraft)" title="Collision avoidance (spacecraft)">Collision Avoidance Maneuvers</a> and satellite operators may monitor space debris as part of maneuver planning. For example, in January 2017, the European Space Agency altered the orbit of one of its three<a href="#cite_note-sn20131122-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> mission spacecraft, based on data from the US <a href="/wiki/Joint_Space_Operations_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Space Operations Center">Joint Space Operations Center</a>, to lower the risk of collision from Cosmos-375, a derelict Russian satellite.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crewed_spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Crewed spacecraft">edit</a>]</div> Crewed flights are particularly vulnerable to space debris conjunctions in the orbital path of the spacecraft. Occasional avoidance maneuvers or longer-term space debris wear have affected the space shuttle, the MIR space station, and the International Space Station. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Space_Shuttle_missions">Space Shuttle missions</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Space Shuttle missions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-118_debris_entry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bullet-like hole in metallic material" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/STS-118_debris_entry.jpg/250px-STS-118_debris_entry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/STS-118_debris_entry.jpg/330px-STS-118_debris_entry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/STS-118_debris_entry.jpg/500px-STS-118_debris_entry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a> had a major impact on its radiator during <a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">STS-118</a>. The entry hole is about 5.5 mm (0.22 in), and the exit hole is twice as large.</figcaption></figure> From the early shuttle missions, NASA used <a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a> space monitoring capabilities to assess the shuttle's orbital path for debris. In the 1980s, this consumed a large proportion of NORAD capacity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter198250-30">[30]</a> The first collision-avoidance maneuver occurred during <a href="/wiki/STS-48" title="STS-48">STS-48</a>, in September,1991,<a href="#cite_note-encounters-122">[122]</a> a seven-second <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">thruster burn</a> to avoid debris from the derelict satellite <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_955" title="Kosmos 955">Kosmos 955</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Similar maneuvers were executed on missions 53, 72 and 82.<a href="#cite_note-encounters-122">[122]</a> One of the earliest events to publicize the debris problem occurred on <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a>'s second flight, STS-7. A fleck of paint struck its front window, creating a pit over 1 mm (0.04 in) wide. On <a href="/wiki/STS-59" title="STS-59">STS-59</a> in 1994, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a>'s front window was pitted about half its depth. Minor debris impacts increased from 1998.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Window chipping and minor damage to <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">thermal protection system tiles</a> (TPS) were already common by the 1990s. The Shuttle was later flown tail-first to take a greater proportion of the debris load on the engines and rear cargo bay, which are not used in orbit or during descent, and thus are less critical for post-launch operation. When flying attached to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a>, a shuttle was flipped around so the better-armoured station shielded the orbiter.<a href="#cite_note-threat-125">[125]</a> A NASA 2005 study concluded that debris accounted for approximately half of the overall risk to the Shuttle.<a href="#cite_note-threat-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Executive-level decision to proceed was required if the catastrophic impact was more likely than 1 in 200. On a normal (low-orbit) mission to the ISS, the risk was approximately 1 in 300, but the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble telescope</a> <a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">repair mission</a> was flown at the higher orbital altitude of 560 km (350 mi) where the risk was initially calculated at a 1-in-185 (due in part to the 2009 satellite collision). A re-analysis with better debris numbers reduced the estimated risk to 1 in 221, and the mission went ahead.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Debris incidents continued on later Shuttle missions. During <a href="/wiki/STS-115" title="STS-115">STS-115</a> in 2006, a fragment of <a href="/wiki/Circuit_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit board">circuit board</a> bored a small hole through the radiator panels in Atlantis's cargo bay.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On STS-118 in 2007, debris blew a bullet-like hole through Endeavour's radiator panel.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mir">Mir</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mir">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Space station with Earth as the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg/310px-Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg/465px-Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg/620px-Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption>Debris impacts on Mir's solar panels degraded their performance. The damage is most noticeable on the panel on the right, which is facing the camera with a high degree of contrast. Extensive damage to the smaller panel below is due to impact with a Progress spacecraft.</figcaption></figure>Impact wear was notable on the Soviet space station Mir, since it remained in space for long periods with its original solar module panels.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="International_Space_Station">International Space Station</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International Space Station">edit</a>]</div> The ISS also uses <a href="/wiki/Whipple_shield" title="Whipple shield">Whipple shielding</a> to protect its interior from minor debris.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> However, exterior portions (notably its <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a>) cannot be protected easily. In 1989, the ISS panels were predicted to degrade approximately 0.23% in four years due to the "sandblasting" effect of impacts with small orbital debris.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> An avoidance maneuver is typically performed for the ISS if "there is a greater than one-in-10,000 chance of a debris strike".<a href="#cite_note-sn20140116-134">[134]</a> As of January 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, there have been sixteen maneuvers in the fifteen years the ISS had been in orbit.<a href="#cite_note-sn20140116-134">[134]</a> By 2019, over 1,400 meteoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) impacts had been recorded on the ISS.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> As another method to reduce the risk to humans on board, ISS operational management asked the crew to shelter in the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a> on three occasions due to late debris-proximity warnings. In addition to the sixteen thruster firings and three Soyuz-capsule shelter orders, one attempted maneuver was not completed due to not having the several days' warning necessary to upload the maneuver timeline to the station's computer.<a href="#cite_note-sn20140116-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> A March 2009 event involved debris believed to be a 10 cm (3.9 in) piece of the Kosmos 1275 satellite.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In 2013, the ISS operations management did not make a <a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">maneuver</a> to avoid any debris, after making a record four debris maneuvers the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-sn20140116-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kessler_syndrome">Kessler syndrome</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kessler syndrome">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kessler_syndrome" title="Kessler syndrome">Kessler syndrome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_(space_debris_and_satellites).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png/330px-The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png/500px-The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png/960px-The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>Growth of tracked objects in orbit and related events;<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> efforts to manage <a href="/wiki/Global_commons#Outer_space" title="Global commons">outer space global commons</a> have so far not reduced the debris or the growth of objects in orbit</figcaption></figure> The Kessler syndrome,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> proposed by NASA scientist <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Kessler" title="Donald J. Kessler">Donald J. Kessler</a> in 1978, is a theoretical scenario in which the density of objects in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) is high enough that collisions between objects could cause a cascade effect where each collision generates space debris that increases the likelihood of further collisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesslerCour-Palais1978-142">[142]</a> He further theorized that one implication, if this were to occur, is that the distribution of debris in orbit could render space activities and the use of <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> in specific orbital ranges economically impractical for many generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesslerCour-Palais1978-142">[142]</a> The growth in the number of objects as a result of the late-1990s studies sparked debate in the space community on the nature of the problem and the earlier dire warnings. According to Kessler's 1991 derivation and 2001 updates,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesslerAnz-Meador2001-143">[143]</a> the LEO environment in the 1,000 km (620 mi) altitude range should be cascading. However, only one major satellite collision incident occurred: the 2009 satellite collision between Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251. The lack of obvious short-term cascading has led to speculation that the original estimates overstated the problem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleghorn1995-144">[144]</a> According to Kessler in 2010 however, a cascade may not be obvious until it is well advanced, which might take years.<a href="#cite_note-graph-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Earth">On Earth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: On Earth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_space_debris_fall_incidents" title="List of space debris fall incidents">List of space debris fall incidents</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAM-D_module_crash_in_Saudi_Arabian_desert.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cylindrical rocket fragment on sand, with men looking at it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/PAM-D_module_crash_in_Saudi_Arabian_desert.png/220px-PAM-D_module_crash_in_Saudi_Arabian_desert.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/PAM-D_module_crash_in_Saudi_Arabian_desert.png/330px-PAM-D_module_crash_in_Saudi_Arabian_desert.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/PAM-D_module_crash_in_Saudi_Arabian_desert.png/440px-PAM-D_module_crash_in_Saudi_Arabian_desert.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Saudi officials inspect a crashed <a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">PAM-D</a> module in January 2001.</figcaption></figure> Although most debris burns up in the atmosphere, larger debris objects can reach the ground intact. According to NASA, an average of one cataloged piece of debris has fallen back to Earth each day for the past 50 years. Despite their size, there has been no significant property damage from the debris.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Burning up in the atmosphere contributes to air pollution.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Numerous small cylindrical tanks from space objects have been found, designed to hold fuel or gasses.<a href="#cite_note-pauldmaley-20220702-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tracking_and_measurement">Tracking and measurement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tracking and measurement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_satellite_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodetic satellite tracking">Geodetic satellite tracking</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking_from_the_ground">Tracking from the ground</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tracking from the ground">edit</a>]</div> Radar and optical detectors such as <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a> are the main tools for tracking space debris. Although objects under 10 cm (4 in) have reduced orbital stability, debris as small as 1 cm can be tracked,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> however determining orbits to allow re-acquisition is difficult. Most debris remain unobserved. The <a href="/wiki/NASA_Orbital_Debris_Observatory" title="NASA Orbital Debris Observatory">NASA Orbital Debris Observatory</a> tracked space debris with a 3 m (10 ft) <a href="/wiki/Liquid_mirror_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid mirror telescopes">liquid mirror</a> <a href="/wiki/Transit_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit telescope">transit telescope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> FM Radio waves can detect debris, after reflecting off them onto a receiver.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Optical tracking may be a useful early-warning system on spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command" title="United States Strategic Command">U.S. Strategic Command</a> keeps a catalog of known orbital objects, using ground-based <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and telescopes, and a space-based telescope (originally to distinguish from hostile missiles). The 2009 edition listed about 19,000 objects.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Other data come from the <a href="/wiki/ESA_Space_Debris_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA Space Debris Telescope">ESA Space Debris Telescope</a>, <a href="/wiki/TIRA_(System)" class="mw-redirect" title="TIRA (System)">TIRA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-klinkrad_~2003-155">[155]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haystack_Observatory" title="Haystack Observatory">Haystack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and <a href="/wiki/EISCAT" title="EISCAT">EISCAT</a> radars and the <a href="/wiki/Cobra_Dane" title="Cobra Dane">Cobra Dane</a> <a href="/wiki/Phased_array" title="Phased array">phased array</a> radar,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> to be used in debris-environment models like the ESA Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference (MASTER). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement_in_space">Measurement in space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Measurement in space">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-41-C-LDEF-deploy-small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large, cylindrical spacecraft against Earth background, photographed from the Challenger space shuttle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/STS-41-C-LDEF-deploy-small.jpg/250px-STS-41-C-LDEF-deploy-small.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/STS-41-C-LDEF-deploy-small.jpg/330px-STS-41-C-LDEF-deploy-small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/STS-41-C-LDEF-deploy-small.jpg/500px-STS-41-C-LDEF-deploy-small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">Long Duration Exposure Facility</a> (LDEF) is an important source of information on small-particle space debris.</figcaption></figure> Returned space hardware is a valuable source of information on the directional distribution and composition of the (sub-millimetre) debris flux. The <a href="/wiki/LDEF" class="mw-redirect" title="LDEF">LDEF</a> satellite deployed by mission <a href="/wiki/STS-41-C" title="STS-41-C">STS-41-C</a> Challenger and retrieved by <a href="/wiki/STS-32" title="STS-32">STS-32</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a> spent 68 months in orbit to gather debris data. The <a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">EURECA</a> satellite, deployed by <a href="/wiki/STS-46" title="STS-46">STS-46</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a> in 1992 and retrieved by <a href="/wiki/STS-57" title="STS-57">STS-57</a> Endeavour in 1993, was also used for debris study.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">solar arrays</a> of Hubble were returned by missions <a href="/wiki/STS-61" title="STS-61">STS-61</a> Endeavour and <a href="/wiki/STS-109" title="STS-109">STS-109</a> Columbia, and the <a href="/wiki/Impact_craters" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact craters">impact craters</a> studied by the ESA to validate its models. Materials returned from Mir were also studied, notably the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Environmental_Effects_Payload" title="Mir Environmental Effects Payload">Mir Environmental Effects Payload</a> (which also tested materials intended for the ISS<a href="#cite_note-MEEP_PR-159">[159]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gabbard_diagrams">Gabbard diagrams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gabbard diagrams">edit</a>]</div> A debris cloud resulting from a single event is studied with <a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">scatter plots</a> known as Gabbard diagrams, where the <a href="/wiki/Perigee" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee">perigee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apogee" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee">apogee</a> of fragments are plotted with respect to their <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a>. Gabbard diagrams of the early debris cloud prior to the effects of perturbations, if the data were available, are reconstructed. They often include data on newly observed, as yet uncatalogued fragments. Gabbard diagrams can provide insights into the features of the fragmentation, the direction and point of impact.<a href="#cite_note-portree-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dealing_with_debris">Dealing with debris</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dealing with debris">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WT-reentry-fireball-tight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/WT-reentry-fireball-tight.jpg/220px-WT-reentry-fireball-tight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/WT-reentry-fireball-tight.jpg/330px-WT-reentry-fireball-tight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/WT-reentry-fireball-tight.jpg/440px-WT-reentry-fireball-tight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Space debris identified as WT1190F, burning up in a fireball over Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> An average of about one tracked object per day has been dropping out of orbit for the past 50 years,<a href="#cite_note-ss20111205b-163">[163]</a> averaging almost three objects per day at <a href="/wiki/Solar_maximum" title="Solar maximum">solar maximum</a> (due to the heating and expansion of the Earth's atmosphere), but one about every three days at <a href="/wiki/Solar_minimum" title="Solar minimum">solar minimum</a>, usually five and a half years later.<a href="#cite_note-ss20111205b-163">[163]</a> In addition to natural atmospheric effects, corporations, academics and government agencies have proposed plans and technology to deal with space debris, but as of November 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, most of these are theoretical, and there is no business plan for debris reduction.<a href="#cite_note-sn20141125-26">[26]</a> A number of scholars have also observed that institutional factors – political, legal, economic, and cultural "rules of the game" – are the greatest impediment to the cleanup of near-Earth space. There is little commercial incentive to act, since <a href="/wiki/Negative_externality" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative externality">costs are not assigned to polluters</a>, though a number of technological solutions have been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-sn20141125-26">[26]</a> However, effects to date are limited. In the US, governmental bodies have been accused of backsliding on previous commitments to limit debris growth, "let alone tackling the more complex issues of removing orbital debris."<a href="#cite_note-sn20141124-164">[164]</a> The different methods for removal of space debris have been evaluated by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Generation_Advisory_Council" title="Space Generation Advisory Council">Space Generation Advisory Council</a>, including French astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Fatoumata_K%C3%A9b%C3%A9" title="Fatoumata Kébé">Fatoumata Kébé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In May 2024, a NASA report from the Office of Technology, Policy, and Strategy (OTPS) introduced new methods for addressing orbital debris. The report, titled Cost and Benefit Analysis of Mitigating, Tracking, and Remediating Orbital Debris,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> provided a comprehensive analysis comparing the cost-effectiveness of over ten different actions, including shielding spacecraft, tracking smaller debris, and removing large debris. By evaluating these measures in economic terms, the study aims to inform cost-effective strategies for debris management, highlighting that methods like rapid deorbiting of defunct spacecraft can significantly reduce risks in space. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_and_international_regulation">National and international regulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: National and international regulation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debris-sAfrica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Debris-sAfrica.jpg/220px-Debris-sAfrica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Debris-sAfrica.jpg/330px-Debris-sAfrica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Debris-sAfrica.jpg/440px-Debris-sAfrica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>After reentry, Delta 2 second stage pieces were found in South Africa.</figcaption></figure> There is no international treaty minimizing space debris. However, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</a> (COPUOS) published voluntary guidelines in 2007,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> using a variety of earlier national regulatory attempts at developing standards for debris mitigation. As of 2008, the committee was discussing international "rules of the road" to prevent collisions between satellites.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> By 2013, a number of national legal regimes existed,<a href="#cite_note-us20131128-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasaOrbDebris-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-esa20130419-171">[171]</a> typically instantiated in the launch licenses that are required for a launch in all spacefaring <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ssm20130718-172">[172]</a> The U.S. issued a set of standard practices for civilian (NASA) and military (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a> and USAF) orbital-debris mitigation in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-sn20191209-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-us20040405-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasaOrbDebris-170">[170]</a> The standard envisioned disposal for final mission orbits in one of three ways: 1) atmospheric reentry where even with "conservative projections for solar activity, atmospheric drag will limit the lifetime to no longer than 25 years after completion of mission;" 2) maneuver to a "storage orbit:" move the spacecraft to one of four very broad <a href="/wiki/Parking_orbit" title="Parking orbit">parking orbit</a> ranges (2,000–19,700 km (1,200–12,200 mi), 20,700–35,300 km (12,900–21,900 mi), above 36,100 km (22,400 mi), or out of Earth orbit completely and into any <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">heliocentric orbit</a>; 3) "Direct retrieval: Retrieve the structure and remove it from orbit as soon as practicable after completion of mission."<a href="#cite_note-us20131128-169">[169]</a> The standard articulated in option 1, which is the standard applicable to most satellites and derelict upper stages, has come to be known as the "25-year rule".<a href="#cite_note-7thECSD2017-175">[175]</a> The US updated the Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices (ODMSP) in December 2019, but made no change to the 25-year rule even though "[m]any in the space community believe that the timeframe should be less than 25 years."<a href="#cite_note-:7-176">[176]</a> There is no consensus however on what any new timeframe might be.<a href="#cite_note-:7-176">[176]</a> In 2002, the European Space Agency (ESA) worked with an international group to promulgate a similar set of standards, also with a "25-year rule" applying to most Earth-orbit satellites and upper stages. Space agencies in Europe began to develop technical guidelines in the mid-1990s, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a>, <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="German Space Agency">DLR</a> and ESA signed a "European Code of Conduct" in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-esa20130419-171">[171]</a> which was a predecessor standard to the ISO international standard work that would begin the following year. In 2008, ESA further developed "its own "Requirements on Space Debris Mitigation for Agency Projects" which "came into force on 1 April 2008."<a href="#cite_note-esa20130419-171">[171]</a> Germany and France have posted <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> to safeguard property from debris damage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The "direct retrieval" option (option no. 3 in the US "standard practices" above) has rarely been done by any spacefaring nation (exception, USAF <a href="/wiki/X-37" class="mw-redirect" title="X-37">X-37</a>) or commercial actor since the earliest days of spaceflight due to the cost and complexity of achieving direct retrieval, but the ESA has scheduled a 2026 demonstration mission (<a href="/wiki/ClearSpace-1" title="ClearSpace-1">ClearSpace-1</a>) to do this with a single small 94 kg (207 lb) satellite (<a href="/wiki/PROBA-1" class="mw-redirect" title="PROBA-1">PROBA-1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-sn-20240424-178">[178]</a> at a projected cost of €120 million not including the launch costs.<a href="#cite_note-guardian20191209-179">[179]</a> By 2006, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) had developed a number of technical means of debris mitigation (upper stage passivation, propellant reserves for movement to graveyard orbits, etc.) for ISRO launch vehicles and satellites, and was actively contributing to inter-agency debris coordination and the efforts of the UN COPUOS committee.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> began preparing an <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">international standard</a> for space-debris mitigation.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> By 2010, ISO had published "a comprehensive set of space system engineering standards aimed at mitigating space debris. [with primary requirements] defined in the top-level standard, ISO 24113." By 2017, the standards were nearly complete. However, these standards are not binding on any party by ISO or any international jurisdiction. They are simply available for use in voluntary ways. They "can be adopted voluntarily by a spacecraft manufacturer or operator, or brought into effect through a commercial contract between a customer and supplier, or used as the basis for establishing a set of national regulations on space debris mitigation."<a href="#cite_note-7thECSD2017-175">[175]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Why_space_debris_mitigation_is_needed_ESA289519.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Why_space_debris_mitigation_is_needed_ESA289519.gif/330px-Why_space_debris_mitigation_is_needed_ESA289519.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Why_space_debris_mitigation_is_needed_ESA289519.gif/500px-Why_space_debris_mitigation_is_needed_ESA289519.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Why_space_debris_mitigation_is_needed_ESA289519.gif/600px-Why_space_debris_mitigation_is_needed_ESA289519.gif 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>A computer-generated animation by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> representing space debris in low earth orbit at the current rate of growth compared to mitigation measures being taken</figcaption></figure> The voluntary ISO standard also adopted the "25-year rule" for the "LEO protected region" below 2,000 km (1,200 mi) altitude that has been previously (and still is, as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>) used by the US, ESA, and UN mitigation standards, and identifies it as "an upper limit for the amount of time that a space system shall remain in orbit after its mission is completed. Ideally, the time to deorbit should be as short as possible (i.e., much shorter than 25 years)".<a href="#cite_note-7thECSD2017-175">[175]</a> Holger Krag of the European Space Agency states that as of 2017 there is no binding international regulatory framework with no progress occurring at the respective UN body in Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-sp1-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_mitigation">Growth mitigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Growth mitigation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_traffic_management" title="Space traffic management">Space traffic management</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceDebrisHistogram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph with blue line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SpaceDebrisHistogram.png/330px-SpaceDebrisHistogram.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SpaceDebrisHistogram.png/500px-SpaceDebrisHistogram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SpaceDebrisHistogram.png/620px-SpaceDebrisHistogram.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Spatial density of LEO space debris by altitude, according to 2011 a NASA report to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacedebris_small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph with red line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Spacedebris_small.png/330px-Spacedebris_small.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Spacedebris_small.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Spatial density of space debris by altitude according to ESA MASTER-2001, without debris from the Chinese ASAT and 2009 collision events</figcaption></figure> As of the 2010s, several technical approaches to the mitigation of the growth of space debris are typically undertaken, yet no comprehensive legal regime or cost assignment structure is in place to reduce space debris in the way that terrestrial pollution has reduced since the mid-20th century. To avoid excessive creation of artificial space debris, many – but not all – satellites launched to above-low-Earth-orbit are launched initially into <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical orbit">elliptical orbits</a> with <a href="/wiki/Perigee" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee">perigees</a> inside Earth's atmosphere so the orbit will quickly decay and the satellites then will be destroyed upon <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric reentry">reentry</a> into the atmosphere. Other methods are used for spacecraft in higher orbits. These include <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(spacecraft)" title="Passivation (spacecraft)">passivation</a> of the spacecraft at the end of its useful life; as well as the use of upper stages that can reignite to decelerate the stage to intentionally deorbit it, often on the first or second orbit following payload release; satellites that can, if they remain healthy for years, deorbit themselves from the lower orbits around Earth. Other satellites (such as many CubeSats) in low orbits below approximately 400 km (250 mi) orbital altitude depend on the energy-absorbing effects of the upper atmosphere to reliably deorbit a spacecraft within weeks or months. Increasingly, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spent" class="extiw" title="wikt:spent">spent</a> upper stages in higher orbits – orbits for which low-delta-v deorbit is not possible, or not planned for – and architectures that support satellite passivation, are passivated at end of life. This removes any internal energy contained in the vehicle at the end of its mission or useful life. While this does not remove the debris of the now derelict rocket stage or satellite itself, it does substantially reduce the likelihood of the spacecraft destructing and creating many smaller pieces of space debris, a phenomenon that was common in many of the early generations of US and Soviet<a href="#cite_note-rossi1997-74">[74]</a> spacecraft. Upper stage passivation (e.g. of <a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta boosters</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter198250-30">[30]</a>) achieved by releasing residual propellants reduces debris from orbital explosions; however even as late as 2011, not all upper stages implement this practice.<a href="#cite_note-ss20111205-183">[183]</a> SpaceX used the term "propulsive passivation" for the final maneuver of their six-hour demonstration mission (<a href="/wiki/STP-2" class="mw-redirect" title="STP-2">STP-2</a>) of the Falcon 9 second stage for the US Air Force in 2019, but did not define what all that term encompassed.<a href="#cite_note-trati201904-184">[184]</a> With a "one-up, one-down" launch-license policy for Earth orbits, launchers would rendezvous with, capture, and de-orbit a derelict satellite from approximately the same orbital plane.<a href="#cite_note-aiaa20100902-185">[185]</a> Another possibility is the <a href="/wiki/Mission_Extension_Vehicle" title="Mission Extension Vehicle">robotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Infrastructure_Servicing" title="Space Infrastructure Servicing">refueling</a> of satellites. Experiments have been flown by NASA,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> and SpaceX is developing large-scale on-orbit propellant transfer technology.<a href="#cite_note-nsf20160927-187">[187]</a> Another approach to debris mitigation is to explicitly design the mission architecture to leave the rocket second-stage in an <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">elliptical</a> <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">geocentric orbit</a> with a low-perigee, thus ensuring rapid <a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">orbital decay</a> and avoiding long-term orbital debris from spent rocket bodies. Such missions will often complete the payload placement in a final orbit by the use of low-thrust <a href="/wiki/Electric_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric propulsion">electric propulsion</a> or with the use of a small <a href="/wiki/Apogee_kick_motor" title="Apogee kick motor">kick stage</a> to circularize the orbit. The kick stage itself may be designed with the excess-propellant capability to be able to self-deorbit.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-removal">Self-removal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Self-removal">edit</a>]</div> Although the ITU requires geostationary satellites to move to a graveyard orbit at the end of their lives, the selected orbital areas do not sufficiently protect GEO lanes from debris.<a href="#cite_note-Anselmo-63">[63]</a> Rocket stages (or satellites) with enough propellant may make a direct, controlled de-orbit, or if this would require too much propellant, a satellite may be brought to an orbit where atmospheric drag would cause it to eventually de-orbit. This was done with the French <a href="/wiki/SPOT_(satellites)" class="mw-redirect" title="SPOT (satellites)">Spot-1 satellite</a>, reducing its atmospheric re-entry time from a projected 200 years to about 15 by lowering its altitude from 830 km (516 mi) to about 550 km (342 mi).<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation" title="Iridium satellite constellation">Iridium constellation</a> – 95 communication satellites launched during the five-year period between 1997 and 2002 – provides a set of data points on the limits of self-removal. The satellite operator – <a href="/wiki/Iridium_Communications" title="Iridium Communications">Iridium Communications</a> – remained operational over the two-decade life of the satellites (albeit with a company name change through a corporate bankruptcy during the period) and, by December 2019, had "completed disposal of the last of its 65 working legacy satellites."<a href="#cite_note-sn20191220-191">[191]</a> However, this process left 30 satellites with a combined mass of (20,400 kg (45,000 lb), or nearly a third of the mass of this constellation) in LEO orbits at approximately 700 km (430 mi) altitude, where self-decay is quite slow. Of these satellites, 29 simply failed during their time in orbit and were thus unable to self-deorbit, while one – Iridium 33 – was involved in the 2009 satellite collision with the <a href="/wiki/Derelict_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Derelict satellite">derelict</a> Russian military satellite <a href="/wiki/Kosmos-2251" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-2251">Kosmos-2251</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sn20191220-191">[191]</a> No contingency plan was laid for the removal of satellites that were unable to remove themselves. In 2019, the CEO of Iridium, Matt Desch, said that Iridium would be willing to pay an active-debris-removal company to deorbit its remaining first-generation satellites if it were possible for an unrealistically low cost, say "US$10,000 per deorbit, but [he] acknowledged that price would likely be far below what a debris-removal company could realistically offer. 'You know at what point [it's] a no-brainer, but [I] expect the cost is really in the millions or tens of millions, at which price I know it doesn't make sense.'"<a href="#cite_note-sn20191220-191">[191]</a> Passive methods of increasing the orbital decay rate of spacecraft debris have been proposed. Instead of rockets, an <a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_tether" title="Electrodynamic tether">electrodynamic tether</a> could be attached to a spacecraft at launch; at the end of its lifetime, the tether would be rolled out to slow the spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Other proposals include a booster stage with a sail-like attachment<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> and a large, thin, inflatable balloon envelope.<a href="#cite_note-sd20100803-194">[194]</a> In late December 2022, ESA successfully carried out a demonstration of a breaking sail-based satellite deorbiter, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>ADEO, which could be used by mitigation measures and is part of ESA's Zero Debris Initiative. Around one year earlier, China also tested a drag sail.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_removal">External removal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External removal">edit</a>]</div> A variety of approaches have been proposed, studied, or had ground subsystems built to use other spacecraft to remove existing space debris. A consensus of speakers at a meeting in Brussels in October 2012, organized by the Secure World Foundation (a U.S. think tank) and the French International Relations Institute,<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> reported that removal of the largest debris would be required to prevent the risk to spacecraft becoming unacceptable in the foreseeable future (without any addition to the inventory of dead spacecraft in LEO). To date in 2019, removal costs and legal questions about ownership and the authority to remove defunct satellites have stymied national or international action. Current space law retains ownership of all satellites with their original operators, even debris or spacecraft which are defunct or threaten active missions.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Multiple companies made plans in the late 2010s to conduct external removal on their satellites in mid-LEO orbits. For example, <a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb</a> planned to use onboard self-removal as "plan A" for satellite deorbiting at the end of life, but if a satellite were unable to remove itself within one year of end of life, OneWeb would implement "plan B" and dispatch a reusable (multi-transport mission) space tug to attach to the satellite at an already built-in capture target via a grappling fixture, to be towed to a lower orbit and released for re-entry.<a href="#cite_note-axios20191219-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-advancedtv20191212-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remotely_controlled_vehicles">Remotely controlled vehicles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Remotely controlled vehicles">edit</a>]</div> A well-studied solution uses a remotely controlled <a href="/wiki/Orbital_transfer_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital transfer vehicle">vehicle</a> to rendezvous with, capture, and return debris to a central station.<a href="#cite_note-carlson1990-201">[201]</a> One such system is Space Infrastructure Servicing, a <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">commercially developed</a> refueling depot and service spacecraft for communications satellites in geosynchronous orbit originally scheduled for a 2015 launch.<a href="#cite_note-cnw20110315-202">[202]</a> The SIS would be able to "push dead satellites into graveyard orbits."<a href="#cite_note-sn20100303-203">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Common_Evolved_Stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Common Evolved Stage">Advanced Common Evolved Stage</a> family of upper stages is being designed with a high leftover-propellant margin (for derelict capture and de-orbit) and <a href="/wiki/Propellant_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Propellant depot">in-space refueling</a> capability for the high <a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">delta-v</a> required to de-orbit heavy objects from geosynchronous orbit.<a href="#cite_note-aiaa20100902-185">[185]</a> A tug-like satellite to drag debris to a safe altitude for it to burn up in the atmosphere has been researched.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> When debris is identified the satellite creates a difference in potential between the debris and itself, then using its thrusters to move itself and the debris to a safer orbit. A variation of this approach is for the remotely controlled vehicle to rendezvous with debris, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft capture">capture</a> it temporarily to attach a <a href="/wiki/Smallsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallsat">smaller de-orbit satellite</a> and drag the debris with a tether to the desired location. The "mothership" would then tow the debris-smallsat combination for <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a> or move it to a graveyard orbit. One such system is the proposed <a href="/wiki/ORbital_DEbris_Remover" class="mw-redirect" title="ORbital DEbris Remover">Busek ORbital DEbris Remover (ORDER)</a>, which would carry over 40 SUL (satellite on umbilical line) de-orbit satellites and propellant sufficient for their removal.<a href="#cite_note-sn20141125-26">[26]</a> On 7 January 2010 Star, Incorporated reported that it received a contract from the <a href="/wiki/Space_and_Naval_Warfare_Systems_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command">Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command</a> for a feasibility study of the ElectroDynamic Debris Eliminator (EDDE) <a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">propellantless</a> spacecraft for space-debris removal.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In February 2012 the Swiss Space Center at <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne</a> announced the Clean Space One project, a <a href="/wiki/Miniaturized_satellite#Nanosatellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniaturized satellite">nanosatellite</a> demonstration project for matching orbit with a defunct Swiss nanosatellite, capturing it and de-orbiting together.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> The mission has seen several evolutions to reach a pac-man inspired capture model.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> In 2013, Space Sweeper with Sling-Sat (4S), a grappling satellite which captures and ejects debris was studied.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] In 2022, a Chinese satellite, SJ-21, grabbed an unused satellite and "threw" it into an orbit with a lower risk for it to collide.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> In December 2019, the European Space Agency awarded the first contract to clean up space debris. The €120 million mission dubbed <a href="/wiki/ClearSpace-1" title="ClearSpace-1">ClearSpace-1</a> (a spinoff from the EPFL project) is slated to launch in 2026. It aims to remove the 94 kg <a href="/wiki/PROBA-1" class="mw-redirect" title="PROBA-1">PROBA-1</a> satellite from orbit.<a href="#cite_note-sn-20240424-178">[178]</a> A "chaser" will grab the junk with four robotic arms and drag it down to Earth's atmosphere where both will burn up.<a href="#cite_note-guardian20191209-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laser_methods">Laser methods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Laser methods">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Laser_broom" title="Laser broom">laser broom</a> uses a ground-based <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablate</a> the front of the debris, producing a rocket-like thrust that slows the object. With continued application, the debris would fall enough to be influenced by atmospheric drag.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired20111026-212">[212]</a> During the late 1990s, the U.S. Air Force's Project Orion was a laser-broom design.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Although a test-bed device was scheduled to launch on a Space Shuttle in 2003, international agreements banning powerful laser testing in orbit limited its use to measurements.<a href="#cite_note-srdc20000816-214">[214]</a> The 2003 <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a> postponed the project and according to Nicholas Johnson, chief scientist and program manager for NASA's Orbital Debris Program Office, "There are lots of little gotchas in the Orion final report. There's a reason why it's been sitting on the shelf for more than a decade."<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The momentum of the laser-beam <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> could directly impart a thrust on the debris sufficient to move small debris into new orbits out of the way of working satellites. NASA research in 2011 indicates that firing a laser beam at a piece of space junk could impart an impulse of 1 mm (0.039 in) per second, and keeping the laser on the debris for a few hours per day could alter its course by 200 m (660 ft) per day.<a href="#cite_note-UKmail20110316-216">[216]</a> One drawback is the potential for material degradation; the energy may break up the debris, adding to the problem.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> A similar proposal places the laser on a satellite in Sun-synchronous orbit, using a pulsed beam to push satellites into lower orbits to accelerate their reentry.<a href="#cite_note-sn20141125-26">[26]</a> A proposal to replace the laser with an <a href="/wiki/Ion_Beam_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Beam Shepherd">Ion Beam Shepherd</a> has been made,<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> and other proposals use a foamy ball of <a href="/wiki/Aerogel" title="Aerogel">aerogel</a> or a spray of water,<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> inflatable balloons,<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_tether" title="Electrodynamic tether">electrodynamic tethers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electroadhesion" title="Electroadhesion">electroadhesion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mit20111005-222">[222]</a> and dedicated anti-satellite weapons.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nets">Nets</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Nets">edit</a>]</div> On 28 February 2014, <a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a> (JAXA) launched a test "space net" satellite. The launch was an operational test only.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> In December 2016 the country sent a space junk collector via <a href="/wiki/Kounotori_6" title="Kounotori 6">Kounotori 6</a> to the ISS by which JAXA scientists experimented to pull junk out of orbit using a tether.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> The system failed to extend a 700-meter tether from a space station resupply vehicle that was returning to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> On 6 February the mission was declared a failure and leading researcher Koichi Inoue told reporters that they "believe the tether did not get released".<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Between 2012 and 2018, the European Space Agency was working on the design of a mission to remove large space debris from orbit using mechanical tentacles or nets. The mission, <a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a>, had an objective to remove debris heavier than 4,000 kilograms (8,800 lb) from LEO.<a href="#cite_note-e.Deorbit-230">[230]</a> Several capture techniques were studied, including a net, a harpoon, and a combination robot arm and clamping mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Funding of the mission was stopped in 2018 in favor of the <a href="/wiki/ClearSpace-1" title="ClearSpace-1">ClearSpace-1</a> mission, which is currently under development. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harpoon">Harpoon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Harpoon">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/RemoveDEBRIS" title="RemoveDEBRIS">RemoveDEBRIS</a> mission plan is to test the efficacy of several ADR technologies on mock targets in low Earth orbit. In order to complete its planned experiments the platform is equipped with a net, a harpoon, a laser ranging instrument, a dragsail, and two <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a> (miniature research satellites).<a href="#cite_note-sfn20180401-232">[232]</a> The mission was launched on 2 April 2018.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recycling_space_debris">Recycling space debris</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Recycling space debris">edit</a>]</div> Metal processing technologies to melt space debris and transform it into other useful form factors are developed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=CisLunar_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CisLunar Industries (page does not exist)">CisLunar Industries</a>. Their system uses electromagnetic heating to melt metal and shape it into metal wire, sheet metal, and metal fuel.<a href="#cite_note-jasi2022-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reusing_space_debris">Reusing space debris</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Reusing space debris">edit</a>]</div> A propulsion system dubbed the Neumann Drive has been developed in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, and first sent into space in June 2023. Metal space junk is converted into <a href="/wiki/Fuel_rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel rod">fuel rods</a>, which can be plugged into the Neumann Drive, "basically converting the solid metal propellant into plasma". The Drive will be used by American space companies which already carry nets or robotic arms to capture orbital waste. The thruster enables these satellites to return to Earth with the waste they have collected, allowing it to be melted down to make more fuel.<a href="#cite_note-alderson2023-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barriers_to_dealing_with_debris">Barriers to dealing with debris</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Barriers to dealing with debris">edit</a>]</div> With the rapid development of the computer and digitalization industries, more countries and companies have engaged in space activities since the turn of the 21st century. <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">The tragedy of the commons</a> is an economic theory referring to a situation where maximizing self-interest through using a shared resource can lead to the resource degradation shared by all.<a href="#cite_note-:0-234">[234]</a> Based on the theory, individuals' rational action in space will lead to an irrational collective result: orbits crowded with debris. As a <a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">common-pool resource</a>, the Earth's orbits, especially LEO and GEO that accommodate most satellites, are <a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">nonexcludable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">rivalrous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> To address the tragedy and ensure <a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">space sustainability</a>, many technical approaches have been developed. In terms of governance mechanisms, a top-down centralized one is less suitable to tackle the complex debris problem due to the increasing number of space actors.<a href="#cite_note-:1-236">[236]</a> Instead, a polycentric form of governance developed by <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> may work in space.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> In the process of promoting the polycentric network, there are some existing barriers needed to be dealt with. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incomplete_data_of_space_debris">Incomplete data of space debris</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Incomplete data of space debris">edit</a>]</div> As orbital debris is a global problem affecting both spacefaring and non-spacefaring nations, it is necessary to be handled in a worldwide context.<a href="#cite_note-:0-234">[234]</a> Because of the complexity and dynamics of object movements like spacecraft, debris, meteorites, etc., many countries and regions including the United States, Europe, Russia, and China have developed their <a href="/wiki/Space_situational_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Space situational awareness">space situational awareness</a> (SSA) to avoid potential threats in space or plan actions in advance.<a href="#cite_note-:2-238">[238]</a> To an extent, SSA plays a role in tracking space debris. In order to build a powerful SSA system, there are two prerequisites: international cooperation and exchange of information and data.<a href="#cite_note-:2-238">[238]</a> However, limitations exist in spite of the improving data quality over the past decades. Some space powers are not willing to share the information that they have collected, and those, such as the U.S., that have shared the data keep parts of it secret.<a href="#cite_note-:3-239">[239]</a> Instead of joining in a coordinated way, a great deal of SSA programs and national databases run parallel to each other with some overlaps, hindering the formation of a collaborative monitoring system.<a href="#cite_note-:3-239">[239]</a> Some private actors are also trying to establish SSA systems. For example, the Space Data Association (SDA) formed in 2009 is a non-governmental entity. It currently consists of 21 global satellite operators and 4 executive members: <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a>. SDA is a non-profit platform, aiming to avoid radio interference and space collisions through pooling data from operators independently.<a href="#cite_note-:2-238">[238]</a> Researchers suggest that it is essential to establish an international center for exchanging information on space debris because SSA networks do not completely equal debris tracking systems – the former ones focus more on active and threatening objects in space.<a href="#cite_note-:4-240">[240]</a> In terms of debris populations and defunct satellites, few operators have provided data.<a href="#cite_note-:4-240">[240]</a> In a polycentric governance network, a resource that cannot be holistically monitored is less likely to be well managed.<a href="#cite_note-:3-239">[239]</a> Both insufficient transnational cooperation and information sharing bring resistance to addressing the debris problem. There is a long way to go to build a global network that covers complete data and has strong interconnection and interoperability. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insufficient_participation_of_private_actors">Insufficient participation of private actors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Insufficient participation of private actors">edit</a>]</div> With the commercialization of satellites and space, the private sector is getting more interested in space activities. For example, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> is planning to create a network of around 12,000 small satellites that can transmit high-speed internet to any place in the world.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> The proportion of commercial spacecraft has increased from 4.6% in the 1980s to 55.6% in the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Despite the high participation rate of commercial entities, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UN COPUOS</a> once deliberately excluded them from having a voice in discussions unless being formally invited by a member state.<a href="#cite_note-:1-236">[236]</a> Ostrom said that the involvement of all relevant stakeholders in the rule-design and implementation process is one of the critical elements of successful governance.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> The exclusion of private actors largely reduces the effectiveness of the committee's role in making collective-choice arrangements that reflect the interests of all space users.<a href="#cite_note-:1-236">[236]</a> The limited engagement of private actors slows the process of addressing space debris.<a href="#cite_note-:5-244">[244]</a> Ties between dissimilar stakeholders in the governance network offer access to diverse resources.<a href="#cite_note-:6-245">[245]</a> Different competence among stakeholders can help allocate the tasks more reasonably. In that case, the expertise and experience of private operators are critical to help the world achieve space sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-:5-244">[244]</a> The complementary strengths of different stakeholders enable the governance network to be more adaptable to changes and reach common goals more effectively.<a href="#cite_note-:6-245">[245]</a> In recent years, many private actors have seen commercial opportunities of eliminating space debris. It is estimated that by 2022 the global market for debris monitoring and removal will generate a revenue of around $2.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Astroscale" title="Astroscale">Astroscale</a> has contracted with European and Japanese space agencies to develop the capacity of removing orbital debris.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Despite that, they are still in small quantity compared to the number of those who have placed satellites in space. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Privateer_Space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Privateer Space (page does not exist)">Privateer Space</a>, a Hawaiian-based startup company by American engineer <a href="/wiki/Alex_Fielding" title="Alex Fielding">Alex Fielding</a>, space environmentalist <a href="/wiki/Moriba_Jah" title="Moriba Jah">Moriba Jah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a>, announced plans in September 2021 to launch hundreds of satellites into orbit in order to study space debris.<a href="#cite_note-space.com-248">[248]</a> However, the company stated it is in "stealth mode" and no such satellites have been launched.<a href="#cite_note-space.com-248">[248]</a> Fortunately, the current space exploration is not completely driven by competition, and there still exists a chance for dialogues and cooperation among all stakeholders in both developed and developing countries, to reach an agreement on tackling space debris and assure an equitable and orderly exploration.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Besides private actors, <a href="/wiki/Network_governance" title="Network governance">network governance</a> does not necessarily exclude the states from playing a role. Instead, the different functions of states might promote the governance process.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> To improve the polycentric governance network of space debris, researchers suggest: encourage data-sharing among different national and organizational databases at the political level; develop shared standards for data collection systems to improve interoperability; and enhance the participation of private actors through involving them in national and international discussions.<a href="#cite_note-:3-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_other_celestial_bodies">On other celestial bodies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: On other celestial bodies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25219-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-Backshell-20220419.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PIA25219-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-Backshell-20220419.jpg/330px-PIA25219-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-Backshell-20220419.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PIA25219-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-Backshell-20220419.jpg/500px-PIA25219-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-Backshell-20220419.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PIA25219-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-Backshell-20220419.jpg/960px-PIA25219-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-Backshell-20220419.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3099" data-file-height="2263" /></a><figcaption>Perseverance's backshell sitting upright on the surface of Jezero Crater</figcaption></figure> The issue of space debris has been raised as a mitigation challenge for missions around the Moon with the danger of increasing space debris around it.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_2022-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nast_2013-252">[252]</a> It is thought that on 4 March 2022, for the first time, human space debris—most likely a spent <a href="/wiki/Rocket_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket body">rocket body</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">Long March 3C</a> third stage from the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5 T1</a> mission—unintentionally <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung_(crater)#2022_Long_March_3C_third_stage_impact" title="Hertzsprung (crater)">hit the lunar surface</a>, creating an unexpected double crater.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In 2022, several elements of space debris were found on Mars: <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a>'s backshell was found on the surface of Jezero Crater,<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> and a piece of a thermal blanket which may have come from the descent stage of the rover.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> As of February 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> is littered with about seven tons of human-made debris. Most of it consists of crashed and inactive spacecraft as well as discarded components.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Until_the_End_of_the_World" title="Until the End of the World">Until the End of the World</a> (1991) is a French sci-fi drama set under the backdrop of an out-of-control Indian nuclear satellite, predicted to re-enter the atmosphere, threatening vast populated areas of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gravity_(2013_film)" title="Gravity (2013 film)">Gravity</a>, a 2013 survival film directed by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuaron</a>, is about a disaster on a space mission caused by Kessler syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> In season 1 of <a href="/wiki/Love,_Death_%26_Robots" title="Love, Death & Robots">Love, Death & Robots</a> (2019), episode 11, "Helping Hand", revolves around an astronaut being struck by a screw from space debris which knocks her off a satellite in orbit.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Manga and anime <a href="/wiki/Planetes" title="Planetes">Planetes</a> tells a story about a crew of Space Debris station that collects and disposes of space debris.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Beside space debris as an issue of science-fiction stories other stories feature it as a reservoir for the story, as in stories about space junk scavengers like <a href="/wiki/Space_Sweepers" title="Space Sweepers">Space Sweepers</a> (2021), or as a result or environment of the story. The episode Conflict from Gerry and Sylvia Anderson's <a href="/wiki/UFO_(British_TV_series)" title="UFO (British TV series)">U.F.O.</a> sci-fi TV series shows how small alien spaceships could use Terrestrial space debris such as orbital boosters to become undetectable by SHADO's orbital Space Intruder Detector (S.I.D.). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Space">Space portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Derelict_satellites" title="Category:Derelict satellites">Category:Derelict satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liability_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Liability Convention">Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_large_reentering_space_debris" class="mw-redirect" title="List of large reentering space debris">List of large reentering space debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_debris_producing_events" title="List of space debris producing events">List of space debris producing events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">Long Duration Exposure Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_West_Ford" title="Project West Ford">Project West Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite warfare">Satellite warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission" title="Solar Maximum Mission">Solar Maximum Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_cemetery" title="Spacecraft cemetery">Spacecraft cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">Space domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space sustainability</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-guardian20170326-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian20170326_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian20170326_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/mar/26/weve-left-junk-everywhere-why-space-pollution-could-be-humanitys-next-big-problem">"'We've left junk everywhere': why space pollution could be humanity's next big problem"</a>. The Guardian. 26 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191108174731/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/mar/26/weve-left-junk-everywhere-why-space-pollution-could-be-humanitys-next-big-problem">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27We%27ve+left+junk+everywhere%27%3A+why+space+pollution+could+be+humanity%27s+next+big+problem&rft.date=2016-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2017%2Fmar%2F26%2Fweve-left-junk-everywhere-why-space-pollution-could-be-humanitys-next-big-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell2017" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Jonathan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-51016-3">Cosmic Debris</a>. Astronomers' Universe. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017cdwi.book.....P">2017cdwi.book.....P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-51016-3">10.1007/978-3-319-51016-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51015-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51015-6"><bdi>978-3-319-51015-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmic+Debris&rft.series=Astronomers%27+Universe&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-51016-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017cdwi.book.....P&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51015-6&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-51016-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceacademy.net.au/watch/debris/debris.htm">"Guide to Space Debris"</a>. spaceacademy.net.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826190550/http://www.spaceacademy.net.au/watch/debris/debris.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spaceacademy.net.au&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Space+Debris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceacademy.net.au%2Fwatch%2Fdebris%2Fdebris.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coase1960-4"><a href="#cite_ref-coase1960_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoase1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase, Ronald</a> (October 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.cerge-ei.cz/ortmann/UpcesCourse/Coase%20-%20The%20problem%20of%20Social%20Cost.pdf">"The Problem of Social Cost"</a> (PDF). Journal of Law and Economics (PDF). 3. The University of Chicago Press: 1–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F466560">10.1086/466560</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/724810">724810</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222331226">222331226</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617034923/http://home.cerge-ei.cz/ortmann/UpcesCourse/Coase%20-%20The%20problem%20of%20Social%20Cost.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+and+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Social+Cost&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1960-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222331226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F724810%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F466560&rft.aulast=Coase&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.cerge-ei.cz%2Fortmann%2FUpcesCourse%2FCoase%2520-%2520The%2520problem%2520of%2520Social%2520Cost.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ewot2014-5"><a href="#cite_ref-ewot2014_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeyneBoettkePrychitko2014" class="citation book cs1">Heyne, Paul; Boettke, Peter J.; Prychitko, David L. (2014). The Economic Way of Thinking (13th ed.). Pearson. pp. 227–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-299129-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-299129-2"><bdi>978-0-13-299129-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Way+of+Thinking&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-13-299129-2&rft.aulast=Heyne&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Boettke%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=Prychitko%2C+David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-muñoz-patchen2019-6"><a href="#cite_ref-muñoz-patchen2019_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuñoz-Patchen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Muñoz-Patchen, Chelsea (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cjil.uchicago.edu/publication/regulating-space-commons-treating-space-debris-abandoned-property-violation-outer-space">"Regulating the Space Commons: Treating Space Debris as Abandoned Property in Violation of the Outer Space Treaty"</a>. Chicago Journal of International Law. University of Chicago Law School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213230303/https://cjil.uchicago.edu/publication/regulating-space-commons-treating-space-debris-abandoned-property-violation-outer-space">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Regulating+the+Space+Commons%3A+Treating+Space+Debris+as+Abandoned+Property+in+Violation+of+the+Outer+Space+Treaty&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Mu%C3%B1oz-Patchen&rft.aufirst=Chelsea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcjil.uchicago.edu%2Fpublication%2Fregulating-space-commons-treating-space-debris-abandoned-property-violation-outer-space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aiaa201804-7"><a href="#cite_ref-aiaa201804_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWerner2018" class="citation web cs1">Werner, Debra (30 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/features/preventing-space-pollution/">"Preventing space pollution"</a>. Aerospace America. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preventing+space+pollution&rft.pub=Aerospace+America&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faerospaceamerica.aiaa.org%2Ffeatures%2Fpreventing-space-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-esadebris20190306-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esadebris20190306_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esadebris20190306_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esadebris20190306_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/Space_debris_by_the_numbers">"Space debris by the numbers"</a>. www.esa.int. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esa.int&rft.atitle=Space+debris+by+the+numbers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FSpace_Safety%2FSpace_Debris%2FSpace_debris_by_the_numbers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODQN-201911-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODQN-201911_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODQN-201911_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv26i4.pdf">"Satellite Box Score"</a> (PDF). Orbital Debris Quarterly News. Vol. 26, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. November 2022. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224131630/https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv23i4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orbital+Debris+Quarterly+News&rft.atitle=Satellite+Box+Score&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fquarterly-news%2Fpdfs%2Fodqnv26i4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucs20191216-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ucs20191216_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ucs20191216_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database">"UCS Satellite Database"</a>. Nuclear Weapons & Global Security. <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>. 1 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220002901/https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Weapons+%26+Global+Security&rft.atitle=UCS+Satellite+Database&rft.date=2022-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fresources%2Fsatellite-database&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1">Clark, David (2006). The Elgar Companion to Development Studies. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 668. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-475-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-475-5"><bdi>978-1-84376-475-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elgar+Companion+to+Development+Studies&rft.pages=668&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84376-475-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa20090428-12"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa20090428_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.spaceref.com/news/2009/ODMediaBriefing28Apr09-1.pdf">"The Threat of Orbital Debris and Protecting NASA Space Assets from Satellite Collisions"</a> (PDF). Space Reference. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20151223174746/http://images.spaceref.com/news/2009/ODMediaBriefing28Apr09-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Threat+of+Orbital+Debris+and+Protecting+NASA+Space+Assets+from+Satellite+Collisions&rft.pub=Space+Reference&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2FODMediaBriefing28Apr09-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiedemann2009-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wiedemann2009_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiedemann2009_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiedemann2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wiedemann, C. (2 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc5/paper/121">"Size distribution of NaK droplets for MASTER-2009"</a>. Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Space Debris. 672: 17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ESASP.672E..17W">2009ESASP.672E..17W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+5th+European+Conference+on+Space+Debris&rft.atitle=Size+distribution+of+NaK+droplets+for+MASTER-2009&rft.volume=672&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2009-04-02&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ESASP.672E..17W&rft.aulast=Wiedemann&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconference.sdo.esoc.esa.int%2Fproceedings%2Fsdc5%2Fpaper%2F121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rossi2009-14"><a href="#cite_ref-rossi2009_14-0">^</a> A. Rossi et al, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2353432_EFFECTS_OF_THE_RORSAT_NaK_DROPS_ON_THE_LONG_TERM_EVOLUTION_OF_THE_SPACE_DEBRIS_POPULATION">"Effects of the RORSAT NaK Drops on the Long Term Evolution of the Space Debris Population"</a>, University of Pisa, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-wiedemann2005-15"><a href="#cite_ref-wiedemann2005_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiedemannOswaldStabrothKlinkrad2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wiedemann, C.; Oswald, M.; Stabroth, S.; Klinkrad, H.; Vörsmann, P. (2005). "Size distribution of NaK droplets released during RORSAT reactor core ejection". Advances in Space Research. 35 (7): 1290–1295. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AdSpR..35.1290W">2005AdSpR..35.1290W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2005.05.056">10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&rft.atitle=Size+distribution+of+NaK+droplets+released+during+RORSAT+reactor+core+ejection&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1290-%3C%2Fspan%3E1295&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asr.2005.05.056&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005AdSpR..35.1290W&rft.aulast=Wiedemann&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Oswald%2C+M.&rft.au=Stabroth%2C+S.&rft.au=Klinkrad%2C+H.&rft.au=V%C3%B6rsmann%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa9-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa9_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa9_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.spaceref.com/news/2009/ODMediaBriefing28Apr09-1.pdf">The Threat of Orbital Debris and Protecting NASA Space Assets from Satellite Collisions</a> (PDF), Space Reference, 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20151223174746/http://images.spaceref.com/news/2009/ODMediaBriefing28Apr09-1.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2015, retrieved 18 December 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Threat+of+Orbital+Debris+and+Protecting+NASA+Space+Assets+from+Satellite+Collisions&rft.pub=Space+Reference&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2FODMediaBriefing28Apr09-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_David2025" class="citation web cs1">Leonard David (3 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/falling-space-debris-is-a-growing-worry-for-aircraft-new-research-suggests">"Falling space debris is a growing worry for aircraft, new research suggests"</a>. Space.com. Retrieved 3 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Falling+space+debris+is+a+growing+worry+for+aircraft%2C+new+research+suggests&rft.date=2025-02-03&rft.au=Leonard+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspace-exploration%2Flaunches-spacecraft%2Ffalling-space-debris-is-a-growing-worry-for-aircraft-new-research-suggests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMike_Wall2025" class="citation web cs1">Mike Wall (17 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/space-exploration/private-spaceflight/faa-requiring-investigation-into-spacex-starships-flight-7-explosion">"FAA requiring investigation into SpaceX Starship's Flight 7 explosion"</a>. Space.com. Retrieved 3 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=FAA+requiring+investigation+into+SpaceX+Starship%27s+Flight+7+explosion&rft.date=2025-01-17&rft.au=Mike+Wall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspace-exploration%2Fprivate-spaceflight%2Ffaa-requiring-investigation-into-spacex-starships-flight-7-explosion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brownlee,_Harrington-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Brownlee,_Harrington_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrington,_Rebecca2016" class="citation web cs1">Harrington, Rebecca (5 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/fastest-object-robert-brownlee-2016-2?r=US&IR=T#brownlee-wanted-to-measure-how-fast-the-iron-cap-flew-off-the-column-so-he-designed-a-second-experiment-pascal-b-9">"The fastest object ever launched was a manhole cover – here's the story from the guy who shot it into space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider#Divisions" title="Business Insider">Tech Insider</a> – www.businessinsider.com <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+Insider+%E2%80%93+www.businessinsider.com+Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+fastest+object+ever+launched+was+a+manhole+cover+%E2%80%93+here%27s+the+story+from+the+guy+who+shot+it+into+space&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft.au=Harrington%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ffastest-object-robert-brownlee-2016-2%3Fr%3DUS%26IR%3DT%23brownlee-wanted-to-measure-how-fast-the-iron-cap-flew-off-the-column-so-he-designed-a-second-experiment-pascal-b-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brownlee,_Thomson-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Brownlee,_Thomson_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_Iain2015" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Iain (16 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2015/07/16/america_soviets_space_race/">"Did speeding American manhole cover beat Sputnik into space? Top boffin speaks to El Reg – How a nuke blast lid may have beaten Soviets by months"</a>. www.theregister.com. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theregister.com&rft.atitle=Did+speeding+American+manhole+cover+beat+Sputnik+into+space%3F+Top+boffin+speaks+to+El+Reg+%E2%80%93+How+a+nuke+blast+lid+may+have+beaten+Soviets+by+months&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2015%2F07%2F16%2Famerica_soviets_space_race%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHootsSchumacherGlover2004174–185-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHootsSchumacherGlover2004174–185_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHootsSchumacherGlover2004">Hoots, Schumacher & Glover 2004</a>, pp. 174–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celestrak.org/NORAD/archives/">"CelesTrak: Historical NORAD Two-Line Element Sets"</a>. celestrak.org. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=celestrak.org&rft.atitle=CelesTrak%3A+Historical+NORAD+Two-Line+Element+Sets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcelestrak.org%2FNORAD%2Farchives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s48-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s48_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s48_23-1">b</a> Schefter, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaushalArora2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kaushal, Sourabh; Arora, Nishant (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacefuture.com/archive/space_debris_and_its_mitigation.shtml">"Space Debris and Its Mitigation"</a>. ISEC Space Elevator Conference. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISEC+Space+Elevator+Conference&rft.atitle=Space+Debris+and+Its+Mitigation&rft.date=2010-08&rft.aulast=Kaushal&rft.aufirst=Sourabh&rft.au=Arora%2C+Nishant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacefuture.com%2Farchive%2Fspace_debris_and_its_mitigation.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-portree-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-portree_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-portree_25-1">b</a> David Portree and Joseph Loftus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf">"Orbital Debris: A Chronology"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf">Archived</a> 1 September 2000 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA, 1999, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20141125-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sn20141125_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20141125_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20141125_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20141125_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20141125_26-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoust2014" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (15 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141206140211/http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/42656companies-have-technologies-but-not-business-plans-for-orbital-debris">"Companies Have Technologies, but Not Business Plans, for Orbital Debris Cleanup"</a>. Space News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/42656companies-have-technologies-but-not-business-plans-for-orbital-debris">the original</a> on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+News&rft.atitle=Companies+Have+Technologies%2C+but+Not+Business+Plans%2C+for+Orbital+Debris+Cleanup&rft.date=2014-11-15&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacenews.com%2Farticle%2Fcivil-space%2F42656companies-have-technologies-but-not-business-plans-for-orbital-debris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa20161103-27"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa20161103_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/">"NASA Orbital Debris Program"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215654/https://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Orbital+Debris+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/hq/library/find/bibliographies/space_debris">"Space Debris"</a>. NASA. 1 July 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Debris&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fhq%2Flibrary%2Ffind%2Fbibliographies%2Fspace_debris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJessica2017" class="citation web cs1">Jessica (21 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.esa.int/cleanspace/2017/07/21/sma-valves-to-prevent-in-orbit-explosions/">"SMA Valves to Prevent In-Orbit Explosions"</a> (Blog posting). <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>. Retrieved 21 January 2023. <q>Delta upper stage: There were several events for Delta second stages due to residual propellants until depletion burns were introduced in 1981.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SMA+Valves+to+Prevent+In-Orbit+Explosions&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2017-07-21&rft.au=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.esa.int%2Fcleanspace%2F2017%2F07%2F21%2Fsma-valves-to-prevent-in-orbit-explosions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter198250-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchefter198250_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchefter198250_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchefter198250_30-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchefter1982">Schefter 1982</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-h7-31"><a href="#cite_ref-h7_31-0">^</a> See charts, Hoffman, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> See chart, Hoffman p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> In the time between the writing of Klinkrad (2006) Chapter 1 (earlier) and the Prolog (later) of Space Debris, Klinkrad changed the number from 8,500 to 13,000 – compare pp. 6 and ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Michael Hoffman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707143803/http://defensenews.com/blogs/space-symposium/">"It's getting crowded up there."</a> Space News, 3 April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/science/space-junk-threat-will-grow-for-astronauts-and-satellites">"Space Junk Threat Will Grow for Astronauts and Satellites"</a>, Fox News, 6 April 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo-36"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_36-0">^</a> Stefan Lovgren, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/01/0119_060119_space_junk.html">"Space Junk Cleanup Needed, NASA Experts Warn."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907084422/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/01/0119_060119_space_junk.html">Archived</a> 7 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Geographic News, 19 January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> J.-C Liou and N. L. Johnson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/311/5759/340">"Risks in Space from Orbiting Debris"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601031610/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/311/5759/340">Archived</a> 1 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Science, Volume 311 Number 5759 (20 January 2006), pp. 340–341 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Antony Milne, Sky Static: The Space Debris Crisis, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97749-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97749-8">0-275-97749-8</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleghorn19957-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleghorn19957_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGleghorn1995">Gleghorn 1995</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarks2009" class="citation web cs1">Marks, Paul (27 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18050-space-debris-threat-to-future-launches/">"Space debris threat to future launches"</a>. New Scientist. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Space+debris+threat+to+future+launches&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn18050-space-debris-threat-to-future-launches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-14757926">"Space junk at tipping point, says report"</a>. BBC News. 2 September 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Space+junk+at+tipping+point%2C+says+report&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-14757926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-soviet-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soviet_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-soviet_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-soviet_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Phillip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025015944/http://www.friends-partners.org/oldfriends/jgreen/bispaper.html">"Space Debris Incidents Involving Soviet/Russian Launches"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friends-partners.org/oldfriends/jgreen/bispaper.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Debris+Incidents+Involving+Soviet%2FRussian+Launches&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friends-partners.org%2Foldfriends%2Fjgreen%2Fbispaper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-esadebris2013-43"><a href="#cite_ref-esadebris2013_43-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/Clean_Space/How_many_space_debris_objects_are_currently_in_orbit">"How many space debris objects are currently in orbit?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518045818/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/Clean_Space/How_many_space_debris_objects_are_currently_in_orbit">Archived</a> 18 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ESA, July 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-ODQN-201607-44"><a href="#cite_ref-ODQN-201607_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv20i3.pdf">"Satellite Box ScoreS"</a> (PDF). Orbital Debris Quarterly News. Vol. 20, no. 3. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. July 2016. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011055108/https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv20i3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orbital+Debris+Quarterly+News&rft.atitle=Satellite+Box+ScoreS&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fquarterly-news%2Fpdfs%2Fodqnv20i3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucs20160811-45"><a href="#cite_ref-ucs20160811_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html">"UCS Satellite Database"</a>. Nuclear Weapons & Global Security. <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>. 11 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100603022505/http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Weapons+%26+Global+Security&rft.atitle=UCS+Satellite+Database&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fnuclear_weapons_and_global_security%2Fspace_weapons%2Ftechnical_issues%2Fucs-satellite-database.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-untechreport1999-46"><a href="#cite_ref-untechreport1999_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/un_report_on_space_debris99.pdf">Technical report on space debris</a> (PDF). United Nations. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-100813-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-100813-5"><bdi>978-92-1-100813-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090724134642/http://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/UN_Report_on_Space_Debris99.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2009 – via <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+report+on+space+debris&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-92-1-100813-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov%2Flibrary%2Fun_report_on_space_debris99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alderson2023-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alderson2023_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alderson2023_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlderson2023" class="citation web cs1">Alderson, Bethanie (13 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-13/high-tech-cube-helping-solve-space-junk-problem/102469160">"Space junk is causing clutter around the Earth, but a small cube could help cut back on trash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News (Australia)</a>. Retrieved 11 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=Space+junk+is+causing+clutter+around+the+Earth%2C+but+a+small+cube+could+help+cut+back+on+trash&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft.aulast=Alderson&rft.aufirst=Bethanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-06-13%2Fhigh-tech-cube-helping-solve-space-junk-problem%2F102469160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasadebris2012-48"><a href="#cite_ref-nasadebris2012_48-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/faqs.html#3">"Orbital Debris FAQ: How much orbital debris is currently in Earth orbit?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825064237/http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/faqs.html#3">Archived</a> 25 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NASA, March 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiou2020-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiou2020_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiou2020">Liou 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ars200902-50"><a href="#cite_ref-ars200902_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFord2009" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Matt (27 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2009/02/orbiting-space-junk-heightens-risk-of-satellite-catastrophes/">"Orbiting space junk heightens risk of satellite catastrophes"</a>. Ars Technica. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Orbiting+space+junk+heightens+risk+of+satellite+catastrophes&rft.date=2009-02-27&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2009%2F02%2Forbiting-space-junk-heightens-risk-of-satellite-catastrophes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWertzEverettPuschell2011" class="citation book cs1">Wertz, James; Everett, David; Puschell, Jeffrey (2011). Space mission engineering: the new SMAD. Hawthorne, California: Microcosm Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1881883159" title="Special:BookSources/978-1881883159"><bdi>978-1881883159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+mission+engineering%3A+the+new+SMAD&rft.place=Hawthorne%2C+California&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Microcosm+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1881883159&rft.aulast=Wertz&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Everett%2C+David&rft.au=Puschell%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-esa20110809-52"><a href="#cite_ref-esa20110809_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/">"European Space Agency"</a>. www.esa.int. 19 February 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esa.int&rft.atitle=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa201107-53"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa201107_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111020092342/http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/pdfs/ODQNv15i3.pdf">"Orbital Debris Quarterly News, July 2011"</a> (PDF). NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/pdfs/ODQNv15i3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orbital+Debris+Quarterly+News%2C+July+2011&rft.pub=NASA+Orbital+Debris+Program+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fnewsletter%2Fpdfs%2FODQNv15i3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-k09-54"><a href="#cite_ref-k09_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKessler2009" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, Donald J. (8 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527195029/http://webpages.charter.net/dkessler/files/KesSym.html">"The Kessler Syndrome"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webpages.charter.net/dkessler/files/KesSym.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kessler+Syndrome&rft.date=2009-03-08&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebpages.charter.net%2Fdkessler%2Ffiles%2FKesSym.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wired20140222-55"><a href="#cite_ref-wired20140222_55-0">^</a> Lisa Grossman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/tag/kessler-syndrome/">"NASA Considers Shooting Space Junk with Lasers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222110801/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/tag/kessler-syndrome/">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, wired, 15 March 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNwankwoDenigChakrabartiAjakaiye2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nwankwo, Victor U. J; Denig, William; Chakrabarti, Sandip K.; Ajakaiye, Muyiwa P.; Fatokun, Johnson; Akanni, Adeniyi W.; Raulin, Jean-Pierre; Correia, Emilia; Enoh, John E. (15 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fangeo-2020-33-rc2">"Atmospheric drag effects on modelled LEO satellites during the July 2000 Bastille Day event in contrast to an interval of geomagnetically quiet conditions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annales_Geophysicae" title="Annales Geophysicae">Annales Geophysicae</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fangeo-2020-33-rc2">10.5194/angeo-2020-33-rc2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Geophysicae&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+drag+effects+on+modelled+LEO+satellites+during+the+July+2000+Bastille+Day+event+in+contrast+to+an+interval+of+geomagnetically+quiet+conditions&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fangeo-2020-33-rc2&rft.aulast=Nwankwo&rft.aufirst=Victor+U.+J&rft.au=Denig%2C+William&rft.au=Chakrabarti%2C+Sandip+K.&rft.au=Ajakaiye%2C+Muyiwa+P.&rft.au=Fatokun%2C+Johnson&rft.au=Akanni%2C+Adeniyi+W.&rft.au=Raulin%2C+Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Correia%2C+Emilia&rft.au=Enoh%2C+John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fangeo-2020-33-rc2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessler199165-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessler199165_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKessler1991">Kessler 1991</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-klinkrad2006-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klinkrad2006_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klinkrad2006_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klinkrad2006_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlinkrad2006" class="citation book cs1">Klinkrad, Heiner (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.praxis-publishing.co.uk/9783540254485.htm">Space Debris: Models and Risk Analysis</a>. Springer-Praxis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-25448-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-25448-X"><bdi>3-540-25448-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174448/http://www.praxis-publishing.co.uk/9783540254485.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Debris%3A+Models+and+Risk+Analysis&rft.pub=Springer-Praxis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-540-25448-X&rft.aulast=Klinkrad&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.praxis-publishing.co.uk%2F9783540254485.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownHarris2000" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Gary; Harris, William (19 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/satellite6.htm">"How Satellites Work"</a>. HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Satellites+Work&rft.pub=HowStuffWorks.com&rft.date=2000-05-19&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Harris%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.howstuffworks.com%2Fsatellite6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchildknechtMusciFluryKuusela2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schildknecht, T.; Musci, R.; Flury, W.; Kuusela, J.; De Leon, J.; Dominguez Palmero, L. De Fatima (2005). "Optical observation of space debris in high-altitude orbits". Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Space Debris (ESA SP-587). 18–20 April 2005. 587: 113. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ESASP.587..113S">2005ESASP.587..113S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+European+Conference+on+Space+Debris+%28ESA+SP-587%29.+18%E2%80%9320+April+2005&rft.atitle=Optical+observation+of+space+debris+in+high-altitude+orbits&rft.volume=587&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ESASP.587..113S&rft.aulast=Schildknecht&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Musci%2C+R.&rft.au=Flury%2C+W.&rft.au=Kuusela%2C+J.&rft.au=De+Leon%2C+J.&rft.au=Dominguez+Palmero%2C+L.+De+Fatima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718231404/http://www.weblab.dlr.de/rbrt/pdf/ISSFD_89085.pdf">"Colocation Strategy and Collision Avoidance for the Geostationary Satellites at 19 Degrees West."</a> CNES Symposium on Space Dynamics, 6–10 November 1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_HaHechler1981" class="citation journal cs1">van der Ha, J. C.; Hechler, M. (1981). "The Collision Probability of Geostationary Satellites". 32nd International Astronautical Congress. 1981: 23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981rome.iafcR....V">1981rome.iafcR....V</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=32nd+International+Astronautical+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Collision+Probability+of+Geostationary+Satellites&rft.volume=1981&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981rome.iafcR....V&rft.aulast=van+der+Ha&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.au=Hechler%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anselmo-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anselmo_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anselmo_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnselmoPardini2000" class="citation journal cs1">Anselmo, L.; Pardini, C. (2000). "Collision Risk Mitigation in Geostationary Orbit". Space Debris. 2 (2): 67–82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000SpDeb...2...67A">2000SpDeb...2...67A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021255523174">10.1023/A:1021255523174</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118902351">118902351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Debris&rft.atitle=Collision+Risk+Mitigation+in+Geostationary+Orbit&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118902351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1021255523174&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000SpDeb...2...67A&rft.aulast=Anselmo&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Pardini%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleghorn199586-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleghorn199586_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGleghorn1995">Gleghorn 1995</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleghorn1995152-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleghorn1995152_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGleghorn1995">Gleghorn 1995</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Olympus_failure-66"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Olympus_failure_66-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.selkirkshire.demon.co.uk/analoguesat/olympuspr.html">"The Olympus failure"</a> ESA press release, 26 August 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911181644/http://www.selkirkshire.demon.co.uk/analoguesat/olympuspr.html">Archived</a> 11 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-srdc20060419-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-srdc20060419_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-srdc20060419_67-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104185122/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=20320">"Notification for Express-AM11 satellite users in connection with the spacecraft failure"</a> Russian Satellite Communications Company, 19 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1958-002B">"Vanguard 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815201608/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1958-002B">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vanguard+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1958-002B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/nrl-vic031308.php">"Vanguard I celebrates 50 years in space"</a>. Eurekalert.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605153254/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/nrl-vic031308.php">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vanguard+I+celebrates+50+years+in+space&rft.pub=Eurekalert.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2008-03%2Fnrl-vic031308.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199862-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199862_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/nrl-vic031308.php">"Vanguard 50 years"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605153254/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/nrl-vic031308.php">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vanguard+50+years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2008-03%2Fnrl-vic031308.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database">"UCS Satellite Database"</a>. Retrieved 17 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCS+Satellite+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fresources%2Fsatellite-database&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html">"Space Debris and Human Spacecraft"</a>. NASA.gov. 13 April 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA.gov&rft.atitle=Space+Debris+and+Human+Spacecraft&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fnews%2Forbital_debris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rossi1997-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rossi1997_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rossi1997_74-1">b</a> A. Rossi et al, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.27.8466&rep=rep1&type=pdf">"Effects of the RORSAT NaK Drops on the Long Term Evolution of the Space Debris Population"</a>, University of Pisa, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20150506-75"><a href="#cite_ref-sn20150506_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGruss2015" class="citation news cs1">Gruss, Mike (6 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacenews.com/dmsp-f13-debris-to-stay-on-orbit-for-decades/">"DMSP-F13 Debris To Stay on Orbit for Decades"</a>. Space News. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+News&rft.atitle=DMSP-F13+Debris+To+Stay+on+Orbit+for+Decades&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft.aulast=Gruss&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fdmsp-f13-debris-to-stay-on-orbit-for-decades%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-keiso-20160326-76"><a href="#cite_ref-keiso-20160326_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT.S._Kelso,_CelesTrak2016" class="citation web cs1">T.S. Kelso, CelesTrak [@TSKelso] (26 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/TSKelso/status/713665017225281536">"That brings the total so far for the NOAA 16 debris event to 275 pieces, with none having decayed from orbit"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Retrieved 28 March 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=That+brings+the+total+so+far+for+the+NOAA+16+debris+event+to+275+pieces%2C+with+none+having+decayed+from+orbit&rft.date=2016-03-26&rft.au=T.S.+Kelso%2C+CelesTrak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FTSKelso%2Fstatus%2F713665017225281536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2019" class="citation web cs1">George, Justin Paul (27 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/03/27/history-anti-satellite-weapon-us-asat-missile.html">"History of anti-satellite weapons: US tested 1st ASAT missile 60 years ago"</a>. This Week. Retrieved 21 January 2023. <q>Russia: 20 co-orbital tests, 7 ground/air launched tests.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+anti-satellite+weapons%3A+US+tested+1st+ASAT+missile+60+years+ago&rft.pub=This+Week&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Justin+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fnews%2Fsci-tech%2F2019%2F03%2F27%2Fhistory-anti-satellite-weapon-us-asat-missile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiatest-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indiatest_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiatest_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTellis2019" class="citation cs2">Tellis, Ashley J. (15 April 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/04/indias-asat-test-an-incomplete-success?lang=en">India's ASAT Test: An Incomplete Success</a>, Carnegie Endowment for International Space, retrieved 21 January 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+ASAT+Test%3A+An+Incomplete+Success&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Space&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft.aulast=Tellis&rft.aufirst=Ashley+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fresearch%2F2019%2F04%2Findias-asat-test-an-incomplete-success%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199863-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199863_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTufte2013" class="citation cs2">Tufte, Edward R. (2013) [1990], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/envisioninginfor0000tuft">Envisioning Information</a>, Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press, p. 48, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9613921-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9613921-1-6"><bdi>978-0-9613921-1-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Envisioning+Information&rft.place=Cheshire%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Graphics+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9613921-1-6&rft.aulast=Tufte&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenvisioninginfor0000tuft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Photo of tool bag floating near ISS <a href="/wiki/File:Bye_tool_bag.jpg" title="File:Bye tool bag.jpg">Image on Wikipedia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-loftus1989-82"><a href="#cite_ref-loftus1989_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoftus1989" class="citation book cs1">Loftus, Joseph P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RehH7b_kmNEC">Orbital Debris from Upper-stage Breakup</a>. AIAA. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60086-376-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60086-376-9"><bdi>978-1-60086-376-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orbital+Debris+from+Upper-stage+Breakup&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=AIAA&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-60086-376-9&rft.aulast=Loftus&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRehH7b_kmNEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Some return to Earth intact, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reentrynews.com/recovered.html">this list</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028021045/http://www.reentrynews.com/recovered.html">Archived</a> 28 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for examples. </li> <li id="cite_note-newscientist.com-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist.com_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscientist.com_84-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10979-spate-of-rocket-breakups-creates-new-space-junk.html">"Spate of rocket breakups creates new space junk"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814170549/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10979-spate-of-rocket-breakups-creates-new-space-junk.html">Archived</a> 14 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NewScientist, 17 January 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=21&month=02&year=2007">"Rocket Explosion"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130083829/http://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=21&month=02&year=2007">Archived</a> 30 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Spaceweather.com, 22 February 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Ker Than, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/news/070221_rocket_explodes.html">"Rocket Explodes Over Australia, Showers Space with Debris"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724133027/http://www.space.com/news/070221_rocket_explodes.html">Archived</a> 24 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Space.com, 21 February 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celestrak.com/events/debris-events.asp">"Recent Debris Events"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320125625/http://www.celestrak.com/events/debris-events.asp">Archived</a> 20 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> celestrak.com, 16 March 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010150558/http://www.zarya.info/Gallimaufry/120707ProtonFailure.php">"Proton Launch Failure 2012 Aug 6"</a>. Zarya. 21 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zarya.info/Gallimaufry/120707ProtonFailure.php">the original</a> on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proton+Launch+Failure+2012+Aug+6&rft.pub=Zarya&rft.date=2012-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zarya.info%2FGallimaufry%2F120707ProtonFailure.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiou2011" class="citation journal cs1">Liou, J-C (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv15i2.pdf">"An Update on LEO Environment Remediation with Active Debris Removal"</a> (PDF). Orbital Debris Quarterly News. 15 (2): 5. Retrieved 12 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orbital+Debris+Quarterly+News&rft.atitle=An+Update+on+LEO+Environment+Remediation+with+Active+Debris+Removal&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2011-04&rft.aulast=Liou&rft.aufirst=J-C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fquarterly-news%2Fpdfs%2Fodqnv15i2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoust2020" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (13 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/upper-stages-top-list-of-most-dangerous-space-debris/">"Upper stages top list of most dangerous space debris"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Space News">Space News</a>. Retrieved 12 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space+News&rft.atitle=Upper+stages+top+list+of+most+dangerous+space+debris&rft.date=2020-10-13&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fupper-stages-top-list-of-most-dangerous-space-debris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819102532/http://iaaweb.org/iaa/Scientific%20Activity/debrisminutes09184.pdf">"Major fragmentation of Atlas 5 Centaur upper stage 2014-055B (SSN #40209)"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iaaweb.org/iaa/Scientific%20Activity/debrisminutes09184.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+fragmentation+of+Atlas+5+Centaur+upper+stage+2014-055B+%28SSN+%2340209%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiaaweb.org%2Fiaa%2FScientific%2520Activity%2Fdebrisminutes09184.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Safety/Rocket_break-up_provides_rare_chance_to_test_debris_formation">"Rocket break up provides rare chance to test debris formation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516161457/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Safety/Rocket_break-up_provides_rare_chance_to_test_debris_formation">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rocket+break+up+provides+rare+chance+to+test+debris+formation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Safety%2FRocket_break-up_provides_rare_chance_to_test_debris_formation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/18SPCS/status/1121184362559496192">"Confirmed breakup of Atlas 5 Centaur R/B (2018-079B, #43652) on April 6, 2019"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502164548/https://twitter.com/18spcs/status/1121184362559496192">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confirmed+breakup+of+Atlas+5+Centaur+R%2FB+%282018-079B%2C+%2343652%29+on+April+6%2C+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2F18SPCS%2Fstatus%2F1121184362559496192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalbert2020" class="citation news cs1">Talbert, Tricia (2 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-data-confirm-2020-so-to-be-the-upper-centaur-rocket-booster-from-the-1960-s">"New Data Confirm 2020 SO to be 1960s Upper Centaur Rocket Booster"</a>. NASA. Retrieved 16 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=New+Data+Confirm+2020+SO+to+be+1960s+Upper+Centaur+Rocket+Booster&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft.aulast=Talbert&rft.aufirst=Tricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fnew-data-confirm-2020-so-to-be-the-upper-centaur-rocket-booster-from-the-1960-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delta_Debris-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Delta_Debris_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight101.com/re-entry/50-year-old-rocket-stage-involved-in-orbital-debris-event/">"50-Year Old Rocket Stage Involved in Orbital Debris Event"</a>. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50-Year+Old+Rocket+Stage+Involved+in+Orbital+Debris+Event&rft.date=2017-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight101.com%2Fre-entry%2F50-year-old-rocket-stage-involved-in-orbital-debris-event%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s48-note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-s48-note_96-0">^</a> Note that the list Schefter was presented only identified USSR ASAT tests. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Clayton Chun, "Shooting Down a Star: America's Thor Program 437, Nuclear ASAT, and Copycat Killers", Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58566-071-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58566-071-X">1-58566-071-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-brief-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brief_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brief_98-1">b</a> David Wright, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nwgs/debris-in-brief-factsheet.pdf">"Debris in Brief: Space Debris from Anti-Satellite Weapons"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090909005733/http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nwgs/debris-in-brief-factsheet.pdf">Archived</a> 9 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Union of Concerned Scientists, December 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid2007" class="citation web cs1">David, Leonard (2 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/3415-china-anti-satellite-test-worrisome-debris-cloud-circles-earth.html">"China's Anti-Satellite Test: Worrisome Debris Cloud Circles Earth"</a>. Space.com (updated (last) ed.). Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+Anti-Satellite+Test%3A+Worrisome+Debris+Cloud+Circles+Earth&rft.date=2007-02-02&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F3415-china-anti-satellite-test-worrisome-debris-cloud-circles-earth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&SatID=25730">"Fengyun 1C - Satellite Information"</a>. www.heavens-above.com. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heavens-above.com&rft.atitle=Fengyun+1C+-+Satellite+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heavens-above.com%2Fsatinfo.aspx%3Flat%3D0%26lng%3D0%26alt%3D0%26loc%3DUnspecified%26TZ%3DCET%26SatID%3D25730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Brian Burger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/news/070706_sn_china_terra.html">"NASA's Terra Satellite Moved to Avoid Chinese ASAT Debris"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513111730/http://www.space.com/news/070706_sn_china_terra.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, space.com. Retrieved 6 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/09/02/908772331/space-week-is-space-junk-cluttering-up-the-final-frontier">"Space Week: Is Space Junk Cluttering Up The Final Frontier"</a>. NPR.org. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Space+Week%3A+Is+Space+Junk+Cluttering+Up+The+Final+Frontier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F09%2F02%2F908772331%2Fspace-week-is-space-junk-cluttering-up-the-final-frontier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=19227400">"Pentagon: Missile Scored Direct Hit on Satellite."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106231726/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=19227400">Archived</a> 6 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, npr.org, 21 February 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Jim Wolf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN2730646120090227">"US satellite shootdown debris said gone from space"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090714080228/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN2730646120090227">Archived</a> 14 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters, 27 February 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChavezPokharel2019" class="citation news cs1">Chavez, Nicole; Pokharel, Sugam (28 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/27/india/india-modi-satellite-missile-mission/index.html">"India conducts successful anti-satellite missile operation, Prime Minister says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328034647/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/27/india/india-modi-satellite-missile-mission/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=India+conducts+successful+anti-satellite+missile+operation%2C+Prime+Minister+says&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft.aulast=Chavez&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Pokharel%2C+Sugam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F03%2F27%2Findia%2Findia-modi-satellite-missile-mission%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerger2021" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Eric (16 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/11/russia-acknowledges-anti-satellite-test-but-says-its-no-big-deal/">"Russia acknowledges anti-satellite test, but says it's no big deal"</a>. Ars Technica. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Russia+acknowledges+anti-satellite+test%2C+but+says+it%27s+no+big+deal&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2021%2F11%2Frussia-acknowledges-anti-satellite-test-but-says-its-no-big-deal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerger2021" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Eric (15 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/11/debris-from-a-satellite-shot-down-by-the-russians-appears-to-threaten-the-iss/">"Russia may have just shot down its own satellite, creating a huge debris cloud [Updated]"</a>. Ars Technica. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Russia+may+have+just+shot+down+its+own+satellite%2C+creating+a+huge+debris+cloud+%5BUpdated%5D&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2021%2F11%2Fdebris-from-a-satellite-shot-down-by-the-russians-appears-to-threaten-the-iss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sp1-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sp1_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sp1_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeidler2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Seidler, Christoph (22 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/weltraumschrott-esa-tagung-in-darmstadt-ohne-ergebnisse-a-1144174.html">"Problem Weltraumschrott: Die kosmische Müllkippe"</a>. Der Spiegel – Wissenschaft (Online) (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423013706/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/weltraumschrott-esa-tagung-in-darmstadt-ohne-ergebnisse-a-1144174.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel+%E2%80%93+Wissenschaft+%28Online%29&rft.atitle=Problem+Weltraumschrott%3A+Die+kosmische+M%C3%BCllkippe&rft.date=2017-04-22&rft.aulast=Seidler&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fwissenschaft%2Fweltall%2Fweltraumschrott-esa-tagung-in-darmstadt-ohne-ergebnisse-a-1144174.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkahoshi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Akahoshi, Y.; et al. (2008). "Influence of space debris impact on solar array under power generation". International Journal of Impact Engineering. 35 (12): 1678–1682. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008IJIE...35.1678A">2008IJIE...35.1678A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijimpeng.2008.07.048">10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.07.048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Impact+Engineering&rft.atitle=Influence+of+space+debris+impact+on+solar+array+under+power+generation&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1678-%3C%2Fspan%3E1682&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijimpeng.2008.07.048&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008IJIE...35.1678A&rft.aulast=Akahoshi&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespacereview.com/article/2520/1">"The Space Review: Regulating the void: In-orbit collisions and space debris"</a>. www.thespacereview.com. Retrieved 23 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thespacereview.com&rft.atitle=The+Space+Review%3A+Regulating+the+void%3A+In-orbit+collisions+and+space+debris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F2520%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mission_Report-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Mission_Report_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kelley, Angelita (17 August 2014). Butler, James J; Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack); Gu, Xingfa (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20160008917.pdf">"Terra mission operations: Launch to the present (and beyond)"</a> (PDF). Earth Observing Systems XIX. 9218: 92180M. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9218E..0MK">2014SPIE.9218E..0MK</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.2061253">10.1117/12.2061253</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20160008917">2060/20160008917</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32269938">32269938</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202084100/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20160008917.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+Observing+Systems+XIX&rft.atitle=Terra+mission+operations%3A+Launch+to+the+present+%28and+beyond%29&rft.volume=9218&rft.pages=92180M&rft.date=2014-08-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F20160008917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32269938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.2061253&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014SPIE.9218E..0MK&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Angelita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20160008917.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017Status-112"><a href="#cite_ref-2017Status_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisher2017" class="citation report cs1">Fisher, Dominic (13 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20170005606.pdf">Mission Status at Aura Science Team MOWG Meeting</a> (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 13 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mission+Status+at+Aura+Science+Team+MOWG+Meeting&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20170005606.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607192921/http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/SATS/MESS/MSG1422048.01.txt">"Product Outage/Anomaly: GOES-13 (GOES-East) Data Outage"</a>. www.ssd.noaa.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/SATS/MESS/MSG1422048.01.txt">the original</a> on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ssd.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Product+Outage%2FAnomaly%3A+GOES-13+%28GOES-East%29+Data+Outage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssd.noaa.gov%2FPS%2FSATS%2FMESS%2FMSG1422048.01.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n2yo-114"><a href="#cite_ref-n2yo_114-0">^</a> Becky Iannotta and Tariq Malik, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/news/090211-satellite-collision.html">"U.S. Satellite Destroyed in Space Collision"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120517111956/http://www.space.com/5542-satellite-destroyed-space-collision.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, space.com, 11 February 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Paul Marks, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16604-satellite-collision-more-powerful-than-chinas-asat-test.html">"Satellite collision 'more powerful than China's ASAT test"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215030344/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16604-satellite-collision-more-powerful-than-chinas-asat-test.html">Archived</a> 15 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New Scientist, 13 February 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-listner2012-116"><a href="#cite_ref-listner2012_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFListner2012" class="citation web cs1">Listner, Michael (10 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517204116/http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/space-debris/kessler-syndrome/iridium-33-cosmos-2251-years-later-learned-then/">"Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251, Three Years Later"</a>. Space Safety Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/space-debris/kessler-syndrome/iridium-33-cosmos-2251-years-later-learned-then/">the original</a> on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iridium+33+and+Cosmos+2251%2C+Three+Years+Later&rft.pub=Space+Safety+Magazine&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft.aulast=Listner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacesafetymagazine.com%2Fspace-debris%2Fkessler-syndrome%2Firidium-33-cosmos-2251-years-later-learned-then%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214194123/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090211/ap_on_sc/satellite_collision">"2 big satellites collide 500 miles over Siberia."</a> yahoo.com, 11 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-I33-K2251-118"><a href="#cite_ref-I33-K2251_118-0">^</a> Becky Iannotta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/news/090211-satellite-collision.html">"U.S. Satellite Destroyed in Space Collision"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120517111956/http://www.space.com/5542-satellite-destroyed-space-collision.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, space.com, 11 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-sdc20130310-119"><a href="#cite_ref-sdc20130310_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid2013" class="citation web cs1">David, Leonard (8 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/20138-russian-satellite-chinese-space-junk.html">"Russian Satellite Hit by Debris from Chinese Anti-Satellite Test"</a>. space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130311042248/http://www.space.com/20138-russian-satellite-chinese-space-junk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Satellite+Hit+by+Debris+from+Chinese+Anti-Satellite+Test&rft.pub=space.com&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F20138-russian-satellite-chinese-space-junk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20131122-120"><a href="#cite_ref-sn20131122_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Selding2013" class="citation news cs1">de Selding, Peter B. (22 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacenews.com/38301swarm-satellite-trio-launched-to-study-earths-magnetic-field/">"Swarm Satellite Trio Launched To Study Earth's Magnetic Field - SpaceNews.com"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Space News">Space News</a>. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Swarm+Satellite+Trio+Launched+To+Study+Earth%27s+Magnetic+Field+-+SpaceNews.com&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft.aulast=de+Selding&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2F38301swarm-satellite-trio-launched-to-study-earths-magnetic-field%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/european-space-agency-orbiter-russian-satellite-space-junk-this-week/">"Space junk could take out a European satellite this week"</a>. CNET. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125004147/https://www.cnet.com/news/european-space-agency-orbiter-russian-satellite-space-junk-this-week/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Space+junk+could+take+out+a+European+satellite+this+week&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Feuropean-space-agency-orbiter-russian-satellite-space-junk-this-week%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encounters-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encounters_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encounters_122-1">b</a> Rob Matson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satobs.org/satclose.html">"Satellite Encounters"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204118/http://satobs.org/satclose.html">Archived</a> 6 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Visual Satellite Observer's Home Page. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNASA" class="citation web cs1">NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/52642978/STS-48-Space-Shuttle-Mission-Report">"STS-48 Space Shuttle Mission Report | PDF | Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster | Space Shuttle Main Engine"</a>. Scribd. Retrieved 19 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=STS-48+Space+Shuttle+Mission+Report+%7C+PDF+%7C+Space+Shuttle+Solid+Rocket+Booster+%7C+Space+Shuttle+Main+Engine&rft.au=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F52642978%2FSTS-48-Space-Shuttle-Mission-Report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristiansenHydenBernhard2004" class="citation journal cs1">Christiansen, E. L.; Hyden, J. L.; Bernhard, R. P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1258748">"Space Shuttle debris and meteoroid impacts"</a>. Advances in Space Research. 34 (5): 1097–1103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AdSpR..34.1097C">2004AdSpR..34.1097C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2003.12.008">10.1016/j.asr.2003.12.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&rft.atitle=Space+Shuttle+debris+and+meteoroid+impacts&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1097-%3C%2Fspan%3E1103&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asr.2003.12.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004AdSpR..34.1097C&rft.aulast=Christiansen&rft.aufirst=E.+L.&rft.au=Hyden%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Bernhard%2C+R.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1258748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-threat-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-threat_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-threat_125-1">b</a> Kelly, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/050305_shuttle_debris.html">"Debris is Shuttle's Biggest Threat"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523165601/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/050305_shuttle_debris.html">Archived</a> 23 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, space.com, 5 March 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> "Debris Danger". Aviation Week & Space Technology, Volume 169 Number 10 (15 September 2008), p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> William Harwood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts125/090416debris/">"Improved odds ease NASA's concerns about space debris"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619213916/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts125/090416debris/">Archived</a> 19 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CBS News, 16 April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> D. Lear et al, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/CDReadyMSDM09_2047/PV2009_2361.pdf">"Investigation of Shuttle Radiator Micro-Meteoroid & Orbital Debris Damage"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309094639/http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/CDReadyMSDM09_2047/PV2009_2361.pdf">Archived</a> 9 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Proceedings of the 50th Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, 4–7 May 2009, AIAA 2009–2361. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> D. Lear, et al, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20080010742_2008009999.pdf">"STS-118 Radiator Impact Damage"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813171837/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20080010742_2008009999.pdf">Archived</a> 13 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmirnov2000" class="citation journal cs1">Smirnov, V.M.; et al. (2000). "Study of Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris Effects on the Solar Panelson 'MIR'". Space Debris. 2 (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1015607813420">10.1023/A:1015607813420</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118628073">118628073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Debris&rft.atitle=Study+of+Micrometeoroid+and+Orbital+Debris+Effects+on+the+Solar+Panelson+%27MIR%27&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1015607813420&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118628073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smirnov&rft.aufirst=V.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/faqs.html#9">"Orbital Debris FAQ: How did the Mir space station fare during its 15-year stay in Earth orbit?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825064237/http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/faqs.html#9">Archived</a> 25 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA, July 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> K. Thoma et al, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/SPACE2005/00155/SPACE2005-A-00155.pdf">"New Protection Concepts for Meteoroid / Debris Shields"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409115436/http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/SPACE2005/00155/SPACE2005-A-00155.pdf">Archived</a> 9 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Space Debris (ESA SP-587), 18–20 April 2005, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Henry Nahra, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890016664_1989016664.pdf">"Effect of Micrometeoroid and Space Debris Impacts on the Space Station Freedom Solar Array Surfaces"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606043107/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890016664_1989016664.pdf">Archived</a> 6 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Presented at the 1989 Spring Meeting of the Materials Research Society, 24–29 April 1989, NASA TR-102287. </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20140116-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sn20140116_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20140116_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20140116_134-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20140116_134-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Selding2014" class="citation news cs1">de Selding, Peter B. (16 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/39121space-station-required-no-evasive-maneuvers-in-2013-despite-growing-debris/">"Space Station Required No Evasive Maneuvers in 2013 Despite Growing Debris Threat"</a>. Space News. Retrieved 17 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+News&rft.atitle=Space+Station+Required+No+Evasive+Maneuvers+in+2013+Despite+Growing+Debris+Threat&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft.aulast=de+Selding&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2F39121space-station-required-no-evasive-maneuvers-in-2013-despite-growing-debris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHydeChristiansenLear2019" class="citation conference cs1">Hyde, James L.; Christiansen, Eric L.; Lear, Dana M. (9–12 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/orbitaldebris2019/orbital2019paper/pdf/6001.pdf">Observations of MMOD Impact Damage to the ISS</a> (PDF). First International Orbital Debris Conference. <a href="/wiki/Universities_Space_Research_Association" title="Universities Space Research Association">USRA</a>. Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Observations+of+MMOD+Impact+Damage+to+the+ISS&rft.pub=USRA&rft.date=2019-12-09%2F2019-12-12&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft.au=Christiansen%2C+Eric+L.&rft.au=Lear%2C+Dana+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hou.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Forbitaldebris2019%2Forbital2019paper%2Fpdf%2F6001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7940431.stm">"Junk alert for space station crew"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318130416/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7940431.stm">Archived</a> 18 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 12 March 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13949956">"International Space Station in debris scare"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031193725/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13949956">Archived</a> 31 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 28 June 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Haines, Lester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/17/iss_update/">"ISS spared space junk avoidance manoeuvre"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810142014/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/17/iss_update/">Archived</a> 10 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Register, 17 March 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceRawlsJahBoley2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence, A.; Rawls, M. L.; Jah, M.; Boley, A.; Di Vruno, F.; Garrington, S.; Kramer, M.; Lawler, S.; Lowenthal, J.; McDowell, J.; McCaughrean, M. (22 April 2022). "The Case for Space Environmentalism". Nature Astronomy. 6 (4): 428–435. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.10025">2204.10025</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatAs...6..428L">2022NatAs...6..428L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-022-01655-6">10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248300127">248300127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Astronomy&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Space+Environmentalism&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E428-%3C%2Fspan%3E435&rft.date=2022-04-22&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2204.10025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248300127%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41550-022-01655-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatAs...6..428L&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Rawls%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Jah%2C+M.&rft.au=Boley%2C+A.&rft.au=Di+Vruno%2C+F.&rft.au=Garrington%2C+S.&rft.au=Kramer%2C+M.&rft.au=Lawler%2C+S.&rft.au=Lowenthal%2C+J.&rft.au=McDowell%2C+J.&rft.au=McCaughrean%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930100948/http://articles.cnn.com/2002-05-03/tech/orbit.debris_1_low-earth-orbits-space-junk-international-space-station?_s=PM:TECH">"Scientist: Space weapons pose debris threat – CNN"</a>. Articles.CNN.com. 3 May 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2002-05-03/tech/orbit.debris_1_low-earth-orbits-space-junk-international-space-station?_s=PM:TECH">the original</a> on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Articles.CNN.com&rft.atitle=Scientist%3A+Space+weapons+pose+debris+threat+%E2%80%93+CNN&rft.date=2002-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2002-05-03%2Ftech%2Forbit.debris_1_low-earth-orbits-space-junk-international-space-station%3F_s%3DPM%3ATECH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlsen1998" class="citation web cs1">Olsen, Steve (July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/98jul/junk.htm">"The Danger of Space Junk – 98.07"</a>. TheAtlantic.com. Retrieved 17 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheAtlantic.com&rft.atitle=The+Danger+of+Space+Junk+%E2%80%93+98.07&rft.date=1998-07&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpast%2Fdocs%2Fissues%2F98jul%2Fjunk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesslerCour-Palais1978-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKesslerCour-Palais1978_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKesslerCour-Palais1978_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKesslerCour-Palais1978">Kessler & Cour-Palais 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesslerAnz-Meador2001-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKesslerAnz-Meador2001_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKesslerAnz-Meador2001">Kessler & Anz-Meador 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleghorn1995-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleghorn1995_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGleghorn1995">Gleghorn 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-graph-145"><a href="#cite_ref-graph_145-0">^</a> Jan Stupl et al, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swfound.org/media/28344/Stupl-DebrisAvoidanceUsingLasers.pdf">"Debris-debris collision avoidance using medium power ground-based lasers"</a>, 2010 Beijing Orbital Debris Mitigation Workshop, 18–19 October 2010, see graph p. 4 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309055302/http://swfound.org/media/28344/Stupl-DebrisAvoidanceUsingLasers.pdf">Archived</a> 9 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Brown, M. (2012). Orbital Debris Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/faq.html">https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/faq.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328153512/https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/faq.html">Archived</a> 28 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2021" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Mike (27 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inverse.com/innovation/spacex-could-cause-geoengineering">"SpaceX Starlink: how it could kickstart an 'uncontrolled experiment'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inverse_(website)" title="Inverse (website)">Inverse</a>. Retrieved 28 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inverse&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Starlink%3A+how+it+could+kickstart+an+%27uncontrolled+experiment%27&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inverse.com%2Finnovation%2Fspacex-could-cause-geoengineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldmaley-20220702-148"><a href="#cite_ref-pauldmaley-20220702_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pauldmaley.com/sd1/">"History of Space and Launch Debris Recoveries"</a>. Paul D. Maley. 2 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paul+D.+Maley&rft.atitle=History+of+Space+and+Launch+Debris+Recoveries&rft.date=2022-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpauldmaley.com%2Fsd1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> D. Mehrholz et al;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet109/chapter16_bul109.pdf">"Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710221117/http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet109/chapter16_bul109.pdf">Archived</a> 10 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ESA bulletin 109, February 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Ben Greene, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cddis.nasa.gov/lw13/docs/papers/adv_greene_1m.pdf">"Laser Tracking of Space Debris"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318001230/http://cddis.nasa.gov/lw13/docs/papers/adv_greene_1m.pdf">Archived</a> 18 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Electro Optic Systems Pty. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/measure/optical.html">"Orbital debris: Optical Measurements"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215233624/http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/measure/optical.html">Archived</a> 15 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPantaleo2013" class="citation web cs1">Pantaleo, Rick (2 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/australian-scientists-track-space-junk-by-listening-to-fm-radio/1801950.html">"Australian Scientists Track Space Junk by Listening to FM Radio"</a>. web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204143904/http://www.voanews.com/content/australian-scientists-track-space-junk-by-listening-to-fm-radio/1801950.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web&rft.atitle=Australian+Scientists+Track+Space+Junk+by+Listening+to+FM+Radio&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft.aulast=Pantaleo&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fcontent%2Faustralian-scientists-track-space-junk-by-listening-to-fm-radio%2F1801950.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnglertBaysMarrBrown2014" class="citation journal cs1">Englert, Christoph R.; Bays, J. Timothy; Marr, Kenneth D.; Brown, Charles M.; Nicholas, Andrew C.; Finne, Theodore T. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2014.07.031">"Optical orbital debris spotter"</a>. Acta Astronautica. 104 (1): 99–105. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AcAau.104...99E">2014AcAau.104...99E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2014.07.031">10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.07.031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Astronautica&rft.atitle=Optical+orbital+debris+spotter&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2014.07.031&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014AcAau.104...99E&rft.aulast=Englert&rft.aufirst=Christoph+R.&rft.au=Bays%2C+J.+Timothy&rft.au=Marr%2C+Kenneth+D.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Charles+M.&rft.au=Nicholas%2C+Andrew+C.&rft.au=Finne%2C+Theodore+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.actaastro.2014.07.031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Grant Stokes et al, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327212602/http://www.ll.mit.edu/ST/sbv/sbv_table_of_contents.html">"The Space-Based Visible Program"</a>, MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Retrieved 8 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-klinkrad_~2003-155"><a href="#cite_ref-klinkrad_~2003_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlinkrad" class="citation web cs1">Klinkrad, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063056/http://fas.org/spp/military/program/track/klinkrad.pdf">"Monitoring Space – Efforts Made by European Countries"</a> (PDF). fas.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/spp/military/program/track/klinkrad.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fas.org&rft.atitle=Monitoring+Space+%E2%80%93+Efforts+Made+by+European+Countries&rft.aulast=Klinkrad&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fspp%2Fmilitary%2Fprogram%2Ftrack%2Fklinkrad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">, fas.org. |date-accessed=8 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haystack.mit.edu/">"MIT Haystack Observatory"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041129212159/http://www.haystack.mit.edu/">Archived</a> 29 November 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> haystack.mit.edu. Retrieved 8 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/spp/military/program/track/cobra_dane.htm">"AN/FPS-108 COBRA DANE."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205105011/http://fas.org/spp/military/program/track/cobra_dane.htm">Archived</a> 5 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> fas.org. Retrieved 8 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Darius Nikanpour, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/files/iasl/Session_1_Darius_Nikanpour.pdf">"Space Debris Mitigation Technologies"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019134008/http://www.mcgill.ca/files/iasl/Session_1_Darius_Nikanpour.pdf">Archived</a> 19 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Proceedings of the Space Debris Congress, 7–9 May 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-MEEP_PR-159"><a href="#cite_ref-MEEP_PR_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/releases/1996/Mar96/96_13.html">"STS-76 Mir Environmental Effects Payload (MEEP)"</a>. NASA. March 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110418155037/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/releases/1996/Mar96/96_13.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-76+Mir+Environmental+Effects+Payload+%28MEEP%29&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1996-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Flangley%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F1996%2FMar96%2F96_13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/spacecraft/s-mir-meep-main.htm">MEEP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605235939/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/spacecraft/s-mir-meep-main.htm">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA, 4 April 2002. Retrieved 8 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/releases/1996/Mar96/96_13.html">"STS-76 Mir Environmental Effects Payload (MEEP)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629040749/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/releases/1996/Mar96/96_13.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA, March 1996. Retrieved 8 March 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> David Whitlock, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/SatelliteFragHistory/13thEditionofBreakupBook.pdf">"History of On-Orbit Satellite Fragmentations"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103175108/http://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/SatelliteFragHistory/13thEditionofBreakupBook.pdf">Archived</a> 3 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-ss20111205b-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ss20111205b_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ss20111205b_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2011" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Nicholas (5 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055806/http://thespaceshow.com/detail.asp?q=1666">"Space debris issues"</a>. audio file, @0:05:50–0:07:40. The Space Show. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespaceshow.com/detail.asp?q=1666">the original</a> on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=audio+file%2C+%400%3A05%3A50%E2%80%930%3A07%3A40&rft.atitle=Space+debris+issues&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespaceshow.com%2Fdetail.asp%3Fq%3D1666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20141124-164"><a href="#cite_ref-sn20141124_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoust2014" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (24 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141208181506/http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/42634industry-worries-government-%E2%80%98backsliding%E2%80%99-on-orbital-debris">"Industry Worries Government 'Backsliding' on Orbital Debris"</a>. Space News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/42634industry-worries-government-%E2%80%98backsliding%E2%80%99-on-orbital-debris">the original</a> on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014. <q>Despite growing concern about the threat posed by orbital debris, and language in U.S. national space policy directing government agencies to study debris cleanup technologies, many in the space community worry that the government is not doing enough to implement that policy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+News&rft.atitle=Industry+Worries+Government+%27Backsliding%27+on+Orbital+Debris&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacenews.com%2Farticle%2Fcivil-space%2F42634industry-worries-government-%25E2%2580%2598backsliding%25E2%2580%2599-on-orbital-debris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorthfield2018" class="citation web cs1">Northfield, Rebecca (20 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2018/06/women-of-nasa-past-present-and-future/">"Women of Nasa: past, present and future"</a>. eandt.theiet.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010822/https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2018/06/women-of-nasa-past-present-and-future/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eandt.theiet.org&rft.atitle=Women+of+Nasa%3A+past%2C+present+and+future&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft.aulast=Northfield&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feandt.theiet.org%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2018%2F06%2Fwomen-of-nasa-past-present-and-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/organizations/otps/nasa-study-provides-new-look-at-orbital-debris-potential-solutions/">"NASA Study Provides New Look at Orbital Debris, Potential Solutions - NASA"</a>. 20 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Study+Provides+New+Look+at+Orbital+Debris%2C+Potential+Solutions+-+NASA&rft.date=2024-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Forganizations%2Fotps%2Fnasa-study-provides-new-look-at-orbital-debris-potential-solutions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/Space%20Debris%20Mitigation%20Guidelines_COPUOS.pdf">"UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006081815/http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/Space%20Debris%20Mitigation%20Guidelines_COPUOS.pdf">Archived</a> 6 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UN Office for Outer Space Affairs, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Theresa Hitchens, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/copuos-wades-the-next-great-space-debate">"COPUOS Wades into the Next Great Space Debate"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226123125/http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/copuos-wades-the-next-great-space-debate">Archived</a> 26 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 26 June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-us20131128-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-us20131128_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-us20131128_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/USG_OD_Standard_Practices.pdf">"U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices"</a> (PDF). United States Federal Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216201001/http://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/USG_OD_Standard_Practices.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Government+Orbital+Debris+Mitigation+Standard+Practices&rft.pub=United+States+Federal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov%2Flibrary%2FUSG_OD_Standard_Practices.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasaOrbDebris-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasaOrbDebris_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasaOrbDebris_170-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/references.html">"Orbital Debris – Important Reference Documents."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320154827/http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/references.html">Archived</a> 20 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. </li> <li id="cite_note-esa20130419-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esa20130419_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esa20130419_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esa20130419_171-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Space_Debris/Mitigating_space_debris_generation">"Mitigating space debris generation"</a>. European Space Agency. 19 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426093202/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Space_Debris/Mitigating_space_debris_generation">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitigating+space+debris+generation&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FOperations%2FSpace_Debris%2FMitigating_space_debris_generation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssm20130718-172"><a href="#cite_ref-ssm20130718_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/space-debris/mitigation/compliance-rocket-upper-stage-gto-space-debris-mitigation-guidelines/">"Compliance of Rocket Upper Stages in GTO with Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines"</a>. Space Safety Magazine. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Safety+Magazine&rft.atitle=Compliance+of+Rocket+Upper+Stages+in+GTO+with+Space+Debris+Mitigation+Guidelines&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacesafetymagazine.com%2Fspace-debris%2Fmitigation%2Fcompliance-rocket-upper-stage-gto-space-debris-mitigation-guidelines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20191209-173"><a href="#cite_ref-sn20191209_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoust2019" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (9 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/u-s-government-updates-orbital-debris-mitigation-guidelines/">"U.S. government updates orbital debris mitigation guidelines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2019. <q>the first update of the guidelines since their publication in 2001, and reflect a better understanding of satellite operations and other technical issues that contribute to the growing population of orbital debris. ...[The new 2019 guidelines] did not address one of the biggest issues regarding debris mitigation: whether to reduce the 25-year timeframe for deorbiting satellites after the end of their mission. Many in the space community believe that timeframe should be less than 25 years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=U.S.+government+updates+orbital+debris+mitigation+guidelines&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fu-s-government-updates-orbital-debris-mitigation-guidelines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-us20040405-174"><a href="#cite_ref-us20040405_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/USG_OD_Standard_Practices.pdf">"U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices"</a> (PDF). United States Federal Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040405213600/http://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/USG_OD_Standard_Practices.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Government+Orbital+Debris+Mitigation+Standard+Practices&rft.pub=United+States+Federal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov%2Flibrary%2FUSG_OD_Standard_Practices.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7thECSD2017-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-7thECSD2017_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-7thECSD2017_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-7thECSD2017_175-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStokes" class="citation conference cs1">Stokes; et al. Flohrer, T.; Schmitz, F. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc7/paper/979/SDC7-paper979.pdf">Status of the ISO Space Debris Mitigation Standards(2017)</a> (PDF). 7th European Conference on Space Debris, Darmstadt, Germany, 18–21 April 2017. ESA Space Debris Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213184145/https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc7/paper/979/SDC7-paper979.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Status+of+the+ISO+Space+Debris+Mitigation+Standards%282017%29&rft.pub=ESA+Space+Debris+Office&rft.au=Stokes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconference.sdo.esoc.esa.int%2Fproceedings%2Fsdc7%2Fpaper%2F979%2FSDC7-paper979.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoust2019" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (10 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/u-s-government-updates-orbital-debris-mitigation-guidelines/">"U.S. government updates orbital debris mitigation guidelines"</a>. SpaceNews. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=U.S.+government+updates+orbital+debris+mitigation+guidelines&rft.date=2019-12-10&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fu-s-government-updates-orbital-debris-mitigation-guidelines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowell2013" class="citation web cs1">Howell, Elizabeth (28 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305014548/http://www.universetoday.com/101790/experts-urge-removal-of-space-debris-from-orbit/">"Experts Urge Removal of Space Debris From Orbit"</a>. Universe Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/101790/experts-urge-removal-of-space-debris-from-orbit/">the original</a> on 5 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experts+Urge+Removal+of+Space+Debris+From+Orbit&rft.pub=Universe+Today&rft.date=2013-04-28&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F101790%2Fexperts-urge-removal-of-space-debris-from-orbit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn-20240424-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sn-20240424_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn-20240424_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWerner2024" class="citation web cs1">Werner, Debra (24 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/major-changes-approved-for-clearspace-1-mission/">"Major changes approved for ClearSpace-1 mission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a>. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Major+changes+approved+for+ClearSpace-1+mission&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fmajor-changes-approved-for-clearspace-1-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian20191209-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian20191209_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian20191209_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/09/european-space-agency-to-launch-clearspace-1-space-debris-collector-in-2025">"European Space Agency to launch space debris collector in 2025"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 9 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209182203/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/09/european-space-agency-to-launch-clearspace-1-space-debris-collector-in-2025">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=European+Space+Agency+to+launch+space+debris+collector+in+2025&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2019%2Fdec%2F09%2Feuropean-space-agency-to-launch-clearspace-1-space-debris-collector-in-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdimurthyaGaneshanb2006" class="citation journal cs1">Adimurthya, V.; Ganeshanb, A. S. (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213184006/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094576505002961">"Space debris mitigation measures in India"</a>. Acta Astronautica. 58 (3): 168–174. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AcAau..58..168A">2006AcAau..58..168A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2005.09.002">10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.09.002</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094576505002961">the original</a> on 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Astronautica&rft.atitle=Space+debris+mitigation+measures+in+India&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2005.09.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006AcAau..58..168A&rft.aulast=Adimurthya&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Ganeshanb%2C+A.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0094576505002961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> E. A. Taylor and J. R. Davey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pig.sagepub.com/content/221/6/987.full.pdf">"Implementation of debris mitigation using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309094645/http://pig.sagepub.com/content/221/6/987.full.pdf">Archived</a> 9 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers: G, Volume 221, Number 8 (1 June 2007), pp. 987–996. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/pres/stsc2011/tech-31.pdf">"USA Space Debris Environment, Operations, and Policy Updates"</a> (PDF). NASA. UNOOSA. Retrieved 3 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=USA+Space+Debris+Environment%2C+Operations%2C+and+Policy+Updates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Fpdf%2Fpres%2Fstsc2011%2Ftech-31.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ss20111205-183"><a href="#cite_ref-ss20111205_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2011" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Nicholas (5 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055806/http://thespaceshow.com/detail.asp?q=1666">"Space debris issues"</a>. audio file, @1:03:05–1:06:20. The Space Show. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespaceshow.com/detail.asp?q=1666">the original</a> on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=audio+file%2C+%401%3A03%3A05%E2%80%931%3A06%3A20&rft.atitle=Space+debris+issues&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespaceshow.com%2Fdetail.asp%3Fq%3D1666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trati201904-184"><a href="#cite_ref-trati201904_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRalph2019" class="citation news cs1">Ralph, Eric (19 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-falcon-heavy-next-launch-video/">"SpaceX's Falcon Heavy flies a complex mission for the Air Force in launch video"</a>. Teslarati. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825035407/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-falcon-heavy-next-launch-video/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teslarati&rft.atitle=SpaceX%27s+Falcon+Heavy+flies+a+complex+mission+for+the+Air+Force+in+launch+video&rft.date=2019-04-19&rft.aulast=Ralph&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslarati.com%2Fspacex-falcon-heavy-next-launch-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aiaa20100902-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aiaa20100902_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aiaa20100902_185-1">b</a> Frank Zegler and Bernard Kutter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/publications/DepotBasedTransportationArchitecture2010.pdf">"Evolving to a Depot-Based Space Transportation Architecture"</a>, AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition, 30 August–2 September 2010, AIAA 2010–8638. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510002706/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/publications/DepotBasedTransportationArchitecture2010.pdf">Archived</a> 10 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810002223/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/RRM.html">"Robotic refueling Mission"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/RRM.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robotic+refueling+Mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fresearch%2Fexperiments%2FRRM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsf20160927-187"><a href="#cite_ref-nsf20160927_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergin2016" class="citation news cs1">Bergin, Chris (27 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/spacex-reveals-mars-game-changer-colonization-plan/">"SpaceX reveals ITS Mars game changer via colonization plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASASpaceFlight.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NASASpaceFlight.com">NASASpaceFlight.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160928154300/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/spacex-reveals-mars-game-changer-colonization-plan/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX+reveals+ITS+Mars+game+changer+via+colonization+plan&rft.date=2016-09-27&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2016%2F09%2Fspacex-reveals-mars-game-changer-colonization-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/03/rocket-lab-capitalize-test-flight-success-first-operational-mission/">"Rocket Lab to capitalize on test flight success with first operational mission"</a>. 7 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307223205/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/03/rocket-lab-capitalize-test-flight-success-first-operational-mission/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rocket+Lab+to+capitalize+on+test+flight+success+with+first+operational+mission&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2018%2F03%2Frocket-lab-capitalize-test-flight-success-first-operational-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Luc Moliner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiaa.org/spaceops2002archive/papers/SpaceOps02-P-T3-30.pdf">"Spot-1 Earth Observation Satellite Deorbitation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110116030335/http://www.aiaa.org/Spaceops2002Archive/papers/SpaceOps02-P-T3-30.pdf">Archived</a> 16 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, AIAA, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agi.com/resources/downloads/data/spacecraft-digest/display.aspx?i=3352">"Spacecraft: Spot 3"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930142847/http://www.agi.com/resources/downloads/data/spacecraft-digest/display.aspx?i=3352">Archived</a> 30 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, agi, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20191220-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sn20191220_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20191220_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20191220_191-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenry2019" class="citation news cs1">Henry, Caleb (30 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/iridium-would-pay-to-deorbit-its-30-defunct-satellites-for-the-right-price/">"Iridium would pay to deorbit its 30 defunct satellites – for the right price"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a>. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Iridium+would+pay+to+deorbit+its+30+defunct+satellites+%E2%80%93+for+the+right+price&rft.date=2019-12-30&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Firidium-would-pay-to-deorbit-its-30-defunct-satellites-for-the-right-price%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Bill Christensen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/technovel_tether_041117.html">"The Terminator Tether Aims to Clean Up Low Earth Orbit"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126050042/http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/technovel_tether_041117.html">Archived</a> 26 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, space.com. Retrieved 8 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Jonathan Amos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8029899.stm">"How satellites could 'sail' home"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090701001659/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8029899.stm">Archived</a> 1 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 3 May 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-sd20100803-194"><a href="#cite_ref-sd20100803_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Safe_And_Efficient_De_Orbit_Of_Space_Junk_Without_Making_The_Problem_Worse_999.html">"Safe And Efficient De-Orbit of Space Junk Without Making The Problem Worse"</a>. Space Daily. 3 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014215454/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Safe_And_Efficient_De_Orbit_Of_Space_Junk_Without_Making_The_Problem_Worse_999.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Daily&rft.atitle=Safe+And+Efficient+De-Orbit+of+Space+Junk+Without+Making+The+Problem+Worse&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Freports%2FSafe_And_Efficient_De_Orbit_Of_Space_Junk_Without_Making_The_Problem_Worse_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2023" class="citation news cs1">Young, Chris (9 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/esa-braking-sail-deorbiting-small-satellites">"ESA successfully deploys braking sail for deorbiting small satellites"</a>. interestingengineering.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164837/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/esa-braking-sail-deorbiting-small-satellites">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=interestingengineering.com&rft.atitle=ESA+successfully+deploys+braking+sail+for+deorbiting+small+satellites&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterestingengineering.com%2Finnovation%2Fesa-braking-sail-deorbiting-small-satellites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/Shaping_the_Future/Show_Me_Your_Wings_Successful_In-flight_Demonstration_of_the_ADEO_Braking_Sail">"Show Me Your Wings: Successful In-flight Demonstration of the ADEO Braking Sail"</a>. www.esa.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213235840/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/Shaping_the_Future/Show_Me_Your_Wings_Successful_In-flight_Demonstration_of_the_ADEO_Braking_Sail">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esa.int&rft.atitle=Show+Me+Your+Wings%3A+Successful+In-flight+Demonstration+of+the+ADEO+Braking+Sail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FEnabling_Support%2FSpace_Engineering_Technology%2FShaping_the_Future%2FShow_Me_Your_Wings_Successful_In-flight_Demonstration_of_the_ADEO_Braking_Sail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Selding2012" class="citation news cs1">de Selding, Peter B. (31 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/experts-active-removal-key-countering-space-junk-threat/#.Ub3dSuce2Zc">"Experts: Active Removal Key To Countering Space Junk Threat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Space News">Space News</a>. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Experts%3A+Active+Removal+Key+To+Countering+Space+Junk+Threat&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft.aulast=de+Selding&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fexperts-active-removal-key-countering-space-junk-threat%2F%23.Ub3dSuce2Zc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOreshenkov2024" class="citation journal cs1">Oreshenkov, A. M. (25 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mjil.ru/jour/article/view/2793">"Theoretical Basis of International Legal Aspect of "Space Debris" Removal"</a>. Moscow Journal of International Law (2): 46–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24833%2F0869-0049-2024-2-46-64">10.24833/0869-0049-2024-2-46-64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2619-0893">2619-0893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moscow+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Basis+of+International+Legal+Aspect+of+%22Space+Debris%22+Removal&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2024-07-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24833%2F0869-0049-2024-2-46-64&rft.issn=2619-0893&rft.aulast=Oreshenkov&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mjil.ru%2Fjour%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-axios20191219-199"><a href="#cite_ref-axios20191219_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer2019" class="citation web cs1">Kramer, Miriam (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/space-junk-satellite-janitors-bdf897f3-81ac-40b8-b949-a944bafbc4c9.html">"The big business of being a space janitor - Axios"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+big+business+of+being+a+space+janitor+-+Axios&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Fspace-junk-satellite-janitors-bdf897f3-81ac-40b8-b949-a944bafbc4c9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-advancedtv20191212-200"><a href="#cite_ref-advancedtv20191212_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advanced-television.com/2019/12/12/oneweb-adopts-100-grappling/">"OneWeb adopts 100% grappling"</a>. 12 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213024352/https://advanced-television.com/2019/12/12/oneweb-adopts-100-grappling/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OneWeb+adopts+100%25+grappling&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadvanced-television.com%2F2019%2F12%2F12%2Foneweb-adopts-100-grappling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carlson1990-201"><a href="#cite_ref-carlson1990_201-0">^</a> Erika Carlson et al, "Final design of a space debris removal system", NASA/CR-189976, 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-cnw20110315-202"><a href="#cite_ref-cnw20110315_202-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadanewswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2011/15/c2866.html">"Intelsat Picks MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. for Satellite Servicing"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512175952/http://www.canadanewswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2011/15/c2866.html">Archived</a> 12 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNW Newswire, 15 March 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20100303-203"><a href="#cite_ref-sn20100303_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Selding2010" class="citation news cs1">de Selding, Peter (3 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105074228/http://spacenews.com/satellite_telecom/100303-mda-planning-inorbit-servicing-demo.html">"MDA Designing In-orbit Servicing Spacecraft"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Space News">Space News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacenews.com/satellite_telecom/100303-mda-planning-inorbit-servicing-demo.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MDA+Designing+In-orbit+Servicing+Spacecraft&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft.aulast=de+Selding&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fsatellite_telecom%2F100303-mda-planning-inorbit-servicing-demo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchaubSternovsky2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schaub, H.; Sternovsky, Z. (2013). "Active Space Debris Charging for Contactless Electrostatic Disposal". Advances in Space Research. 53 (1): 110–118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AdSpR..53..110S">2014AdSpR..53..110S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2013.10.003">10.1016/j.asr.2013.10.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&rft.atitle=Active+Space+Debris+Charging+for+Contactless+Electrostatic+Disposal&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asr.2013.10.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014AdSpR..53..110S&rft.aulast=Schaub&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Sternovsky%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star-tech-inc.com/id68.html">"News"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327050344/http://www.star-tech-inc.com/id68.html">Archived</a> 27 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Star Incorporated. Retrieved 18 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://actu.epfl.ch/news/cleaning-up-earth-s-orbit-a-swiss-satellite-tackle/">Cleaning up Earth's orbit: A Swiss satellite tackles space junk</a> (Report). EPFL. 15 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528112029/http://actu.epfl.ch/news/cleaning-up-earth-s-orbit-a-swiss-satellite-tackle/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Cleaning+up+Earth%27s+orbit%3A+A+Swiss+satellite+tackles+space+junk&rft.pub=EPFL&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Factu.epfl.ch%2Fnews%2Fcleaning-up-earth-s-orbit-a-swiss-satellite-tackle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleanspaceone.ch">"Space Debris Removal"</a>. Cleanspace One. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202052921/https://www.cleanspaceone.ch/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleanspace+One&rft.atitle=Space+Debris+Removal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleanspaceone.ch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJan2012" class="citation web cs1">Jan, McHarg (10 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2012-08-aims-space-debris.html">"Project aims to remove space debris"</a>. Phys.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001405/http://phys.org/news/2012-08-aims-space-debris.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+aims+to+remove+space+debris&rft.pub=Phys.org&rft.date=2012-08-10&rft.aulast=Jan&rft.aufirst=McHarg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2012-08-aims-space-debris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/chinese-space-cleaner-spotted-grabbing-and-throwing-away-old-satellite/a-60658574">"Chinese 'space cleaner' spotted grabbing and throwing away old satellite | DW | 09.02.2022"</a>. Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.atitle=Chinese+%27space+cleaner%27+spotted+grabbing+and+throwing+away+old+satellite+%7C+DW+%7C+09.02.2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fchinese-space-cleaner-spotted-grabbing-and-throwing-away-old-satellite%2Fa-60658574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGough" class="citation news cs1">Gough, Evan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2022-02-chinese-space-grappled-dead-satellite.html">"A Chinese space tug just grappled a dead satellite"</a>. Universe Today / phys.org. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today+%2F+phys.org&rft.atitle=A+Chinese+space+tug+just+grappled+a+dead+satellite&rft.aulast=Gough&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2022-02-chinese-space-grappled-dead-satellite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Jonathan Campbell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/csat20.pdf">"Using Lasers in Space: Laser Orbital Debris Removal and Asteroid Deflection"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207230911/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/csat20.pdf">Archived</a> 7 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Occasional Paper No. 20, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, December 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-wired20111026-212"><a href="#cite_ref-wired20111026_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMann2011" class="citation news cs1">Mann, Adam (26 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/10/space-junk-laser/">"Space Junk Crisis: Time to Bring in the Lasers"</a>. Wired Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111029035748/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/10/space-junk-laser/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+Science&rft.atitle=Space+Junk+Crisis%3A+Time+to+Bring+in+the+Lasers&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwiredscience%2F2011%2F10%2Fspace-junk-laser%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Ivan Bekey, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ESASP.393..699B">Project Orion: Orbital Debris Removal Using Ground-Based Sensors and Lasers</a>.", Second European Conference on Space Debris, 1997, ESA-SP 393, p. 699. </li> <li id="cite_note-srdc20000816-214"><a href="#cite_ref-srdc20000816_214-0">^</a> Justin Mullins <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130202170456/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=2426">"A clean sweep: NASA plans to carry out a spot of housework."</a>, New Scientist, 16 August 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Tony Reichhardt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/space_debris.html?c=y&page=2">"Satellite Smashers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729012108/http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/space_debris.html?c=y&page=2">Archived</a> 29 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Air & Space Magazine, 1 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-UKmail20110316-216"><a href="#cite_ref-UKmail20110316_216-0">^</a> James Mason et al, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.1690">"Orbital Debris-Debris Collision Avoidance"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109194050/https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.1690">Archived</a> 9 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, arXiv:1103.1690v2, 9 March 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_K._Monroe" class="citation report cs1">David K. Monroe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10121230">Space debris removalusing a high-power ground-basedlaser</a> (Report). Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Space+debris+removalusing+a+high-power+ground-basedlaser&rft.pub=Sandia+National+Laboratories&rft.au=David+K.+Monroe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fservlets%2Fpurl%2F10121230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> C. Bombardelli and J. Peláez, "Ion Beam Shepherd for Contactless Space Debris Removal". Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 34, No. 3, May–June 2011, pp 916–920. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sdg.aero.upm.es/PUBLICATIONS/PDF/2011/AIAA-51832-628.pdf">http://sdg.aero.upm.es/PUBLICATIONS/PDF/2011/AIAA-51832-628.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309094707/http://sdg.aero.upm.es/PUBLICATIONS/PDF/2011/AIAA-51832-628.pdf">Archived</a> 9 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2009" class="citation news cs1">Michaels, Daniel (11 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123672891900989069">"A Cosmic Question: How to Get Rid Of All That Orbiting Space Junk?"</a>. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Cosmic+Question%3A+How+to+Get+Rid+Of+All+That+Orbiting+Space+Junk%3F&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB123672891900989069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-science.net/othernews/100804_spacejunk">"Company floats giant balloon concept as solution to space mess"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927074506/http://www.world-science.net/othernews/100804_spacejunk">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Global Aerospace Corp press release, 4 August 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star-tech-inc.com/id121.html">"Space Debris Removal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816045757/http://www.star-tech-inc.com/id121.html">Archived</a> 16 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Star-tech-inc.com. Retrieved 18 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-mit20111005-222"><a href="#cite_ref-mit20111005_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoust2011" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (5 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130204014735/http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/38774/%23.To50S0SzPvk.twitter">"A Sticky Solution for Grabbing Objects in Space"</a>. MIT Technology Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/38774/#.To50S0SzPvk.twitter">the original</a> on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=A+Sticky+Solution+for+Grabbing+Objects+in+Space&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fcomputing%2F38774%2F%23.To50S0SzPvk.twitter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2011" class="citation news cs1">Palmer, Jason (9 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-14405118">"Space junk could be tackled by housekeeping spacecraft"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 19 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Space+junk+could+be+tackled+by+housekeeping+spacecraft&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-14405118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoppolo2014" class="citation web cs1">Roppolo, Michael (28 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/japan-launches-net-into-space-to-help-with-orbital-debris/">"Japan launches net into space to help with orbital debris"</a>. www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 19 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Japan+launches+net+into+space+to+help+with+orbital+debris&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.aulast=Roppolo&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fjapan-launches-net-into-space-to-help-with-orbital-debris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2016-12-japan-space-junk-collector.html">"Japan launching 'space junk' collector (Update)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044407/https://phys.org/news/2016-12-japan-space-junk-collector.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+launching+%27space+junk%27+collector+%28Update%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-12-japan-space-junk-collector.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Japan-launches-space-junk-collector/articleshow/55904909.cms">"Japan launches 'space junk' collector"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208051124/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Japan-launches-space-junk-collector/articleshow/55904909.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Japan+launches+%27space+junk%27+collector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Fscience%2FJapan-launches-space-junk-collector%2Farticleshow%2F55904909.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/01/31/national/space-cargo-ship-experiment-clean-debris-hits-snag/">"Space cargo ship experiment to clean up debris hits snag"</a>. The Japan Times Online. 31 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131183748/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/01/31/national/space-cargo-ship-experiment-clean-debris-hits-snag/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times+Online&rft.atitle=Space+cargo+ship+experiment+to+clean+up+debris+hits+snag&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2017%2F01%2F31%2Fnational%2Fspace-cargo-ship-experiment-clean-debris-hits-snag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/35543-space-junk-japan-tether-experiment-space-station-htv.html">"A Japanese Space Junk Removal Experiment Has Failed in Orbit"</a>. Space.com. February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201204947/http://www.space.com/35543-space-junk-japan-tether-experiment-space-station-htv.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=A+Japanese+Space+Junk+Removal+Experiment+Has+Failed+in+Orbit&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F35543-space-junk-japan-tether-experiment-space-station-htv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2017-02-japan-space-junk-mission.html">"Japan's troubled 'space junk' mission fails"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212091641/https://phys.org/news/2017-02-japan-space-junk-mission.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+troubled+%27space+junk%27+mission+fails&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2017-02-japan-space-junk-mission.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e.Deorbit-230"><a href="#cite_ref-e.Deorbit_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEstableTelaarLangeAhrns2017" class="citation journal cs1">Estable, Stéphane; Telaar, Jürgen; Lange, Max; Ahrns, Ingo; Pegg, Katherine; Jacobsen, Dirk; Gerrits, Dennis; Theybers, Martijn; Dayers, Luc; Vanden Bussche, Simon; Ilsen, Stijn; Debraekeleer, Tom; Lampariello, Roberto; Wygachiewicz, Marcin; Santos, Nuno; Canetri, Marco; Serra, Pedro; Soto Santiago, Lucia; Łukasik, Artur; Ratti, John; Puddephatt, Dawn; Rembala, Richard; Evans Brito, Leanne; Bondy, Michel; Biesbroek, Robin; Wolahan, Andrew (21 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc7/paper/434/SDC7-paper434.pdf">"Definition of an Automated Vehicle with Autonomous Fail-Safe Reaction Behavior to Capture and De-orbit Envisat"</a> (PDF). 7th European Conference on Space Debris. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>: 101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017spde.confE.101E">2017spde.confE.101E</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=7th+European+Conference+on+Space+Debris&rft.atitle=Definition+of+an+Automated+Vehicle+with+Autonomous+Fail-Safe+Reaction+Behavior+to+Capture+and+De-orbit+Envisat&rft.pages=101&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017spde.confE.101E&rft.aulast=Estable&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Telaar%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Lange%2C+Max&rft.au=Ahrns%2C+Ingo&rft.au=Pegg%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Dirk&rft.au=Gerrits%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Theybers%2C+Martijn&rft.au=Dayers%2C+Luc&rft.au=Vanden+Bussche%2C+Simon&rft.au=Ilsen%2C+Stijn&rft.au=Debraekeleer%2C+Tom&rft.au=Lampariello%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Wygachiewicz%2C+Marcin&rft.au=Santos%2C+Nuno&rft.au=Canetri%2C+Marco&rft.au=Serra%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Soto+Santiago%2C+Lucia&rft.au=%C5%81ukasik%2C+Artur&rft.au=Ratti%2C+John&rft.au=Puddephatt%2C+Dawn&rft.au=Rembala%2C+Richard&rft.au=Evans+Brito%2C+Leanne&rft.au=Bondy%2C+Michel&rft.au=Biesbroek%2C+Robin&rft.au=Wolahan%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconference.sdo.esoc.esa.int%2Fproceedings%2Fsdc7%2Fpaper%2F434%2FSDC7-paper434.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Biesbroek, 2012 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space-env.esa.int/indico/getFile.py/access?resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=46">"Introduction to e.Deorbit"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140917225027/http://space-env.esa.int/indico/getFile.py/access?resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=46">Archived</a> 17 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. e.deorbit symposium. 6 May 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-sfn20180401-232"><a href="#cite_ref-sfn20180401_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2018" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Stephen (1 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/04/01/eliminating-space-junk-could-take-step-toward-reality-with-station-cargo-launch/">"Eliminating space junk could take step toward reality with station cargo launch"</a>. Spaceflight Now. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408050913/https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/04/01/eliminating-space-junk-could-take-step-toward-reality-with-station-cargo-launch/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaceflight+Now&rft.atitle=Eliminating+space+junk+could+take+step+toward+reality+with+station+cargo+launch&rft.date=2018-04-01&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2018%2F04%2F01%2Feliminating-space-junk-could-take-step-toward-reality-with-station-cargo-launch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jasi2022-233"><a href="#cite_ref-jasi2022_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJasi2022" class="citation web cs1">Jasi, Amanda (28 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/features/from-junk-to-fuel-addressing-the-space-debris-challenge/">"From Junk to Fuel: Addressing the Space Debris Challenge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chemical_Engineer" title="The Chemical Engineer">The Chemical Engineer</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chemical+Engineer&rft.atitle=From+Junk+to+Fuel%3A+Addressing+the+Space+Debris+Challenge&rft.date=2022-04-28&rft.aulast=Jasi&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechemicalengineer.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffrom-junk-to-fuel-addressing-the-space-debris-challenge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Jared B. (2011). "Tragedy of the space commons: a market mechanism solution to the space debris problem". The Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. 50: 253–279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Columbia+Journal+of+Transnational+Law&rft.atitle=Tragedy+of+the+space+commons%3A+a+market+mechanism+solution+to+the+space+debris+problem&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jared+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaddha2010" class="citation report cs1">Chaddha, Shane (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1586643">A Tragedy of the Space Commons?</a> (Report). Rochester, New York. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1586643">10.2139/ssrn.1586643</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1586643">1586643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Tragedy+of+the+Space+Commons%3F&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1586643%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.1586643&rft.aulast=Chaddha&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D1586643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_236-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson-FreeseWeeden2012" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson-Freese, Joan; Weeden, Brian (27 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5899.2011.00109.x">"Application of Ostrom's Principles for Sustainable Governance of Common-Pool Resources to Near-Earth Orbit"</a>. Global Policy. 3 (1): 72–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1758-5899.2011.00109.x">10.1111/j.1758-5899.2011.00109.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-5880">1758-5880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Policy&rft.atitle=Application+of+Ostrom%27s+Principles+for+Sustainable+Governance+of+Common-Pool+Resources+to+Near-Earth+Orbit&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1758-5899.2011.00109.x&rft.issn=1758-5880&rft.aulast=Johnson-Freese&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1758-5899.2011.00109.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorinRichard2021" class="citation journal cs1">Morin, Jean-Frédéric; Richard, Benjamin (5 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12950">"Astro-Environmentalism: Towards a Polycentric Governance of Space Debris"</a>. Global Policy. 12 (4): 568–573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1758-5899.12950">10.1111/1758-5899.12950</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-5880">1758-5880</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236171500">236171500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Policy&rft.atitle=Astro-Environmentalism%3A+Towards+a+Polycentric+Governance+of+Space+Debris&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E568-%3C%2Fspan%3E573&rft.date=2021-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236171500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1758-5880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1758-5899.12950&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Richard%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2F1758-5899.12950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_238-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_238-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaiser2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kaiser, Stefan A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2014.11.002">"Legal and policy aspects of space situational awareness"</a>. Space Policy. 31: 5–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SpPol..31....5K">2015SpPol..31....5K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2014.11.002">10.1016/j.spacepol.2014.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-9646">0265-9646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Policy&rft.atitle=Legal+and+policy+aspects+of+space+situational+awareness&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0265-9646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2014.11.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SpPol..31....5K&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Stefan+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2014.11.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_239-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_239-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_239-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambachWesel2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lambach, Daniel; Wesel, Luca (2021). "Tackling the Space Debris Problem: A Global Commons Perspective". Proc. 8th European Conference on Space Debris: 165. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021spde.confE.165L">2021spde.confE.165L</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+8th+European+Conference+on+Space+Debris&rft.atitle=Tackling+the+Space+Debris+Problem%3A+A+Global+Commons+Perspective&rft.pages=165&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021spde.confE.165L&rft.aulast=Lambach&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Wesel%2C+Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkinner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Skinner, Mark A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2017.02.002">"Orbital debris: What are the best near-term actions to take? A view from the field"</a>. Journal of Space Safety Engineering. 4 (2): 105–111. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JSSE....4..105S">2017JSSE....4..105S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsse.2017.02.002">10.1016/j.jsse.2017.02.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2468-8967">2468-8967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Space+Safety+Engineering&rft.atitle=Orbital+debris%3A+What+are+the+best+near-term+actions+to+take%3F+A+view+from+the+field&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=2468-8967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsse.2017.02.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JSSE....4..105S&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsse.2017.02.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2020" class="citation web cs1">Sheetz, Michael (10 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/10/spacex-starlink-satellte-production-now-120-per-month.html">"SpaceX is manufacturing 120 Starlink internet satellites per month"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=SpaceX+is+manufacturing+120+Starlink+internet+satellites+per+month&rft.date=2020-08-10&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F08%2F10%2Fspacex-starlink-satellte-production-now-120-per-month.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/the-space-economy-in-figures_c5996201-en">The Space Economy in Figures: How Space Contributes to the Global Economy</a>. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2Fc5996201-en">10.1787/c5996201-en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789264696549" title="Special:BookSources/9789264696549"><bdi>9789264696549</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242966859">242966859</a>. Retrieved 14 March 2022 – via www.oecd-ilibrary.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Space+Economy+in+Figures%3A+How+Space+Contributes+to+the+Global+Economy&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242966859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2Fc5996201-en&rft.isbn=9789264696549&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fscience-and-technology%2Fthe-space-economy-in-figures_c5996201-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChowWeeden2013" class="citation web cs1">Chow, Tiffany; Weeden, Brian C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swfound.org/media/119718/iac-13,e3,4,2,x18131_tc.pdf">"Engaging All Stakeholders in Space Sustainability Governance Initiatives"</a> (PDF). swfound.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swfound.org&rft.atitle=Engaging+All+Stakeholders+in+Space+Sustainability+Governance+Initiatives&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=Tiffany&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Brian+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswfound.org%2Fmedia%2F119718%2Fiac-13%2Ce3%2C4%2C2%2Cx18131_tc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson, Ray A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2012.06.010">"Assuring the sustainability of space activities"</a>. Space Policy. 28 (3): 154–160. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SpPol..28..154W">2012SpPol..28..154W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2012.06.010">10.1016/j.spacepol.2012.06.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-9646">0265-9646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Policy&rft.atitle=Assuring+the+sustainability+of+space+activities&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0265-9646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2012.06.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012SpPol..28..154W&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Ray+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2012.06.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_245-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2011" class="citation book cs1">Evans, J. P. (2011). Environmental Governance. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Governance&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFResearch_and_Markets2018" class="citation web cs1">Research and Markets (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-space-debris-monitoring-and-removal-market-2018-2022-with-airbus-astroscale-boeing-lockheed-martin-northrop-grumman--rsc-energia-dominating-300697457.html">"Global Space Debris Monitoring and Removal Market 2018-2022 with Airbus, ASTROSCALE, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman & RSC Energia Dominating"</a>. www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.prnewswire.com&rft.atitle=Global+Space+Debris+Monitoring+and+Removal+Market+2018-2022+with+Airbus%2C+ASTROSCALE%2C+Boeing%2C+Lockheed+Martin%2C+Northrop+Grumman+%26+RSC+Energia+Dominating&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Research+and+Markets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fglobal-space-debris-monitoring-and-removal-market-2018-2022-with-airbus-astroscale-boeing-lockheed-martin-northrop-grumman--rsc-energia-dominating-300697457.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoorevan_Burken2021" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Adrian; van Burken, Rebecca (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.org/commentary/as-commerical-space-travel-becomes-reality-debris-and-space-traffic-management-becomes-more-important/">"As Commercial Space Travel Becomes Reality, Debris and Space Traffic Management Becomes More Important"</a>. Reason Foundation. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason+Foundation&rft.atitle=As+Commercial+Space+Travel+Becomes+Reality%2C+Debris+and+Space+Traffic+Management+Becomes+More+Important&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=van+Burken%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.org%2Fcommentary%2Fas-commerical-space-travel-becomes-reality-debris-and-space-traffic-management-becomes-more-important%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-space.com-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-space.com_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-space.com_248-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWall2021" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Mike (18 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/steve-wozniak-privateer-hundreds-satellites-space-debris">"Steve Wozniak's startup Privateer plans to launch hundreds of satellites to study space debris"</a>. Space.com. Retrieved 28 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Steve+Wozniak%27s+startup+Privateer+plans+to+launch+hundreds+of+satellites+to+study+space+debris&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fsteve-wozniak-privateer-hundreds-satellites-space-debris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewmanWilliamson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Christopher J.; Williamson, Mark (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2018.03.001">"Space Sustainability: Reframing the Debate"</a>. Space Policy. 46: 30–37. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SpPol..46...30N">2018SpPol..46...30N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2018.03.001">10.1016/j.spacepol.2018.03.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-9646">0265-9646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158678917">158678917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Policy&rft.atitle=Space+Sustainability%3A+Reframing+the+Debate&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2018.03.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158678917%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0265-9646&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018SpPol..46...30N&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2018.03.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlssonSandström2007" class="citation journal cs1">Carlsson, Lars Gunnar; Sandström, Annica Charlotte (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18352%2Fijc.20">"Network Governance of the Commons"</a>. International Journal of the Commons. 2 (1): 33–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18352%2Fijc.20">10.18352/ijc.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10535%2F1749">10535/1749</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-0281">1875-0281</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155049248">155049248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Commons&rft.atitle=Network+Governance+of+the+Commons&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10535%2F1749&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155049248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1875-0281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18352%2Fijc.20&rft.aulast=Carlsson&rft.aufirst=Lars+Gunnar&rft.au=Sandstr%C3%B6m%2C+Annica+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18352%252Fijc.20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter_2022-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Carter_2022_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2022" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Jamie (27 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2022/02/27/as-chinese-rocket-strikes-moon-this-week-we-need-to-act-now-to-prevent-new-space-junk-around-the-moon-say-scientists/">"As Chinese Rocket Strikes Moon This Week We Need To Act Now To Prevent New Space Junk Around The Moon Say Scientists"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=As+Chinese+Rocket+Strikes+Moon+This+Week+We+Need+To+Act+Now+To+Prevent+New+Space+Junk+Around+The+Moon+Say+Scientists&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjamiecartereurope%2F2022%2F02%2F27%2Fas-chinese-rocket-strikes-moon-this-week-we-need-to-act-now-to-prevent-new-space-junk-around-the-moon-say-scientists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nast_2013-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Nast_2013_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMann2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Mann, Adam (15 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/07/space-environmentalism/">"Space: The Final Frontier of Environmental Disasters?"</a>. Wired. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Space%3A+The+Final+Frontier+of+Environmental+Disasters%3F&rft.date=2013-07-15&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2013%2F07%2Fspace-environmentalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStricklandHunt" class="citation news cs1">Strickland, Ashley; Hunt, Katie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/27/world/rocket-moon-impact-crater-scn/index.html">"New double crater seen on the moon after mystery rocket impact"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=New+double+crater+seen+on+the+moon+after+mystery+rocket+impact&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2022%2F06%2F27%2Fworld%2Frocket-moon-impact-crater-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarner2022" class="citation web cs1">Garner, Rob (23 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/nasas-lunar-reconnaissance-orbiter-spots-rocket-impact-site-on-moon">"Rocket Impact Site on Moon Seen by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter"</a>. NASA. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Rocket+Impact+Site+on+Moon+Seen+by+NASA%27s+Lunar+Reconnaissance+Orbiter&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fgoddard%2F2022%2Fnasas-lunar-reconnaissance-orbiter-spots-rocket-impact-site-on-moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLenberg2022" class="citation web cs1">Lenberg, Tatum (29 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovery.com/space/martian-space-wreckage">"New Photos of Martian Space Wreckage"</a>. Discovery. Discovery.com. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discovery&rft.atitle=New+Photos+of+Martian+Space+Wreckage&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft.aulast=Lenberg&rft.aufirst=Tatum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovery.com%2Fspace%2Fmartian-space-wreckage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKooser" class="citation web cs1">Kooser, Amanda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/science/space/unexpected-nasa-mars-rover-finds-shiny-foil-piece-on-a-rock/">"'Unexpected': NASA Mars Rover Finds Piece of Its Landing System Stuck on a Rock"</a>. CNET. Retrieved 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=%27Unexpected%27%3A+NASA+Mars+Rover+Finds+Piece+of+Its+Landing+System+Stuck+on+a+Rock&rft.aulast=Kooser&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Funexpected-nasa-mars-rover-finds-shiny-foil-piece-on-a-rock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevlin2022" class="citation web cs1">Devlin, Hannah (16 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jun/16/nasa-rover-sighting-reignites-fears-about-human-space-debris">"Nasa rover sighting reignites fears about human space debris"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nasa+rover+sighting+reignites+fears+about+human+space+debris&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft.aulast=Devlin&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2022%2Fjun%2F16%2Fnasa-rover-sighting-reignites-fears-about-human-space-debris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKilicpublished2022" class="citation web cs1">Kilicpublished, Cagri (28 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/mars-littered-with-human-trash">"Mars is littered with 15,694 pounds of human trash from 50 years of robotic exploration"</a>. Space.com. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Mars+is+littered+with+15%2C694+pounds+of+human+trash+from+50+years+of+robotic+exploration&rft.date=2022-09-28&rft.aulast=Kilicpublished&rft.aufirst=Cagri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fmars-littered-with-human-trash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wionews.com/science/map-shows-human-made-debris-piling-up-on-mars-over-seven-tonnes-of-space-junk-lying-around-red-planet-686201">"Humans have already dumped 7 tonnes of junk on Mars, map reveals"</a>. WION. 2 February 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WION&rft.atitle=Humans+have+already+dumped+7+tonnes+of+junk+on+Mars%2C+map+reveals&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Fscience%2Fmap-shows-human-made-debris-piling-up-on-mars-over-seven-tonnes-of-space-junk-lying-around-red-planet-686201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams2020" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Eric (21 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/until-the-end-of-the-world/">"This 30-Year-Old Sci-Fi Epic Is a Saga for Our Times"</a>. Culture. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=This+30-Year-Old+Sci-Fi+Epic+Is+a+Saga+for+Our+Times&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Funtil-the-end-of-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinha-Roy2013" class="citation news cs1">Sinha-Roy, Piya (21 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/comiccon-film-gravity/gravity-gets-lift-at-comic-con-as-director-cuaron-leaps-into-space-idUSL1N0FQ0EV20130721">"'Gravity' gets lift at Comic-Con as director Cuaron leaps into space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved 9 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Gravity%27+gets+lift+at+Comic-Con+as+director+Cuaron+leaps+into+space&rft.date=2013-07-21&rft.aulast=Sinha-Roy&rft.aufirst=Piya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fcomiccon-film-gravity%2Fgravity-gets-lift-at-comic-con-as-director-cuaron-leaps-into-space-idUSL1N0FQ0EV20130721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrady2019" class="citation web cs1">Brady, Matt (3 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thescienceof.org/can-throwing-your-hand-away-really-help-you-move-in-space-conservation-of-momentum-says-yes/">"Conservation of Momentum in Netflix's Love, Death & Robots"</a>. The Science Of. Retrieved 21 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Science+Of&rft.atitle=Conservation+of+Momentum+in+Netflix%27s+Love%2C+Death+%26+Robots&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthescienceof.org%2Fcan-throwing-your-hand-away-really-help-you-move-in-space-conservation-of-momentum-says-yes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoxe,_SteveEdgar,_SeanThe_Paste_Comics_Crew2017" class="citation web cs1">Foxe, Steve; Edgar, Sean; The Paste Comics Crew (6 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastemagazine.com/comics/required-reading/required-reading-70-of-the-best-sci-fi-comics/?p=4">"Required Reading: 50 of the Best Sci-Fi Comics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paste_(magazine)" title="Paste (magazine)">Paste</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125164453/https://www.pastemagazine.com/comics/required-reading/required-reading-70-of-the-best-sci-fi-comics/?p=4">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Required+Reading%3A+50+of+the+Best+Sci-Fi+Comics&rft.pub=Paste&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft.au=Foxe%2C+Steve&rft.au=Edgar%2C+Sean&rft.au=The+Paste+Comics+Crew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Fcomics%2Frequired-reading%2Frequired-reading-70-of-the-best-sci-fi-comics%2F%3Fp%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGleghorn1995" class="citation report cs1">Gleghorn, George; et al. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/a-technical-assessment.pdf">Orbital Debris: A Technical Assessment</a> (PDF) (Report). National Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-05125-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-309-05125-8"><bdi>0-309-05125-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Orbital+Debris%3A+A+Technical+Assessment&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-309-05125-8&rft.aulast=Gleghorn&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov%2Flibrary%2Fa-technical-assessment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHootsSchumacherGlover2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hoots, Felix; Schumacher, Paul Jr.; Glover, Robert A. (2004). "History of Analytical Orbit Modeling in the U.S. Space Surveillance System". Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics. 27 (2): 174–185. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGCD...27..174H">2004JGCD...27..174H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F1.9161">10.2514/1.9161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Guidance%2C+Control%2C+and+Dynamics&rft.atitle=History+of+Analytical+Orbit+Modeling+in+the+U.S.+Space+Surveillance+System&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F1.9161&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JGCD...27..174H&rft.aulast=Hoots&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+Paul+Jr.&rft.au=Glover%2C+Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Nicholas L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/26070599">"Monitoring and Controlling Debris in Space"</a>. Scientific American. 279 (2): 62–67. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SciAm.279b..62J">1998SciAm.279b..62J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0898-62">10.1038/scientificamerican0898-62</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26070599">26070599</a>. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Monitoring+and+Controlling+Debris+in+Space&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26070599%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0898-62&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998SciAm.279b..62J&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26070599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKessler1971" class="citation journal cs1">Kessler, Donald (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971NASSP.267..595K">"Estimate of Particle Densities and Collision Danger for Spacecraft Moving Through the Asteroid Belt"</a>. Physical Studies of Minor Planets. 267. NASA SP-267: 595–605. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971NASSP.267..595K">1971NASSP.267..595K</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Studies+of+Minor+Planets&rft.atitle=Estimate+of+Particle+Densities+and+Collision+Danger+for+Spacecraft+Moving+Through+the+Asteroid+Belt&rft.volume=267&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E595-%3C%2Fspan%3E605&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971NASSP.267..595K&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1971NASSP.267..595K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKesslerCour-Palais1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kessler, Donald; Cour-Palais, Burton (June 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515132446/http://webpages.charter.net/dkessler/files/Collision%20Frequency.pdf">"Collision Frequency of Artificial Satellites: The Creation of a Debris Belt"</a> (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 81 (A6): 2637–46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978JGR....83.2637K">1978JGR....83.2637K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJA083iA06p02637">10.1029/JA083iA06p02637</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webpages.charter.net/dkessler/files/Collision%20Frequency.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Collision+Frequency+of+Artificial+Satellites%3A+The+Creation+of+a+Debris+Belt&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=A6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2637-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1978-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJA083iA06p02637&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978JGR....83.2637K&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Cour-Palais%2C+Burton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebpages.charter.net%2Fdkessler%2Ffiles%2FCollision%2520Frequency.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKessler1981" class="citation journal cs1">Kessler, Donald (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714011725/http://webpages.charter.net/dkessler/files/SourcesofOrbitalDebris.pdf">"Sources of Orbital Debris and the Projected Environment for Future Spacecraft"</a> (PDF). Journal of Spacecraft. 16 (4): 357–60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JSpRo..18..357K">1981JSpRo..18..357K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F3.57828">10.2514/3.57828</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webpages.charter.net/dkessler/files/SourcesofOrbitalDebris.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Spacecraft&rft.atitle=Sources+of+Orbital+Debris+and+the+Projected+Environment+for+Future+Spacecraft&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F3.57828&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981JSpRo..18..357K&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebpages.charter.net%2Fdkessler%2Ffiles%2FSourcesofOrbitalDebris.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKessler1991" class="citation journal cs1">Kessler, Donald (December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714011651/http://webpages.charter.net/dkessler/files/Critical%20Density%201991.pdf">"Collisional Cascading: The Limits of Population Growth in Low Earth Orbit"</a> (PDF). Advances in Space Research. 11 (12): 63–66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AdSpR..11l..63K">1991AdSpR..11l..63K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0273-1177%2891%2990543-S">10.1016/0273-1177(91)90543-S</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webpages.charter.net/dkessler/files/Critical%20Density%201991.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&rft.atitle=Collisional+Cascading%3A+The+Limits+of+Population+Growth+in+Low+Earth+Orbit&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1991-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0273-1177%2891%2990543-S&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991AdSpR..11l..63K&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebpages.charter.net%2Fdkessler%2Ffiles%2FCritical%2520Density%25201991.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKesslerAnz-Meador2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kessler, Donald; Anz-Meador, Phillip (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc3/paper/97/SDC3-paper97.pdf">"Critical Number of Spacecraft in Low Earth Orbit: Using Fragmentation Data to Evaluate the Stability of the Orbital Debris Environment"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Space Debris. Darmstadt Germany. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Third+European+Conference+on+Space+Debris&rft.atitle=Critical+Number+of+Spacecraft+in+Low+Earth+Orbit%3A+Using+Fragmentation+Data+to+Evaluate+the+Stability+of+the+Orbital+Debris+Environment&rft.date=2001-03&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Anz-Meador%2C+Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconference.sdo.esoc.esa.int%2Fproceedings%2Fsdc3%2Fpaper%2F97%2FSDC3-paper97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKessler2009" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, Donald (8 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/kessler/KesSym.html">The Kessler Syndrome</a>. Western University Canada. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kessler+Syndrome&rft.pub=Western+University+Canada&rft.date=2009-03-08&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faquarid.physics.uwo.ca%2Fkessler%2FKesSym.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiou2020" class="citation journal cs1">Liou, J.-C. (14 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20200000450.pdf">"Risks from Orbital Debris and Space Situational Awareness"</a> (PDF). IAA Conference on Space Situational Awareness. Washington, D.C. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IAA+Conference+on+Space+Situational+Awareness&rft.atitle=Risks+from+Orbital+Debris+and+Space+Situational+Awareness&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft.aulast=Liou&rft.aufirst=J.-C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20200000450.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchefter1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Schefter, Jim (July 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q0qVc8dQrpgC&pg=PA48">"The Growing Peril of Space Debris"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a>. Vol. 221, no. 1. pp. 48–51 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=The+Growing+Peril+of+Space+Debris&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=1982-07&rft.aulast=Schefter&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq0qVc8dQrpgC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901043047/http://www.aero.org/capabilities/cords/debris-basics.html">"What is Orbital Debris?"</a>, Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace Corporation">Aerospace Corporation</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_for_the_Assessment_of_NASA's_Orbital_Debris_Programs2011" class="citation book cs1">Committee for the Assessment of NASA's Orbital Debris Programs (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13244">Limiting Future Collision Risk to Spacecraft: An Assessment of NASA's Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Programs</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-21974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-21974-7"><bdi>978-0-309-21974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limiting+Future+Collision+Risk+to+Spacecraft%3A+An+Assessment+of+NASA%27s+Meteoroid+and+Orbital+Debris+Programs&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Research+Council&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-309-21974-7&rft.au=Committee+for+the+Assessment+of+NASA%27s+Orbital+Debris+Programs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D13244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlotz2011" class="citation news cs1">Klotz, Irene (1 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-debris-idUSTRE7805VY20110901">"Space junk reaching 'tipping point,' report warns"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 2 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Space+junk+reaching+%27tipping+point%2C%27+report+warns&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft.aulast=Klotz&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-space-debris-idUSTRE7805VY20110901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"> News item summarizing the above report</li></ul></li> <li>Steven A. Hildreth and Allison Arnold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R43353.pdf">Threats to U.S. National Security Interests in Space: Orbital Debris Mitigation and Removal.</a> Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, 8 January 2014.</li> <li>David Leonard, "The Clutter Above", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July/August 2005.</li> <li>Patrick McDaniel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA331517.pdf">"A Methodology for Estimating the Uncertainty in the Predicted Annual Risk to Orbiting Spacecraft from Current or Predicted Space Debris Population"</a>. National Defense University, 1997.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/IAR_95_Document.pdf">"Interagency Report on Orbital Debris, 1995"</a>, National Science and Technology Council, November 1995.</li> <li>Nickolay Smirnov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FoSOD7fRdjA">Space Debris: Hazard Evaluation and Mitigation</a>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27907-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27907-0">0-415-27907-0</a>.</li> <li>Richard Talcott, "How We Junked Up Outer Space", <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_(magazine)" title="Astronomy (magazine)">Astronomy</a>, Volume 36, Issue 6 (June 2008), pp. 40–43.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_720E.pdf">"Technical report on space debris, 1999"</a>, United Nations, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-100813-1" title="Special:BookSources/92-1-100813-1">92-1-100813-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Biesbroek2015" class="citation book cs1">Robin Biesbroek (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.createspace.com/5324190">Active Debris Removal in Space: How to Clean the Earth's Environment from Space Debris</a>. CreateSpace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5085-2918-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5085-2918-7"><bdi>978-1-5085-2918-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Active+Debris+Removal+in+Space%3A+How+to+Clean+the+Earth%27s+Environment+from+Space+Debris&rft.pub=CreateSpace&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-5085-2918-7&rft.au=Robin+Biesbroek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.createspace.com%2F5324190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+debris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_Khatchadourian" title="Raffi Khatchadourian">Khatchadourian, Raffi</a>, "The Trash Nebula: Millions of man-made artifacts are circling Earth. Will one of them cause a disaster?", 28 September 2020, pp. 44–52, 54–55. "By one estimate, there are a hundred million bits of debris that are a millimetre in size, a hundred million as small as a micron. We live in a corona of trash. [T]he problem, if ignored, could destroy all the <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> that orbit near the Earth – a loss that would be more acutely felt as humanity increasingly relied on space." (p. 47.)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Space_debris" class="extiw" title="commons:Space debris">Space debris</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/infographics/space-junk-infographic/">Sorting Through Our Space Junk: Space Junk Infographic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.satview.org/?sat_id=">Sativew – Tracking Space Junk in real time</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/">NASA Orbital Debris Program Office</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celestrak.org/SOCRATES/">SOCRATES: A free daily service predicting close encounters on orbit between satellites and debris orbiting Earth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycast.com/2008/03/ep-82-space-junk/">Space Junk</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_Cast" title="Astronomy Cast">Astronomy Cast</a> episode No. 82 (2008?), includes full transcript</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="..._in_space255" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;;background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:In_space" title="Template:In space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:In_space" title="Template talk:In space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:In_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:In space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="..._in_space255" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space" title="List of topics in space">... in space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:">Biology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_presence_in_space" title="Human presence in space">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">The human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronautical_hygiene" title="Astronautical hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotion_in_space" title="Locomotion in space">Locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_in_space" title="Neuroscience in space">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_space" title="Sleep in space">Sleep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licette" title="Félicette">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_(cockroach)" title="Nadezhda (cockroach)">Cockroaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Frog_Otolith" title="Orbiting Frog Otolith">Frogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_flies_in_space" title="Fruit flies in space">Fruit flies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrades_in_space" title="Tardigrades in space">Tardigrades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Tortoises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_space" title="Plants in space">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="STS-39 in Earth orbit"><img alt="STS-39 in Earth orbit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg/250px-Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg/330px-Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="1173" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:"><a href="/wiki/Space_environment" title="Space environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_climate" title="Space climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_in_space" title="Corrosion in space">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">Weathering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_advertising" title="Space advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_spaceflight" title="Alcohol and spaceflight">Alcohol</a></li> <li>Archaeology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_archaeology" title="Space archaeology">of items in space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_art#Art_in_space" title="Space art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_burial" title="Space burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_economy" title="Space-based economy">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_trade" title="Space trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_ethics" title="Space ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_space" title="Music in space">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_space" title="Religion in space">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_on_the_International_Space_Station" title="Christmas on the International Space Station">Christmas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">Selfies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_space" title="Voting in space">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:"><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_farming" title="Space farming">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Cola_Wars" title="Space Cola Wars">Carbonated drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_in_space" title="Writing in space">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_logistics" title="Space logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Mining</a></li> <li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batteries_in_space" title="Batteries in space">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_space" title="Nuclear power in space">Nuclear</a></li> <li>Solar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">for Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">for spacecraft</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_radar" title="Space-based radar">Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pollution1274" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution" title="Template:Pollution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution" title="Template talk:Pollution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pollution1274" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_measurement" title="Air pollution measurement">Air pollution measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood dust">Wood dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a> <ul><li>Land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Military</li> <li>Abstract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">Manure waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Solid waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">Garbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">Thermal treatment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Clutter (advertising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">nuclear famine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploitation">Oil exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution-related_lists" title="Category:Pollution-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_air_pollution" title="List of countries by air pollution">Most polluted countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">by country</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:pollution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:pollution">Commons</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/20px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/40px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject Environment</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/20px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/40px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology">WikiProject Ecology</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/40px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/60px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/120px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/40px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/60px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/120px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ring_systems341" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Planetary_rings" title="Template:Planetary rings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Planetary_rings" title="Template talk:Planetary rings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary_rings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary rings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ring_systems341" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Rings of Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Rings of Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Rings of Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Rings of Earth</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">space debris</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet#Rings" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanetary rings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Rings of Chariklo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Rings of Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Haumea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings of Haumea">Ring of Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Rings of Quaoar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rings of Rhea</a> (unconfirmed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Accretion disc">Accretion disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_torus" title="Gas torus">Gas torus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumplanetary disc">Circumplanetary disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Planetary_rings" title="Category:Planetary rings">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/40px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/60px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Small_Solar_System_bodies85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Template:Small Solar System bodies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Template talk:Small Solar System bodies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Small Solar System bodies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Small_Solar_System_bodies85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_designation" title="Minor-planet designation">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor-planet_groups" title="List of minor-planet groups">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">Meanings of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Aten asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types" title="Asteroid spectral types">Spectral types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Distant_minor_planet" title="Distant minor planet">Distant minor planet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_comet" title="Extinct comet">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_comet" title="Great comet">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Halley-type_comets" title="List of Halley-type comets">Halley-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hyperbolic_comets" title="List of hyperbolic comets">Hyperbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets" title="List of long-period comets">Long-period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-parabolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets" title="List of periodic comets">Periodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">Sungrazing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space debris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_outer_space613" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Template:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Template talk:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_outer_space613" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_outer_space" title="Politics of outer space">Politics of outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight#Spacefaring_civilization:_nations_and_other_entities" title="Spaceflight">Spacefaring nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_traffic_management" title="Space traffic management">Space traffic management</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space debris management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Space Debris Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Space Debris Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-detection_policy" title="Post-detection policy">Post-detection policy</a></li> <li>Asteroid impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_races" title="List of space races">Space races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Cold War space race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_propaganda" title="Space propaganda">Space propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_competition" title="Space competition">Space competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine</a> (1966–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang program</a> (1966–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">Chinese ASAT program</a> (1964–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test" title="2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test">2007 test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program#Project_921_(Shenzhou)" title="Chinese space program">Project 921</a> (1992–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhou program">Shenzhou program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Space station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program#Mission_to_Mars_and_beyond" title="Chinese space program">Mars and beyond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Planetary Exploration of China</a> (2016–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">ESA Science Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a> (1960–1975) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa launcher programme</a> (1962–1973)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> (1964–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (1975–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">European Cooperation for Space Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">European Space Research and Technology Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a> (1983–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">European Space Astronomy Centre</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Security_and_Education_Centre" title="European Space Security and Education Centre">European Space Security and Education Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane launcher programme</a> (1973–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega launcher programme</a> (1998–)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Policy_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Space Policy Institute (page does not exist)">European Space Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">Future Launchers Preparatory Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Rider" title="Space Rider">Space Rider</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li>Mars and beyond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a> (2015–2025)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="EnVision (spacecraft)">EnVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">ATHENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">EU Space Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union Satellite Centre</a> (1992–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU Satellite Centre</a> (2002–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space</a> <ul><li>European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)</li> <li>European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EU Agency for the Space Programme</a> (2021–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">EUSST programme</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">European Union Aviation Safety Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_by_Satellite" title="Europe by Satellite">Europe by Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European initiatives and bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospace" title="Eurospace">Eurospace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_European_Aerospace_Societies" title="Council of European Aerospace Societies">Council of European Aerospace Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">European Civil Aviation Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Committee for Standardization</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">European Telecommunications Standards Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_Civil_Aviation_Equipment" title="European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment">European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Organisation" title="European Patent Organisation">European Patent Organisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">European Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian space policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Activities_Bill" title="Space Activities Bill">Space Activities Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">Indian ASAT programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Shakti" title="Mission Shakti">Mission Shakti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British space programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="British National Committee for Space Research">Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_programme" title="Ariel programme">Start of the Ariel programme</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow launcher</a> (1964–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">Creation of the British National Space Centre</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Act_1986" title="Outer Space Act 1986">Outer Space Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Juno" title="Project Juno">Project Juno</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Innovation_and_Growth_Team" title="Space Innovation and Growth Team">Space Innovation and Growth Team</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">Creation of the UK Space Agency</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2015" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015">Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Industry_Act_2018" title="Space Industry Act 2018">Space Industry Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">UK Global Navigation Satellite System</a> (2018–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Review" title="Integrated Review">2021 Integrated Review</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_a_Competitive_Age" title="Defence in a Competitive Age">Defence in a Competitive Age</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">US space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Truman_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Truman space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip" title="List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobee" title="Aerobee">Aerobee rocket program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation#History" title="RAND Corporation">RAND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station#History" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Establishment of Cape Canaveral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Eisenhower space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">WS-117L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Outer_Space" title="Introduction to Outer Space">Introduction to Outer Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">1958 NASA Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement" title="Space Act Agreement">Space Act Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Launch of Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">Missile gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">Launch of X-15 program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Kennedy space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Launch of the Mariner program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Launch of the Gemini project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Launch of the Apollo program</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Johnson_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Johnson space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">1967 Outer Space Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Nixon space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-Terrestrial_Exposure_Law" title="Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law">Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Launch of the Space Shuttle Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Ford_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Ford space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Launch of the Viking program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Carter_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Carter space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Reagan_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Reagan space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Advisory_Council_on_National_Space_Policy" title="Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy">Citizens' Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Act_of_1984" title="Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984">1984 Space Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">1985 anti-satellite missile test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">George H. W. Bush space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">1990 Augustine Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Clinton space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin#NASA_administrator" title="Daniel Goldin">Faster, better, cheaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Launch of the Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Act_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Space Act of 1998">1998 Space Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadal_Planning_Team" title="Decadal Planning Team">Decadal Planning Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Launch of the X-37 program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">Aerospace Industry Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_national_missile_defense" title="United States national missile defense">2002 National missile defense directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Systems_Architecture_Study" title="Exploration Systems Architecture Study">ESAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2005" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2005">2005 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Launch of the Constellation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Burnt_Frost" title="Operation Burnt Frost">Operation Burnt Frost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Obama space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">2009 Augustine Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration#Space_policy_speech_at_Kennedy_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Kennedy Space Center speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program#Obama_administration" title="Constellation program">Cancellation of the Constellation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Launch of the Space Launch System program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Redesign of the Orion program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible path">Flexible path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2010" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2010">2010 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_51_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 51 of the United States Code">Title 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Space Shuttle retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Development of the Commercial Crew Program">Development of the Commercial Crew Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2014" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2014">2014 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Competitiveness_Act_of_2015" title="Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015">2015 Space Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Donald Trump administration">Trump space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">Re-establishment of the National Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Creation of the Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Launch of the Artemis program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Launch of the Lunar Gateway project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13959" title="Executive Order 13959">Executive Order 13959</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_exclusion_policy_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="China exclusion policy of NASA">China exclusion policy of NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations" title="International Traffic in Arms Regulations">International Traffic in Arms Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget of NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Aerospace_and_Electronic_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society">Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Antennas_%26_Propagation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society">Antennas & Propagation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Broadcast_Technology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Broadcast Technology Society">Broadcast Technology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Geoscience_and_Remote_Sensing_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society">Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Vehicular_Technology_Society" title="IEEE Vehicular Technology Society">Vehicular Technology Society</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USSR and Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stalin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation Osoaviakhim</a> (1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_transported_to_the_USSR_via_the_Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Khrushchev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik program">Sputnik program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a> (1957)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok program</a> (1960–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System" title="Fractional Orbital Bombardment System">Fractional Orbital Bombardment System</a> (1960–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> (1961–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod program</a> (1964–1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Brezhnev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz program</a> (1967–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut program</a> (1971–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (1973–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran program</a> (1974–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Gorbachev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> (1986–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Yeltsin20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Yeltsin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> (1993–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Medvedev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev_modernisation_programme" title="Medvedev modernisation programme">Medvedev modernisation programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2010_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2010 Military doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Putin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation" title="United Rocket and Space Corporation">United Rocket and Space Corporation</a> (2013–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2014_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2014 Military doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">2015 Creation of Roscosmos</a></li> <li>Mars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Program" title="National Space Program">Australian space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_space_program" title="Brazilian space program">Brazilian space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">Emirati space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japanese space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_space_program" title="Kazakh space program">Kazakh space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_programme_of_Kenya" title="Space programme of Kenya">Kenyan space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_space_program" title="Lebanese space program">Lebanese space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_space_program" title="North Korean space program">North Korean space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">Pakistani space program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_programme_2040" class="mw-redirect" title="Space programme 2040">Space programme 2040</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_space_program" title="Philippine space program">Philippine space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_space_program" title="South Korean space program">South Korean space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_space_initiatives" title="Ugandan space initiatives">Ugandan space initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics of the International Space Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UN-SPIDER" title="UN-SPIDER">UN-SPIDER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Generation_Advisory_Council" title="Space Generation Advisory Council">Space Generation Advisory Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Fourth_Committee" title="United Nations General Assembly Fourth Committee">General Assembly Fourth Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other intergovernmental or inter-agency bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">Committee on Earth Observation Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">Committee on Space Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">International Planetary Data Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">Group on Earth Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">Global Standards Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" class="mw-redirect" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">International Mobile Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">International Space Exploration Coordination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">International Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">Regional African Satellite Communication Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arab Satellite Communications Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Concerning_Cooperation_in_the_Exploration_and_Use_of_Outer_Space_for_Peaceful_Purposes" title="Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes">US-USSR Cooperation Agreement</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Distribution_of_Programme-Carrying_Signals_Transmitted_by_Satellite" title="Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite">Satellite Convention</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogota_Declaration" title="Bogota Declaration">Bogota Declaration</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_an_Arms_Race_in_Outer_Space" title="Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space">Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Intergovernmental_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement">International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Docking_System_Standard" title="International Docking System Standard">International Docking System Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" class="mw-redirect" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty#Space_Assets" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_jurisdiction" title="Space jurisdiction">Space jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">Common heritage of mankind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_naming_conventions" title="Astronomical naming conventions">Astronomical naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">ITU Radio Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR standards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">International Designator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO standards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG standards</a></li> <li>Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">Space industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Spaceflight_Federation" title="Commercial Spaceflight Federation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Launch market competition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_advertising" title="Space advertising">Space advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_economy" title="Space-based economy">Space-based economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_trade" title="Space trade">Space trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Space manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_forces,_units,_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces, units and formations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">AJA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">IRGC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Air Self Defense Force">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/20px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Air_Force" title="Korean People's Army Air Force">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Structure of the United States Space Force">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_space_forces" title="Ranks and insignia of space forces">Ranks and insignia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space commands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Operations_Command_(Italy)" title="Space Operations Command (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Allied_Air_Command" title="Allied Air Command">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/20px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/40px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="317" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Space_Command" title="United Kingdom Space Command">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">Space domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Space weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">Anti-satellite weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-235_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-235 anti-ballistic missile system">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3" title="RIM-161 Standard Missile 3">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_vehicle" title="Kill vehicle">Kill vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite#Jamming" title="Satellite">Satellite jamming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_advocacy" title="Space advocacy">Space advocacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_Forces_Association" title="Air & Space Forces Association">Air & Space Forces Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Space_Development" title="Alliance for Space Development">Alliance for Space Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Frontier_Foundation" title="Space Frontier Foundation">Space Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Society" title="Moon Society">Moon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space" title="Students for the Exploration and Development of Space">Students for the Exploration and Development of Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Institute_for_Modern_Technologies" title="Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies">Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Deep_Space_Exploration" title="Coalition for Deep Space Exploration">Coalition for Deep Space Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Astronautics" title="International Academy of Astronautics">International Academy of Astronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Explorers_Society" title="Lunar Explorers Society">Lunar Explorers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Alliance" title="Space Exploration Alliance">Space Exploration Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Fellowship" title="Space Fellowship">Space Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Force_Association" title="Space Force Association">Space Force Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Foundation" title="Space Foundation">Space Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public-sector_space_agencies312" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template talk:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public-sector_space_agencies312" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Public-sector space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-African and pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">RASCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Space_Agency" title="Algerian Space Agency">ASAL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Space_Agency" title="Egyptian Space Agency">EgSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences" title="National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences">NARSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute">ESSTI</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Space_Agency" title="Kenya Space Agency">KSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">SANSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">OSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">USSPACECOM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America and the Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/15px-CELAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/23px-CELAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/30px-CELAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="218" /> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Space_Agency" title="Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency">ALCE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial Mexicana">AEM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Activities_Commission" title="National Space Activities Commission">CONAE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Space_Agency" title="Bolivian Space Agency">ABE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology" title="Department of Aerospace Science and Technology">DCTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica">ITA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Space_Commission" title="Colombian Space Commission">CCE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/15px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Agency_for_Space_Activities" title="Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities">ABAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Institute_for_Scientific_Research" title="Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research">IVIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">APSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">VK</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_National_Space_Agency" title="Turkmenistan National Space Agency">TNSA</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">SASTIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">CASC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">CALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Space_Technology" title="China Academy of Space Technology">CAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chang_Feng" title="China Chang Feng">CCF</a></li> <li>CGWIC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLAASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">CASIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">JSS</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Technology_Administration" title="National Aerospace Technology Administration">NATA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Korea_AeroSpace_Administration" title="Korea AeroSpace Administration">KASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Astronomy_and_Space_Science_Institute" title="Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute">KASI</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/KAIST_Satellite_Technology_Research_Center" title="KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center">SaTReC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Space_Agency" title="Taiwan Space Agency">TASA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Remote_Sensing_Organization" title="Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization">SPARRSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> 2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">DoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">NRSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">DSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/SUPARCO" title="SUPARCO">SUPARCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency" title="National Research and Innovation Agency">BRIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_Organization_for_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space">ORPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Space_Agency" title="Indonesian Space Agency">INASA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Space_Agency" title="Malaysian Space Agency">MYSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">PhilSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Space_and_Technology_Ltd" title="Singapore Space and Technology Ltd">SSTL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Geo-Informatics_and_Space_Technology_Development_Agency" title="Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency">GISTDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology">VNSC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Agency" title="National Space Science Agency">NSSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">NEHSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Research_Center" title="Iranian Space Research Center">ISRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="National Committee for Space Research">NCSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Space_Agency" title="Saudi Space Agency">SSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">KACST-SRI</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Space_Agency" title="Syrian Space Agency">SSA</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Remote_Sensing" title="General Organization of Remote Sensing">GORS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">UAESA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">CEPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">ETSI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/40px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/60px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">ECSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESRIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">ECSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">ESAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">EUTELSAT IGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">DG DEFIS</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU SatCen</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">BEREC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Agency" title="Austrian Space Agency">ALR</a> 2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Planning_Service_Science_Policy" title="Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy">BELSPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Institute_for_Space_Aeronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy">BIRA-IASB</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Technology_Institute" title="Space Research and Technology Institute">SRTI</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Space_Office" title="Czech Space Office">CSO</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/DTU_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Space_Office" title="Estonian Space Office">ESO</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">AAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">CdE</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/20px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">HSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Space_Office" title="Hungarian Space Office">HSO</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Space_Agency" title="Luxembourg Space Agency">LSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="Netherlands Institute for Space Research">SRON</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Space_Office" title="Netherlands Space Office">NSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Space_Agency" title="Polish Space Agency">POLSA</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Research_Centre_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences">CBK PAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urz%C4%85d_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej (page does not exist)">UKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Council" title="National Broadcasting Council">KRRiT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(Poland)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (Poland)">ULC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Space" title="Portugal Space">PTSPACE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Space_Agency" title="Romanian Space Agency">ROSA</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Aerospace_Technology" title="National Institute for Aerospace Technology">INTA</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Space_Agency" title="Catalan Space Agency">AEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">EAE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Agencia Espacial Española">AEE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">SNSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus_Space_Agency" title="Belarus Space Agency">BSA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">VVKO</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space Office">SSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a> 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">ASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/20px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">NZSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">Cospas-Sarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">IADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" class="mw-redirect" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">ICSMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">IMSO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">ISS MCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">ITSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UNCOPUOS</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">UNOOSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">BNSC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Committee_of_Space_Technology" title="Korean Committee of Space Technology">KCST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">SSP</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital launches by country</a></li> <li>1 Preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li>2 Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> participation</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox780" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275450#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01236260">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph314931&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548733705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&oldid=1276706093">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&oldid=1276706093</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_debris" title="Category:Space debris">Space debris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_issues" title="Category:Global issues">Global issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_hazards" title="Category:Space hazards">Space hazards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Near-Earth_objects" title="Category:Near-Earth objects">Near-Earth objects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future_problems" title="Category:Future problems">Future problems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Pollution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_hazards" title="Category:Technology hazards">Technology hazards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_traffic_management" title="Category:Space traffic management">Space traffic management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Planetary_rings" title="Category:Planetary rings">Planetary rings</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2020">Use dmy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_January_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2020">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2009" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_July_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_July_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_October_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2020" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">All self-contradictory articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-contradictory_articles_from_December_2015" title="Category:Self-contradictory articles from December 2015">Self-contradictory articles from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2015">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_October_2009" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2009">Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from March 2021">Articles with failed verification from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_January_2014" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2014">Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2014" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2014">Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_December_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2019">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link is on Wikidata">Commons link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 February 2025, at 09:07 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_debris&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Space debris</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 59 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-84559f4bd5-ctzrl","wgBackendResponseTime":350,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.644","walltime":"3.086","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37013,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1090987,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":198819,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":36,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":814116,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2427.067 1 -total"," 42.41% 1029.398 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.91% 677.371 19 Template:Navbox"," 19.21% 466.346 1 Template:Navboxes"," 15.38% 373.366 1 Template:Politics_of_outer_space"," 13.14% 318.834 86 Template:Cite_web"," 8.53% 206.985 36 Template:Cite_news"," 8.32% 201.998 37 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.38% 179.171 1 Template:Public-sector_space_agencies"," 6.31% 153.147 104 Template:Flag_decoration"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.391","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25292347,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdimurthyaGaneshanb2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkahoshi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlderson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnselmoPardini2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBergin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrady2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownHarris2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlssonSandström2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaddha2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChavezPokharel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChowWeeden2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristiansenHydenBernhard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoase1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommittee_for_the_Assessment_of_NASA\u0026#039;s_Orbital_Debris_Programs2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_K._Monroe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevlin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglertBaysMarrBrown2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstableTelaarLangeAhrns2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoust2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoust2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFoust2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFoust2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoxe,_SteveEdgar,_SeanThe_Paste_Comics_Crew2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleghorn1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGough\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruss2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington,_Rebecca2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeyneBoettkePrychitko2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHootsSchumacherGlover2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHydeChristiansenLear2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessica2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson-FreeseWeeden2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKaiser2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaushalArora2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessler1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessler1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessler1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessler2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKesslerAnz-Meador2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKesslerCour-Palais1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilicpublished2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlinkrad\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlinkrad2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlotz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKooser\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambachWesel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrenceRawlsJahBoley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard_David2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiou2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiou2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoftus1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarks2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Wall2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoorevan_Burken2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorinRichard2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuñoz-Patchen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNASA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmanWilliamson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthfield2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNwankwoDenigChakrabartiAjakaiye2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOreshenkov2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPantaleo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRalph2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResearch_and_Markets2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin_Biesbroek2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoppolo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaubSternovsky2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchefter1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchildknechtMusciFluryKuusela2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidler2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheetz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha-Roy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkinner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmirnov2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStricklandHunt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT.S._Kelso,_CelesTrak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbert2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTellis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson,_Iain2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTufte2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWall2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWertzEverettPuschell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiedemann2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiedemannOswaldStabrothKlinkrad2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Selding2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Selding2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Selding2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Selding2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_HaHechler1981\"] = 1,\n [\"Debris_at_higher_altitudes\"] = 1,\n [\"Debris_from_and_as_a_weapon\"] = 1,\n [\"Debris_in_LEO\"] = 1,\n [\"Hazard_on_Earth\"] = 1,\n [\"Kessler_Syndrome\"] = 1,\n [\"Large_vs._small\"] = 1,\n [\"Operational_aspects\"] = 1,\n [\"Sources_of_debris\"] = 1,\n [\"Threat_to_crewed_spacecraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Threat_to_uncrewed_spacecraft\"] = 1,\n [\"neumann\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"'\"] = 3,\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 11,\n [\"As of\"] = 15,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite newsletter\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 86,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 5,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Contradictory inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 45,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 8,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Inspace\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Main category\"] = 4,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"OV\"] = 3,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Planetary rings\"] = 1,\n [\"Politics of outer space\"] = 1,\n [\"Pollution\"] = 1,\n [\"Pollution sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 15,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small Solar System bodies\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 21,\n [\"Tooltip\"] = 1,\n [\"USD\"] = 1,\n [\"Update after\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 59,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","220","14.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","10.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","6.6"],["(for generator)","80","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","2.6"],["is_set \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:23\u003E","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","40","2.6"],["[others]","500","32.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84559f4bd5-cljpt","timestamp":"20250402142030","ttl":34786,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Space debris","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_debris","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q275450","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q275450","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-13T08:18:39Z","dateModified":"2025-02-20T09:07:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/79\/Space_sustainability_urgency_in_earth_orbits_black.png","headline":"defunct artificial object or collection of such objects in space"}</script> </body> </html>