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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches_de_la_phonétique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Branches de la phonétique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Branches_de_la_phonétique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Branches de la phonétique</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Branches_de_la_phonétique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Branches_de_la_phonétique_générale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches_de_la_phonétique_générale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Branches de la phonétique générale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches_de_la_phonétique_générale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_phonétique_neurophysiologique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_phonétique_neurophysiologique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>La phonétique neurophysiologique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_phonétique_neurophysiologique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_phonétique_articulatoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_phonétique_articulatoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>La phonétique articulatoire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_phonétique_articulatoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_phonétique_acoustique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_phonétique_acoustique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>La phonétique acoustique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_phonétique_acoustique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_phonétique_auditive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_phonétique_auditive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>La phonétique auditive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_phonétique_auditive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches_de_la_phonétique_de_langues_concrètes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches_de_la_phonétique_de_langues_concrètes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Branches de la phonétique de langues concrètes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches_de_la_phonétique_de_langues_concrètes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_phonotaxe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_phonotaxe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>La phonotaxe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_phonotaxe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_transcription_phonétique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_transcription_phonétique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>La transcription phonétique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_transcription_phonétique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_de_la_phonétique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_de_la_phonétique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications de la phonétique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_de_la_phonétique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Annexes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Annexes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phonétique</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 122 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetiek" title="Fonetiek – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fonetiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetik" title="Phonetik – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Phonetik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetica" title="Fonetica – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fonetica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="صوتيات (لسانيات) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوتيات (لسانيات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞান – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9tica" title="Fonética – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fonética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фанетыка – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фанетыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фанэтыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фанэтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fonetik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A8tica" title="Fonètica – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fonètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-%C4%ADng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Ngṳ̄-ĭng-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngṳ̄-ĭng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponetika" title="Ponetika – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ponetika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C)" title="دەنگناسی (زمانەوانی) – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەنگناسی (زمانەوانی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%A1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фѡнитїка – slavon d’église" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Фѡнитїка" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavon d’église" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seineg" title="Seineg – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seineg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fonetik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetik" title="Phonetik – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phonetik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik – dusun central" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Fonetik" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="dusun central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Φωνητική – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωνητική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phonetics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetiko" title="Fonetiko – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fonetiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9tica" title="Fonética – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fonética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneetika" title="Foneetika – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Foneetika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آواشناسی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آواشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetiikka" title="Fonetiikka – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fonetiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3%C3%B0fr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Ljóðfrøði – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ljóðfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetyk" title="Fonetyk – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fonetyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9tica" title="Fonética – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fonética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheeanaghtys" title="Sheeanaghtys – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sheeanaghtys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פונטיקה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פונטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="स्वनविज्ञान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वनविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – haut-sorabe" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="haut-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fonetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հնչյունաբանություն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնչյունաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetica" title="Phonetica – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Phonetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fonetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – ingouche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingouche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetiko" title="Fonetiko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fonetiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlj%C3%B3%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hljóðfræði – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hljóðfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetica" title="Fonetica – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fonetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="音声学 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音声学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/voksnaske" title="voksnaske – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="voksnaske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9tik" title="Fonétik – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fonétik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ფონეტიკა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფონეტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%84%B1%ED%95%99" title="음성학 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음성학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengan%C3%AE" title="Denganî – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Denganî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetica" title="Phonetica – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phonetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneetik" title="Phoneetik – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Phoneetik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetica" title="Fonetica – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fonetica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetiek" title="Fonetiek – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fonetiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funetica" title="Funetica – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Funetica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C4%93tika" title="Fonētika – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fonētika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Фонетикась – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Фонетикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B4netika" title="Fônetika – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fônetika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%B1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Йӱклончыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йӱклончыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സ്വനവിജ്ഞാനം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വനവിജ്ഞാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fonetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="သဒ္ဒဗေဒ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သဒ္ဒဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetiek" title="Fonetiek – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fonetiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetikk" title="Fonetikk – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fonetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetikk" title="Fonetikk – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fonetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetike" title="Fonetike – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Fonetike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8D%DF%B2%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%98%DF%90%DF%A6%DF%8A" title="ߡߍ߲ߞߊ߲ߟߐ߲ߘߐߦߊ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߍ߲ߞߊ߲ߟߐ߲ߘߐߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetica" title="Fonetica – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fonetica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਧੁਨੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧੁਨੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9tika" title="Fonétika – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Fonétika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetyka" title="Fonetyka – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fonetyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="علم صوت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="علم صوت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="اوازپوهنه – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوازپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9tica" title="Fonética – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fonética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetic%C4%83" title="Fonetică – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fonetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun%C3%A8tica" title="Funètica – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funètica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phonetics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetik" title="Phonetik – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Phonetik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fonetik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetiki" title="Fonetiki – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fonetiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஒலியியல் (மொழியியல்) – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒலியியல் (மொழியியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Овошиносӣ – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Овошиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สัทศาสตร์ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัทศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palabigkasan" title="Palabigkasan – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palabigkasan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ses_bilgisi" title="Ses bilgisi – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ses bilgisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knklaan_hengak" title="Knklaan hengak – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Knklaan hengak" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фонетика – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фонетика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="صوتیات – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صوتیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A8tega" title="Fonètega – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fonètega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik – vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fonetik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_%C3%A2m_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ngữ âm học – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ âm học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fonetika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="语音学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="语音学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifonetiki" title="Ifonetiki – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ifonetiki" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="פאנעטיק – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאנעטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ – amazighe standard marocain" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazighe standard marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="语音学 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="语音学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="音聲學 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="音聲學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="語音學 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語音學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifonetiki" title="Ifonetiki – zoulou" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ifonetiki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zoulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/20px-Confusion_colour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/30px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/40px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Ne doit pas être confondu avec <a href="/wiki/Phonologie" title="Phonologie">Phonologie</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"><div class="entete" style="background-color:#2B4B8D;color:#FFF"><div>Phonétique</div></div><div><div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg&lang=fr" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg/langfr-260px-Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg/langfr-390px-Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg/langfr-520px-Phoneme-allophone-determination-chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div><div class="legend">Procédure phonétique déterminant si deux sons représentent les mêmes <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A8me" title="Phonème">phonèmes</a> ou des phonèmes différents.</div></div><table><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">Partie de</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p279"><a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">Linguistique</a>, phonétique et science du langage <small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110761784" class="extiw" title="d:Q110761784"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l'élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35395?uselang=fr#P279" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Pratiqué par</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p3095">Phonéticien ou phonéticienne <small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47491160" class="extiw" title="d:Q47491160"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l'élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35395?uselang=fr#P3095" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar noprint bordered navigation-not-searchable" style="border-top:1px solid #2B4B8D"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35395" class="extiw" title="d:Q35395">modifier Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Discipline" title="Documentation du modèle"><img alt="Documentation du modèle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></p></div> <p>La <b>phonétique</b> est une branche de la <a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">linguistique</a> qui étudie les <a href="/wiki/Phone_(linguistique)" title="Phone (linguistique)">phones</a> (les sons) en tant que plus petits segments de la <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a>, du point de vue <a href="/wiki/Physique" title="Physique">physique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiologie" title="Physiologie">physiologique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiologie" title="Neurophysiologie">neurophysiologique</a> et <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychologie" title="Neuropsychologie">neuropsychologique</a>, c’est-à-dire de leur production, transmission, <a href="/wiki/Audition_humaine" title="Audition humaine">audition</a> et évolution dans le processus de <a href="/wiki/Communication_humaine" title="Communication humaine">communication humaine</a> par la <a href="/wiki/Langue" title="Langue">langue</a>, en utilisant des moyens spécifiques pour leur description, classification et transcription<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_361_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_361-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_895_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann_895-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-crystal_363_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal_363-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-bidu_205_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidu_205-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-kalman_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalman-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-nadasdy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nadasdy-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-jaszo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaszo-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Certains auteurs incluent dans l’objet de la phonétique les <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_suprasegmentale" title="Unité suprasegmentale">traits suprasegmentaux</a> de la parole (<a href="/wiki/Accent_tonique" title="Accent tonique">accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intonation_prosodique" title="Intonation prosodique">intonation</a>, etc.), dont s’occupe, dans cette vision, l’une de ses branches, la phonétique suprasegmentale, plus connue sous le nom de « <a href="/wiki/Prosodie_(linguistique)" title="Prosodie (linguistique)">prosodie</a> »<sup id="cite_ref-bidu_205_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidu_205-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-jaszo_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaszo-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L’étude des traits suprasegmentaux est l’un des aspects par lesquels la phonétique dépasse le niveau élémentaire constitué par le son. Elle le fait également en étudiant les influences entre sons (<a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phon%C3%A9tique)" title="Assimilation (phonétique)">assimilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">dissimilation</a>, etc.) ou la formation des <a href="/wiki/Syllabe" title="Syllabe">syllabes</a><sup id="cite_ref-jaszo_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaszo-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Par phonétique on entend aussi, parfois, celui des domaines d’une langue qui inclut ses sons et ses traits prosodiques, à côté de sa <a href="/wiki/Grammaire" title="Grammaire">grammaire</a> et de son <a href="/wiki/Lexique" title="Lexique">lexique</a><sup id="cite_ref-bidu_205_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidu_205-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L’objet de la phonétique fut précisé lors de l’apparition d’une discipline apparentée, la <a href="/wiki/Phonologie" title="Phonologie">phonologie</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, appelée aussi « phonétique fonctionnelle », qui distingue les <a href="/wiki/Phone_(linguistique)" title="Phone (linguistique)">phones</a> des <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A8me" title="Phonème">phonèmes</a>. La phonétique étudie la partie matérielle des sons et des traits suprasegmentaux, toute la variété de leurs réalisations concrètes, conditionnées individuellement ou par leur position, indépendamment de leur fonction de communication et du niveau structurel auquel ils apparaissent (<a href="/wiki/Mot" title="Mot">mot</a>, limite entre mots, <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a>, etc.), en excluant donc le rapport entre les sons et les traits suprasegmentaux, d’une part, et leur signification linguistique, de l’autre. En revanche, la phonologie s’en occupe dans une perspective fonctionnelle, celle de distinguer des significations, les phonèmes étant des invariants, des représentations abstraites de sons qui constituent leurs variantes, appelées <a href="/wiki/Allophone_(phonologie)" title="Allophone (phonologie)">allophones</a><sup id="cite_ref-dubois_361_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_361-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-bidu_205_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidu_205-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-jaszo_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaszo-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Comme la linguistique, la phonétique peut être générale ou celle d’une certaine langue<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_361_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_361-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-crystal_363_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal_363-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-bidu_205_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidu_205-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, cette dernière étant parfois nommée « phonétique appliquée »<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_361_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_361-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Méthodes_de_la_phonétique"><span id="M.C3.A9thodes_de_la_phon.C3.A9tique"></span>Méthodes de la phonétique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Méthodes de la phonétique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Méthodes de la phonétique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quant à ses débuts, on peut parler d’une phonétique élémentaire, méthode par laquelle les sons étaient étudiés uniquement sur la base de ce qu’une <a href="/wiki/Oreille" title="Oreille">oreille</a> humaine entraînée est capable de distinguer. Cette approche, qui ne pouvait être que subjective, fut dépassée ultérieurement par la méthode objective de la phonétique expérimentale, appelée aussi instrumentale<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-jaszo_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaszo-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ses bases furent jetées à la fin du <a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> par l’<a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9" title="Abbé">abbé</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rousselot" title="Jean-Pierre Rousselot">Jean-Pierre Rousselot</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les méthodes se sont développées grâce aux progrès <a href="/wiki/Technique" title="Technique">techniques</a>. À partir des <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1930" title="Années 1930">années 1930</a> on a employé des appareils <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectroacoustique" title="Électroacoustique">électroacoustiques</a>, ensuite <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectronique_(technique)" title="Électronique (technique)">électroniques</a>, d’<a href="/wiki/Enregistrement_sonore" title="Enregistrement sonore">enregistrement</a> et d’analyse<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À la suite du développement impétueux de la technique et surtout de l’<a href="/wiki/Informatique" title="Informatique">informatique</a>, la recherche de la production et de la perception de la parole a considérablement avancé<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_6-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-+1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-+1-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-jaszo_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaszo-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches_de_la_phonétique"><span id="Branches_de_la_phon.C3.A9tique"></span>Branches de la phonétique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Branches de la phonétique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Branches de la phonétique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les sons pouvant être étudiés de nombreux points de vue (production, transmission, audition, évolution, etc.), il s’est formé dans le cadre de la phonétique autant de branches qui s’occupent de ces aspects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branches_de_la_phonétique_générale"><span id="Branches_de_la_phon.C3.A9tique_g.C3.A9n.C3.A9rale"></span>Branches de la phonétique générale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Branches de la phonétique générale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Branches de la phonétique générale"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La phonétique générale est liée à plusieurs <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a>. Elle est en relation avec la <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiologie" title="Neurophysiologie">neurophysiologie</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychologie" title="Neuropsychologie">neuropsychologie</a> par le fait que la production des sons est anticipée par des processus ayant lieu dans le <a href="/wiki/Cerveau" title="Cerveau">cerveau</a>, et leur décodage est conditionné par des processus du même genre. Leur production et réception est le fait d’organes spécifiques. L’<a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomie</a> contribue à leur description et la <a href="/wiki/Physiologie" title="Physiologie">physiologie</a> à leur fonctionnement. Par leurs caractéristiques physiques, les sons font aussi l’objet de l’<a href="/wiki/Acoustique" title="Acoustique">acoustique</a><sup id="cite_ref-nadasdy_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nadasdy-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et l’informatique aussi contribue à leur recherche<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_6-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-jaszo_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaszo-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_phonétique_neurophysiologique"><span id="La_phon.C3.A9tique_neurophysiologique"></span>La phonétique neurophysiologique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : La phonétique neurophysiologique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La phonétique neurophysiologique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cette branche relativement peu développée cherche à décrire les mécanismes cérébraux de l’encodage et du décodage de la parole chez le sujet parlant en tant qu’émetteur et en tant que récepteur<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_361_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_361-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_phonétique_articulatoire"><span id="La_phon.C3.A9tique_articulatoire"></span>La phonétique articulatoire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : La phonétique articulatoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La phonétique articulatoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique_articulatoire" title="Phonétique articulatoire">Phonétique articulatoire</a>.</div></div> <p>Cette branche de la phonétique est parmi les plus anciennes, ses éléments se trouvant déjà dans la linguistique de l’<a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9" title="Antiquité">antique</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elle est liée à l’anatomie et à la physiologie, étant aussi appelée « phonétique physiologique ». Elle étudie le fonctionnement des organes de la parole pour articuler les sons<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_phonétique_acoustique"><span id="La_phon.C3.A9tique_acoustique"></span>La phonétique acoustique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : La phonétique acoustique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La phonétique acoustique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique_acoustique" title="Phonétique acoustique">Phonétique acoustique</a>.</div></div> <p>La phonétique acoustique étudie les propriétés physiques des sons de la parole en tant que <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibrations</a>, à savoir leur <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9quence" title="Fréquence">fréquence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a>, durée et <a href="/wiki/Intensit%C3%A9_acoustique" title="Intensité acoustique">intensité</a> au cours de leur transmission du locuteur à l’auditeur. Cette branche utilise avec prédilection les moyens électroniques d’enregistrement, d’analyse, de production, d’amplification, de transfert et de reproduction des sons<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_6_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_6-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-+1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-+1-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_phonétique_auditive"><span id="La_phon.C3.A9tique_auditive"></span>La phonétique auditive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : La phonétique auditive" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La phonétique auditive"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique_auditive" title="Phonétique auditive">Phonétique auditive</a>.</div></div> <p>Cette branche de la phonétique s’occupe de la perception, de la différenciation, du décodage et de la catégorisation des sons de la parole en tant que phénomènes concernés par l’<a href="/wiki/Oreille" title="Oreille">oreille</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Nerf_auditif" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerf auditif">nerf auditif</a> et le cerveau, impliquant donc l’anatomie, la physiologie, la neurophysiologie et la neuropsychologie<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-kalman_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalman-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branches_de_la_phonétique_de_langues_concrètes"><span id="Branches_de_la_phon.C3.A9tique_de_langues_concr.C3.A8tes"></span>Branches de la phonétique de langues concrètes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Branches de la phonétique de langues concrètes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Branches de la phonétique de langues concrètes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dans le cadre de la linguistique qui s’occupe d’une langue donnée, la phonétique étudie ses sons et ses traits suprasegmentaux, dans une perspective <a href="/wiki/Synchronie_et_diachronie" title="Synchronie et diachronie">synchronique ou diachronique</a>. Elle étudie aussi les influences entre sons à l’intérieur des mots et au contact entre ceux-ci. L’étude phonétique peut également s’étendre à deux ou plusieurs langues. </p><p><b>La phonétique descriptive</b> est synchronique. Elle décrit et classifie les sons d’une certaine langue dans une période déterminée<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_361_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_361-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><b>La phonétique <a href="/wiki/Syntaxe" title="Syntaxe">syntaxique</a></b> a pour objet les influences entre sons au contact entre mots qui constituent un <a href="/wiki/Syntagme" title="Syntagme">syntagme</a>, comme l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lision" title="Élision">élision</a> ou la <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(linguistique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaison (linguistique)">liaison</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Français">français</a><sup id="cite_ref-bidu_205_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidu_205-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ex. <i>enfants</i> [ɑ̃fɑ̃] vs <i>enfants adorés</i> [ɑ̃fɑ̃<b>z</b>adɔre]<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><b>La <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique_historique" title="Phonétique historique">phonétique historique</a></b> est diachronique. Elle s’occupe de l’évolution des sons d’une langue au cours du temps<sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-dubois_361_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_361-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ses représentants les plus notables furent les linguistes <a href="/wiki/Allemands" title="Allemands">allemand</a> <a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a> (<a href="/wiki/1821" title="1821">1821</a>-<a href="/wiki/1868" title="1868">1868</a>) et <a href="/wiki/Russes" title="Russes">russe</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipp_Fortunatov" title="Filipp Fortunatov">Filipp Fortunatov</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>-<a href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><b>La phonétique comparée</b> étudie l’évolution parallèle des sons dans plusieurs langues apparentées. Elle est apparue en même temps que la phonétique historique et en étroite liaison avec celle-ci, les deux se supposant et se complétant réciproquement<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_361_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_361-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_phonotaxe">La phonotaxe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : La phonotaxe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La phonotaxe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Phonotaxe" title="Phonotaxe">Phonotaxe</a>.</div></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Phonotaxe" title="Phonotaxe">phonotaxe</a> ou phonotactique tient aussi bien de la phonétique, que de la phonologie d’une langue donnée. Elle étudie les séquences de sons (du point de vue de la phonétique), respectivement de phonèmes (du point de vue de la phonologie) pouvant exister dans cette langue, c’est-à-dire quels sons peuvent apparaître et dans quelles positions dans la langue en cause (par exemple structures possibles de syllabes, séquences de <a href="/wiki/Consonne" title="Consonne">consonnes</a>). Ces possibilités et les restrictions qu’elles impliquent constituent les règles phonotactiques de la langue<sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-crystal_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_transcription_phonétique"><span id="La_transcription_phon.C3.A9tique"></span>La transcription phonétique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : La transcription phonétique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La transcription phonétique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avant de pouvoir enregistrer la parole, les phonéticiens ont eu besoin de la noter par écrit le plus fidèlement possible, nécessité qui est restée actuelle. Il a existé et il existe plusieurs systèmes de <a href="/wiki/Transcription_phon%C3%A9tique" title="Transcription phonétique">transcription phonétique</a>, certains spécifiques pour telle ou telle langue, d’autres généraux. Les plus nombreux sont fondés sur les <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a> courants, parfois en combinant plusieurs, par exemple le <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin">latin</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_grec" title="Alphabet grec">grec</a> ou d’autres, usant de <a href="/wiki/Signe_diacritique" class="mw-redirect" title="Signe diacritique">signes diacritiques</a> aussi. Il y a également des systèmes non alphabétiques, par exemple celui d’<a href="/wiki/Otto_Jespersen" title="Otto Jespersen">Otto Jespersen</a>, qui rendent les sons par des <a href="/wiki/Formule_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Formule (mathématiques)">formules</a> représentant leurs traits articulatoires<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Au <a href="/wiki/XXIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XXIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> on utilise couramment, surtout dans les ouvrages de phonétique générale et de phonétique de langues concrètes destinés à une audience internationale, l’<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international">alphabet phonétique international</a><sup id="cite_ref-jaszo_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaszo-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, basé principalement sur l’alphabet latin, contenant aussi des <a href="/wiki/Lettre_(alphabet)" title="Lettre (alphabet)">lettres</a> grecques, des signes spéciaux, certains dérivés de lettres (par exemple des lettres renversées), des signes diacritiques et des signes pour noter le caractère long ou bref des sons, la limite entre syllabes, la place de l’accent, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_de_la_phonétique"><span id="Applications_de_la_phon.C3.A9tique"></span>Applications de la phonétique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Applications de la phonétique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Applications de la phonétique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La phonétique présente de l’intérêt non seulement pour la linguistique, mais elle est aussi appliquée dans de nombreux domaines de la vie. Tels sont la <a href="/wiki/Logop%C3%A9die" class="mw-redirect" title="Logopédie">logopédie</a>, l’enseignement pour les <a href="/wiki/Surdit%C3%A9" title="Surdité">sourds</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Enqu%C3%AAte_de_police" title="Enquête de police">enquêtes de police</a>, l’enseignement des <a href="/wiki/Acteur" title="Acteur">acteurs</a>, l’analyse des œuvres <a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Littérature">littéraires</a> du point de vue auditif, la <a href="/wiki/Synth%C3%A8se_vocale" title="Synthèse vocale">synthèse vocale</a> (par exemple pour sonoriser l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture" title="Écriture">écriture</a> à l’intention des <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cit%C3%A9" title="Cécité">aveugles</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-nadasdy_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nadasdy-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, la <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%A9torique" title="Rhétorique">rhétorique</a> (l’effet des sons dans les <a href="/wiki/Discours" title="Discours">discours</a>), la <a href="/wiki/Stylistique" title="Stylistique">stylistique</a> (l’expressivité des sons), l’enseignement des <a href="/wiki/Langue_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re" title="Langue étrangère">langues étrangères</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Phoniatrie" title="Phoniatrie">phoniatrie</a> (traitement des troubles de la parole), la production des <a href="/wiki/Audioproth%C3%A8se" title="Audioprothèse">audioprothèses</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-jaszo_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaszo-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dubois_361-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dubois_361_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_361_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_361_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_361_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_361_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_361_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_361_1-6">g</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_361_1-7">h</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dubois_2002">Dubois 2002</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bussmann_895-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_895_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bussmann_1998">Bussmann 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 895.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crystal_363-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crystal_363_3-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_363_3-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crystal_2008">Crystal 2008</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 363-364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bidu_205-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bidu_205_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bidu_205_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bidu_205_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bidu_205_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bidu_205_4-4">e</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-bidu_205_4-5">f</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bidu-Vrănceanu_1997">Bidu-Vrănceanu 1997</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 205-206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-5">f</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-6">g</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Constantinescu-Dobridor_1998">Constantinescu-Dobridor 1998</a>, article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie-dtl/fonetic%C4%83"><b>fonetică</b></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalman-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kalman_6-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-kalman_6-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kálmán_et_Trón_2007">Kálmán et Trón 2007</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nadasdy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nadasdy_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nadasdy_7-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-nadasdy_7-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nádasdy_2006">Nádasdy 2006</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jaszo-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jaszo_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaszo_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaszo_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaszo_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaszo_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaszo_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaszo_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaszo_8-7">h</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-jaszo_8-8">i</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#A._Jászó_2007">A. Jászó 2007</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 73-85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crystal_2008">Crystal 2008</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Par l’ouvrage <i>Grundzüge der Phonologie</i> (Principes de phonologie), <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Nikola%C3%AF_Sergue%C3%AFevitch_Troubetsko%C3%AF" title="Nikolaï Sergueïevitch Troubetskoï">Nikolaï Sergueïevitch Troubetskoï</a> (<a href="#Constantinescu-Dobridor_1998">Constantinescu-Dobridor 1998</a>, article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie-dtl/fonetic%C4%83"><b>fonetică</b></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bussmann_1998">Bussmann 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Par son ouvrage <i>Principes de phonétique expérimentale</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> vol. (1897-1901) et <abbr class="abbr" title="Second">2<sup>d</sup></abbr> vol. (1901-1908), Paris – Leipzig, Welter (<a href="#Constantinescu-Dobridor_1998">Constantinescu-Dobridor 1998</a>, article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie-dtl/fonetic%C4%83"><b>fonetică</b></a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bussmann_1998">Bussmann 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 12 et 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dubois_6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dubois_6_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_6_14-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_6_14-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dubois_2002">Dubois 2002</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-+1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-+1_15-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-+1_15-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bussmann_1998">Bussmann 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dubois_2002">Dubois 2002</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crystal_2008">Crystal 2008</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 36-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bussmann_1998">Bussmann 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dubois_2002">Dubois 2002</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bussmann-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_20-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bussmann_1998">Bussmann 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 901.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crystal-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-crystal_21-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Crystal_2008">Crystal 2008</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 366-367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kálmán_et_Trón_2007">Kálmán et Trón 2007</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 15 et 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bidu-Vrănceanu_1997">Bidu-Vrănceanu 1997</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bussmann_1998">Bussmann 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 894.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="A._Jászó_2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : hongrois">(hu)</abbr> A. Jászó, Anna (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique" lang="hu">A magyar nyelv könyve</cite> [« Le livre de la langue hongroise »], Budapest, Trezor, <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="huitième">8<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 851 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-963-8144-19-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-963-8144-19-5"><span class="nowrap">978-963-8144-19-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.scribd.com/doc/125463345/A-magyar-nyelv-konyve#scribd">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+magyar+nyelv+k%C3%B6nyve&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Trezor&rft.edition=8&rft.au=A.+J%C3%A1sz%C3%B3%2C+Anna&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=851&rft.isbn=978-963-8144-19-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APhon%C3%A9tique"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bidu-Vrănceanu_1997"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : roumain">(ro)</abbr> Bidu-Vrănceanu, Angela <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, <cite class="italique" lang="ro">Dicționar general de științe. Științe ale limbii</cite> [« Dictionnaire général des sciences. Sciences de la langue »], Bucarest, Editura științifică, <time>1997</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/973-44-0229-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/973-44-0229-3"><span class="nowrap">973-44-0229-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10986209/87525919-DSL-Dictionar-de-Stiinte-Ale-Limbii">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dic%C8%9Bionar+general+de+%C8%99tiin%C8%9Be.+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be+ale+limbii&rft.place=Bucarest&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83&rft.au=Bidu-Vr%C4%83nceanu%2C+Angela&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=973-44-0229-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APhon%C3%A9tique"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bussmann_1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Bussmann, Hadumod (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique" lang="en">Dictionary of Language and Linguistics</cite> [« Dictionnaire de la langue et de la linguistique »], Londres – New York, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time>1998</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-203-98005-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-203-98005-0"><span class="nowrap">0-203-98005-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/142124/Routledge_Dictionary_of_Language_and_Linguistics.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.place=Londres+%E2%80%93+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.au=Bussmann%2C+Hadumod&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-203-98005-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APhon%C3%A9tique"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Constantinescu-Dobridor_1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : roumain">(ro)</abbr> Constantinescu-Dobridor, Gheorghe, <cite class="italique" lang="ro">Dicționar de termeni lingvistici</cite> [« Dictionnaire de termes linguistiques »] (DTL), Bucarest, Teora, <time>1998</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(sur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/">Dexonline.ro</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dic%C8%9Bionar+de+termeni+lingvistici&rft.place=Bucarest&rft.pub=Teora&rft.au=Constantinescu-Dobridor%2C+Gheorghe&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APhon%C3%A9tique"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Crystal_2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Crystal, David, <cite class="italique" lang="en">A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics</cite> [« Dictionnaire de linguistique et de phonétique »], Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 529 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4051-5296-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4051-5296-9"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4051-5296-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110120458/https://anekawarnapendidikan.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/a-dictionary-of-linguistics-and-phonetics-by-david-christal.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Linguistics+and+Phonetics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.edition=4&rft.au=Crystal%2C+David&rft.date=2008&rft.tpages=529&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5296-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APhon%C3%A9tique"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Dubois_2002"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubois_(linguiste)" title="Jean Dubois (linguiste)">Dubois, Jean</a> <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire de linguistique</cite>, Paris, Larousse-Bordas/VUEF, <time>2002</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DictionnaireDeLinguistiqueDubois/mode/2up">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+linguistique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Larousse-Bordas%2FVUEF&rft.au=Dubois%2C+Jean&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APhon%C3%A9tique"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Kálmán_et_Trón_2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : hongrois">(hu)</abbr> Kálmán, László et Trón, Viktor, <cite class="italique" lang="hu">Bevezetés a nyelvtudományba</cite> [« Introduction à la linguistique »], Budapest, Tinta, <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 189 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-963-7094-65-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-963-7094-65-1"><span class="nowrap">978-963-7094-65-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.szepejudit.hu/kalman_tron_bevezetes.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bevezet%C3%A9s+a+nyelvtudom%C3%A1nyba&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Tinta&rft.edition=2&rft.au=K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=Tr%C3%B3n%2C+Viktor&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=189&rft.isbn=978-963-7094-65-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APhon%C3%A9tique"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Nádasdy_2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : hongrois">(hu)</abbr> Nádasdy, Ádám, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="hu">« 1. fejezet – A nyelvészet és területei »</cite>, dans Kiefer, Ferenc (dir.), <cite class="italique" lang="hu">Magyar nyelv</cite> [« Langue hongroise »], Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, <time>2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/963-05-8324-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/963-05-8324-0"><span class="nowrap">963-05-8324-0</span></a>, sur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/2011_0001_536_MagyarNyelv/adatok.html">Digitális Tankönyvtár</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">5-13</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Magyar+nyelv&rft.atitle=1.+fejezet+%E2%80%93+A+nyelv%C3%A9szet+%C3%A9s+ter%C3%BCletei&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.au=N%C3%A1dasdy%2C+%C3%81d%C3%A1m&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=5-13&rft.isbn=963-05-8324-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APhon%C3%A9tique"></span></span> (PDF à télécharger)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Annexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/phon%C3%A9tique" class="extiw" title="wikt:phonétique">phonétique</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span> (<a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9saurus:phon%C3%A9tique/fran%C3%A7ais" class="extiw" title="wikt:Thésaurus:phonétique/français">thésaurus</a>)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international">Alphabet phonétique international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternance_phon%C3%A9tique" title="Alternance phonétique">Alternance phonétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_modifications_phon%C3%A9tiques" title="Liste des modifications phonétiques">Liste des modifications phonétiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modification_phon%C3%A9tique" title="Modification phonétique">Modification phonétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_(linguistique)" title="Phone (linguistique)">Phone (linguistique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique_acoustique" title="Phonétique acoustique">Phonétique acoustique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique_articulatoire" title="Phonétique articulatoire">Phonétique articulatoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique_historique" title="Phonétique historique">Phonétique historique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonologie" title="Phonologie">Phonologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotaxe" title="Phonotaxe">Phonotaxe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon%C3%A9tique&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phonetique.uqam.ca">Laboratoire de Phonétique de l’Université du Québec à Montréal</a> (consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-08-01" data-sort-value="2020-08-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> août 2020</time>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phonetique.info">Site du Laboratoire de Sciences Phonétiques de l’Université de Montréal</a> (consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-08-01" data-sort-value="2020-08-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> août 2020</time>)</li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Linguistique" title="Portail de la linguistique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/24px-Logo_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/36px-Logo_language.svg.png 1.5x, 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