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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Predecessor_to_the_Bell_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessor_to_the_Bell_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Predecessor to the Bell Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessor_to_the_Bell_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earliest_division_of_Bell_Company_shares_and_corporate_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_division_of_Bell_Company_shares_and_corporate_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Earliest division of Bell Company shares and corporate evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_division_of_Bell_Company_shares_and_corporate_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_promotional_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_promotional_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early promotional success</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_promotional_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Worldwide expansion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worldwide_expansion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worldwide expansion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divestiture_of_most_international_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divestiture_of_most_international_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Divestiture of most international divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divestiture_of_most_international_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisition_by_AT&T" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_by_AT&T"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Acquisition by AT&T</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_by_AT&T-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials_to_Bell's_invention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials_to_Bell's_invention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Memorials to Bell's invention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials_to_Bell's_invention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bell Telephone (disambiguation)">Bell Telephone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bell Telephone Company</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_System_hires_1889_logo.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bell_System_hires_1889_logo.PNG/110px-Bell_System_hires_1889_logo.PNG" decoding="async" width="110" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bell_System_hires_1889_logo.PNG/165px-Bell_System_hires_1889_logo.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bell_System_hires_1889_logo.PNG/220px-Bell_System_hires_1889_logo.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="1362" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunications</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">July 9, 1877<span class="noprint">; 147 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1877-07-09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner G. Hubbard</a><sup id="cite_ref-robertbrucebook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertbrucebook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thomas Sanders<sup id="cite_ref-robertbrucebook_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertbrucebook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1899</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Merged assets with <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone and Telegraph Company">AT&T</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bell Telephone Company</b> was the initial corporate entity from which the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a> originated to build a continental conglomerate and monopoly in <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> services in the United States and Canada. </p><p>The company was organized in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, on July 9, 1877, by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>'s father-in-law <a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock company</a>, the Bell Telephone Company was started on the basis of holding "potentially valuable <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>", principally Bell's master <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> patent #174465.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon inception, Hubbard was installed as trustee, although he was additionally the company's <i>de facto</i> president, since he also controlled his daughter's shares by <a href="/wiki/Power_of_attorney" title="Power of attorney">power of attorney</a>. Thomas Sanders, its principal financial backer, was treasurer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubbard also organize the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" title="New England Telephone and Telegraph Company">New England Telephone and Telegraph Company</a>, the first local operating company to offer service using Bell's telephone. </p><p>Bell Telephone and New England Telephone merged on February 17, 1879, to form two new entities, the <b>National Bell Telephone Company</b> of Boston, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Bell_Telephone_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">International Bell Telephone Company</a>. International Bell became headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman-2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler-_Adam_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-_Adam-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Vail" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Vail">Theodore Vail</a> took over its operations, becoming a central figure in its rapid growth and commercial success. </p><p>The National Bell Telephone Company merged with American Speaking Telephone Company on March 20, 1880, to form the <b>American Bell Telephone Company</b>, also of Boston, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Bell Telephone Company evolved into the <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone and Telegraph Company">American Telephone and Telegraph Company</a> (AT&T), one of the largest telecommunications companies in the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessor_to_the_Bell_Company">Predecessor to the Bell Company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Predecessor to the Bell Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg/220px-USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg/330px-USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/USPTO_Telephone_Patent_No._174465.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>The master telephone patent (174465), granted March 7, 1876</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Bell Patent Association</b> (February 27, 1875 – July 9, 1877, a name later assigned by historians),<sup id="cite_ref-Galambos_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galambos-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was not a corporate entity but a <a href="/wiki/Trusteeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Trusteeship">trusteeship</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnership</a>. It was established verbally in 1874 to be the holders of the patents produced by Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas Watson</a>. </p><p>Approximately one-third of these interests were at first held by <a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a>, a lawyer and Bell's future father-in-law; Thomas Sanders, the well-to-do leather merchant father of one of Bell's deaf students (and who was the first to enter into an agreement with Bell);<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally by Alexander Graham Bell. Hubbard later registered some of his shares with two other family members. An approximate 10% interest of the patent association was later assigned by its principals to Bell's technical assistant Thomas Watson, in lieu of salary and for his earlier financial support to Bell while they worked together creating their first functional telephones. </p><p>The verbal patent association agreement was formalized in a memorandum of agreement on February 27, 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patent association's assets became the foundational assets of the Bell Telephone Company.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earliest_division_of_Bell_Company_shares_and_corporate_evolution">Earliest division of Bell Company shares and corporate evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earliest division of Bell Company shares and corporate evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard,_LCCN2010645713_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="an elderly man with a long beard is seated on a veranda." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard%2C_LCCN2010645713_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard%2C_LCCN2010645713_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard%2C_LCCN2010645713_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard%2C_LCCN2010645713_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard%2C_LCCN2010645713_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard%2C_LCCN2010645713_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2991" data-file-height="4512" /></a><figcaption>Gardiner Greene Hubbard, first president and a trustee of the Bell Telephone Company, and father-in-law of Alexander Graham Bell</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of the organization of the Bell Telephone Company as an association (also known as the Bell Company), on July 9, 1877, as a joint stock company in 1877 by Hubbard,<sup id="cite_ref-Galambos_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galambos-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patten_&_Bell_p._17_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten_&_Bell_p._17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who soon became its trustee and <i>de facto</i> president, 5,000 shares in total were issued to:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a> (trustee and president): 1,397 shares, along with <ul><li>Gertrude McC. Hubbard (née Mercer, likely Gertrude Mercer McCurdy Hubbard, wife of Gardiner Hubbard): 100 shares<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Charles Eustis Hubbard (the brother or nephew of Gardiner Hubbard):<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rippy_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rippy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10 shares</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (inventor and the company's 'Chief Electrician'): 1,497 shares</li> <li>Thomas Sanders (financier and treasurer): 1,497 shares</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas Watson</a> (head of operations, and its first full-time employee): 499 shares<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Bell Telephone Company was incorporated in Massachusetts on July 30, 1878, with 4,500 shares of stock.<sup id="cite_ref-Galambos_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galambos-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then merged with the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" title="New England Telephone and Telegraph Company">New England Telephone and Telegraph Company</a> (incorporated on February 12, 1878) to form the National Bell Telephone Company (incorporated on March 13, 1879, with 7,280 shares, later increased to 8,500 shares in May 1880).<sup id="cite_ref-Galambos_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galambos-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A little over a year later it was reorganized to become the American Bell Telephone Company (incorporated on April 17, 1880, with 73,500 shares, which included 14,000 trustee shares held by National Bell Telephone). American Bell's outstanding stock rose to 258,863 shares by May 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Galambos_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galambos-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two days after the company's formation, on July 11, 1877, Bell married Hubbard's daughter <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Gardiner Hubbard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_&_Bell_p._17_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten_&_Bell_p._17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made a wedding gift of 1,487 shares of his allotment to his new wife, keeping only 10 shares for himself. Bell and his wife left not long after for a tour of Europe that lasted over a year, during which time Mabel left her shares with her father under a <a href="/wiki/Power_of_attorney" title="Power of attorney">power of attorney</a>, allowing him to become the new company's <i>de facto</i> president. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V70_D414_Improved_wall_phone_design_hiding_components.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PSM_V70_D414_Improved_wall_phone_design_hiding_components.png/220px-PSM_V70_D414_Improved_wall_phone_design_hiding_components.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PSM_V70_D414_Improved_wall_phone_design_hiding_components.png/330px-PSM_V70_D414_Improved_wall_phone_design_hiding_components.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PSM_V70_D414_Improved_wall_phone_design_hiding_components.png/440px-PSM_V70_D414_Improved_wall_phone_design_hiding_components.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>National Bell wall phone, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Both Hubbard's and Sanders' roles in the newly born company were pivotal to its early survival and its eventual growth to become a corporate giant. Hubbard's very early structuring of its telephone service by leasing, instead of selling telephones, was critical to its success. He based his decision on the previous legal work he performed for the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_McKay" title="Gordon McKay">Gordon McKay</a> Shoe Machinery Company, where its shoe sewing machines were leased, not sold, and royalties also had to be paid to the Gordon McKay Company based on the numbers of shoes produced. Hubbard insisted that leasing was the better option, even if it significantly raised the need for initial capital expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_&_Bell_p._17_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten_&_Bell_p._17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanders for his part, a wealthy leather merchant, provided most of the financing for both Bell's research and the young company, eventually amounting to expenditures of some $110,000 "before he received any reimbursement" by the sale of his shares.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not long after the National Bell Telephone Company was established, it required substantial new capital in order to maintain its majority share ownership of its affiliate telephone companies and to provide further funds for expansion of its overall telephone infrastructure. On April 17, 1880, National Bell was split into the American Bell Telephone Company, led by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Newton_Vail" title="Theodore Newton Vail">Theodore Vail</a> as general manager, and with the <a href="/wiki/International_Bell_Telephone_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">International Bell Telephone Company</a> (IBTC) as a holding company for its international subsidiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBTC's first non-North American subsidiary was the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company (BTM), established by Hubbard at <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium, in 1882. The Bell System's <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Telephone Company of Canada</a> subsidiary, wholly owned by the National Bell, had been established two years earlier. </p><p>Alexander Graham Bell's ten shares of Bell Telephone Company stock were later converted into a <i>single</i> share of the American Bell Telephone Company, and still later into <i>two</i> shares of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. AT&T President Frederick Fish later returned Bell's single American Bell Telephone Company share to him as a memento after it had been converted and canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the Bell Company's original shareholders, Thomas Watson resigned his position in 1881 with his shares making him a millionaire, thereafter living a colorful life as a <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_performance" title="Shakespeare in performance">Shakespearean actor</a> and later as a shipyard owner and ship builder—always retaining his friendship with Bell. Thomas Sanders, whose entire personal fortune was virtually depleted during the Bell Telephone's first formative years (until a historic settlement was reached with Bell's fierce competitor <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> on November 10, 1879), quickly sold his Bell shares for almost $1,000,000 but then lost most of his wealth with an investment in a Colorado gold mine.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also remained a confidant of Bell, who later helped ensure the welfare of Sanders' deaf son in his adulthood. </p><p>Hubbard was satisfied to leave the head of the Bell Company to another major investor, William Forbes, who was brought into the company as its president and as a member of its board of directors in late 1878. Under Forbes' leadership, a new executive committee was created at its corporate level to reorganize and run the overall company with professional management. The company was also recapitalized, with Vail continuing as its head of operations. After leaving the offices of what became the American Bell Telephone Company, Hubbard created the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> as its president, with Bell succeeding him the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ownership of American Bell was transferred to its own subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">American Telephone & Telegraph Company</a> (AT&T Company) on the second to last day of 1899. AT&T had been incorporated on April 17, 1880, as American Bell's "<a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Long_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Long Lines">long lines</a>" division to handle its long-distance telecommunications. On January 1, 1900, AT&T, a publicly traded corporation, owned the major assets of American Bell and thus became the head of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a>. By December 31, 1900, it had 569,901 shares of stock outstanding, which rose to 18,662,275 shares at the close of 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-Galambos_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galambos-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_promotional_success">Early promotional success</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early promotional success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centennial_Exhibition,_Opening_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg/220px-Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg/330px-Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg/440px-Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>The Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, 1876, brought Bell international attention.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexander Graham Bell's fiancée <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Hubbard</a> was the indirect source of the Bell Telephone Company's early commercial success after his creation of the telephone. The <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">U.S. Centennial Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in 1876 brought Bell's newly invented telephone international attention. Exhibition judges Emperor Dom <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> and the eminent British physicist <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson</a> (Lord Kelvin) recommended his device to the Committee of Electrical Awards, which voted Bell the gold medal for Electrical Equipment, helping to propel him to international fame. Bell also won a second gold medal for his additional display at the exposition, <a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a> —developed earlier by his equally famous father <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Alexander Melville Bell</a>. </p><p>Pivotally, late in the evening moments after the main group of tired judges and newspaper reporters had quickly looked over and derided Bell's telephone display, Emperor Dom Pedro, who was straggling, entered the fair's Education Building where Bell's two displays were located. As the main group started moving on to the next exhibit to be reviewed, Dom Pedro came upon the displays and called out to Bell in his booming voice: "What are you doing here?" The emperor had met Bell before in Boston while visiting schools for the deaf in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"....it was around seven o'clock when the 50-person delegation of judges, scientists, reporters and other officials arrived at the Department of Education. Tired and hungry, they hardly looked at the telephone, made some jokes at Bell's expense, and wanted to leave the exhibition quickly when suddenly, Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil from 1840 to 1889, with his wife Empress Theresa and a bevy of courtiers, entered the room. Dom Pedro recognized Bell and exclaimed "Professor Bell, I am delighted to see you again!" The judges at once forgot their tiredness and wondered who this young inventor was who was a friend of an emperor. Dom Pedro had once visited Bell's class of deaf-mutes at Boston University and initiated the first Brazilian school for deaf-mutes in Rio de Janeiro.".... ....The judges stayed the next three hours with Bell. Bell's telephone became the star of the centennial...."<sup id="cite_ref-Coon_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coon-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"On a hot Sunday afternoon, June 25th, Sir William Thompson (later Lord Kelvin) and many other distinguished guests inspected the exhibits. Few paid much attention to Bell, tinkering with his crude instruments. At last the party approached his booth. Among them was Dom Pedro de Alcantara, the Emperor of Brazil. He had met Bell a few weeks previously in Boston and spoke to him as an old friend."<sup id="cite_ref-SM-B_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-B-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Dom Pedro had met Alec at a school for the deaf in Boston. When the emperor greeted Alec, the judges took note. They wanted to see what the emperor's friend had invented."<sup id="cite_ref-Cardoso_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardoso-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The centerpiece of the emperor's trip was the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. There, Dom Pedro II sought out a young, relatively obscure teacher at the School of the Deaf named Alexander Graham Bell, with whom he had exchanged letters."<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Startled by the emperor's enthusiastic response to Bell's telephone demonstration—during which the emperor exclaimed "My God! It talks!", the crowd of judges and press members became energized and vied to take turns communicating with Bell over his invention.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coon_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coon-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SM-B_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-B-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cardoso_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardoso-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bell, who was then a full-time teacher, had not planned to exhibit at the fair because of his heavy teaching schedule and preparation for his student's examinations. He went to Philadelphia only at the stern insistence of Mabel Hubbard, his then-fiancée and future wife and who was an expert multilingual <a href="/wiki/Lip_reading" title="Lip reading">lip reader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a> since age five.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mabel had understood Bell's reluctance to go to the exhibition and display his works, so she secretly bought his train ticket to Philadelphia, packed his bag, and then took the unknowing Bell to Boston's train station, where she told her shocked fiancé that he was going on a trip. When Bell started arguing, Mabel turned her sight away from him and became literally deaf to his protests.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winefield-1987_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winefield-1987-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_expansion">Worldwide expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Worldwide expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Bell_Telephone_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">International Bell Telephone Company</a></div> <p>In 1879 <a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Hubbard</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/International_Bell_Telephone_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">International Bell Telephone Company</a> in order to promote sales of its telephone equipment throughout Europe. During his tour of the continent, the Belgian government offered him the greatest financial incentives to establish his European subsidiary's headquarters in their country.<sup id="cite_ref-StowgerNet_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StowgerNet-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Bell Telephone Company (IBTC) shortly evolved into a holding company for its various telephone service and production divisions, with its major manufacturing arm being the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company (BTMC), which was founded in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium, on 26 April 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman-2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BTMC was created as a joint venture by the International Bell Telephone Company of New York and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Electric Company">Western Electric Company</a> of Chicago, Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler-_Adam_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-_Adam-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BTMC then established la <i>Compagnie Belge du Téléphone Bell</i> (<i>Bell Telephone Company of Belgium</i>) in the same year as its Belgian operating subsidiary for telephone service, one of several companies that provided such service in the country, the others having evolved principally from telegraph carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingsbury_1915_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingsbury_1915-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BTMC eventually came under complete ownership by Western Electric, and also established other divisions as national companies across <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingsbury_1915_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingsbury_1915-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Electric was itself later majority owned by the <a href="/wiki/American_Bell_Telephone_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bell Telephone Company">American Bell Telephone Company</a>, returning indirect control of BTMC back to the Bell organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divestiture_of_most_international_divisions">Divestiture of most international divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Divestiture of most international divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the close of 1899, the American Bell Telephone Company was acquired, for business purposes, by its own subsidiary, the <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph Company</a> (AT&T), which then became the head of the monolithic and <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a>. </p><p>Significant criticism of AT&T (a monopoly) had emerged in the United States that domestic telephone system rates were higher than they needed to be, and that AT&T was using those revenues to subsidize its European operations. Due to that reason and others, and also due to the U.S. Government's regulatory intervention, AT&T president <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sherman_Gifford" title="Walter Sherman Gifford">Walter Gifford</a> divested almost all of its international interests in 1925, with the exceptions of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada (now called <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a>), and Northern Electric (now called <a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Nortel</a>). </p><p>In 1925, the European division and its subsidiaries were sold to the <a href="/wiki/ITT_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Corporation">International Telephone & Telegraph Company</a> (IT&T, unaffiliated with AT&T) of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, at the start of that company's meteoric rise in the international <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acquisition_by_AT&T"><span id="Acquisition_by_AT.26T"></span>Acquisition by AT&T</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Acquisition by AT&T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A grizzly and well-dressed Alexander Graham Bell sits at a desk talking over a candle-stick telephone, surrounded by numerous business executives and news reporters who are witnessing a historic event in the atrium of a large corporate building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg/170px-Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg/255px-Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg/340px-Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Graham Bell ceremonially inaugurating the first New York-to-Chicago telephone line in 1892</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1881, American Bell had acquired a controlling interest in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Electric Company">Western Electric Company</a> from <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>. Only three years earlier, Western Union had turned down Gardiner Hubbard's offer to sell it all rights to the telephone for US$100,000 (approximately $3.16 million in current dollars<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In only a few years, Western Union's president would acknowledge that it was a serious business error, one that later nearly led to his company being swallowed up by the newly emerging telecommunications giant into which Bell Telephone would shortly evolve. Western Union was saved from demise only by the U.S. Government's <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">anti-monopoly interventions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_1990_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce_1990-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year earlier in 1880 the management of American Bell had created what would become <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Long_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Long Lines">AT&T Long Lines</a>. The project was the first of its kind to create a nationwide long-distance network with a commercially viable cost-structure. The project was incorporated in <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a> as a separate company named <b>American Telephone and Telegraph Company</b> on March 3, 1885. Starting from New York City, its long-distance telephone network reached Chicago, Illinois, in 1892,<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_1990_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce_1990-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its multitudes of local exchanges continuing to stretch further and further yearly, eventually creating a continent-wide telephone system. </p><p>On December 30, 1899, the assets of American Bell were transferred into its subsidiary American Telephone and Telegraph Company (formerly only the long lines company); this was because <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> corporate laws were very restrictive, and limited capitalization to $10 million, forestalling American Bell's further growth. With this assets transfer on December 30, 1899, AT&T became the parent of both American Bell and the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Elbridge_Hudson" title="John Elbridge Hudson">John Elbridge Hudson</a> joined Bell Telephone as counsel in 1880 and served as president from 1889 to 1900. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials_to_Bell's_invention"><span id="Memorials_to_Bell.27s_invention"></span>Memorials to Bell's invention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Memorials to Bell's invention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a></div> <p>In 1906 the citizens of the City of <a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a>, Ontario, Canada and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Brant" title="County of Brant">its surrounding area</a> formed the Bell Memorial Association to commemorate the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in July 1874 at his parents' home, Melville House, near Brantford.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAS_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Seymour_Allward" title="Walter Seymour Allward">Walter Allward</a>'s design was the unanimous choice from among 10 submitted models, winning the competition. The memorial was planned to be completed by 1912 but Allward did not finish it until five years later. The <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire</a>, ceremoniously unveiled the memorial on 24 October 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAS_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allward designed the monument to symbolize the telephone's ability to overcome distances.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of steps lead to the main section where the allegorical figures of <i><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></i> appears over a reclining male figure representing <i><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Man, the inventor</a></i>, and also pointing to the floating figures of <i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></i>, positioned at the other end of the tableau. At each end of the memorial there are two female figures mounted on granite pedestals representing <i>Humanity</i>, one sending and the other receiving a message.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bell Telephone Memorial's grandeur has been described as the finest example of Allward's early work, propelling the sculptor to fame. The memorial itself has been used as a central fixture for many civic events and remains an important part of Brantford's history, helping the city of Brantford to style itself as<i> 'The Telephone City'.</i> </p><p>The Bell Memorial Association also purchased the Bell family's former farmhouse, Melville House, and its orchard at Tutela Heights, opening it as a museum to the family and to the invention of the telephone. In 1996, it was declared a historic landmark, and is now known as the Bell Homestead National Historic Site.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site_brochure_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site_brochure-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brantford_Expositor-1997.07.30_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brantford_Expositor-1997.07.30-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell_Brantford_Monument_0.98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A majestic, broad monument with figures mounted on pedestals to its left and right sides. Along the main portion of the monument are five figures mounted on a broad casting, including a man reclining, plus four floating female figures representing Inspiration, Knowledge, Joy, and Sorrow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Brantford_Monument_0.98.jpg/650px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_Brantford_Monument_0.98.jpg" decoding="async" width="650" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Brantford_Monument_0.98.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a>, commemorating the invention of the telephone by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>. The monument, paid by public subscription and sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Seymour_Allward" title="Walter Seymour Allward">W.S. Allward</a>, was dedicated by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire</a> with Dr. Bell in <a href="/wiki/Brantford,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Brantford, Ontario">The Telephone City's</a> Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in 1917.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada#Inception" title="Bell Canada">Bell Telephone Company of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Bell's earliest joint agreement with Hubbard and Sanders had each being awarded a one-third share of their venture. However, the financing provided to Bell for him to conduct his research and development was inadequately low to the point that he had to continue teaching just to make ends meet. When the Bell Company was organized in 1877, an approximate 10% share was provided to Bell's engineering and mechanical associate, Thomas A. Watson, in consideration for his previous unpaid service and for the loans he made to Bell while they worked together creating their first working telephone.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-robertbrucebook-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robertbrucebook_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robertbrucebook_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBruce1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Bruce" title="Robert V. Bruce">Bruce, Robert V.</a> (1990) [1st pub. 1973]. <i>Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9691-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9691-8"><bdi>0-8014-9691-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8014-9691-8&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+Telephone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pizer 2009, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pizer 2009, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huurdeman-2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman-2003_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman-2003_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huurdeman, Anton A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C"><i>The Worldwide History Of Telecommunications</i></a>, Wiley-IEEE, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-20505-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-20505-2">0-471-20505-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-20505-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-20505-0">978-0-471-20505-0</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler-_Adam-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butler-_Adam_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler-_Adam_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen B. Adams, Orville R. Butler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qp5MDzCwNLQC"><i>Manufacturing The Future: A History Of Western Electric</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1999, p. 49, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65118-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65118-2">0-521-65118-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65118-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65118-9">978-0-521-65118-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cf.collectorsweekly.com/stories/6xeKN4f.lkxuSPAUtAFSvQ-small.jpg">http://cf.collectorsweekly.com/stories/6xeKN4f.lkxuSPAUtAFSvQ-small.jpg</a> Pizer 2009, pp. 119, 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pizer 2009, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galambos-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galambos_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galambos_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galambos_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galambos_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galambos_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galambos_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Galambos, Louis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3117054">Theodore N. Vail and the Role of Innovation in the Modern Bell System</a>, <i>The Business History Review</i>, Vol. 66, No. 1, High-Technology Industries (Spring, 1992), pp. 95-126. Article Stable URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3117054">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3117054</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patten & Bell 1926, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pizer 2009, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce 1990, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pizer 2009, pp. 120–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patten_&_Bell_p._17-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_&_Bell_p._17_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_&_Bell_p._17_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_&_Bell_p._17_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patten & Bell 1926, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pizer 2009, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaOfTelecommunications_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Charles L. (ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatriceco.com/bti/porticus/bell/bellsystem_history.html">The Bell System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023072708/http://www.beatriceco.com/bti/porticus/bell/bellsystem_history.html">Archived</a> October 23, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>Encyclopedia of Telecommunications</i>, Marcel Dekker, 1991. Retrieved August 13, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rippy-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rippy_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rippy, J. Fred. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2507711">Notes In The Early Telephone Companies of Latin America</a>, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Duke University Press, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Feb., 1946), pp. 116–118. JSTOR Stable URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2507711">2507711</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patten & Bell 1926, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huurdeman-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huurdeman, Anton A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C">The Worldwide History of Telecommunications</a>, Wiley-IEEE, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-20505-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-20505-2">0-471-20505-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=magbell&fileName=271/27100307/bellpage.db&recNum=0">Letter from Fish to Bell</a>, AT&T, April 7, 1905</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=magbell&fileName=271/27100308/bellpage.db&recNum=0">Letter from Fish to Bell</a>, AT&T, April 18, 1905</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coon-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coon_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coon_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coon, Horace. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tD6Y7D-j414C&pg=PA24">American Tel & Tel: the story of a great monopoly</a></i>, Ayer Publishing, 1971, p. 24, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-5691-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-5691-5">0-8369-5691-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-5691-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-5691-7">978-0-8369-5691-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SM-B-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SM-B_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SM-B_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sammartino McPherson, Stephanie & Butler, Tad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTcXNjo7KywC&pg=PA29">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, Lerner Publications, 2007, p. 28, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8225-7606-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8225-7606-6">0-8225-7606-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-7606-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-7606-8">978-0-8225-7606-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardoso-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cardoso_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardoso_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardoso, Fernando Henrique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bYBaouUYvK8C&pg=PA11">The Accidental President of Brazil: A Memoir</a>, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 11, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-429-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-429-X">1-58648-429-X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-429-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-429-3">978-1-58648-429-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheeler, Edgar C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20">The Laughed at Him, But He Gave Us the Telephone</a>, Popular Science, Bonnier Corporation, February 1926, Vol. 108, No. 2, p. 21, ISSN 0161-7370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Gray_(author)" title="Charlotte Gray (author)">Gray, Charlotte</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harpercollins.ca/book/index.aspx?isbn=9780006394761">Reluctant Genius: The Passionate Life and Inventive Mind of Alexander Graham Bell</a>, HarperCollins, Toronto, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-200676-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-200676-6">0-00-200676-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-200676-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-200676-7">978-0-00-200676-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winefield-1987-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winefield-1987_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winefield, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MpWjzZwg7gsC">Never the Twain Shall Meet: Bell, Gallaudet, and the Communications Debate</a>, Gallaudet University Press, 1987, pp. 72–77, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56368-056-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56368-056-4">1-56368-056-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-056-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-056-4">978-1-56368-056-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Land, Fred (1906) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zyUDAAAAMBAJ">Notes on the Development of the Telephone</a>, Popular Science, November 1906, pp. 427–438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StowgerNet-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StowgerNet_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">StowgerNet Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strowger-net.telefoonmuseum.com/tel_hist_antwerp.html">BTMC And ATEA—Antwerp's Twin Telephone Companies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130709001840/http://strowger-net.telefoonmuseum.com/tel_hist_antwerp.html">Archived</a> July 9, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, StowgerNet Telephone Museum website. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingsbury_1915-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kingsbury_1915_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingsbury_1915_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kingsbury, John E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telephonetelepho00kingrich">The Telephone And Telephone Exchanges: Their Invention And Development</a>, Longmans, Green, and Co., New York/London, 1915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinelli, Arianna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/201010457.pdf"><i>The Dynamics of Technological Discontinuities: A Patent Citation Network Analysis Of Telecommunication Switches (thesis)</i></a>, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2009, pg.53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+Telephone+Company" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+Telephone+Company" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+Telephone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce_1990-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruce_1990_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruce_1990_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks 1976, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitaker-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitaker, A.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telephonetribute.com/pdf/bell_memorial_booklet.pdf"><i>Bell Telephone Memorial</i></a>, City of Brantford/Hurley Printing, Brantford, Ontario, 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAS-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne, Harold S. (1943) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/abell.pdf"><i>Biographical Memoir of Alexander Graham Bell</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>: Biographical Memoirs, Vol. XXIII, 1847–1922. Presented to the Academy at its 1943 annual meeting.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site_brochure-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site_brochure_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bell Homestead National Historic Site (brochure)</i>, Brantford, ON: Bell Homestead Society, undated, c. 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brantford_Expositor-1997.07.30-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brantford_Expositor-1997.07.30_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibbotson, Heather. "A Day Fit For A Queen: Thousands Enjoy Royal Visit To Bell Homestead", <i><a href="/wiki/Brantford_Expositor" title="Brantford Expositor">Brantford Expositor</a></i>, 30 June 1997.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li>Brooks, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telephonefirsthu00broo"><i>Telephone: The First Hundred Years</i></a>, Harper & Row, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-010540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-010540-2">0-06-010540-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010540-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010540-2">978-0-06-010540-2</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC">Bruce, Robert V. <i>Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</i></a>. Ithaca, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University Press</a>, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9691-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9691-8">0-8014-9691-8</a>.</li> <li>Patten, William; Bell, Alexander Melville. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KzVAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pioneering The Telephone In Canada</i></a>, Montreal: Herald Press, 1926. N.B.: Patten's full name was William Patten, not Gulielmus Patten as credited elsewhere.</li> <li>Pizer, Russell A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Vjyz9fgs6sC"><i>The Tangled Web of Patent #174465</i></a>, AuthorHouse, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4389-8402-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4389-8402-2">1-4389-8402-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-8402-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-8402-5">978-1-4389-8402-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tosiello, Rosario. "The Birth and Early Years Of The Bell Telephone System, 1876–1880" (dissertation), <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, 1971.</li> <li>Larned, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belltelephonesigns.com/">Birth of The Blue Bell Telephone Signs: The History of the Blue Bell Telephone Sign as implemented by New England Telephone and Telegraph</a>, BellTelephoneSigns.com website, February 26, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wu" title="Tim Wu">Wu, Tim</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iM6sos2U554C"><i>The Master Switch : The Rise and Fall of Information Empires</i></a>, New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26993-5">978-0-307-26993-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cf.collectorsweekly.com/stories/6xeKN4f.lkxuSPAUtAFSvQ-small.jpg">The Bell Telephone Co. of Buffalo logo</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Parent_company" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Parent company</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">American Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Local_telephone_companies_still_extant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Local telephone companies still extant</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Wholly owned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Bell" title="Nevada Bell">Bell Telephone Company of Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Pennsylvania" title="Verizon Pennsylvania">The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%26P_Telephone" title="C&P Telephone">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Maryland" title="Verizon Maryland">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_West_Virginia" title="Frontier West Virginia">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Virginia">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Delaware">Diamond State Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Bell" title="Illinois Bell">Illinois Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Bell" title="Indiana Bell">Indiana Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Bell" title="Michigan Bell">Michigan Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwest_Corporation" title="Qwest Corporation">Mountain Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_New_England" title="Verizon New England">New England Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_New_Jersey" title="Verizon New Jersey">New Jersey Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_New_York" title="Verizon New York">New York Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Bell" title="Northwestern Bell">Northwestern Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Bell" title="Ohio Bell">Ohio Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Bell" title="Pacific Northwest Bell">Pacific Northwest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Bell" title="Pacific Bell">Pacific Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Bell" title="South Central Bell">South Central Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bell" title="Southern Bell">Southern Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Bell" title="Southwestern Bell">Southwestern Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Bell" title="Wisconsin Bell">Wisconsin Telephone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Partially owned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Communications_of_Connecticut" title="Frontier Communications of Connecticut">Southern New England Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Bell">Cincinnati Bell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_subsidiaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other subsidiaries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Manufacturing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Long distance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Communications" title="AT&T Communications">Long Lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Wireless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Service" title="Advanced Mobile Phone Service">Advanced Mobile Phone Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Regional Bell companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> (1880-1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Commemorative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Boatyard" title="Bell Boatyard">Bell Boatyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneers,_a_Volunteer_Network" title="Pioneers, a Volunteer Network">Telephone Pioneers of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_Communication" title="Spirit of Communication">Spirit of Communication</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bell Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" title="New England Telephone and Telegraph Company">New England Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bell_Telephone_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">International Bell Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">The Bell Telephone Company of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Northern Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bell_Telephone_Company#Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Technologies" title="AT&T Technologies">AT&T Technologies, Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">Divestiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Bell_Operating_Company" title="Regional Bell Operating Company">Regional Bell Operating Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alexander_Graham_Bell" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Template:Alexander Graham Bell"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Template talk:Alexander Graham Bell"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander Graham Bell"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alexander_Graham_Bell" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Alexander Melville Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinn_Bhreagh" title="Beinn Bhreagh">Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_House_(Colonial_Beach,_Virginia)" title="Bell House (Colonial Beach, Virginia)">Bell House (Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake" title="Bras d'Or Lake">Bras d'Or Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Bell" title="Chichester Bell">Chichester Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fairchild" title="David Fairchild">David Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Fairchild" title="Graham Fairchild">Graham Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Grosvenor" title="Edwin S. Grosvenor">Edwin S. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor" title="Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor">Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_M._Grosvenor" title="Gilbert M. Grosvenor">Gilbert M. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Bell_Grossman_Pillot_Memorial" title="Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial">Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_Myers" title="Kendall Myers">Kendall Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Gardiner Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_H._Grosvenor" title="Mabel H. Grosvenor">Mabel H. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Bell_Grosvenor" title="Melville Bell Grosvenor">Melville Bell Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International_Congress_on_Education_of_the_Deaf" title="Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf">Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">Telephone Cases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pollok" title="Anthony Pollok">Anthony Pollok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_Jr._House" title="Charles Williams Jr. House">Charles Williams Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Curtiss" title="Glenn Curtiss">Glenn Curtiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Bailey" title="Marcellus Bailey">Marcellus Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cowherd" title="Thomas Cowherd">Thomas Cowherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Selfridge" title="Thomas Selfridge">Thomas Selfridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Seymour_Allward" title="Walter Seymour Allward">Walter Seymour Allward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Cygnet" title="AEA Cygnet">AEA Cygnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_June_Bug" title="AEA June Bug">AEA June Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Red_Wing" title="AEA Red Wing">AEA Red Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Silver_Dart" title="AEA Silver Dart">AEA Silver Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_White_Wing" title="AEA White Wing">AEA White Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Experiment_Association" title="Aerial Experiment Association">Aerial Experiment Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing" title="Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing">Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Boatyard" title="Bell Boatyard">Bell Boatyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Oionus_I" title="Bell Oionus I">Bell Oionus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bell Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aerodrome_Baddeck_No._1_and_No._2" title="Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2">Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aerodrome_Company" title="Canadian Aerodrome Company">Canadian Aerodrome Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Schools_for_Hearing_and_Speech" title="Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech">Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictation_machine" title="Dictation machine">Dictation machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Gower-Bell_Telephone_Company_of_Europe" title="Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe">Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray_and_Alexander_Bell_telephone_controversy" title="Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy">Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD-4" title="HD-4">HD-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Monoplane" title="Hubbard Monoplane">Hubbard Monoplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Extension_Institute" title="Life Extension Institute">Life Extension Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Telephone_Company" title="National Telephone Company">National Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" title="New England Telephone and Telegraph Company">New England Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Company" title="Oriental Telephone Company">Oriental Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory and Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_School_(Chicago)" title="Alexander Graham Bell School (Chicago)">Alexander Graham Bell School (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_honors_and_tributes" title="Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes">Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Memorial" title="Bell Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Bell_Island" title="Graham Bell Island">Graham Bell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Bras_d%27Or_(FHE_400)" title="HMCS Bras d'Or (FHE 400)">HMCS <i>Bras d'Or</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Alexander_Graham_Bell_Medal" title="IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal">IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneers,_a_Volunteer_Network" title="Pioneers, a Volunteer Network">Pioneers, a Volunteer Network</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="The Story of Alexander Graham Bell">The Story of Alexander Graham Bell</a></i> (1939 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Silence" title="The Sound and the Silence">The Sound and the Silence</a></i> (1992 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Category:Alexander Graham Bell">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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