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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software_license" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_license"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Software license</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_license-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_other_forms_of_software_licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_other_forms_of_software_licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Relation to other forms of software licensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_other_forms_of_software_licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creative_Commons_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creative_Commons_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Creative Commons licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creative_Commons_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Free"_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Free"_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>"Free" trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Free"_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Freeware</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="برمجيات مجانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برمجيات مجانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_gratis" title="Software gratis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Software gratis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havay%C4%B1_proqram_t%C9%99minat%C4%B1" title="Havayı proqram təminatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Havayı proqram təminatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A1n-h%C3%B9i_n%C5%84g-th%C3%A9" title="Bián-hùi nńg-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bián-hùi nńg-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="फ्रीवेयर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ्रीवेयर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Безплатен софтуер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Безплатен софтуер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programari_gratu%C3%AFt" title="Programari gratuït – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programari gratuït" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasuta_tarkvara" title="Tasuta tarkvara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tasuta tarkvara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_gratis" title="Software gratis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Software gratis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senpaga_programaro" title="Senpaga programaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senpaga programaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="رایگان‌افزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رایگان‌افزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="프리웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="फ्रीवेयर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रीवेयर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak_gratis" title="Perangkat lunak gratis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perangkat lunak gratis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תוכנה חינמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנה חינמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezmaksas_programmat%C5%ABra" title="Bezmaksas programmatūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bezmaksas programmatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemokama_programin%C4%97_%C4%AFranga" title="Nemokama programinė įranga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nemokama programinė įranga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бесплатна програмска опрема – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бесплатна програмска опрема" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ഫ്രീവെയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രീവെയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisian_percuma" title="Perisian percuma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perisian percuma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ဖရီးဝဲလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖရီးဝဲလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="フリーウェア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリーウェア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_gratuito" title="Software gratuito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Software gratuito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanqalla_kaq" title="Yanqalla kaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yanqalla kaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бесплатное программное обеспечение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бесплатное программное обеспечение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezpla%C4%8Dna_programska_oprema" title="Brezplačna programska oprema – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brezplačna programska oprema" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фривер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фривер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Freeware" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmaisohjelma" title="Ilmaisohjelma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilmaisohjelma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratisprogram" title="Gratisprogram – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gratisprogram" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இலவசமென்பொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலவசமென்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟรีแวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟรีแวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ройгонафзор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ройгонафзор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ccretsiz_yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m" title="Ücretsiz yazılım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ücretsiz yazılım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Безплатне програмне забезпечення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Безплатне програмне забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m_mi%E1%BB%85n_ph%C3%AD" title="Phần mềm miễn phí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phần mềm miễn phí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E8%B2%BB%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94" title="免費軟體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="免費軟體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178285" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Software distributed and used at no cost, with other rights still reserved</div> <p><b>Freeware</b> is <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, most often <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a>, that is distributed at no monetary cost to the <a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">end user</a>. There is no agreed-upon set of rights, <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">license</a>, or <a href="/wiki/EULA" class="mw-redirect" title="EULA">EULA</a> that defines <i>freeware</i> unambiguously; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Modding" title="Modding">modification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freely_redistributable_software" title="Freely redistributable software">redistribution</a> by third parties, and <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others.<sup id="cite_ref-linfo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linfo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lawrence_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawrence-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gnu_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike with <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>, which are also often distributed free of charge, the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> for freeware is typically not made available.<sup id="cite_ref-linfo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linfo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gnu_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dod-definition_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dod-definition-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wolfire2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolfire2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by, for example, encouraging sales of a more capable version, as in the <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">shareware</a> <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeware&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>freeware</i> was coined in 1982<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fluegelman" title="Andrew Fluegelman">Andrew Fluegelman</a>, who wanted to sell <a href="/wiki/PC-Talk" title="PC-Talk">PC-Talk</a>, the communications application he had created, outside of commercial distribution channels.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluegelman distributed the program via the same process as <i><a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">shareware</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As software types can change, freeware can change into shareware.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s and 1990s, the term <i>freeware</i> was often applied to software released without <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gnu_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fsf_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeware&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_license">Software license</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeware&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Software license"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">Software license</a></div> <p>Freeware software is available for use without charge and typically has limited functionality with a more capable version available commercially or as shareware. It is typically fully functional for an unlimited period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to what the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> calls <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>, the author of freeware usually restricts the rights of the user to use, copy, distribute, modify, make derivative works, or <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse engineer">reverse engineer</a> the software.<sup id="cite_ref-linfo_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linfo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lawrence_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawrence-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adobe-reader_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adobe-reader-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adobe-distribution_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adobe-distribution-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">software license</a> may impose additional usage restrictions;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance, the license may be "free for private, non-commercial use" only,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or usage over a network, on a server, or in combination with certain other software packages may be prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-adobe-reader_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adobe-reader-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adobe-distribution_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adobe-distribution-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restrictions may be required by license or enforced by the software itself; e.g., the package may fail to function over a network.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_other_forms_of_software_licensing">Relation to other forms of software licensing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeware&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relation to other forms of software licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open-source-vs-freeware.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Open-source-vs-freeware.svg/220px-Open-source-vs-freeware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Open-source-vs-freeware.svg/330px-Open-source-vs-freeware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Open-source-vs-freeware.svg/440px-Open-source-vs-freeware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn diagram</a> describes the typical relationship between freeware and <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a>: According to David Rosen from <a href="/wiki/Wolfire_Games" title="Wolfire Games">Wolfire Games</a> in 2010, open source software (orange) is most often gratis but not always. Freeware (green) seldom expose their source codes.<sup id="cite_ref-wolfire2010_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolfire2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> (DoD) defines "open source software" (i.e., free software or free and open-source software), as distinct from "freeware" or "shareware"; it is software where "the Government does not have access to the original source code".<sup id="cite_ref-dod-definition_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dod-definition-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "free" in "freeware" refers to the price of the software, which is typically <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> and distributed without source code. By contrast, the "free" in "free software" refers to freedoms granted users under the software license (for example, to run the program for any purpose, modify and redistribute the program to others), and such software may be sold at a price. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF), "freeware" is a loosely defined category and it has no clear accepted definition, although FSF asks that <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> (libre; unrestricted and with source code available) should not be called freeware.<sup id="cite_ref-gnu_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast the Oxford English Dictionary simply characterizes freeware as being "available free of charge (sometimes with the suggestion that users should make a donation to the provider)".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some freeware products are released alongside paid versions that either have more features or less restrictive licensing terms. This approach is known as <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a> ("free" + "premium"), since the "free" version is intended as a promotion for the premium version.<sup id="cite_ref-freeisnot_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeisnot-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two often share a code base, using a <a href="/wiki/Compiler_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler flag">compiler flag</a> to determine which is produced. For example, <a href="/wiki/BBEdit" title="BBEdit">BBEdit</a> has a <a href="/wiki/BBEdit_Lite" class="mw-redirect" title="BBEdit Lite">BBEdit Lite</a> edition which has fewer features. <a href="/wiki/XnView" title="XnView">XnView</a> is available free of charge for personal use but must be licensed for commercial use. The "free" version may be advertising supported, as was the case with the <a href="/wiki/DivX" title="DivX">DivX</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Registerware"></span><a href="/wiki/Ad-supported_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-supported software">Ad-supported software</a> and registerware also bear resemblances to freeware. Ad-supported software does not ask for payment for a license, but displays advertising to either cover development costs or as a means of income. Registerware forces the user to subscribe with the publisher before being able to use the product. While commercial products <a href="/wiki/Product_activation" title="Product activation">may require registration to ensure licensed use</a>, registerware do not.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shareware permits redistribution, but the license only allows limited use before paying the license fee.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some features may be disabled prior to payment, in which case it is sometimes known as crippleware. </p><p>Both freeware and shareware sometimes have a limited evaluation period, after which the software is automatically disabled or starts displaying a request to pay a registration fee. In the latter case it is colloquially known as nagware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creative_Commons_licenses">Creative Commons licenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeware&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creative Commons licenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Freeware#Creative_Commons_Licenses_not_for_Software" title="Talk:Freeware">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> offer <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">licenses</a>, applicable to all by copyright governed works including software,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allow a developer to define "freeware" in a legal safe and internationally law domains respecting way.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical freeware use case "share" can be further refined with Creative Commons restriction clauses like non-commerciality (<a href="/wiki/CC_BY-NC" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-NC">CC BY-NC</a>) or no-<a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/CC_BY-ND" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-ND">CC BY-ND</a>), see <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license#Six_regularly_used_licenses" title="Creative Commons license">description of licenses</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (May 2018)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> There are <a href="/wiki/Category:Creative_Commons-licensed_video_games" title="Category:Creative Commons-licensed video games">several usage examples</a>, for instance <a href="/wiki/The_White_Chamber" title="The White Chamber">The White Chamber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari0" title="Mari0">Mari0</a> or <a href="/wiki/Assault_Cube" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault Cube">Assault Cube</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-contentlicense_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contentlicense-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all freeware by being <a href="/wiki/CC_BY-NC-SA" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-NC-SA">CC BY-NC-SA</a> licensed with only non-commercial sharing allowed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restrictions">Restrictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeware&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freeware cannot economically rely on commercial promotion. In May 2015 advertising freeware on <a href="/wiki/Google_AdWords" class="mw-redirect" title="Google AdWords">Google AdWords</a> was restricted to "authoritative source"[s].<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus web sites and <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a> are the primary resource for information on which freeware is available, useful, and is not <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>. However, there are also many <a href="/wiki/Computer_magazine" title="Computer magazine">computer magazines</a> or newspapers that provide ratings for freeware and include compact discs or other <a href="/wiki/Storage_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage media">storage media</a> containing freeware. Freeware is also often <a href="/wiki/Bundled_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundled software">bundled</a> with other products such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> or <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scanners</a>. </p><p>Freeware has been criticized as "unsustainable" because it requires a single entity to be responsible for updating and enhancing the product, which is then given away without charge.<sup id="cite_ref-freeisnot_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeisnot-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other freeware projects are simply released as one-off programs with no promise or expectation of further development. These may include <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, as does free software, so that users can make any required or desired changes themselves, but this code remains subject to the license of the compiled executable and does not constitute free software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Free"_trial"><span id=".22Free.22_trial"></span>"Free" trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeware&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Free" trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>"free" trial</b> is another related concept in which customers are allowed to use a product, free of charge, for a limited time.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a software monopoly has a strong network effect, it may be more profitable for it to offer a "free" trial.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, customers acquired via a "free" trial have a much lower <a href="/wiki/Customer_lifetime_value" title="Customer lifetime value">customer lifetime value</a> as opposed to regular customers, but they also respond more to <a href="/wiki/Marketing_communications" title="Marketing communications">marketing communications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some factors that may encourage or discourage people to use "free" trials include:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>perceived usefulness</li> <li>perceived ease of use</li> <li>perceived risk</li> <li>social influence</li> <li>gender</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeware&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/freeware" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/freeware">freeware</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freeware" title="List of freeware">List of freeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freeware_video_games" title="List of freeware video games">List of freeware video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_video_games_released_as_freeware" title="List of commercial video games released as freeware">List of commercial video games released as freeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freely_redistributable_software" title="Freely redistributable software">Freely redistributable software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_Libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gratis versus Libre">Gratis versus Libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_messaging_platforms" title="Comparison of user features of messaging platforms">Comparison of user features of messaging platforms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeware&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-linfo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linfo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linfo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linfo_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linfo.org/freeware.html">"Freeware Definition"</a>. <i>The Linux Information Project</i>. 2006-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linux+Information+Project&rft.atitle=Freeware+Definition&rft.date=2006-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linfo.org%2Ffreeware.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawrence-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lawrence_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawrence_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1999" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Lawrence D (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c6IS3RnN6qAC&q=%22Legal+battles+that+shaped+the+computer+industry%22+%22from+the+beginning+of+the+computer+age%22&pg=PA175"><i>Legal battles that shaped the computer industry</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-178-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-178-9"><bdi>978-1-56720-178-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-16</span></span>. <q>Freeware, however, is generally only free in terms of price; the author typically retains all other rights, including the rights to copy, distribute, and make derivative works from the software.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+battles+that+shaped+the+computer+industry&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56720-178-9&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc6IS3RnN6qAC%26q%3D%2522Legal%2Bbattles%2Bthat%2Bshaped%2Bthe%2Bcomputer%2Bindustry%2522%2B%2522from%2Bthe%2Bbeginning%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bcomputer%2Bage%2522%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnu_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnu_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnu_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnu_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html">"Categories of free and nonfree software"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-01</span></span>. <q>The term "freeware" has no clear accepted definition, but it is commonly used for packages which permit redistribution but not modification (and their source code is not available). These packages are not free software, so please don't use "freeware" to refer to free software.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Categories+of+free+and+nonfree+software&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fcategories.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dod-definition-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dod-definition_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dod-definition_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dodcio.defense.gov/OpenSourceSoftwareFAQ.aspx#Q:_Are_.22non-commercial_software.22.2C_.22freeware.22.2C_or_.22shareware.22_the_same_thing_as_open_source_software.3F"><i>Frequently Asked Questions regarding Open Source Software (OSS) and the Department of Defense (DoD)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-11</span></span>, <q>Also, do not use the terms "freeware" or "shareware" as a synonym for "open source software". DoD Instruction 8500.2, "Information Assurance (IA) Implementation", Enclosure 4, control DCPD-1, states that these terms apply to software where "the Government does not have access to the original source code". The government does have access to the original source code of open source software, so these terms do not apply.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+regarding+Open+Source+Software+%28OSS%29+and+the+Department+of+Defense+%28DoD%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdodcio.defense.gov%2FOpenSourceSoftwareFAQ.aspx%23Q%3A_Are_.22non-commercial_software.22.2C_.22freeware.22.2C_or_.22shareware.22_the_same_thing_as_open_source_software.3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolfire2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wolfire2010_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolfire2010_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2010" class="citation web cs1">Rosen, David (May 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.wolfire.com/2010/05/Open-source-software-is-not-always-freeware">"Open-source software is not always freeware"</a>. wolfire.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open-source+software+is+not+always+freeware&rft.pub=wolfire.com&rft.date=2010-05-16&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.wolfire.com%2F2010%2F05%2FOpen-source-software-is-not-always-freeware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyonsMessingerNiuStroulia2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lyons, Kelly; Messinger, Paul R.; Niu, Run H.; <a href="/wiki/Eleni_Stroulia" title="Eleni Stroulia">Stroulia, Eleni</a> (2012). "A tale of two pricing systems for services". <i>Information Systems and E-Business Management</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10257-010-0151-3">10.1007/s10257-010-0151-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1617-9846">1617-9846</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34195355">34195355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Systems+and+E-Business+Management&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+two+pricing+systems+for+services&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34195355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1617-9846&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10257-010-0151-3&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft.au=Messinger%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Niu%2C+Run+H.&rft.au=Stroulia%2C+Eleni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Shareware: An Alternative to the High Cost of Software", <i>Damon Camille</i>, <i>1987</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://textfiles.fisher.hu/news/freeware.txt">Fisher.hu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614133129/http://textfiles.fisher.hu/news/freeware.txt">Archived</a> 2006-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc-shareware.com/quality.htm">The Price of Quality Software</a> by Tom Smith</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbly2014" class="citation journal cs1">Corbly, James Edward (2014-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/ital/article/view/5105">"The Free Software Alternative: Freeware, Open Source Software, and Libraries"</a>. <i>Information Technology and Libraries</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6017%2Fital.v33i3.5105">10.6017/ital.v33i3.5105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2163-5226">2163-5226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Technology+and+Libraries&rft.atitle=The+Free+Software+Alternative%3A+Freeware%2C+Open+Source+Software%2C+and+Libraries&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6017%2Fital.v33i3.5105&rft.issn=2163-5226&rft.aulast=Corbly&rft.aufirst=James+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejournals.bc.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fital%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fsf-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fsf_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Stallman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Stallman">Stallman, Richard M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">"Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing"</a>. <i>GNU.org</i>. Free Software Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-01</span></span>. <q>Please don't use the term "freeware" as a synonym for "free software." The term "freeware" was used often in the 1980s for programs released only as executables, with source code not available. Today it has no particular agreed-on definition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU.org&rft.atitle=Words+to+Avoid+%28or+Use+with+Care%29+Because+They+Are+Loaded+or+Confusing&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fwords-to-avoid.html%23Freeware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2004" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Rod (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9b_vVPf53xcC&q=%22free+software%22+freeware&pg=PA4"><i>Open Source Software Law</i></a>. Artech House. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58053-719-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58053-719-3"><bdi>978-1-58053-719-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-16</span></span>. <q>On the other hand, freeware does not require any payment from the licensee or end-user, but it is not precisely free software, despite the fact that to an end-user the software is acquired in what appears to be an identical manner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Software+Law&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58053-719-3&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9b_vVPf53xcC%26q%3D%2522free%2Bsoftware%2522%2Bfreeware%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adobe-reader-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adobe-reader_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adobe-reader_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/products/eulas/pdfs/Reader10_combined-20100625_1419.pdf">"ADOBE Personal Computer Software License Agreement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510015219/http://www.adobe.com/products/eulas/pdfs/Reader10_combined-20100625_1419.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-16</span></span>. <q>This license does not grant you the right to sublicense or distribute the Software. ... This agreement does not permit you to install or Use the Software on a computer file server. ... You shall not modify, adapt, translate, or create derivative works based upon the Software. You shall not reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or otherwise attempt to discover the source code of the Software. ... You will not Use any Adobe Runtime on any non-PC device or with any embedded or device version of any operating system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADOBE+Personal+Computer+Software+License+Agreement&rft.pub=Adobe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Fproducts%2Feulas%2Fpdfs%2FReader10_combined-20100625_1419.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adobe-distribution-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adobe-distribution_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adobe-distribution_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/cfusion/mmform/index.cfm?name=distribution_form&pv=rdr">"ADOBE READER AND RUNTIME SOFTWARE – DISTRIBUTION LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR USE ON PERSONAL COMPUTERS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-16</span></span>. <q>Distributor may not make the Software available as a standalone product on the Internet. Distributor may direct end users to obtain the Software, with the exception of ARH, through electronic download on a standalone basis by linking to the official Adobe website.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADOBE+READER+AND+RUNTIME+SOFTWARE+%E2%80%93+DISTRIBUTION+LICENSE+AGREEMENT+FOR+USE+ON+PERSONAL+COMPUTERS&rft.pub=Adobe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Fcfusion%2Fmmform%2Findex.cfm%3Fname%3Ddistribution_form%26pv%3Drdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irfanview.com/eula.htm">"IrfanView Software License Agreement"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-16</span></span>. <q>IrfanView is provided as freeware, but only for private, non-commercial use (that means at home). ... IrfanView is free for educational use (schools, universities and libraries) and for use in charity or humanitarian organisations. ... You may not distribute, rent, sub-license or otherwise make available to others the Software or documentation or copies thereof, except as expressly permitted in this License without prior written consent from IrfanView (Irfan Skiljan). ... You may not modify, de-compile, disassemble or reverse engineer the Software.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IrfanView+Software+License+Agreement.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irfanview.com%2Feula.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-freeware" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=freeware">"freeware"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=freeware&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dfreeware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freeisnot-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freeisnot_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freeisnot_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainewright2009" class="citation web cs1">Wainewright, Phil (July 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523171322/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/saas/free-is-not-a-business-model/807">"Free is not a business model"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/blog/saas/free-is-not-a-business-model/807">the original</a> on May 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Free+is+not+a+business+model&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft.aulast=Wainewright&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Fblog%2Fsaas%2Ffree-is-not-a-business-model%2F807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1999" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Ed (11 Jan 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akoEAAAAMBAJ&q=registerware&pg=RA1-PA101">"An exercise in frustration? Registerware forces users to jump through hoops"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. <b>21</b> (2). InfoWorld Media Group. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=An+exercise+in+frustration%3F+Registerware+forces+users+to+jump+through+hoops&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999-01-11&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakoEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dregisterware%26pg%3DRA1-PA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkoEAAAAMBAJ&q=registerware&pg=PA46">"Is registerware an anti-piracy necessity?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. <b>21</b> (5). InfoWorld Media Group. 1 Feb 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Is+registerware+an+anti-piracy+necessity%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1999-02-01&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkoEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dregisterware%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2002" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Ed (14 Oct 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jz0EAAAAMBAJ&q=registerware&pg=PA61">"Since you asked..."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. <b>24</b> (41). InfoWorld Media Group. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Since+you+asked...&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=41&rft.date=2002-10-14&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djz0EAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dregisterware%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2002" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Ed (18 Nov 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yT0EAAAAMBAJ&q=registerware&pg=PA68">"A vote for fair play"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. <b>24</b> (46). InfoWorld Media Group. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=A+vote+for+fair+play&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=46&rft.date=2002-11-18&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyT0EAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dregisterware%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html">"Categories of free and nonfree software"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-03</span></span>. <q>Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to redistribute copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a copy is required to pay a license fee.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Categories+of+free+and+nonfree+software&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fcategories.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/legalcode">"Creative Commons Legal Code"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>. January 9, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211175916/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/legalcode">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creative+Commons+Legal+Code&rft.pub=Creative+Commons&rft.date=2008-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Flicenses%2Fby%2F2.5%2Fau%2Flegalcode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2013" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Diane (November 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768">"CC's Next Generation Licenses — Welcome Version 4.0!"</a>. <i>Creative Commons</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126124736/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creative+Commons&rft.atitle=CC%27s+Next+Generation+Licenses+%E2%80%94+Welcome+Version+4.0%21&rft.date=2013-11-25&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Fweblog%2Fentry%2F40768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/Version4">"What's new in 4.0?"</a>. <i>Creative Commons</i>. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131129150056/http://creativecommons.org/Version4">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creative+Commons&rft.atitle=What%27s+new+in+4.0%3F&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2FVersion4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses">"CC 4.0, an end to porting Creative Commons licences?"</a>. TechnoLlama. September 25, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902134000/http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CC+4.0%2C+an+end+to+porting+Creative+Commons+licences%3F&rft.pub=TechnoLlama&rft.date=2011-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technollama.co.uk%2Fcc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-contentlicense-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-contentlicense_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assault.cubers.net/docs/license.html#entirepackage">"AssaultCube - License"</a>. <i>assault.cubers.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225031357/http://assault.cubers.net/docs/license.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-30</span></span>. <q><i>AssaultCube is FREEWARE. [...]The content, code and images of the AssaultCube website and all documentation are licensed under "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=assault.cubers.net&rft.atitle=AssaultCube+-+License&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassault.cubers.net%2Fdocs%2Flicense.html%23entirepackage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.google.com/adwordspolicy/answer/6023676#uc">"Legal requirements"</a>. <i>Advertising Policies Help</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Policies+Help&rft.atitle=Legal+requirements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.google.com%2Fadwordspolicy%2Fanswer%2F6023676%23uc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/free-trial">"FREE TRIAL | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=FREE+TRIAL+%7C+definition+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Ffree-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengTang2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Hsing Kenneth; Tang, Qian Candy (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2010.01.014">"Free trial or no free trial: Optimal software product design with network effects"</a>. <i>European Journal of Operational Research</i>. <b>205</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">437–</span>447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejor.2010.01.014">10.1016/j.ejor.2010.01.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-2217">0377-2217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Operational+Research&rft.atitle=Free+trial+or+no+free+trial%3A+Optimal+software+product+design+with+network+effects&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E447&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejor.2010.01.014&rft.issn=0377-2217&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Hsing+Kenneth&rft.au=Tang%2C+Qian+Candy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejor.2010.01.014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDattaFoubertVan_Heerde2015" class="citation journal cs1">Datta, Hannes; Foubert, Bram; Van Heerde, Harald J. (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1509/jmr.12.0160">"The Challenge of Retaining Customers Acquired with Free Trials"</a>. <i>Journal of Marketing Research</i>. <b>52</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">217–</span>234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjmr.12.0160">10.1509/jmr.12.0160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2437">0022-2437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marketing+Research&rft.atitle=The+Challenge+of+Retaining+Customers+Acquired+with+Free+Trials&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1509%2Fjmr.12.0160&rft.issn=0022-2437&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Hannes&rft.au=Foubert%2C+Bram&rft.au=Van+Heerde%2C+Harald+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1509%2Fjmr.12.0160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuChang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, Dong Hong; Chang, Ya Ping (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.09.008">"Investigating consumer attitude and intention toward free trials of technology-based services"</a>. <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>30</b>: <span class="nowrap">328–</span>334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2013.09.008">10.1016/j.chb.2013.09.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0747-5632">0747-5632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+in+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Investigating+consumer+attitude+and+intention+toward+free+trials+of+technology-based+services&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E328-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chb.2013.09.008&rft.issn=0747-5632&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Dong+Hong&rft.au=Chang%2C+Ya+Ping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.chb.2013.09.008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeware&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="//directory.fsf.org/wiki/" 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title="Software distribution">Software distribution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_licensing" title="Floating licensing">Floating licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freely_redistributable_software" title="Freely redistributable software">Freely redistributable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License-free_software" title="License-free software">License-free</a></li> 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Freeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_what_you_want" title="Pay what you want">Pay what you want</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Careware" title="Careware">Careware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donationware" title="Donationware">Donationware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcardware">Postcardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">Shareware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagware" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagware">Nagware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialware" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialware">Trialware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-premises_software" title="On-premises software">On-premises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_software" title="Pre-installed software">Pre-installed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">Product bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneakernet" title="Sneakernet">Sneakernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deceptive and/or illicit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unwanted_software_bundling" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwanted software bundling">Unwanted software bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovelware" title="Shovelware">Shovelware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Software release life cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_product" title="End-of-life product">End-of-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintainer" title="Software maintainer">Software maintainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_publisher" title="Software publisher">Software publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware">Vaporware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaporware" title="List of vaporware">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_protection_dongle" title="Software protection dongle">Software protection dongle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="License manager">License manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_activation" title="Product activation">Product activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_key" title="Product key">Product key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">Software copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_license_server" title="Software license server">Software license server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">Software patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrent_poisoning" title="Torrent poisoning">Torrent poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Independent_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Independent production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Independent_production185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Independent production</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_of_webcomics" title="Business of webcomics">business</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic_Co-ops" title="Minicomic Co-ops">Co-ops</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention">conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer">printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop">shops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">Small press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Record label</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netlabel" title="Netlabel">Netlabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_record_label" title="Open-source record label">Open-source label</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_radio" title="Independent radio">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_culture" title="Cassette culture">Cassette culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music"><i>Doujin</i> music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Module_file" title="Module file">Tracker (MOD) music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podsafe" title="Podsafe">Podsafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">Underground music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Amateur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Home movies">Home movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_film" title="Amateur film">Amateur film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_pornography" title="Amateur pornography">Amateur pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(Hollywood_Golden_Age)" title="B movies (Hollywood Golden Age)">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_in_the_1950s" title="B movies in the 1950s">'50s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(exploitation_boom)" title="B movies (exploitation boom)">'60s–'70s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_since_the_1980s" title="B movies since the 1980s">'80s–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">Midnight movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave_cinema" title="No wave cinema">No wave cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_feature" title="Double feature">Double feature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_coding" title="Cowboy coding">Cowboy coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">Demoscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">Software cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unofficial_patch" title="Unofficial patch">Unofficial patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warez_scene" title="Warez scene">Warez scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie game development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indie_game_developers" title="List of indie game developers">developers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">Homebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_video_game" title="Open-source video game">Open-source video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Food</li><li>Drinks</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_soft_drink" title="Independent soft drink">Independent soft drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">Homebrewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">Microbrewery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_art" title="Indie art">Indie art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Amateur photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_environment" title="Visionary environment">Visionary environment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_role-playing_game" title="Indie role-playing game">Indie RPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_circuit" title="Independent circuit">Independent circuit <span style="font-size:85%;">(wrestling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Independent TV station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujin" title="Doujin">Doujin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_(magazine)" title="Make (magazine)"><i>Make</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(magazine)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maker_Faire" title="Maker Faire">Maker Faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Social peer-to-peer processes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_monetization72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_monetization" title="Template:Video game monetization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_monetization" title="Template talk:Video game monetization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_monetization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game monetization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_monetization72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_monetization" title="Video game monetization">Video game monetization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downloadable_content" title="Downloadable content">Downloadable content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_as_a_service" title="Games as a service">Games as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtransaction" title="Microtransaction">Microtransactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Advertising-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockchain_game" title="Blockchain game">Blockchain game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy-to-play" title="Buy-to-play">Buy-to-play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">Free-to-play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Premium game">Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">Shareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">Subscription-based</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay-to-play" title="Pay-to-play">Pay-to-play</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loot_box" title="Loot box">Loot box</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gacha_game" title="Gacha game"><i>Gacha</i> games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_pass_(video_games)" title="Season pass (video games)">Season pass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_pass" title="Battle pass">Battle pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_gambling" title="Skin gambling">Skin gambling‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_in_video_games" title="Advertising in video games">Advertising in video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a 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