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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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this location"><span class="latitude">39°42′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">111°50′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.7085°N 111.8361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.7085; -111.8361</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1853 lynching of Native Americans by Mormons</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Nephi Massacre<sup id="cite_ref-Skeletons_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skeletons-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of <a href="/wiki/Wakara%27s_War" title="Wakara's War">Wakara's War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NephiMassacreSite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NephiMassacreSite.jpg/220px-NephiMassacreSite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NephiMassacreSite.jpg/330px-NephiMassacreSite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NephiMassacreSite.jpg/440px-NephiMassacreSite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cabin near the site of the Salt Creek Fort, where the massacre took place.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Nephi,_Utah" title="Nephi, Utah">Nephi, Utah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nephi_massacre&params=39.7085_N_111.8361_W_type:event_region:US-UT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°42′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">111°50′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.7085°N 111.8361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.7085; -111.8361</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">2 Oct 1853</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Group of <a href="/wiki/Goshute" title="Goshute">Goshute</a> Western Shoshone people<sup id="cite_ref-Deseret_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deseret-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beehive_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beehive-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Mass execution</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapons</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Guns">Guns</a>, blunt weapons</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">7 males, ages 10–35<sup id="cite_ref-Beehive_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beehive-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deseret_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deseret-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data">Members of the <a href="/wiki/LDS_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="LDS Church">LDS Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data">Paranoia towards <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_Utah" title="Native Americans in Utah">Native American</a> people during <a href="/wiki/Wakara%27s_War" title="Wakara's War">Wakara's War</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nephi massacre</b> was an 1853 incident when a group of <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a> invited a group of peace-seeking <a href="/wiki/Goshute" title="Goshute">Goshute</a> Native American men, woman (singular), and children into their fort in <a href="/wiki/Nephi,_Utah" title="Nephi, Utah">Nephi, Utah</a> and executed the seven men and took the remaining three as prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Archaeology_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 138—139">: 138—139 </span></sup> The white settlers were acting in retaliation for the recent deaths of four Mormons in the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_Green_massacre" title="Fountain Green massacre">Fountain Green massacre</a> done by a different nation of Native American called <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beehive_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beehive-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deseret_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deseret-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Traumatized_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traumatized-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlers were from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) commonly called Mormons.<sup id="cite_ref-Archaeology_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 138—139">: 138—139 </span></sup> </p><p>The murder of the Goshute men occurred in the midst of a series of skirmishes dubbed <a href="/wiki/Wakara%27s_War" title="Wakara's War">Wakara's War</a> between Native Americans and Mormons in the present-day Utah region.<sup id="cite_ref-Beehive_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beehive-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LDS settlers at <a href="/wiki/Salt_Creek_(Juab_County)" title="Salt Creek (Juab County)">Salt Creek</a> Fort in present-day <a href="/wiki/Nephi,_Utah" title="Nephi, Utah">Nephi, Utah</a> invited the group of people inside the fort, took them prisoner, shot them in the back of the head,<sup id="cite_ref-Beehive_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beehive-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archaeology_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 158">: 158 </span></sup> and buried them in a mass grave.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One woman and two children from the group were taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-Skeletal_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skeletal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accounts_from_local_personal_journals">Accounts from local personal journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephi_massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Accounts from local personal journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adelia Almira Wilcox, whose husband had been killed by Native Americans two weeks before, wrote in her memoir that those killed in the Nephi massacre were, "shot down without even considering whether they were the guilty ones or not .... They were shot down like so many dogs, picked up with pitchforks [put] on a sleigh and hauled away."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to another local woman: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This barbarous circumstance [of the Fountain Green massacre] actuated our brethren, counseled by ... President Call of <a href="/wiki/Fillmore,_Utah" title="Fillmore, Utah">Filmore</a> [sic], to do quite as barbarous an act the following morning, being the Sabbath. Nine Indians coming into our Camp looking for protection and bread with us, because we promised it to them and without knowing [whether] they did the first evil act in that affair or any other, were shot down without one minute's notice. I felt satisfied in my own mind that if Mr. Heywood had been here they would not have been dealt with so unhumanly [sic]. It cast considerable gloom over my mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Whites_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whites-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 270–271">: 270–271 </span></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Martha Spence Heywood, Journal</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephi_massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism and violence</a></div> <p>During the summer of 1853 violence erupted between Native Americans in what is now <a href="/wiki/Utah_Valley" title="Utah Valley">Utah Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>'s largest denomination, the LDS Church. The series of killings were initiated over land and resource disputes. These conflicts are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Wakara%27s_War" title="Wakara's War">Wakara's War</a> (also called Walker's War).<sup id="cite_ref-Beehive_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beehive-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mass_grave_discovery">Mass grave discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephi_massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mass grave discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006 the remains of the slain Utes were discovered in an area of Nephi called Old Hallow during a construction excavation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skeletal_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skeletal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephi_massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle Creek Massacre">Battle Creek Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circleville_Massacre" title="Circleville Massacre">Circleville Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_River_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Provo River Massacre">Provo River Massacre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephi_massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Skeletons-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skeletons_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStettler2006" class="citation news cs1">Stettler, Jeremiah (September 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4341777&itype=NGPSID">"Skeletons found in Nephi may reveal details of 1853 massacre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake Tribune">Salt Lake Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2023</span>. <q>[The archaeologist] has found nothing to change the history of the Nephi massacre. Rather, he has evidence to suggest that seven men, ages 16 to 25, were killed that day and thrown in a mass grave.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Skeletons+found+in+Nephi+may+reveal+details+of+1853+massacre&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft.aulast=Stettler&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.sltrib.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D4341777%26itype%3DNGPSID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephi+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deseret-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deseret_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deseret_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deseret_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2007/6/8/20023478/nephi-indian-grave-yields-details-of-1853-killings">"Nephi Indian grave yields details of 1853 killings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/LDS_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="LDS Church">LDS Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. June 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Nephi+Indian+grave+yields+details+of+1853+killings&rft.date=2007-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2007%2F6%2F8%2F20023478%2Fnephi-indian-grave-yields-details-of-1853-killings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephi+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beehive-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beehive_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beehive_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beehive_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beehive_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beehive_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beehive_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRood2012" class="citation web cs1">Rood, Ronald (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utahhumanities.org/stories/items/show/247">"Massacre in Nephi: Archaeology of a Mass Grave"</a>. <i>The Beehive Archive</i>. Salt Lake City: Utah Humanities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Beehive+Archive&rft.atitle=Massacre+in+Nephi%3A+Archaeology+of+a+Mass+Grave&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rood&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utahhumanities.org%2Fstories%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephi+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archaeology-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archaeology_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archaeology_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archaeology_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archaeology_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRood2017" class="citation book cs1">Rood, Ronald J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323150786">"The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from Nephi, Utah and One Event of the Walker War, Utah Territory. Excavations at 42JB1470, Nephi, Utah"</a>. In Kiarszys, Grzegorz; Zalewska, Anna Izabella (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34849440"><i>Materiality of Troubled Pasts: Archaeologies of Conflicts and Wars</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Szczecin,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Szczecin, Poland">Szczecin, Poland</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Szczecin" title="University of Szczecin">University of Szczecin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-943365-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-943365-3-0"><bdi>978-83-943365-3-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+a+Mass+Grave+from+Nephi%2C+Utah+and+One+Event+of+the+Walker+War%2C+Utah+Territory.+Excavations+at+42JB1470%2C+Nephi%2C+Utah&rft.btitle=Materiality+of+Troubled+Pasts%3A+Archaeologies+of+Conflicts+and+Wars&rft.place=Szczecin%2C+Poland&rft.pub=University+of+Szczecin&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-83-943365-3-0&rft.aulast=Rood&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F323150786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephi+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Traumatized-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Traumatized_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traumatized_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2006" class="citation news cs1">Carter, D. Robert (February 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldextra.com/news/2006/feb/18/frontier-violence-traumatized-both-colonists-and-indians/">"Frontier violence traumatized both colonists and Indians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Herald_(Utah)" title="Daily Herald (Utah)">Daily Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Frontier+violence+traumatized+both+colonists+and+Indians&rft.date=2006-02-18&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=D.+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldextra.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2Ffeb%2F18%2Ffrontier-violence-traumatized-both-colonists-and-indians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephi+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BYU-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BYU_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWimmer2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Wimmer, Ryan (December 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2461"><i>The Walker War Reconsidered</i></a> (Master of History thesis). <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Walker+War+Reconsidered&rft.degree=Master+of+History&rft.inst=Brigham+Young+University&rft.date=2010-12-13&rft.aulast=Wimmer&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fetd%2F2461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephi+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Archaeology_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 137–138">: 137–138 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BYU_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYU-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145">: 145 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Traumatized_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traumatized-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skeletal-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skeletal_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skeletal_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrauntvein,_Myrna2006" class="citation news cs1">Trauntvein, Myrna (August 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nephitimesnews.com/0806/080906/3.htm">"Skeletal remains found at construction site in Nephi"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephi_Times-News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nephi Times-News (page does not exist)">Nephi Times-News</a></i>. Nephi, Utah<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nephi+Times-News&rft.atitle=Skeletal+remains+found+at+construction+site+in+Nephi&rft.date=2006-08-09&rft.au=Trauntvein%2C+Myrna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nephitimesnews.com%2F0806%2F080906%2F3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephi+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristy1979" class="citation journal cs1">Christy, Howard A. (January 1, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/utah10/docs/uhq_volume47_1979_number4/s/130332">"The Walker War: Defense and Conciliation as Strategy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Utah_Historical_Quarterly" title="Utah Historical Quarterly">Utah Historical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>47</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">395–</span>420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45060728">10.2307/45060728</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-143X">0042-143X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45060728">45060728</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254442937">254442937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utah+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Walker+War%3A+Defense+and+Conciliation+as+Strategy&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E420&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft.issn=0042-143X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254442937%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45060728%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45060728&rft.aulast=Christy&rft.aufirst=Howard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Futah10%2Fdocs%2Fuhq_volume47_1979_number4%2Fs%2F130332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephi+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whites-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whites_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBagley2019" class="citation book cs1">Bagley, Will (October 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Whites_Want_Every_Thing/i36mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137"><i>The Whites Want Every Thing: Indian-Mormon Relations, 1847–1877</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806165813" title="Special:BookSources/9780806165813"><bdi>9780806165813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whites+Want+Every+Thing%3A+Indian-Mormon+Relations%2C+1847%E2%80%931877&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.isbn=9780806165813&rft.aulast=Bagley&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Whites_Want_Every_Thing%2Fi36mDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephi+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrauntvein2007" class="citation web cs1">Trauntvein, Myrna (June 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nephitimesnews.com/0607/062707/4.htm">"Native American remains reveal evidence of being executed"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephi_Times-News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nephi Times-News (page does not exist)">Nephi Times-News</a></i>. Nephi, Utah<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nephi+Times-News&rft.atitle=Native+American+remains+reveal+evidence+of+being+executed&rft.date=2007-06-27&rft.aulast=Trauntvein&rft.aufirst=Myrna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nephitimesnews.com%2F0607%2F062707%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephi+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Mormon teachings on skin color</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamanites" title="Lamanites">Lamanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephites" title="Nephites">Nephites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism and slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Utah" title="History of slavery in Utah">History of slavery in Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_relief_of_Indian_Slaves_and_Prisoners" title="Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners">Indian Slavery Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Interracial marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Interracial marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Placement_Program" title="Indian Placement Program">Indian Placement Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War_(1865%E2%80%931872)" title="Black Hawk War (1865–1872)">Black Hawk War (1865–1872)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Ute Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakara%27s_War" title="Wakara's War">Wakara's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posey_War" title="Posey War">Posey War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_River_Massacre" title="Bear River Massacre">Bear River Massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massacre by Mormons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek_massacre" title="Battle Creek massacre">Battle Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Fort_Utah" title="Battle at Fort Utah">Provo River massacre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nephi massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circleville_Massacre" title="Circleville Massacre">Circleville Massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massacre of Mormons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Green_massacre" title="Fountain Green massacre">Fountain Green massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Creek_Canyon_massacre" title="Salt Creek Canyon massacre">Salt Creek Canyon massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sagwitch" title="Sagwitch">Chief Sagwitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(chief)" title="Tuba (chief)">Chief Tuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanosh_(chief)" title="Kanosh (chief)">Chief Kanosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Lee" title="George P. Lee">George P. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Young_Kanosh" title="Sally Young Kanosh">Kahpeputz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tillohash" title="Tony Tillohash">Tony Tillohash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Echo_Hawk" title="Larry Echo Hawk">Larry Echo Hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Category:Mormonism_and_Native_Americans" title="Category:Mormonism and Native Americans">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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