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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fiji mermaid and Tom Thumb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji_mermaid_and_Tom_Thumb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenny_Lind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenny_Lind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Jenny Lind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenny_Lind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversified_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversified_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Diversified activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversified_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Circus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Author_and_debunker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Author_and_debunker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Author and debunker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Author_and_debunker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Role in politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profitable_philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profitable_philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Profitable philanthropy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profitable_philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Films and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">P. T. Barnum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B3%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%B4%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%88%E1%88%AD_%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9D" title="ፊንሳስ ቴይለር በርናም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፊንሳስ ቴይለር በርናም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="بي تي بارنوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بي تي بارنوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fineas_Teylor_Barnum" title="Fineas Teylor Barnum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fineas Teylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="فینیاس تیلور بارنوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فینیاس تیلور بارنوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8A%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Финиъс Барнъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Финиъс Барнъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.T._Barnum" title="P.T. Barnum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="P.T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="فینیاس تیلور بارنوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فینیاس تیلور بارنوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.T._Barnum" title="P.T. Barnum – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="P.T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._%EB%B0%94%EB%84%98" title="P. T. 바넘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="P. T. 바넘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ֆինեաս Թեյլոր Բարնում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆինեաս Թեյլոր Բարնում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.T._Barnum" title="P.T. Barnum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="P.T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99._%D7%98%D7%99._%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פי. טי. ברנום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פי. טי. ברנום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phinees_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phinees Taylor Barnum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phinees Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finiass_Teilors_B%C4%81rnums" title="Finiass Teilors Bārnums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Finiass Teilors Bārnums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Barnum" title="Phineas Barnum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Phineas Barnum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="بى تى بارنوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بى تى بارنوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E3%83%BBT%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0" title="P・T・バーナム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="P・T・バーナム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.T._Barnum" title="P.T. Barnum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="P.T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%BC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="فینیاس ټایلور بارنوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فینیاس ټایلور بارنوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.T._Barnum" title="P.T. Barnum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="P.T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC,_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Барнум, Финеас Тейлор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Барнум, Финеас Тейлор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._T._Barnum" title="F. T. Barnum – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="F. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.T._Barnum" title="P.T. Barnum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="P.T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பி. டி. பர்னம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பி. டி. பர்னம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Фінеас Тейлор Барнум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фінеас Тейлор Барнум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Phineas Taylor Barnum" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="P. T. Barnum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%B8%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%BA%B3%E5%A7%86" title="费尼尔司·泰勒·巴纳姆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="费尼尔司·泰勒·巴纳姆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%B4%8D%E5%A7%86" title="巴納姆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴納姆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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T. Barnum</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:P._T._Barnum_-_02176a_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P._T._Barnum_-_02176a_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-P._T._Barnum_-_02176a_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P._T._Barnum_-_02176a_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-P._T._Barnum_-_02176a_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P._T._Barnum_-_02176a_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-P._T._Barnum_-_02176a_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4084" data-file-height="5176" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Barnum, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1855–1865</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1875–1876</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives" title="Connecticut House of Representatives">Connecticut House of Representatives</a></span><br />from the <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield, Connecticut">Fairfield</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1866–1869</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Phineas Taylor Barnum</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1810-07-05</span>)</span>July 5, 1810<br /><a href="/wiki/Bethel,_Connecticut" title="Bethel, Connecticut">Bethel, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 7, 1891<span style="display:none">(1891-04-07)</span> (aged 80)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Grove_Cemetery,_Bridgeport" title="Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport">Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (until 1854)<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (after 1854)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Charity Hallett</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1829; died 1873)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fish" title="Nancy Fish">Nancy Fish</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1874)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Showman</li><li>entrepreneur (entertainment as founder and promoter)</li><li>politician</li><li>author</li><li>publisher</li><li>philanthropist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founding the <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Barnum & Bailey Circus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PT_Barnum_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="P. T. Barnum's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PT_Barnum_Signature.svg/128px-PT_Barnum_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PT_Barnum_Signature.svg/192px-PT_Barnum_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PT_Barnum_Signature.svg/256px-PT_Barnum_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Phineas Taylor Barnum</b> (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, businessman, and politician remembered for promoting celebrated <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoaxes</a> and founding with <a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Bailey" title="James Anthony Bailey">James Anthony Bailey</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also an author, publisher, and <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a>, although he said of himself: "I am a showman by profession ... and all the gilding shall make nothing else of me."<sup id="cite_ref-Kunhardt_1995_vi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunhardt_1995_vi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Barnum's critics, his personal aim was "to put money in his own coffers".<sup id="cite_ref-Kunhardt_1995_vi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunhardt_1995_vi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adage "<a href="/wiki/There%27s_a_sucker_born_every_minute" title="There's a sucker born every minute">there's a sucker born every minute</a>" has frequently been attributed to him, although no evidence exists that he had coined the phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnum became a small-business owner in his early twenties and founded a weekly newspaper before moving to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1834. He embarked on an entertainment career, first with a variety troupe called "Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Theater", and soon after by purchasing <a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum" title="Barnum's American Museum">Scudder's American Museum</a>, which he renamed after himself. He used the museum as a platform to promote hoaxes and human curiosities such as the <a href="/wiki/Fiji_mermaid" title="Fiji mermaid">Fiji mermaid</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Tom_Thumb" title="General Tom Thumb">General Tom Thumb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_B._Kunhardt,_et_al.,_p._73_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_B._Kunhardt,_et_al.,_p._73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1850, he promoted the <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Lind_tour_of_America,_1850%E2%80%9352" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenny Lind tour of America, 1850–52">American tour</a> of Swedish opera singer <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Lind" title="Jenny Lind">Jenny Lind</a>, paying her an unprecedented $1,000, equivalent to $37,796 in 2024, per night for 150 nights. He suffered economic reversals in the 1850s from unwise investments, as well as years of litigation and public humiliation, but he embarked on a lecture tour as a <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> speaker to emerge from debt. His museum added America's first aquarium and expanded its wax-figure department. </p><p>Barnum served two terms in the Connecticut legislature in 1865 as a Republican for <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield, Connecticut">Fairfield, Connecticut</a>. He spoke before the legislature concerning the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Christ died for,' is not to be trifled with. It may tenant the body of a Chinaman, a Turk, an Arab, or a <a href="/wiki/Hottentot_(racial_term)" title="Hottentot (racial term)">Hottentot</a>—it is still an immortal spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-Barnum_1888_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnum_1888-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected in 1875 as mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut, where he worked to improve the water supply, bring gas lighting to streets and enforce liquor and prostitution laws. He was instrumental in the inception of <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport_Hospital" title="Bridgeport Hospital">Bridgeport Hospital</a> in 1878 and was its first president.<sup id="cite_ref-kunhardt2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kunhardt2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circus business, begun when he was 60 years old, was the source of much of his enduring fame. He established P. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome in 1870, a traveling circus, menagerie and museum of "freaks" that adopted many names over the years. </p><p>Barnum was married to Charity Hallett from 1829 until her death in 1873, and they had four children. In 1874, a few months after his wife's death, he married <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fish" title="Nancy Fish">Nancy Fish</a>, his friend's daughter and 40 years his junior. They were married until 1891 when Barnum died of a stroke at his home. He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Grove_Cemetery,_Bridgeport" title="Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport">Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport</a>, which he designed himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogak,_Lisa_2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogak,_Lisa_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barnum was born in <a href="/wiki/Bethel,_Connecticut" title="Bethel, Connecticut">Bethel, Connecticut</a>, the son of innkeeper, tailor and storekeeper Philo Barnum (1778–1826) and Philo's second wife, Irene Taylor. Barnum's maternal grandfather Phineas Taylor was a <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a>, legislator, landowner, <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a>, and lottery schemer who had a great influence upon him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_beginnings">Career beginnings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barnum ran several businesses, including a general store, a book-auctioning trade, real estate speculation and a statewide lottery network. He started a weekly newspaper in 1831 called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald_of_Freedom" title="The Herald of Freedom">The Herald of Freedom</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Bethel,_Connecticut" title="Bethel, Connecticut">Bethel, Connecticut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His editorials against the elders of local churches led to libel suits and prosecution, and he was imprisoned for two months. While incarcerated, Barnum sought the help of <a href="/wiki/L.F.W._Andrews" title="L.F.W. Andrews">Rev. L.F.W. Andrews</a>, publisher of the <i>Gospel Witness</i> from Hartford. Barnum and Andrews then published a joint paper, the <i>Herald of Freedom and Gospel Witness.</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They dissolved their partnership a year later in October 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnum then moved the publication of the paper to neighboring <a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">Danbury, Connecticut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1834, after publishing 160 issues of the <i>Herald of Freedom</i>, Barnum passed control of the paper to his brother-in-law, John W. Amerman, who published the paper for another year in <a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">Norwalk, Connecticut</a>. When Amerman sold the paper to Mr. George Taylor, the Barnum family's connection to the <i>Herald of Freedom</i> ended.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnum sold his store in 1834.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He began his career as a showman in 1835 at the age of 25 with the purchase and exhibition of a blind and almost completely paralyzed slave woman named <a href="/wiki/Joice_Heth" title="Joice Heth">Joice Heth</a>, whom an acquaintance was billing around Philadelphia as <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s 161 year-old former nurse. Slavery was already outlawed in New York, but Barnum exploited a loophole that allowed him to lease Heth for a year for $1,000, borrowing $500 to complete the sale. Barnum forced her to work for 10 to 12 hours per day, and she died in February 1836 at no more than 80 years of age. Barnum hosted a live autopsy of Heth's body in a New York saloon to demonstrate her actual age before spectators paying 50 cents each.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansky_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansky-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freed_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freed-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Showman_and_promotions">Showman and promotions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Showman and promotions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum" title="Barnum's American Museum">Barnum's American Museum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Fairy_Wedding_group_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery,_from_photographic_negative_by_Brady._LCCN2017659631.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Fairy_Wedding_group_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_from_photographic_negative_by_Brady._LCCN2017659631.jpg/220px-The_Fairy_Wedding_group_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_from_photographic_negative_by_Brady._LCCN2017659631.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Fairy_Wedding_group_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_from_photographic_negative_by_Brady._LCCN2017659631.jpg/330px-The_Fairy_Wedding_group_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_from_photographic_negative_by_Brady._LCCN2017659631.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Fairy_Wedding_group_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_from_photographic_negative_by_Brady._LCCN2017659631.jpg/440px-The_Fairy_Wedding_group_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_from_photographic_negative_by_Brady._LCCN2017659631.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="3349" /></a><figcaption>Entertainers associated with Barnum: Charles Stratton ("<a href="/wiki/General_Tom_Thumb" title="General Tom Thumb">General Tom Thumb</a>") and his bride <a href="/wiki/Lavinia_Warren" title="Lavinia Warren">Lavinia Warren</a>, alongside her sister <a href="/wiki/Minnie_Warren" title="Minnie Warren">Minnie</a> and George Washington Morrison Nutt ("<a href="/wiki/Commodore_Nutt" title="Commodore Nutt">Commodore Nutt</a>")</figcaption></figure> <p>Barnum had a year of mixed success with his first variety troupe, Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Theater, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a> and three years of difficult circumstances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He purchased <a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum" title="Barnum's American Museum">Scudder's American Museum</a> in 1841, located at <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Ann Street (Manhattan)">Ann Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. Renaming it Barnum's American Museum, he improved it, upgrading the building and adding exhibits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It became a popular showplace. He added a <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> lamp that attracted attention up and down Broadway and flags along the roof's edge that attracted attention in daytime, while giant paintings of animals between the upper windows drew attention from pedestrians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The roof was transformed to a strolling garden with a view of the city, where Barnum launched <a href="/wiki/Hot-air_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-air balloon">hot-air balloon</a> rides daily.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A changing series of live acts and curiosities were added to the exhibits of stuffed animals, including <a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">albinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gigantism" title="Gigantism">giants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">little people</a>, jugglers, magicians, exotic women, detailed models of cities and famous battles and a menagerie of animals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiji_mermaid_and_Tom_Thumb">Fiji mermaid and Tom Thumb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fiji mermaid and Tom Thumb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barnumad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Barnumad.png/220px-Barnumad.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Barnumad.png 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>An 1866 newspaper advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum" title="Barnum's American Museum">Barnum's American Museum</a> located on <a href="/wiki/Ann_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Ann Street (Manhattan)">Ann Street</a> in Manhattan</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1842, Barnum introduced his first major hoax: a creature with the body of a monkey and the tail of a fish known as the <a href="/wiki/Fiji_mermaid" title="Fiji mermaid">"Feejee" mermaid</a>. He leased it from fellow museum owner <a href="/wiki/Moses_Kimball" title="Moses Kimball">Moses Kimball</a> of Boston who became his friend, confidant and collaborator.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnum justified his hoaxes by calling them advertisements to draw attention to the museum. He said, "I don't believe in duping the public, but I believe in first attracting and then pleasing them."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He followed the mermaid act by exhibiting the four-year-old actor Charles Stratton, billed as the 11-year-old <a href="/wiki/General_Tom_Thumb" title="General Tom Thumb">General Tom Thumb</a>. Stratton was taught to imitate famous figures such as <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. </p><p>In 1843, Barnum hired the Native American dancer <a href="/wiki/Do-Hum-Me" title="Do-Hum-Me">Do-Hum-Me</a>, the first of many Natives that he would present. During 1844–45, he toured with General Tom Thumb in Europe and met <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, who was amused<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> but saddened by Stratton, and the event was a publicity coup. It opened the door to visits with royalty throughout Europe, including the <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Russia">tsar of Russia</a>, and enabled Barnum to acquire many new attractions, including <a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">automatons</a> and other mechanical marvels. During this time, he bought other museums, including artist <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_Peale" title="Rembrandt Peale">Rembrandt Peale</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peale%27s_Philadelphia_Museum" title="Peale's Philadelphia Museum">Philadelphia Museum</a> (the nation's first major museum),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_and_Gallery_of_Fine_Arts" title="Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts">Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1846, Barnum's American Museum was drawing 400,000 visitors per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_B._Kunhardt,_et_al.,_p._73_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_B._Kunhardt,_et_al.,_p._73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jenny_Lind">Jenny Lind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jenny Lind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Lind%27s_tour_of_America" title="Jenny Lind's tour of America">Jenny Lind's tour of America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jenny_Lind_New_York_Concert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jenny_Lind_New_York_Concert.jpg/170px-Jenny_Lind_New_York_Concert.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jenny_Lind_New_York_Concert.jpg/255px-Jenny_Lind_New_York_Concert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jenny_Lind_New_York_Concert.jpg/340px-Jenny_Lind_New_York_Concert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a>, New York, venue of Lind's first American concerts</figcaption></figure> <p>Barnum became aware of the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Lind" title="Jenny Lind">Jenny Lind</a>, the "Swedish Nightingale", during his European tour with Tom Thumb when her career was at its height in Europe. Barnum, admittedly unmusical, had never heard Lind's voice<sup id="cite_ref-rogers_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogers-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he offered her the chance to sing in the US at $1,000 a night for 150 nights, with all expenses paid.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunhard92_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunhard92-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lind demanded the fee in advance, and Barnum agreed. She used the fee to raise a fund for charities, principally endowing schools for poor children in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-miller_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnum borrowed heavily on his mansion and his museum to raise the money to pay Lind.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunhard92_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunhard92-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was still short of funds, so he persuaded a Philadelphia minister that Lind would be a positive influence on American morals, and the minister lent him the final $6,000. The contract also afforded Lind the option of withdrawing from the tour after 60 or 100 performances, paying Barnum $50,000 (~$1.42 million in 2023) if she did so.<sup id="cite_ref-miller_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lind and her small company sailed to the US in September 1850. She was a celebrity before she arrived, following Barnum's months of preparations. Nearly 40,000 people greeted her at the docks and another 20,000 at her hotel, and merchandise was sold.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunhardt99_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunhardt99-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Lind realized how much money she stood to earn from the tour, she insisted upon a new agreement, which Barnum signed on September 3, 1850. This paid Lind the original fee plus the remainder of each concert's profits after Barnum's $5,500 management fee. Lind was determined to accumulate as much money as possible for her charities.<sup id="cite_ref-rogers_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogers-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Humbug_with_Jenny_Lind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Panorama_of_Humbug_with_Jenny_Lind.jpg/250px-Panorama_of_Humbug_with_Jenny_Lind.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Panorama_of_Humbug_with_Jenny_Lind.jpg/375px-Panorama_of_Humbug_with_Jenny_Lind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Panorama_of_Humbug_with_Jenny_Lind.jpg/500px-Panorama_of_Humbug_with_Jenny_Lind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>A parody of Lind's first American tour for Barnum, New York City, October 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>The tour began with a concert at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a> on September 11, 1850. It was a major success, recouping Barnum four times his investment. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> proclaimed, "She is enough to counterbalance, of herself, all the evil that the world is threatened with by the great convention of women. So God save Jenny Lind!"<sup id="cite_ref-Kunhardt99_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunhardt99-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tickets for some of her concerts were in such demand that Barnum sold them at auction, and public enthusiasm was so strong that the press coined the term "Lind mania".<sup id="cite_ref-mania_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mania-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blatant commercialism of Barnum's ticket auctions distressed Lind,<sup id="cite_ref-mania_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mania-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she persuaded him to reserve a substantial portion of tickets at reduced prices.<sup id="cite_ref-observer1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the tour, Barnum's publicity always preceded Lind's arrival and generated enthusiasm, as he had as many as 26 journalists on his payroll.<sup id="cite_ref-hambrick_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hambrick-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After New York, the company toured the East Coast with continued success and later traveled through the southern states and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. By early 1851, Lind had become uncomfortable with Barnum's relentless marketing of the tour, and she invoked a contractual right to sever her ties with him. They parted amicably, and she continued the tour for nearly a year under her own management.<sup id="cite_ref-rogers_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogers-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lind performed 93 concerts in the US for Barnum, earning her about $350,000, while Barnum netted at least $500,000, equivalent to $18,898,000 in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversified_activities">Diversified activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diversified activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P._T._Barnum_letter_to_Henry_Ashley,_1882-06-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="follow image link for full transcript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/P._T._Barnum_letter_to_Henry_Ashley%2C_1882-06-28.jpg/170px-P._T._Barnum_letter_to_Henry_Ashley%2C_1882-06-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/P._T._Barnum_letter_to_Henry_Ashley%2C_1882-06-28.jpg/255px-P._T._Barnum_letter_to_Henry_Ashley%2C_1882-06-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/P._T._Barnum_letter_to_Henry_Ashley%2C_1882-06-28.jpg/340px-P._T._Barnum_letter_to_Henry_Ashley%2C_1882-06-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>Barnum's hand-written letter of June 28, 1882, to Henry Ashley of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Clipper" title="New York Clipper">New York Clipper</a></i>, on paper headed with Barnum's monogram. </figcaption></figure> <p>Barnum's next challenge was to change public attitudes about the theater, which was widely regarded as a salacious enterprise. He wanted theaters to become palaces of edification and delight as respectable middle-class entertainment. He built New York City's largest and most modern theater, naming it the Moral Lecture Room. Barnum hoped that this would avoid seedy connotations, attract a family crowd and win the approval of the city's moral crusaders. He started the nation's first theatrical matinées to encourage families and to lessen the fear of crime. </p><p>The theater opened with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Drunkard" title="The Drunkard">The Drunkard</a></i>, a thinly disguised <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> lecture. Barnum had become a teetotaler after returning from Europe. He followed it with melodramas, farces and historical plays performed by highly regarded actors. He edited <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespearean</a> plays and other works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> to render them more palatable for family audiences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Barnum organized flower shows, beauty contests, dog shows and poultry contests, but the most popular were baby contests. In 1853 he started the pictorial weekly newspaper <i>Illustrated News</i>. He completed his autobiography one year later, which sold more than one million copies over the course of numerous revisions. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> loved the book, but the <i>British Examiner</i> thought it "trashy" and "offensive" and wrote that it inspired "nothing but sensations of disgust" and "sincere pity for the wretched man who compiled it."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1850s, Barnum began investing to develop <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">East Bridgeport, Connecticut</a>. He extended substantial loans to the Jerome Clock Company to lure it to move to his new industrial area, but the company went bankrupt by 1856, taking Barnum's wealth with it. This began four years of litigation and public humiliation. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> proclaimed that Barnum's downfall showed "the gods visible again", and other critics celebrated Barnum's public dilemma. However, Tom Thumb offered his services, as he was touring on his own, and the two began another European tour. Barnum also started a lecture tour, mostly as a temperance speaker. By 1860, he emerged from debt and built a mansion that he called Lindencroft, and he resumed ownership of his museum. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barnum_and_Commodore_Nutt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Barnum_and_Commodore_Nutt.jpg/170px-Barnum_and_Commodore_Nutt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Barnum_and_Commodore_Nutt.jpg/255px-Barnum_and_Commodore_Nutt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Barnum_and_Commodore_Nutt.jpg/340px-Barnum_and_Commodore_Nutt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Barnum with <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Nutt" title="Commodore Nutt">Commodore Nutt</a>, photograph by <a href="/wiki/Charles_DeForest_Fredricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles DeForest Fredricks">Charles DeForest Fredricks</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Barnum created America's first <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a> and expanded the <a href="/wiki/Wax_sculpture" title="Wax sculpture">wax figure</a> section of his museum. His "Seven Grand Salons" demonstrated the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>. The collections expanded to four buildings, and he published a museum guidebook that claimed 850,000 "curiosities".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in 1860, <a href="/wiki/Conjoined_twins" title="Conjoined twins">Siamese twins</a> <a href="/wiki/Chang_and_Eng" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang and Eng">Chang and Eng</a> emerged from retirement and appeared at Barnum's museum for six weeks. Also in 1860, Barnum introduced <a href="/wiki/Zip_the_Pinhead" title="Zip the Pinhead">Zip the Pinhead</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Microcephalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcephalic">microcephalic</a> black man who spoke a mysterious language created by Barnum. In 1862, Barnum discovered giantess <a href="/wiki/Anna_Swan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Swan">Anna Swan</a> and dwarf <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Nutt" title="Commodore Nutt">Commodore Nutt</a>, a new Tom Thumb with whom Barnum visited President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> at the White House. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Barnum's museum drew large audiences seeking diversion from the conflict. He added pro-<a href="/wiki/Union_(U.S._Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union (U.S. Civil War)">Union</a> exhibits, lectures and dramas, and he demonstrated commitment to the cause. He hired <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Cushman" title="Pauline Cushman">Pauline Cushman</a> in 1864, an actress who had served as a spy for the Union, to lecture about her "thrilling adventures" behind Confederate lines. Barnum's Unionist sympathies incited a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army_of_Manhattan" title="Confederate Army of Manhattan">Confederate sympathizer</a> to start a fire in 1864. Barnum's American Museum burned to the ground on July 13, 1865, from a fire of unknown origin. Barnum reestablished it at another location in New York City, but this was also destroyed by fire in March 1868. The loss was too great the second time, and Barnum retired from the museum business. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Barnum_circus"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circus">Circus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Circus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_Quarters_of_the_Great_Barnum-London_Show.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Winter_Quarters_of_the_Great_Barnum-London_Show.jpg/220px-Winter_Quarters_of_the_Great_Barnum-London_Show.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Winter_Quarters_of_the_Great_Barnum-London_Show.jpg/330px-Winter_Quarters_of_the_Great_Barnum-London_Show.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Winter_Quarters_of_the_Great_Barnum-London_Show.jpg/440px-Winter_Quarters_of_the_Great_Barnum-London_Show.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="1307" /></a><figcaption>A book engraving of the winter quarters of Barnum's circus in <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barnum_%26_Bailey_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Barnum_%26_Bailey_1902.jpg/220px-Barnum_%26_Bailey_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Barnum_%26_Bailey_1902.jpg/330px-Barnum_%26_Bailey_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Barnum_%26_Bailey_1902.jpg/440px-Barnum_%26_Bailey_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3440" data-file-height="2674" /></a><figcaption>A share of Barnum and Bailey Ltd, issued January 24, 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>Barnum did not enter the circus business until he was 60 years old. He established "P. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome" title="Hippodrome">Hippodrome</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Delavan,_Wisconsin" title="Delavan, Wisconsin">Delavan, Wisconsin</a> in 1870 with <a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="William Cameron Coup">William Cameron Coup</a>. It was a traveling circus, menagerie and museum of "freaks" that assumed various names: "P. T. Barnum's Travelling World's Fair, Great Roman Hippodrome and Greatest Show on Earth", and "P. T. Barnum's Greatest Show on Earth, and the Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and the Grand International Allied Shows United" after an 1881 merger with <a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Bailey" title="James Anthony Bailey">James Bailey</a> and James L. Hutchinson, soon shortened to "Barnum & Bailey's". This was the first circus to display three rings.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The show's first primary attraction was <a href="/wiki/Jumbo" title="Jumbo">Jumbo</a>, an <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">African elephant</a> that Barnum purchased in 1882 from the <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a>. The Barnum and Bailey Circus still contained acts similar to his Traveling Menagerie, including acrobats, freak shows and General Tom Thumb. Barnum persisted in growing the circus in spite of more fires, train disasters and other setbacks, and he was aided by circus professionals who ran the daily operations. He and Bailey parted ways in 1885, but they rejoined in 1888 with the "Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth", later the <a href="/wiki/Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnum & Bailey Circus">Barnum & Bailey Circus</a>, which toured the world. </p><p>Barnum was among the first circus owners to move his circus by train, a suggestion by Bailey and other business partners, and probably the first to own his own train. He became known as the "Shakespeare of Advertising" because of his innovative and impressive ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this new business venture, Barnum leaned on the advice of Bailey and other business partners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Author_and_debunker">Author and debunker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Author and debunker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/P._T._Barnum" title="Special:EditPage/P. T. Barnum">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barnum_Humbug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Barnum_Humbug.jpg/170px-Barnum_Humbug.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Barnum_Humbug.jpg/255px-Barnum_Humbug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Barnum_Humbug.jpg/340px-Barnum_Humbug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="1611" /></a><figcaption>"Hum-Bug", a cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Stephens" title="Henry Louis Stephens">H. L. Stephens</a> (1851)</figcaption></figure> <p>Barnum wrote several books, including <i>Life of P. T. Barnum</i> (1855), <i>The Humbugs of the World</i> (1865), <i>Struggles and Triumphs</i> (1869), <i>Forest and Jungle, or, Thrilling Adventures in All Quarters of the Globe</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Art of Money-Getting</i> (1880).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnum was often called the Prince of Humbugs and felt that entertainers and vendors perpetrating hoaxes (or "humbugs") in promotional material were justified if the public received value in return. However, he was contemptuous of those who accrued money through fraud, especially the <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">spiritualist</a> mediums popular in his day. He testified against noted "spirit photographer" <a href="/wiki/William_H._Mumler" title="William H. Mumler">William H. Mumler</a> in his trial for fraud, and he exposed the tricks employed by <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediums</a> to cheat the bereaved. In <i>The Humbugs of the World</i>, Barnum offered $500 (equivalent to $10,271 in 2024) to any medium who could prove the power to communicate with the dead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_politics">Role in politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Role in politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barnum was significantly involved in politics. He mainly focused on race, slavery and sectionalism in the period preceding the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. He opposed the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> of 1854, which supported slavery, and left the Democratic Party because it had endorsed slavery. Barnum joined the new anti-slavery Republican Party. </p><p>Barnum claimed that "politics were always distasteful to me", but he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_General_Assembly" title="Connecticut General Assembly">Connecticut General Assembly</a> in 1865 as a Republican representing <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield, Connecticut">Fairfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnum_18882_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnum_18882-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-obit2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hired spies to acquire insider information on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Haven_Railroad" title="New York and New Haven Railroad">New York and New Haven Railroad</a> lines and exposed a secret that would raise fares by 20 percent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (May 2019)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> He said during the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Christ died for,' is not to be trifled with. It may tenant the body of a Chinaman, a Turk, an Arab or a Hottentot—it is still an immortal spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-Barnum_18882_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnum_18882-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He acknowledged that he had owned slaves when he lived in the South: "I whipped my slaves. I ought to have been whipped a thousand times for this myself. But then I was a Democrat—one of those <i>nondescript</i> Democrats, who are Northern men with Southern principles."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnum was elected for the next four Connecticut legislature sessions and succeeded senator <a href="/wiki/Orris_S._Ferry" title="Orris S. Ferry">Orris S. Ferry</a>. He was the legislative sponsor of an 1879 law that prohibited the use of "any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception" and criminalized acting as an accessory to the use of contraception. This law remained in effect in Connecticut until it was overturned in 1965 by the U.S. Supreme Court in its <i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i> decision.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnum campaigned for the U.S. Congress in 1867 and lost to his third cousin <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Barnum" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Barnum">William Henry Barnum</a>. In 1875, he served as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a> to improve the water supply, bring gas lighting to streets and enforce liquor and prostitution laws. He was instrumental in the inception of <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport_Hospital" title="Bridgeport Hospital">Bridgeport Hospital</a>, founded in 1878, and was its first president.<sup id="cite_ref-kunhardt2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kunhardt2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profitable_philanthropy">Profitable philanthropy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Profitable philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P._T._Barnum_Vanity_Fair_16_November_1889.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/P._T._Barnum_Vanity_Fair_16_November_1889.JPG/160px-P._T._Barnum_Vanity_Fair_16_November_1889.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/P._T._Barnum_Vanity_Fair_16_November_1889.JPG/240px-P._T._Barnum_Vanity_Fair_16_November_1889.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/P._T._Barnum_Vanity_Fair_16_November_1889.JPG 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>A caricature of an elderly Barnum in the London magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, November 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>Barnum enjoyed what he publicly dubbed "profitable philanthropy", saying: "If by improving and beautifying our city Bridgeport, Connecticut, and adding to the pleasure and prosperity of my neighbors, [and] I can do so at a profit, the incentive to 'good works' will be twice as strong as if it were otherwise."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed to the board of trustees of <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a> prior to its founding. He extended several significant contributions to the school, including a gift of $50,000, equivalent to $1,687,321 in 2024, in 1883 to establish a museum, later known as <a href="/wiki/Barnum_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Barnum Museum of Natural History">Barnum Museum of Natural History</a>, and hall for the department of natural history.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tufts made Jumbo the Elephant the school's mascot. Tufts students are known as Jumbos.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 8, 1829, Barnum married Charity Hallett,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they had four children: Caroline Cornelia (1833–1911), Helen Maria (1840–1915), Frances Irena (1842–1844) and Pauline Taylor (1846–1877).<sup id="cite_ref-charity-ancestry_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charity-ancestry-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife died on November 19, 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-charity-ancestry_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charity-ancestry-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1874, he married <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fish" title="Nancy Fish">Nancy Fish</a>, the daughter of his close friend John Fish and 40 years Barnum's junior.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnum died from a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> at home in 1891 at the age of 80.<sup id="cite_ref-obit2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Grove_Cemetery,_Bridgeport" title="Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport">Mountain Grove Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Grove_Cemetery,_Bridgeport" title="Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport">Bridgeport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, a cemetery that he designed.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogak,_Lisa_2004_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogak,_Lisa_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barnum built four mansions in <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iranistan" title="Iranistan">Iranistan</a>, Lindencroft, Waldemere and Marina. Iranistan was the most notable, a <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish Revival">Moorish Revival</a> architecture designed by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Eidlitz" title="Leopold Eidlitz">Leopold Eidlitz</a> with domes, spires and lacy fretwork inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pavilion" title="Royal Pavilion">Royal Pavilion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, England. It was built in 1848 but it was destroyed by fire in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marina was demolished by the University of Bridgeport in 1964 in order to build a cafeteria.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P._T._Barnum_Monument_(1887),_Seaside_Park,_Bridgeport,_CT_-_April_2016.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/P._T._Barnum_Monument_%281887%29%2C_Seaside_Park%2C_Bridgeport%2C_CT_-_April_2016.JPG/180px-P._T._Barnum_Monument_%281887%29%2C_Seaside_Park%2C_Bridgeport%2C_CT_-_April_2016.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/P._T._Barnum_Monument_%281887%29%2C_Seaside_Park%2C_Bridgeport%2C_CT_-_April_2016.JPG/270px-P._T._Barnum_Monument_%281887%29%2C_Seaside_Park%2C_Bridgeport%2C_CT_-_April_2016.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/P._T._Barnum_Monument_%281887%29%2C_Seaside_Park%2C_Bridgeport%2C_CT_-_April_2016.JPG/360px-P._T._Barnum_Monument_%281887%29%2C_Seaside_Park%2C_Bridgeport%2C_CT_-_April_2016.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><i>P. T. Barnum</i>, an 1887 sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ball_(artist)" title="Thomas Ball (artist)">Thomas Ball</a>, Seaside Park, Bridgeport, Connecticut</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridgeport_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bridgeport_obverse.jpg/180px-Bridgeport_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bridgeport_obverse.jpg/270px-Bridgeport_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bridgeport_obverse.jpg/360px-Bridgeport_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1597" /></a><figcaption>Obverse of the 1936 commemorative <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut,_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut, Centennial half dollar">Bridgeport Centennial half dollar</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>At his death, critics praised Barnum for his philanthropy and called him an icon of American spirit and ingenuity. He asked the <i>Evening Sun</i> to print his obituary just prior to his death so that he might read it. On April 7, 1891, Barnum asked about the box-office receipts for the day, and a few hours later, he died.<sup id="cite_ref-obit2_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, a statue in Barnum's honor was erected by his former partners <a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Bailey" title="James Anthony Bailey">James Bailey</a>, James A. Hutchinson and W. W. Cole at <a href="/wiki/Seaside_Park_(Bridgeport,_Connecticut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaside Park (Bridgeport, Connecticut)">Seaside Park</a> in Bridgeport.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-waldo_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldo-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnum had donated the land for the park in 1865. His circus was sold to <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringling Brothers">Ringling Brothers</a> on July 8, 1907, for $400,000, equivalent to $13,498,571 in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-kunhardt2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kunhardt2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey circuses ran separately until they merged in 1919, forming the <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut,_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut, Centennial half dollar">commemorative coin</a> in 1936 for Bridgeport's centennial celebration with Barnum's portrait for the obverse.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Walt_Kelly" title="Walt Kelly">Walt Kelly</a>, a Bridgeport native, named a character in Barnum's honor in his <i><a href="/wiki/Pogo_(comic_strip)" title="Pogo (comic strip)">Pogo</a></i> comic strip. An ongoing<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> annual multi-week Barnum Festival has been held since 1949<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Bridgeport.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bethel Historical Society commissioned a life-sized sculpture to honor the 200th anniversary of his birth, created by local resident David Gesualdi and placed outside the public library.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue was dedicated in September 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1883 Barnum cofounded, with Charles E. Tooker, the <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport_%26_Port_Jefferson_Ferry" title="Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Ferry">Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Steamboat Company</a>, which continues to operate across <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a> between <a href="/wiki/Port_Jefferson,_New_York" title="Port Jefferson, New York">Port Jefferson, New York</a> and Bridgeport. The company owns and operates three vessels, one of which is named the M.V. <i>PT Barnum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Barnum_Museum" title="Barnum Museum">Barnum Museum</a> in Bridgeport houses many of his oddities and curiosities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_and_television">Films and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Films and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lady%27s_Morals" title="A Lady's Morals">A Lady's Morals</a></i> (1930) – played by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Beery" title="Wallace Beery">Wallace Beery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Lind_(film)" title="Jenny Lind (film)">Jenny Lind</a></i> (1932) – played by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Berley" title="André Berley">André Berley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mighty_Barnum" title="The Mighty Barnum">The Mighty Barnum</a></i> (1934) – played again by Wallace Beery</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Show_on_Earth_(film)" title="The Greatest Show on Earth (film)">The Greatest Show on Earth</a></i> (1952) – centers on a fictionalized version of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus</a>, although Barnum is neither the subject of the film nor a character in it</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne%27s_Rocket_to_the_Moon" title="Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon">Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon</a></i> (1967) – played by <a href="/wiki/Burl_Ives" title="Burl Ives">Burl Ives</a></li> <li><i>Barnum!</i> (1986) – played by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crawford" title="Michael Crawford">Michael Crawford</a>; a filmed version of the Broadway musical (see below), filmed in London</li> <li><i>Barnum</i> (1986) – played by <a href="/wiki/Burt_Lancaster" title="Burt Lancaster">Burt Lancaster</a>; made-for-TV movie</li> <li><i>P.T. Barnum</i> (1999) – played by <a href="/wiki/Beau_Bridges" title="Beau Bridges">Beau Bridges</a>; made-for-TV movie</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York" title="Gangs of New York">Gangs of New York</a></i> (2002) – played by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ashton-Griffiths" title="Roger Ashton-Griffiths">Roger Ashton-Griffiths</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Showman" title="The Greatest Showman">The Greatest Showman</a></i> (2017) – a pop musical loosely based around Barnum and his circus. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Jackman" title="Hugh Jackman">Hugh Jackman</a> plays Barnum and coproduced the film<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Didn%27t_See_You_There" title="I Didn't See You There">I Didn't See You There</a></i> (2022) – a disabled filmmaker from Barnum's hometown of <a href="/wiki/Bethel,_Connecticut" title="Bethel, Connecticut">Bethel</a> meditates on the ableist legacy of the freak show</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater">Theater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barnum_(musical)" title="Barnum (musical)">Barnum</a></i> (1980) – Broadway musical based on Barnum's life starring <a href="/wiki/Jim_Dale" title="Jim Dale">Jim Dale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Great and Only Barnum; the Tremendous, Stupendous Life of Showman P. T. Barnum</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"U.S. Blues" – a song from the album <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Mars_Hotel" title="From the Mars Hotel">From the Mars Hotel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">the Grateful Dead</a></li> <li>"Killer Clowns" – a song from the EP <i><a href="/wiki/Killer_Clowns_From_Outer_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer Clowns From Outer Space">Killer Clowns From Outer Space</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/The_Dickies" title="The Dickies">The Dickies</a> makes reference to P.T. Barnum and his associate James Anthony Bailey, as well as the often misattributed quote: "there's a sucker born every minute you know" ("There's one born every minute, don't you know?").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Life of P. T. Barnum: Written by Himself</i>. Originally published New York: Redfield, 1855. Reprint: Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2000. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06902-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06902-1">0-252-06902-1</a>.</li> <li><i>Struggles and Triumphs, or Forty Years' Recollections of P. T. Barnum</i>. Originally published 1869. Reprint: Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-5556-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-5556-0">0-7661-5556-0</a> (Part 1) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-5557-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-5557-9">0-7661-5557-9</a> (Part 2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/22589411.1719.emory.edu">1882 edition</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><i>Art of Money Getting, or, Golden Rules for Making Money</i>. Originally published 1880. Reprint: Bedford, MA: Applewood, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55709-494-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55709-494-2">1-55709-494-2</a>.</li> <li><i>The Wild Beasts, Birds, and Reptiles of the World: The Story of Their Capture</i>. Pub. 1888, R. S. Peale & Company, Chicago.</li> <li><i>Why I Am a Universalist</i>. Originally published 1890. Reprint: Kessinger Pub Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4286-2657-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4286-2657-3">1-4286-2657-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnum_effect" title="Barnum effect">Barnum effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_Aquarial_Gardens" title="Barnum's Aquarial Gardens">Barnum's Aquarial Gardens</a>, Boston, Massachusetts (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Giant" title="Cardiff Giant">Cardiff Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Routh_Goshen" title="Colonel Routh Goshen">Colonel Routh Goshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_King" title="Forest King">Forest King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_zoo" title="Human zoo">Human zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedor_Jeftichew" title="Fedor Jeftichew">Fedor Jeftichew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Keeler" title="Nellie Keeler">Nellie Keeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_W._Sprague" title="Isaac W. Sprague">Isaac W. Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Men_of_Borneo" title="Wild Men of Borneo">Wild Men of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Zarate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucia Zarate">Lucia Zarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_the_Pinhead" title="Zip the Pinhead">Zip the Pinhead</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asp6new.alexanderstreet.com/atho/atho.detail.people.aspx?personcode=per0026627">North American Theatre Online: <i>Phineas T. Barnum</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunhardt_1995_vi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kunhardt_1995_vi_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunhardt_1995_vi_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunhardtKunhardtKunhardt1995">Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995</a>, p. vi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shapiro, Fred R. (2006). <i>The Yale Book of Quotations</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip_B._Kunhardt,_et_al.,_p._73-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_B._Kunhardt,_et_al.,_p._73_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_B._Kunhardt,_et_al.,_p._73_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunhardtKunhardtKunhardt1995">Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnum_1888-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnum_1888_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnum1888" class="citation book cs1">Barnum, Phineas (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofptbarnum00barn"><i>The life of P. T. Barnum</i></a>. Buffalo, N.Y.: The Courier Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofptbarnum00barn/page/237">237</a> – via Ebook and Texts Archive – American Libraries.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+P.+T.+Barnum&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=The+Courier+Company.&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Barnum&rft.aufirst=Phineas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofptbarnum00barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kunhardt2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kunhardt2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kunhardt2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kunhardt2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunhardtKunhardtKunhardt1995">Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogak,_Lisa_2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogak,_Lisa_2004_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogak,_Lisa_2004_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogak2004" class="citation book cs1">Rogak, Lisa (2004). <i>Stones and Bones of New England: A guide to unusual, historic, and otherwise notable cemeteries</i>. Globe Pequat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3000-1"><bdi>978-0-7627-3000-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stones+and+Bones+of+New+England%3A+A+guide+to+unusual%2C+historic%2C+and+otherwise+notable+cemeteries&rft.pub=Globe+Pequat&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-3000-1&rft.aulast=Rogak&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnum1927" class="citation book cs1">Barnum, Phineas Taylor (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0CQYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA41">"Chapter V, Brief Editorial Career, Removal to New York"</a>. <i>Barnum's Own Story: The Autobiography of P.T. Barnum</i>. New York: Viking Press. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+V%2C+Brief+Editorial+Career%2C+Removal+to+New+York&rft.btitle=Barnum%27s+Own+Story%3A+The+Autobiography+of+P.T.+Barnum&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Barnum&rft.aufirst=Phineas+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0CQYAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.ctdigitalarchive.org/islandora/object/60002%3A92#page/1/mode/2up">"Gospel Witness, A Card"</a>. <i>Herald of Freedom and Gospel Witness</i>. Vol. 2, no. 1. Bethel, CT. October 17, 1832. p. 1 – via Connecticut Digital Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+of+Freedom+and+Gospel+Witness&rft.atitle=Gospel+Witness%2C+A+Card&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1832-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.ctdigitalarchive.org%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2F60002%253A92%23page%2F1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/56416882/?terms=%22Herald%20of%20freedom%22&match=1">"Bad News"</a>. <i>Boston Post</i>. Vol. 5, no. 39. Boston, MA. 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Buffalo, N.Y.: The Courier Company. p. 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+P.+T.+Barnum&rft.pub=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.%3A+The+Courier+Company.+p.+237&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Barnum&rft.aufirst=Phineas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofptbarnum00barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit2_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit2_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit2_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0705.html">"The Great Showman Dead"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 8, 1891<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2007</span>. <q>Bridgeport, Connecticut, April 7, 1891. At 6:22 o'clock to-night the long sickness of P. T. Barnum came to an end by his quietly passing away at Marina, his residence in this city.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Great+Showman+Dead&rft.date=1891-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F0705.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCook2001" class="citation book cs1">Cook, James W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G1M_nCbylxoC"><i>The arts of deception: playing with fraud in the age of Barnum</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00591-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00591-4"><bdi>978-0-674-00591-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/876342914">876342914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+arts+of+deception%3A+playing+with+fraud+in+the+age+of+Barnum&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F876342914&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00591-4&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG1M_nCbylxoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://federalbarcouncilquarterly.org/?p=396">"P. T. Barnum, Justice Harlan, and Connecticut's Role in the Development of the Right to Privacy"</a>. Federal Bar Council Quarterly. December 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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April 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Get+to+Know+Tufts&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tufts.edu%2Fhome%2Fget_to_know_tufts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnum" class="citation web cs1">Barnum, Patrick W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053607/http://www.barnum.org/ntf00169.htm">"A One-Name Study for the Barnum/Barnham Surname: Notes for Phineas Taylor Barnum / Charity Hallett"</a>. Barnum Family Genealogy (official website). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+One-Name+Study+for+the+Barnum%2FBarnham+Surname%3A+Notes+for+Phineas+Taylor+Barnum+%2F+Charity+Hallett&rft.pub=Barnum+Family+Genealogy+%28official+website%29&rft.aulast=Barnum&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnum.org%2Fntf00169.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charity-ancestry-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charity-ancestry_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charity-ancestry_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220220309/http://www.barnum.org/nti00491.htm">"A One-Name Study for the BARNUM/BARNHAM Surname"</a>. 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July 4, 1893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Barnum+Statue+Unveiled&rft.date=1893-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1893%2F07%2F05%2Farchives%2Fbarnum-statue-unveiled-bridgeports-people-pay-a-tribute-to-the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waldo-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-waldo_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Curtis_Waldo1917" class="citation book cs1">George Curtis Waldo (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofbridgep01wald#page/n337/mode/2up"><i>History of Bridgeport and vicinity, Volume 1</i></a>. S. J. Clarke. pp. <span class="nowrap">279–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-144-35927-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-144-35927-8"><bdi>978-1-144-35927-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Bridgeport+and+vicinity%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.pub=S.+J.+Clarke&rft.date=1917&rft.isbn=978-1-144-35927-8&rft.au=George+Curtis+Waldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofbridgep01wald%23page%2Fn337%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlater2001" class="citation news cs1">Slater, Chuck (November 18, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/18/nyregion/a-coin-true-to-barnum-controversy-and-all.html">"A Coin True to Barnum, Controversy and All"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Coin+True+to+Barnum%2C+Controversy+and+All&rft.date=2001-11-18&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F18%2Fnyregion%2Fa-coin-true-to-barnum-controversy-and-all.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barnumfestival.org">"Welcome to the Barnum Festival"</a>. <i>barnumfestival.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=barnumfestival.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Barnum+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarnumfestival.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barnumfestival.org/history">"History of the Barnum Festival"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Barnum+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarnumfestival.org%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Knight, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/20/archives/barnum-festival-revels-in-hoopla-and-humbug.html">"Barnum Festival Revels in Hoopla and Humbug"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, June 20, 1975, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomayon2004" class="citation news cs1">Homayon, Marietta (July 8, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstimes.com/news/article/Town-gets-grant-to-promote-Barnum-247169.php">"Town gets grant to promote Barnum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_News-Times" title="The News-Times">The Danbury News-Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Danbury+News-Times&rft.atitle=Town+gets+grant+to+promote+Barnum&rft.date=2004-07-08&rft.aulast=Homayon&rft.aufirst=Marietta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstimes.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FTown-gets-grant-to-promote-Barnum-247169.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzGerald,_Eileen2010" class="citation news cs1">FitzGerald, Eileen (July 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Barnum-s-Ivy-Island-to-be-showcased-at-town-578735.php">"Barnum's Ivy Island to be showcased at celebration"</a>. <i>Danbury News Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Danbury+News+Times&rft.atitle=Barnum%27s+Ivy+Island+to+be+showcased+at+celebration&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.au=FitzGerald%2C+Eileen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstimes.com%2Flocal%2Farticle%2FBarnum-s-Ivy-Island-to-be-showcased-at-town-578735.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.88844ferry.com/about-us/a-look-at-the-fleet/">"A Look at the Fleet"</a>. <i>The Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Steamboat Company</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bridgeport+%26+Port+Jefferson+Steamboat+Company&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+the+Fleet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.88844ferry.com%2Fabout-us%2Fa-look-at-the-fleet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn83031151/1890-01-12/ed-1/seq-9/">"SHOWMAN BARNUM'S BARN ATTACHED"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Eagle" title="Brooklyn Eagle">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a></i> (1890/01/12). <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn#New_York_City_borough" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, New York</a>: 9, col. 5. January 12, 1890. <q>Four <a href="/wiki/Mechanic%27s_lien" title="Mechanic's lien">mechanic's liens</a> have been filed by workmen, of Port Jefferson, against P.T. Barnum, the showman, for labor and materials on the new barn put up last Fall on the farm of P.T. Barnum at Port Jefferson.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=SHOWMAN+BARNUM%27S+BARN+ATTACHED.&rft.issue=1890%2F01%2F12&rft.pages=9%2C+col.+5&rft.date=1890-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnyshistoricnewspapers.org%2Flccn%2Fsn83031151%2F1890-01-12%2Fed-1%2Fseq-9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCachero2017" class="citation news cs1">Cachero, Paulina (December 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/true-story-greatest-showman-how-accurate-are-characters-1063088">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Greatest Showman': 8 of the Film's Stars and Their Real-Life Inspirations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27The+Greatest+Showman%27%3A+8+of+the+Film%27s+Stars+and+Their+Real-Life+Inspirations&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft.aulast=Cachero&rft.aufirst=Paulina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Flists%2Ftrue-story-greatest-showman-how-accurate-are-characters-1063088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKellem2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Kellem, Betsy Golden (December 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/12/greatest-showman-hugh-jackman-p-t-barnum-jenny-lind">"The Greatest Showman: The True Story of P. T. Barnum and Jenny Lind"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+Showman%3A+The+True+Story+of+P.+T.+Barnum+and+Jenny+Lind&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft.aulast=Kellem&rft.aufirst=Betsy+Golden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fhollywood%2F2017%2F12%2Fgreatest-showman-hugh-jackman-p-t-barnum-jenny-lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, Bluford. <i>E Pluribus Barnum: The Great Showman and the Making of U.S. Popular Culture</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2631-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2631-6">0-8166-2631-6</a>.</li> <li>Alderson, William T., ed. <i>Mermaids, Mummies, and Mastodons: The Emergence of the American Museum</i>. Washington, DC: American Association of Museums for the Baltimore City Life Museums, 1992.</li> <li>Barnum, Patrick Warren. <i>Barnum Genealogy: 650 Years of Family History</i>. Boston: Higginson Book Co., 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7404-5551-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7404-5551-6">0-7404-5551-6</a> (hardcover), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7404-5552-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7404-5552-4">0-7404-5552-4</a> (softcover), <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2005903696">2005-903696</a></li> <li>Benton, Joel. <i>The Life of Phineas T. Barnum</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1576">Unique Story of a Marvellous Career: Life of Hon. Phineas T. Barnum by Benton</a>.</li> <li>Betts, John Rickards. "P. T. Barnum and the Popularization of Natural History", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> 20, no. 3 (1959): 353–368.</li> <li>Cook, James W. <i>The Arts of Deception: Playing with Fraud in the Age of Barnum</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00591-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00591-0">0-674-00591-0</a>. Relates Barnum's <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Mermaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiji Mermaid">Fiji Mermaid</a> and What Is It? exhibits to other popular arts of the nineteenth century, including magic shows and <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> paintings.</li> <li>Harding, Les. <i>Elephant Story: Jumbo and P. T. Barnum Under the Big Top</i>. Jefferson, NC.: McFarland & Co., 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0632-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0632-1">0-7864-0632-1</a>. (129 p.)</li> <li>Harris, Neil. <i>Humbug: The Art of P. T. Barnum</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-31752-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-31752-8">0-226-31752-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKunhardtKunhardtKunhardt1995" class="citation book cs1">Kunhardt, Philip B. Jr.; Kunhardt, Philip B. III; Kunhardt, Peter W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barnumillustrate00kunh"><i>P. T. Barnum: America's Greatest Showman</i></a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43574-7"><bdi>978-0-679-43574-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P.+T.+Barnum%3A+America%27s+Greatest+Showman&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-43574-7&rft.aulast=Kunhardt&rft.aufirst=Philip+B.+Jr.&rft.au=Kunhardt%2C+Philip+B.+III&rft.au=Kunhardt%2C+Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbarnumillustrate00kunh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLott1993" class="citation book cs1">Lott, Eric (1993). <i>Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">76–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507832-9"><bdi>978-0-19-507832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Theft%3A+Blackface+Minstrelsy+and+the+American+Working+Class&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507832-9&rft.aulast=Lott&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Reiss, Benjamin. <i>The Showman and the Slave: Race, Death, and Memory in Barnum's America</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00636-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00636-4">0-674-00636-4</a>. Focuses on Barnum's exhibition of <a href="/wiki/Joice_Heth" title="Joice Heth">Joice Heth</a>.</li> <li>Saxon, Arthur H. <i>P. T. Barnum: The Legend and the Man</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05687-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-05687-7">0-231-05687-7</a>.</li> <li>Uchill, Ida Libert. <i>Howdy, Sucker! What P. T. Barnum Did in Colorado</i>. Denver: Pioneer Peddler Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47773817">47773817</a></li> <li>Jefferson, Margo. <i>On Michael Jackson</i>. New York: Pantheon, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27765-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27765-7">978-0-307-27765-7</a>. Critique of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, including his obsession with P. T. Barnum and "Freaks."</li> <li><i>The Colossal P. T. Barnum Reader: Nothing Else Like It in the Universe</i>. Ed. by James W. Cook. Champaign, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-07295-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-07295-2">0-252-07295-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Robert (2019). <i>Barnum: An American Life</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501118623" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501118623"><bdi>978-1501118623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barnum%3A+An+American+Life&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1501118623&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP.+T.+Barnum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Woolf, John. <i>The Wonders: Lifting the Curtain on the Freak Show, Circus and Victorian Age</i> (London: Michael O'Mara, 2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1782439935" title="Special:BookSources/1782439935">1782439935</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading 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T. Barnum</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <p><b>Digital collections</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/p-t-barnum">Works by P. T. Barnum in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2816">Works by P. T. Barnum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Barnum%2C%20Phineas%20Taylor%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barnum%2C%20Phineas%20T%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barnum%2C%20P%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Phineas%20Taylor%20Barnum%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Phineas%20T%2E%20Barnum%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22P%2E%20T%2E%20Barnum%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barnum%2C%20Phineas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Phineas%20Barnum%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Phineas%20Taylor%20Barnum%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Phineas%20T%2E%20Barnum%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20T%2E%20Barnum%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20Taylor%20Barnum%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barnum%2C%20Phineas%20Taylor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barnum%2C%20Phineas%20T%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barnum%2C%20P%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barnum%2C%20P%2E%20Taylor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Phineas%20Barnum%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barnum%2C%20Phineas%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Phineas%20Taylor%20Barnum%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Phineas%20T%2E%20Barnum%22%20OR%20title%3A%22P%2E%20T%2E%20Barnum%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Phineas%20Barnum%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Phineas%20Taylor%20Barnum%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Phineas%20T%2E%20Barnum%22%20OR%20description%3A%22P%2E%20T%2E%20Barnum%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barnum%2C%20Phineas%20Taylor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barnum%2C%20Phineas%20T%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Phineas%20Barnum%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barnum%2C%20Phineas%22%29%20OR%20%28%221810-1891%22%20AND%20Barnum%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about P. T. Barnum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1855">Works by P. T. Barnum</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <p><b>Physical collections</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barnum-museum.org/">The Barnum Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909210528/http://dl.tufts.edu/catalog/ead/tufts:UA069.001.DO.MS002">Phineas Taylor Barnum papers, 1818–1993</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208200010/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/freed/Barnum/museumessay.html">Barnum's American Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lostmuseum.cuny.edu/home.html">The Lost Museum</a> – A virtual reproduction of Barnum's American Museum; includes a collection of primary source materials</li></ul> <p><b>Biographical information</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barnum.org/fam00169.htm">P. T. Barnum's genealogy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524211407/http://www.barnum.org/fam00169.htm">Archived</a> May 24, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <i>Barnum Family Genealogy</i> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/56">P. T. Barnum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051208054722/http://www.ringling.com/explore/history/ptbarnum_1.aspx">P. T. Barnum at Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913050348/http://dl.tufts.edu/catalog/tei/tufts:UA069.005.DO.00001/chapter/B00011">Entry on P. T. Barnum in the Concise Encyclopedia of Tufts History</a></li> <li>Full text of <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1576">The Life of Phineas T. Barnum</a></i> by Joel Benton, from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li></ul> <p><b>Scholarship and analysis</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/owners/ptbarnum.html">Barnum's circus affiliation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ultrarunninghistory.com/p-t-barnum/">P.T. Barnum – Ultrarunning Promoter (1874)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houseofdeception.com/Barnum's_Writing.html">House of Deception</a> – An article about Barnum's handwriting & signature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041214085446/http://www.historybuff.com/library/refbarnum.html">P. T. Barnum did not say "There's a sucker born every minute"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ptbarnum.org">P. T. Barnum, the Shakespeare of Advertising</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060215081501/http://www.bridgeportmath.org/bergh/index.html">P. T. Barnum and Henry Bergh</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bergh" title="Henry Bergh">Bergh</a> was founder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</a> (ASPCA).</li></ul> <p><b>Other links</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/ptbarnum">Facebook Page</a> Bethel Historical Society, P. T. Barnum Monument, "P. T. Barnum – The Lost Legend" Documentary.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026233445/http://historybuff.com/audio/barnum.mp3">An 1890 recording of Barnum's voice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111031011904/http://www.bridgeport.edu/welcome/locations/bridgeport.aspx">Marina Mansion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circus2circus.com">Tribute to Ringling Bros.and Barnum & Bailey Circus by brothers Charles Elias Disney & Daniel H. Disney</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/424971">P. T. Barnum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="P._T._Barnum60" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:P._T._Barnum" title="Template:P. 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Barnum</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts and exhibits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Haining_Bates" title="Anna Haining Bates">Anna Haining Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Bowen" title="Eli Bowen">Eli Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_and_Eng_Bunker" title="Chang and Eng Bunker">Chang and Eng Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Giant" title="Cardiff Giant">Cardiff Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_beauties" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian beauties">Circassian beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Alexander_Cooper" title="Henry Alexander Cooper">Henry Alexander Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_George_Costentenus" title="Captain George Costentenus">Captain George Costentenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nala_Damajanti" title="Nala Damajanti">Nala Damajanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diamond_(dancer)" title="John Diamond (dancer)">John Diamond (dancer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Dot" title="Admiral Dot">Admiral Dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Routh_Goshen" title="Colonel Routh Goshen">Colonel Routh Goshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_mermaid" title="Fiji mermaid">Fiji mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joice_Heth" title="Joice Heth">Joice Heth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedor_Jeftichew" title="Fedor Jeftichew">Fedor Jeftichew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jones_(bearded_woman)" title="Annie Jones (bearded woman)">Annie Jones (bearded woman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Battersby" title="Hannah Battersby">Hannah Battersby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbo" title="Jumbo">Jumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hutchings" title="William S. Hutchings">William S. Hutchings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Keeler" title="Nellie Keeler">Nellie Keeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Lind" title="Jenny Lind">Jenny Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Wee_Wee" title="Princess Wee Wee">Princess Wee Wee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucasie_Family" title="Lucasie Family">Lucasie Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Primo_Magri" title="Count Primo Magri">Count Primo Magri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Juba" title="Master Juba">Master Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximo_and_Bartola" title="Maximo and Bartola">Maximo and Bartola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millie_and_Christine_McKoy" title="Millie and Christine McKoy">Millie and Christine McKoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Newell" title="Edmund Newell">Edmund Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Nutt" title="Commodore Nutt">Commodore Nutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_W._Sprague" title="Isaac W. Sprague">Isaac W. Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Tom_Thumb" title="General Tom Thumb">General Tom Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Tripp" title="Charles B. Tripp">Charles B. Tripp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_Warren" title="Lavinia Warren">Lavinia Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnie_Warren" title="Minnie Warren">Minnie Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Men_of_Borneo" title="Wild Men of Borneo">Wild Men of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_the_Pinhead" title="Zip the Pinhead">Zip the Pinhead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnum_(musical)" title="Barnum (musical)"><i>Barnum</i> (musical)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mighty_Barnum" title="The Mighty Barnum">The Mighty Barnum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Showman" title="The Greatest Showman">The Greatest Showman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Show_on_Earth_(film)" title="The Greatest Show on Earth (film)">The Greatest Show on Earth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_%22Grizzly%22_Adams" title="John "Grizzly" Adams">John "Grizzly" Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum" title="Barnum's American Museum">Barnum's American Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_Aquarial_Gardens" title="Barnum's Aquarial Gardens">Barnum's Aquarial Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnum_Museum" title="Barnum Museum">Barnum Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut,_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut, Centennial half dollar">Bridgeport, Connecticut, Centennial half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Coup" title="William C. Coup">William C. Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fish" title="Nancy Fish">Nancy Fish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald_of_Freedom" title="The Herald of Freedom">The Herald of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranistan" title="Iranistan">Iranistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Kimball" title="Moses Kimball">Moses Kimball</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/There%27s_a_sucker_born_every_minute" title="There's a sucker born every minute">There's a sucker born every minute</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3531" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3531" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223766#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110351945">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2466025">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/51018/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJcf9TcKGxPmqTVtXw4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118652621">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80025758">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11890276b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11890276b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00767724">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Barnum, P. T."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV018434">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35014180">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20081229004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1198975">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1798289">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073786098">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90175315">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200704746">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8cmm2g1wnvlbw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810683715505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007280548705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509538306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14359656">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07625696?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/94afe5c4-9be2-4f2c-ab9c-edfd7385ca40">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/387731">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/321669">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118652621">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/790291">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118652621.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118652621">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026705877">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61g0mcb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&oldid=1277002109">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._T._Barnum&oldid=1277002109</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:P._T._Barnum" title="Category:P. 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[\"CITEREFStabile2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Barnum\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Barnum, P. 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