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class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Landmarkism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Landmarkism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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Graves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_R._Graves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_M._Pendleton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_M._Pendleton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>James M. Pendleton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_M._Pendleton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amos_C._Dayton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amos_C._Dayton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Amos C. 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg/400px-The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg/600px-The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg/800px-The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4656" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Graph from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trail_of_Blood" title="The Trail of Blood">The Trail of Blood</a></i>, a popular Landmarkist book</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Landmarkism</b>, sometimes called <b>Baptist bride theology</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a> that emerged in the mid-19th century in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>. It upholds the perpetuity theory of Baptist origins, which asserts an <a href="/wiki/Baptist_successionism" title="Baptist successionism">unbroken continuity</a> and exclusive legitimacy of the Baptist movement since the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">apostolic period</a>. Landmarkists hold a firm belief in the exclusive validity of Baptist churches and view non-Baptist liturgical forms and practices as invalid. This perspective caused significant controversy and division within the Baptist community, leading to intense debates and numerous schisms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarkism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The movement began in the American South in 1851, shaped by <a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_Graves" title="James Robinson Graves">James R. Graves</a> of Tennessee,<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett213_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett213-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stookey_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stookey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_M._Bogard" title="Ben M. Bogard">Ben M. Bogard</a> of Arkansas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement was a reaction to <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">religious progressivism</a> earlier in the century.<sup id="cite_ref-Stookey_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stookey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time it arose, its proponents claimed Landmarkism was a return to what Baptists had previously believed, while scholars since then have claimed it was "a major departure."<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett213_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett213-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1859, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> approved several resolutions disapproving of Landmarkism, which led to adherents gradually withdrawing from the Southern Baptist Convention "to form their own churches and associations and create an independent Landmark Baptist tradition."<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson148_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson148-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main baptist groups adhering to Landmark principles and doctrines in the present day are the churches of the <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Association" title="American Baptist Association">American Baptist Association</a> (founded by Bogard), <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Missionary_Association_of_America" title="Baptist Missionary Association of America">Baptist Missionary Association of America</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_%26_Foreign_Landmark_Missionary_Baptist_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate & Foreign Landmark Missionary Baptist Association">Interstate & Foreign Landmark Missionary Baptist Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_personalities">Major personalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarkism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major personalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Great_Triumvirate">The Great Triumvirate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarkism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Great Triumvirate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg/220px-JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg/330px-JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg/440px-JamesRobinsonGraves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>James R. Graves</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="James_R._Graves">James R. Graves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarkism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: James R. Graves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through his <i>Tennessee Baptist</i> newspaper, James R. Graves popularized Landmarkism,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> building for it a virtual hegemony among Baptists west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachians</a>. He and <a href="/wiki/Amos_Cooper_Dayton" title="Amos Cooper Dayton">Amos C. Dayton</a>, who was also influential, were members of the First Baptist Church of <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>. He was especially popular in the states of the lower <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> Valley and Texas. In 1851, Graves called a meeting of like-minded Baptists at the Cotton Grove Baptist Church near <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Tennessee" title="Jackson, Tennessee">Jackson, Tennessee</a>, to address five questions: </p> <blockquote> <ol><li>Can Baptists with their principles on the Scriptures, consistently recognize those societies not organized according to the Jerusalem church, but possessing different government, different officers, a different class of members, different ordinances, doctrines and practices as churches of Christ?</li> <li>Ought they to be called gospel churches or churches in a religious sense?</li> <li>Can we consistently recognize the ministers of such irregular and unscriptural bodies as gospel ministers?</li> <li>Is it not virtually recognizing them as official ministers to invite them into our pulpits or by any other act that would or could be construed as such recognition?</li> <li>Can we consistently address as brethren those professing Christianity who not only have not the doctrine of Christ and walk not according to his commandments but are arrayed in direct and bitter opposition to them?</li></ol> </blockquote> <p>The majority of the gathered Baptists resolved these questions by non-recognition of non-Baptist congregations, and then published their findings as the "Cotton Grove Resolutions".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Cotton Grove Resolutions" essentially comprise the organizational document of the Landmark Baptist movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="James_M._Pendleton">James M. Pendleton</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarkism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: James M. Pendleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesMadisonPendleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/JamesMadisonPendleton.jpg/220px-JamesMadisonPendleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/JamesMadisonPendleton.jpg/330px-JamesMadisonPendleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/JamesMadisonPendleton.jpg/440px-JamesMadisonPendleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Pendleton" title="James Madison Pendleton">James Madison Pendleton</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Pendleton" title="James Madison Pendleton">James M. Pendleton</a> was a Baptist pastor from Kentucky whose article <i><a href="/wiki/An_Old_Landmark_Re-Set" class="mw-redirect" title="An Old Landmark Re-Set">An Old Landmark Re-Set</a></i>, a treatise against pulpit affiliation with non-Baptist ministers, gave the movement its name. His <i>Church Manual</i> was also influential in perpetuating Landmark Baptist <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a>. Although Pendleton was the only native Southerner in the Landmark Triumvirate, he was in favor of <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in the United States">emancipation</a> and opposed <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">secession</a>. As a result, his influence among Southern Baptists declined precipitously in the days leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and he took a pastorate in Pennsylvania during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amos_C._Dayton">Amos C. Dayton</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarkism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Amos C. Dayton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amos C. Dayton's major contribution to Landmarkism was the novel <i>Theodosia Ernest</i> (1857), which expressed religious issues and was first published in <i>The Tennessee Baptist</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_influential_Landmark_Baptists">Other influential Landmark Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarkism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other influential Landmark Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>John N. Hall, publisher of the Kentucky <i>Baptist Flag</i> newspaper, was a forceful advocate of both Landmarkism and the Gospel Mission Movement.</li> <li>Ben M. Bogard, after leading a schism out of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Baptist_State_Convention" title="Arkansas Baptist State Convention">Arkansas Baptist State Convention</a> became the most popular leader of Landmarkism into the twentieth century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Augustus_Hayden" title="Samuel Augustus Hayden">Samuel A. Hayden</a> led a schismatic movement in Texas that many have associated with Landmarkism.</li> <li>Thomas T. Eaton championed Landmark sentiment in Kentucky and led the charge against anti-Landmark scholar William H. Whitsitt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Christian" title="John T. Christian">John T. Christian</a> prolifically defended the Landmark Baptist conception of Baptist successionism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Milton_Carroll" title="James Milton Carroll">James M. Carroll</a> wrote one of the most enduring Landmark Baptist works, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trail_of_Blood" title="The Trail of Blood">The Trail of Blood</a></i>, a history of the Baptist movement.</li> <li>A number of prominent Southern Baptist leaders were also Landmark Baptists although their primary contributions to Baptist history lay in fields other than ecclesiology.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarkism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarkism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2012" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, James A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpaGWDeiCRoC&pg=PA121"><i>James Robinson Graves: Staking the Boundaries of Baptist Identity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/B%26H_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="B&H Publishing Group">B&H Publishing Group</a>. p. 121<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Robinson+Graves%3A+Staking+the+Boundaries+of+Baptist+Identity&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpaGWDeiCRoC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rotoruabiblebaptist.co.nz/what-is-a-baptist-brider/">"What is a Baptist Brider?"</a>. Rotorua Bible Baptist Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Baptist+Brider%3F&rft.pub=Rotorua+Bible+Baptist+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rotoruabiblebaptist.co.nz%2Fwhat-is-a-baptist-brider%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrett213-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett213_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett213_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett_Jr.,_James_Leo2009" class="citation book cs1">Garrett Jr., James Leo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epEHq0mTsKgC&pg=PA213"><i>Baptist Theology: A Four-Century Study</i></a>. Mercer University Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-129-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-129-9"><bdi>978-0-88146-129-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptist+Theology%3A+A+Four-Century+Study&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-88146-129-9&rft.au=Garrett+Jr.%2C+James+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DepEHq0mTsKgC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stookey-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stookey_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stookey_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStookey,_Stephen2008" class="citation book cs1">Stookey, Stephen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OoKQ2IxOgE8C&pg=PA178">"Baptists and Landmarkism and the Turn toward Provincialism: 1851"</a>. In Williams, Michael Edward and Walter B. Shurden (ed.). <i>Turning Points in Baptist History</i>. Mercer University Press. pp. 178–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-135-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-135-0"><bdi>978-0-88146-135-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptists+and+Landmarkism+and+the+Turn+toward+Provincialism%3A+1851&rft.btitle=Turning+Points+in+Baptist+History&rft.pages=178-181&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-88146-135-0&rft.au=Stookey%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOoKQ2IxOgE8C%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Kristian Pratt, <i>The Father of Modern Landmarkism: The Life of Ben M. Bogard</i> (Mercer University Press; 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson148-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson148_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Robert_E.2010" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Robert E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DnsXxtEiNlAC&pg=PA148"><i>A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70170-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70170-9"><bdi>978-0-521-70170-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Introduction+to+Baptist+Churches&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-70170-9&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDnsXxtEiNlAC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons" class="citation web cs1">Parsons, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middletownbiblechurch.org/lochurch/landmark.htm">"Landmark Baptists"</a>. <i>Middletownbiblechurch.org</i>. Middletown Bible church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middletownbiblechurch.org&rft.atitle=Landmark+Baptists&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middletownbiblechurch.org%2Flochurch%2Flandmark.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbhla.org/bio_graves.htm">"James Robinson Graves"</a>. Southern Baptist Historical Library & Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Robinson+Graves&rft.pub=Southern+Baptist+Historical+Library+%26+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbhla.org%2Fbio_graves.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughey" class="citation web cs1">Hughey, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformedreader.org/history/graves/ol/preface.htm">"Preface"</a>. <i>Old Landmarkism</i>. The Reformed Reader<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old+Landmarkism&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.aulast=Hughey&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformedreader.org%2Fhistory%2Fgraves%2Fol%2Fpreface.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTull1960" class="citation book cs1">Tull, James E (1960). <i>A History of Southern Baptist Landmarkism in the Light of Historical Baptist Ecclesiology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Southern+Baptist+Landmarkism+in+the+Light+of+Historical+Baptist+Ecclesiology&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Tull&rft.aufirst=James+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayton1857" class="citation book cs1">Dayton, Amos Cooper (1857). <i>Theodosia Ernest</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodosia+Ernest&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Dayton&rft.aufirst=Amos+Cooper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandmarkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarkism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Moritz, Fred. <i>The Landmark Controversy: A Study in Baptist History and Polity</i> (The Maranatha Series) (2013); 22pp</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmarkism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415044916/http://www.pbministries.org/History/J.%20R.%20Graves/Old%20Landmarkism/old_landmarkism.htm">Old Landmarkism: What Is It?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcfl.com/articles/witness1.htm">Three Witnesses for the Baptists, Curtis Pugh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://landmarkism.tripod.com/index.html">A Study of the Antecedents of Landmarkism</a>, by LeRoy Benjamin Hogue</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303151248/http://thebaptist.org/Perpetuity.htm">Perpetuity of the Lord’s Church</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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