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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Capitals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>At war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-At_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle At war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-At_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motivations_of_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivations_of_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Motivations of soldiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivations_of_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Armed forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raising_troops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raising_troops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Raising troops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raising_troops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Conscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victories:_1861" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victories:_1861"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Victories: 1861</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victories:_1861-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incursions:_1862" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incursions:_1862"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Incursions: 1862</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incursions:_1862-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anaconda:_1863–1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anaconda:_1863–1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Anaconda: 1863–1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anaconda:_1863–1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse:_1865" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse:_1865"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Collapse: 1865</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse:_1865-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Political divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Executive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administration_and_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.1</span> <span>Administration and cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Legislative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Judicial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Post office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_liberties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_liberties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Civil liberties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_liberties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Political economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>National production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Transportation systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horses_and_mules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horses_and_mules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Horses and mules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horses_and_mules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Financial instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_shortages_and_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_shortages_and_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Food shortages and riots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_shortages_and_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devastation_by_1865" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devastation_by_1865"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Devastation by 1865</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devastation_by_1865-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_women_and_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_women_and_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Effect on women and families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_women_and_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>National flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Unionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Unionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Southern Unionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Unionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Region_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Region_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Region and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Region_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_and_urban_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_and_urban_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Rural and urban population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_and_urban_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legacy and assessment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_assessment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy and assessment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amnesty_and_treason_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amnesty_and_treason_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Amnesty and treason issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amnesty_and_treason_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas_v._White_(1869)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_v._White_(1869)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span><i>Texas v. White</i> (1869)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_v._White_(1869)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sprott_v._United_States_(1874)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sprott_v._United_States_(1874)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span><i>Sprott v. United States</i> (1874)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sprott_v._United_States_(1874)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_regarding_downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_regarding_downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Theories regarding downfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_regarding_downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Died_of_states'_rights"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Died_of_states'_rights""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4.1</span> <span>"Died of states' rights"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Died_of_states'_rights"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Died_of_Davis"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Died_of_Davis""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4.2</span> <span>"Died of Davis"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Died_of_Davis"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Confederate States of America</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekonfedereerde_State_van_Amerika" title="Gekonfedereerde State van Amerika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gekonfedereerde State van Amerika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%BEofted_R%C4%ABcu_America" title="Geþofted Rīcu America – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Geþofted Rīcu America" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الولايات الكونفدرالية الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الولايات الكونفدرالية الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaos_Confederaos_d%27Am%C3%A9rica" title="Estaos Confederaos d'América – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estaos Confederaos d'América" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Konfederativ_%C5%9Etatlar%C4%B1" title="Amerika Konfederativ Ştatları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerika Konfederativ Ştatları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آمریکا کونفدراتیو ایالتلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمریکا کونفدراتیو ایالتلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="কনফেডারেট স্টেটস অফ আমেরিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কনফেডারেট স্টেটস অফ আমেরিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-p%C5%8D%CD%98_B%C3%AD-kok_Li%C3%A2n-b%C3%AAng" title="Lâm-pō͘ Bí-kok Liân-bêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-pō͘ Bí-kok Liân-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Канфедэратыўныя Штаты Амерыкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канфедэратыўныя Штаты Амерыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Канфэдэрацыйныя Штаты Амэрыкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канфэдэрацыйныя Штаты Амэрыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederadong_mga_Estado_nin_Amerika" title="Confederadong mga Estado nin Amerika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Confederadong mga Estado nin Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Конфедеративни американски щати – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конфедеративни американски щати" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfedariade_Stootn_vo_Amerika" title="Konfedariade Stootn vo Amerika – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Konfedariade Stootn vo Amerika" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederativne_Ameri%C4%8Dke_Dr%C5%BEave" title="Konfederativne Američke Države – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konfederativne Američke Države" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stado%C3%B9_Kengevreet_Amerika" title="Stadoù Kengevreet Amerika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stadoù Kengevreet Amerika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_Confederats_d%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Estats Confederats d'Amèrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estats Confederats d'Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederovan%C3%A9_st%C3%A1ty_americk%C3%A9" title="Konfederované státy americké – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konfederované státy americké" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taleithiau_Cydffederal_America" title="Taleithiau Cydffederal America – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Taleithiau Cydffederal America" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikas_Konf%C3%B8dererede_Stater" title="Amerikas Konfødererede Stater – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amerikas Konfødererede Stater" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%B6derierte_Staaten_von_Amerika" title="Konföderierte Staaten von Amerika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konföderierte Staaten von Amerika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_Riikide_Konf%C3%B6deratsioon" title="Ameerika Riikide Konföderatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Riikide Konföderatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Συνομόσπονδες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνομόσπονδες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Confederados_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Estados Confederados de América – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estados Confederados de América" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederaciitaj_%C5%9Ctatoj_de_Usono" title="Konfederaciitaj Ŝtatoj de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konfederaciitaj Ŝtatoj de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Konfederatuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Konfederatuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Konfederatuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ایالات مؤتلفه آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالات مؤتلفه آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tats_conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_d%27Am%C3%A9rique" title="États confédérés d'Amérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="États confédérés d'Amérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederearre_Steaten_fan_Amearika" title="Konfederearre Steaten fan Amearika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Konfederearre Steaten fan Amearika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Konfedere_Devletl%C3%A4ri" title="Amerika Konfedere Devletläri – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Amerika Konfedere Devletläri" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Confederados_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Estados Confederados de América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estados Confederados de América" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EA%B5%AD" title="아메리카 연합국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아메리카 연합국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ամերիկայի համադաշնային նահանգներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկայի համադաշնային նահանգներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="परिसंघीय राज्य अमेरिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परिसंघीय राज्य अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederacija_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Konfederacija Američkih Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konfederacija Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederasi_Amerika" title="Konfederasi Amerika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konfederasi Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0urr%C3%ADkjasambandi%C3%B0" title="Suðurríkjasambandið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suðurríkjasambandið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Confederati_d%27America" title="Stati Confederati d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stati Confederati d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="קונפדרציית המדינות של אמריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונפדרציית המדינות של אמריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Американы Конфедератив Штатлары – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Американы Конфедератив Штатлары" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ამერიკის კონფედერაციული შტატები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამერიკის კონფედერაციული შტატები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirikisho_la_Madola_ya_Marekani" title="Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitates_Confoederatae_Americae" title="Civitates Confoederatae Americae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Civitates Confoederatae Americae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikas_Valstu_Konfeder%C4%81cija" title="Amerikas Valstu Konfederācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amerikas Valstu Konfederācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikos_Valstij%C5%B3_Konfederacija" title="Amerikos Valstijų Konfederacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amerikos Valstijų Konfederacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Confeder%C3%A6_d%27America" title="Stati Confederæ d'America – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Stati Confederæ d'America" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statos_Federada_de_America" title="Statos Federada de America – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Statos Federada de America" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikai_Konf%C3%B6der%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_%C3%81llamok" title="Amerikai Konföderációs Államok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amerikai Konföderációs Államok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="കോൺഫെഡറേറ്റ് സ്റ്റേറ്റ്സ് ഓഫ് അമേരിക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോൺഫെഡറേറ്റ് സ്റ്റേറ്റ്സ് ഓഫ് അമേരിക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ამერიკაშ კონფედერაციული შტატეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ამერიკაშ კონფედერაციული შტატეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="آمریکای کنفدراسیون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آمریکای کنفدراسیون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri-negeri_Gabungan_Amerika" title="Negeri-negeri Gabungan Amerika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negeri-negeri Gabungan Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stados_Cunfederados_de_la_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Stados Cunfederados de la América – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stados Cunfederados de la América" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geconfedereerde_Staten_van_Amerika" title="Geconfedereerde Staten van Amerika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geconfedereerde Staten van Amerika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="アメリカ連合国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ連合国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Cunfederati_d%27Amereca" title="State Cunfederati d'Amereca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="State Cunfederati d'Amereca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikas_konf%C3%B8dererte_stater" title="Amerikas konfødererte stater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amerikas konfødererte stater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Confederate States of America" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_Confederats_d%27America" title="Estats Confederats d'America – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estats Confederats d'America" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skonfederowane_Stany_Ameryki" title="Skonfederowane Stany Ameryki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skonfederowane Stany Ameryki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Confederados_da_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Estados Confederados da América – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estados Confederados da América" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statele_Confederate_ale_Americii" title="Statele Confederate ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statele Confederate ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Конфедеративные Штаты Америки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конфедеративные Штаты Америки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_o_Americae" title="Confederate States o Americae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Confederate States o Americae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetet_e_Konfederat%C3%ABs_s%C3%AB_Amerik%C3%ABs" title="Shtetet e Konfederatës së Amerikës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtetet e Konfederatës së Amerikës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ඇමරිකානු සන්ධාන ජනපදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇමරිකානු සන්ධාන ජනපදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Confederate States of America" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederovan%C3%A9_%C5%A1t%C3%A1ty_americk%C3%A9" title="Konfederované štáty americké – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konfederované štáty americké" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederacija_ameri%C5%A1kih_dr%C5%BEav" title="Konfederacija ameriških držav – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konfederacija ameriških držav" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C5%8Dnfederowane_Sztaty_Ameriki" title="Skōnfederowane Sztaty Ameriki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Skōnfederowane Sztaty Ameriki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ویلایەتە کۆنفیدڕاڵییەکانی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویلایەتە کۆنفیدڕاڵییەکانی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Конфедеративне Америчке Државе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конфедеративне Америчке Државе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederativne_Ameri%C4%8Dke_Dr%C5%BEave" title="Konfederativne Američke Države – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konfederativne Američke Države" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_konfederaatio" title="Amerikan konfederaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amerikan konfederaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikas_konfedererade_stater" title="Amerikas konfedererade stater – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amerikas konfedererade stater" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Kumpederadong_Estado_ng_Amerika" title="Mga Kumpederadong Estado ng Amerika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Kumpederadong Estado ng Amerika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="அமெரிக்க மாநிலங்களின் கூட்டமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமெரிக்க மாநிலங்களின் கூட்டமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Америка Конфедератив Штатлары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Америка Конфедератив Штатлары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="สมาพันธรัฐอเมริกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมาพันธรัฐอเมริกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Konfedere_Devletleri" title="Amerika Konfedere Devletleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Konfedere Devletleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Конфедеративні Штати Америки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конфедеративні Штати Америки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%BA%DB%94" title="امریکہ کی کنفیڈریٹ ریاستیں۔ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امریکہ کی کنفیڈریٹ ریاستیں۔" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Confederai_de_l%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Stati Confederai de l'Amèrica – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stati Confederai de l'Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_minh_mi%E1%BB%81n_Nam_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Liên minh miền Nam Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên minh miền Nam Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konpederado_mga_Estado_han_Amerika" title="Konpederado mga Estado han Amerika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Konpederado mga Estado han Amerika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%9B%BD" title="美利坚联盟国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美利坚联盟国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%A0%85%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B" title="美利堅聯盟國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美利堅聯盟國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlet%C3%AA_Konfederasyon%C3%AA_Amerika" title="Dewletê Konfederasyonê Amerika – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dewletê Konfederasyonê Amerika" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geconfedere%C3%AArde_Staeten_van_Amerika" title="Geconfedereêrde Staeten van Amerika – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Geconfedereêrde Staeten van Amerika" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%A0%85%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B" title="美利堅聯盟國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美利堅聯盟國" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unrecognized state in North America (1861–1865)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Confederate States" redirects here. For the system of government, see <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a>. For a list of confederate nation states, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_confederations" title="List of confederations">List of confederations</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Confederacy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Confederacy (disambiguation)">Confederacy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2004 film, see <a href="/wiki/C.S.A.:_The_Confederate_States_of_America" title="C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America">C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably</b>. 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width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861%E2%80%931863).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Confederate States of America"><img alt="Flag of Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Top: Flag<br /><span class="nowrap">(1861–1863)</span><br />Bottom: Flag<br /><span class="nowrap">(1865)</span></a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal (1863–1865) of Confederate States of America"><img alt="Seal (1863–1865) of Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg/158px-Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg/210px-Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Seal of the Confederate States"> Seal<br /><span class="nowrap">(1863–1865)</span></a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i><a href="/wiki/Deo_vindice" title="Deo vindice">Deo vindice</a></i><div>Under God, our Vindicator</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_South" title="God Save the South">God Save the South</a> (unofficial)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Confederate_States_of_America_1861-1865.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Confederate_States_of_America_1861-1865.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Confederate_States_of_America_1861-1865.ogg/Confederate_States_of_America_1861-1865.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AConfederate_States_of_America_1861-1865.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AConfederate_States_of_America_1861-1865.ogg&lang=is&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="is" label="íslenska ‪(is)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div><hr /><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a> (popular, unofficial)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="75" data-mwtitle="Dixie's_Land_Instrumental.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/Dixie%27s_Land_Instrumental.mp3/Dixie%27s_Land_Instrumental.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Dixie%27s_Land_Instrumental.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div><div class="ib-country-anthem"><b>March:</b> <a href="/wiki/The_Bonnie_Blue_Flag" title="The Bonnie Blue Flag">The Bonnie Blue Flag</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="The_Bonnie_Blue_Flag.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/The_Bonnie_Blue_Flag.ogg/The_Bonnie_Blue_Flag.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/The_Bonnie_Blue_Flag.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of northern hemisphere with Confederate States of America highlighted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Confederate_States_of_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Confederate_States_of_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Confederate_States_of_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Confederate_States_of_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Confederate_States_of_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Confederate_States_of_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="551" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> The Confederate States</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#55c255; color:black;"> </span> Territorial claims made and under partial control for a time</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3d983d; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia#Separation_from_Virginia" title="West Virginia">Separated</a> West Virginia</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00e6e6; color:black;"> </span> Contested Native American territory</div></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states" title="List of historical unrecognized states">Unrecognized state</a><sup id="cite_ref-history-state-gov_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-state-gov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a><br />(until May 29, 1861)</li><li style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a><br />(until April 2–3, 1865)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia">Danville, Virginia</a><br />(until April 10, 1865)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a><br />(until <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_New_Orleans" title="Capture of New Orleans">May 1, 1862</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">English (<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>)</span><br />minor languages: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">French</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian territory">Indian territory</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Confederate<br /><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">Southern</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a> of independent states (1861–1862)<sup id="cite_ref-wwgaunt_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwgaunt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Federal</a> presidential republic (1862–1865)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1861–1865 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Vice President of the Confederate States of America">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1861–1865 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Alexander H. Stephens</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Confederate States">Congress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the Confederate States">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of the Confederate States">House of Representatives</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitution_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States">Provisional constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">February 8, 1861</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 12, 1861</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Constitution of the Confederate States">Permanent constitution</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">February 22, 1862</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Battle of Appomattox Court House</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 9, 1865</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Carolinas_campaign" title="Carolinas campaign">Military collapse</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 26, 1865</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Conclusion_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Conclusion of the American Civil War">Debellation and dissolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">May 5, 1865</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1860<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,103,332</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Slaves<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,521,110</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li><li style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Southern_States_Confederate_Currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern States Confederate Currency">State currencies</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%28January_1861%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%28January_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%28January_1861%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%28January_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%28January_1861%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%28January_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="886" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War"><span class="nowrap">South Carolina</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281861%2C_red%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281861%2C_red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281861%2C_red%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281861%2C_red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281861%2C_red%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281861%2C_red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="945" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="1382" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28May_%E2%80%93_July_1861%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28May_%E2%80%93_July_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28May_%E2%80%93_July_1861%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28May_%E2%80%93_July_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28May_%E2%80%93_July_1861%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28May_%E2%80%93_July_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War"><span class="nowrap">North Carolina</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg/20px-Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg/30px-Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg/40px-Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="902" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg/20px-Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg/30px-Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg/40px-Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="902" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28May_%E2%80%93_July_1861%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28May_%E2%80%93_July_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28May_%E2%80%93_July_1861%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28May_%E2%80%93_July_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28May_%E2%80%93_July_1861%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28May_%E2%80%93_July_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_reverse%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_reverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_reverse%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_reverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_reverse%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_reverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="886" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="1382" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="886" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1291" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Confederate States of America</b> (<b>CSA</b>), commonly referred to as the <b>Confederate States</b> (<b>C.S.</b>), <b>the Confederacy</b>, or <b>the South</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states_and_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies">unrecognized</a> breakaway<sup id="cite_ref-history-state-gov_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-state-gov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 5, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikkanen-2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikkanen-2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederacy was composed of eleven <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> that declared <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a>; <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a>; they warred against the United States during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikkanen-2020_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikkanen-2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard-2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">election</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in 1860, a portion of the southern states were convinced that their slavery-dependent <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantation economies</a> were threatened, and began to <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secede from the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history-state-gov_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-state-gov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas1979_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas1979-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McPherson_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederacy was formed on February 8, 1861, by South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1998_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McMurtry-Chubb2021_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMurtry-Chubb2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They adopted a new constitution establishing a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation government</a> of "sovereign and independent states".<sup id="cite_ref-usgovernmentprintingoffice_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgovernmentprintingoffice-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johntishiyama_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johntishiyama-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dunbarrowland_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbarrowland-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Northerners reacted by saying "Let the Confederacy go in peace!", while some <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">Southerners</a> wanted to maintain their loyalty to the Union. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> and states under its control were known as the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard-2000_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1998_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charlesdanieldrake_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charlesdanieldrake-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">South Carolina's militia attacked Fort Sumter</a>. Four slave states of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a>—<a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a>—then seceded and joined the Confederacy. On February 22, 1862, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> leaders installed a <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">centralized federal government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond, Virginia</a>, and enacted the first <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Conscription_Acts_1862%E2%80%931864" title="Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864">Confederate draft</a> on April 16, 1862. By 1865, the Confederacy's federal government dissolved into chaos, and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Congress" title="Confederate States Congress">Confederate States Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Adjournment_sine_die" title="Adjournment sine die">adjourned</a>, effectively ceasing to exist as a legislative body on March 18. After four years of heavy fighting, nearly all Confederate land and naval forces either surrendered or otherwise ceased hostilities by May 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant capitulation was Confederate general <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s surrender on April 9, after which any doubt about the war's outcome or the Confederacy's survival was extinguished. Confederate President Davis's administration declared the Confederacy dissolved on May 5.<sup id="cite_ref-IndEcon_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndEcon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>, the Confederate states were readmitted to the Congress after each ratified the <a href="/wiki/13th_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a> outlawing slavery. <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a>, an idealized view of the Confederacy valiantly fighting for a just cause, emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">decades after the war</a> among former Confederate generals and politicians, and in organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a>. Intense periods of Lost Cause activity developed around the turn of the 20th century and during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> of the 1950s and 1960s in <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reaction</a> to growing support for <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial equality</a>. Advocates sought to ensure future generations of <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">Southern whites</a> would continue to support white supremacist policies such as the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> through activities such as building <a href="/wiki/Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Confederate monuments and memorials">Confederate monuments</a> and influencing the authors of <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbooks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blight2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blight2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">modern display of the Confederate battle flag</a> primarily started during the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 presidential election</a>, when the battle flag was used by the <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregationists</a> used it for demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Strother2017_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strother2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:4px double #000000;;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; width: 285px; background: #FFFFFF;">Events leading to the American Civil War</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 85%;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#End_of_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">End of Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of 1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">End of slavery in British colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Reuben_Crandall" title="Trial of Reuben Crandall">United States v. Crandall</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">Gag rule</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Aves" title="Commonwealth v. Aves">Commonwealth v. Aves</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Murder of Elijah Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Burning of Pennsylvania Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_As_It_Is" title="American Slavery As It Is">American Slavery As It Is</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad">United States v. The Amistad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prigg_v._Pennsylvania" title="Prigg v. Pennsylvania">Prigg v. Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Convention" title="Nashville Convention">Nashville Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Recapture of Anthony Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Ostend Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning of Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Impending_Crisis_of_the_South" title="The Impending Crisis of the South">The Impending Crisis of the South</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Secession">Secession of Southern states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Conference_of_1861" title="Peace Conference of 1861">Peace Conference of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a></li></ol></div></div> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-5"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War</a></div> <p>A consensus of historians who address the origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> agree that the preservation of the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">institution of slavery</a> was the principal aim of the eleven <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> (seven states before the onset of the war and four states after the onset) that declared their secession from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>) and united to form the Confederate States of America (known as the "Confederacy").<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while historians in the 21st century <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly consensus">agree</a> on the centrality of slavery in the conflict, they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important, and on the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">North</a>'s reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudo-historical</a> <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause</a> ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view that has been disproven by the overwhelming historical evidence against it, notably some of the seceding states' own <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">secession documents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal political battle leading to Southern secession was over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the Western territories destined to become states. Initially <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> had admitted new states into the Union in pairs, <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">one slave and one free</a>. This had kept a sectional balance in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> but not in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, as free states outstripped slave states in numbers of eligible voters.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Brien2002qs_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Brien2002qs-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, at mid-19th century, the free-versus-slave status of the new territories was a critical issue, both for the North, where anti-slavery sentiment had grown, and for the South, where the fear of slavery's <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition</a> had grown. Another factor leading to secession and the formation of the Confederacy was the development of <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">white Southern</a> nationalism in the preceding decades.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on <a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a>. His victory triggered declarations of <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> by seven slave states of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, all of whose riverfront or coastal economies were based on cotton that was cultivated by slave labor. They formed the Confederate States of America after Lincoln was elected in November 1860 but before <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">he took office</a> in March 1861. Nationalists in the North and "Unionists" in the South refused to accept the declarations of secession. No foreign government ever recognized the Confederacy. The U.S. government, under President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, refused to relinquish its forts that were in territory claimed by the Confederacy. The war itself began on April 12, 1861, when <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Confederate forces bombarded the Union's Fort Sumter</a>, in the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>. </p><p>Background factors in the run up to the Civil War were <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">partisan politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">nullification</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a>, Southern and Northern nationalism, <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">expansionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">economics</a>, and modernization in the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum period</a>. As a panel of historians emphasized in 2011, "while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">David M. Potter</a> wrote: "The problem for Americans who, in the age of Lincoln, wanted slaves to be free was not simply that southerners wanted the opposite, but that they themselves cherished a conflicting value: they wanted the Constitution, which protected slavery, to be honored, and the Union, which was a fellowship with slaveholders, to be preserved. Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secession">Secession</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1861_Davis_Inaugural.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1861_Davis_Inaugural.jpg/180px-1861_Davis_Inaugural.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1861_Davis_Inaugural.jpg/270px-1861_Davis_Inaugural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1861_Davis_Inaugural.jpg/360px-1861_Davis_Inaugural.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption>The inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first secession state conventions from the Deep South sent representatives to the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgomery Convention">Montgomery Convention</a> in Alabama on February 4, 1861. A provisional government was established, and a representative Congress met for the Confederate States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-Freehling_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freehling-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new provisional Confederate President <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> issued a call for 100,000 men from the states' militias to defend the newly formed Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Freehling_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freehling-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Federal property was seized, including gold bullion and coining dies at the U.S. mints in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, North Carolina; <a href="/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia" title="Dahlonega, Georgia">Dahlonega</a>, Georgia; and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Freehling_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freehling-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery to Richmond, Virginia, in May 1861. On February 22, 1862, Davis was inaugurated as president with a term of six years.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Confederate administration pursued a policy of national territorial integrity, continuing earlier state efforts in 1860–1861 to remove U.S. government presence. This included taking possession of U.S. courts, custom houses, post offices, and most notably, arsenals and forts. After the Confederate attack and capture of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in April 1861, Lincoln called up <a href="/wiki/75,000_volunteers" class="mw-redirect" title="75,000 volunteers">75,000 of the states' militia</a> to muster under his command. The stated purpose was to re-occupy U.S. properties throughout the South, as the U.S. Congress had not authorized their abandonment. The resistance at Fort Sumter signaled his change of policy from that of the Buchanan Administration. Lincoln's response ignited a firestorm of emotion. The people of both North and South demanded war, with soldiers rushing to their colors in the hundreds of thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-Freehling_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freehling-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg/330px-US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg/495px-US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg/660px-US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Blue indicates the Union states and light blue Union-supporting slave states (<a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a>) that primarily stayed in Union control, though <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments. Red represents seceded states in rebellion, also known as the Confederate States of America. Uncolored areas were territories, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>, which is present-day <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSA_states_evolution.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/CSA_states_evolution.gif/330px-CSA_states_evolution.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/CSA_states_evolution.gif/495px-CSA_states_evolution.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/CSA_states_evolution.gif/660px-CSA_states_evolution.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the Confederate States between December 1860 and July 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>Secessionists argued that the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a> was a contract among sovereign states that could be abandoned without consultation and each state had a right to secede. After intense debates and statewide votes, seven Deep South cotton states passed secession ordinances by February 1861, while secession efforts failed in the other eight slave states. </p><p>The Confederacy expanded in May–July 1861 (with <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia in the Civil War">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkansas in the Civil War">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee in the Civil War">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the Civil War">North Carolina</a>), and disintegrated in April–May 1865. It was formed by delegations from seven slave states of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower South">Lower South</a> that had proclaimed their secession. After the fighting began in April, four additional slave states seceded and were admitted. Later, two slave states (<a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>) and two territories were given seats in the Confederate Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its establishment flowed from and deepened Southern nationalism,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which prepared men to fight for "The Southern Cause".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "Cause" included support for <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff policy</a>, and internal improvements, but above all, cultural and financial dependence on the South's slavery-based economy. The convergence of race and slavery, politics, and economics raised South-related policy questions to the status of moral questions over, way of life, merging love of things Southern and hatred of things Northern. As the war approached, political parties split, and national churches and interstate families divided along sectional lines.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian John M. Coski: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The statesmen who led the secession movement were unashamed to explicitly cite the defense of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> as their prime motive ... Acknowledging the centrality of slavery to the Confederacy is essential for understanding the Confederate.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Southern Democrats had chosen <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John Breckinridge</a> as their candidate during the 1860 presidential election, but in no Southern state was support for him unanimous, as they recorded at least some popular vote for at least one of the other three candidates (Abraham Lincoln, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a>). Support for these three collectively, ranged from significant to outright majority, running from 25% in Texas to 81% in Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were minority views everywhere, especially in the upland and plateau areas of the South, particularly concentrated in western Virginia and eastern Tennessee. The first six signatory states establishing the Confederacy counted about one-fourth its population. They voted 43% for pro-Union candidates. The four states which entered after the attack on Fort Sumter held almost half the population of the Confederacy and voted 53% for pro-Union candidates. The three big turnout states voted extremes; Texas, with 5% of the population, voted 20% for pro-Union candidates; Kentucky and Missouri, with one-fourth the Confederate population, voted 68% for pro-Union. </p><p>Following South Carolina's unanimous 1860 secession vote, no other Southern states considered the question until 1861; when they did, none had a unanimous vote. All had residents who cast significant numbers of Unionist votes. Voting to remain in the Union did not necessarily mean individuals were sympathizers with the North. Once fighting began, many who voted to remain in the Union accepted the majority decision, and supported the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-personal.tcu.edu_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personal.tcu.edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many writers have evaluated the War as an American tragedy—a "Brothers' War", pitting "brother against brother, father against son, kin against kin of every degree".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States">States</h3></div> <p>Initially, some secessionists hoped for a peaceful departure. Moderates in the Confederate Constitutional Convention included a provision against importation of slaves from Africa to appeal to the Upper South. Non-slave states might join, but the radicals secured a two-thirds requirement in both houses of Congress to accept them.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seven states declared their secession from the United States before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861, and Lincoln's subsequent call for troops, four more states declared their secession. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:238px;max-width:238px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington2_1861_Issue-10c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="USA G. Washington stamp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/George_Washington2_1861_Issue-10c.jpg/115px-George_Washington2_1861_Issue-10c.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/George_Washington2_1861_Issue-10c.jpg/173px-George_Washington2_1861_Issue-10c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/George_Washington2_1861_Issue-10c.jpg/230px-George_Washington2_1861_Issue-10c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1446" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">10-cent U.S. 1861</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="CSA G. Washington stamp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg/115px-George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg/173px-George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg/230px-George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">20-cent C.S. 1863</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Both sides honored <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Founding_Father_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Father of the United States">Founding Father</a> and used the same <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a> portrait of Washington.</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a> declared neutrality, but after Confederate troops moved in, the state legislature asked for Union troops to drive them out. Delegates from 68 Kentucky counties were sent to the Russellville Convention that signed an Ordinance of Secession. Kentucky was admitted into the Confederacy on December 10, 1861, with Bowling Green as its first capital. Early in the war, the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky but largely lost control in 1862. The splinter <a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">Confederate government of Kentucky</a> relocated to accompany western Confederate armies and never controlled the state population after 1862. By the end of the war, 90,000 Kentuckians had fought for the Union, compared to 35,000 for the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Why?_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why?-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Constitutional_Convention_(1861%E2%80%9363)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Constitutional Convention (1861–63)">constitutional convention</a> was approved and delegates elected. The convention rejected secession 89–1 on March 19, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor maneuvered to take control of the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Arsenal" title="St. Louis Arsenal">St. Louis Arsenal</a> and restrict Federal movements. This led to a confrontation, and in June federal forces drove him and the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_General_Assembly" title="Missouri General Assembly">General Assembly</a> from Jefferson City. The executive committee of the convention called the members together in July, and declared the state offices vacant and appointed a Unionist interim state government.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exiled governor called a rump session of the former General Assembly together in <a href="/wiki/Neosho,_Missouri" title="Neosho, Missouri">Neosho</a> and, on October 31, 1861, it passed an <a href="/wiki/Missouri_secession" title="Missouri secession">ordinance of secession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederate state government was unable to control substantial parts of Missouri territory, effectively only controlling southern Missouri early in the war. It had its capital at Neosho, then <a href="/wiki/Cassville,_Missouri" title="Cassville, Missouri">Cassville</a>, before being driven out of the state. For the remainder of the war, it operated as a government in exile at <a href="/wiki/Marshall,_Texas" title="Marshall, Texas">Marshall, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not having seceded, neither Kentucky nor Missouri was declared in rebellion in Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>. The Confederacy recognized the pro-Confederate claimants in Kentucky (December 10, 1861) and Missouri (November 28, 1861) and laid claim to those states, granting them Congressional representation and adding two stars to the Confederate flag. Voting for the representatives was mostly done by Confederate soldiers from Kentucky and Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some southern unionists blamed Lincoln's call for troops as the precipitating event for the second wave of secessions. Historian James McPherson argues such claims have "a self-serving quality" and regards them as misleading: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As the telegraph chattered reports of the attack on Sumter April 12 and its surrender next day, huge crowds poured into the streets of Richmond, Raleigh, Nashville, and other upper South cities to celebrate this victory over the Yankees. These crowds waved Confederate flags and cheered the glorious cause of southern independence. They demanded that their own states join the cause. Scores of demonstrations took place from April 12 to 14, before Lincoln issued his call for troops. Many conditional unionists were swept along by this powerful tide of southern nationalism; others were cowed into silence.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian Daniel W. Crofts disagrees with McPherson: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The bombardment of Fort Sumter, by itself, did not destroy Unionist majorities in the upper South. Because only three days elapsed before Lincoln issued the proclamation, the two events viewed retrospectively, appear almost simultaneous. Nevertheless, close examination of contemporary evidence ... shows that the proclamation had a far more decisive impact.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>...Many concluded ... that Lincoln had deliberately chosen "to drive off all the Slave states, in order to make war on them and annihilate slavery".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The order of secession resolutions and dates are: </p> <dl><dd>1. <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a> (December 20, 1860)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>2. <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a> (January 9, 1861)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>3. <a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a> (January 10)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>4. <a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a> (January 11)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>5. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a> (January 19)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>6. <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a> (January 26)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>7. <a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a> (February 1; referendum February 23)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Inauguration of President Lincoln</a>, March 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Bombardment of Fort Sumter</a> (April 12) and <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's call-up</a> (April 15)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd>8. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> (April 17; referendum May 23, 1861)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>9. <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a> (May 6)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>10. <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a> (May 7; referendum June 8)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>11. <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a> (May 20)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In Virginia, the populous counties along the Ohio and Pennsylvania borders rejected the Confederacy. Unionists held a <a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Convention" title="Wheeling Convention">Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia#Industrialization_and_anti-secession_sentiment" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling</a> in June 1861, establishing a "restored government" with a <a href="/wiki/Restored_government_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored government of Virginia">rump legislature</a>, but sentiment in the region remained deeply divided. In the 50 counties that would make up the state of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a>, voters from 24 counties had voted for disunion in Virginia's May 23 referendum on the ordinance of secession.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1860 election "Constitutional Democrat" Breckenridge had outpolled "Constitutional Unionist" Bell in the 50 counties by 1,900 votes, 44% to 42%.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The counties simultaneously supplied over 20,000 soldiers to each side of the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives for most counties were seated in both state legislatures at Wheeling and at Richmond for the duration of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to secede from the Confederacy by counties in <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a> were checked by martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although slaveholding <a href="/wiki/Delaware_in_the_American_Civil_War#State_of_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware in the American Civil War">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a> did not secede, citizens exhibited divided loyalties. Regiments of Marylanders fought in Lee's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, 24,000 men from Maryland joined Confederate forces, compared to 63,000 who joined Union forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Why?_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why?-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delaware never produced a full regiment for the Confederacy, but neither did it emancipate slaves as did Missouri and West Virginia. District of Columbia citizens made no attempts to secede and through the war, referendums sponsored by Lincoln approved compensated emancipation and slave confiscation from "disloyal citizens".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territories">Territories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Confederate Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elias_Boudinot2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Elias_Boudinot2.jpg/180px-Elias_Boudinot2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Elias_Boudinot2.jpg/270px-Elias_Boudinot2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Elias_Boudinot2.jpg/360px-Elias_Boudinot2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elias_Cornelius_Boudinot" title="Elias Cornelius Boudinot">Elias Boudinot</a>, a Cherokee secessionist and Confederate Representative in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Citizens at <a href="/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> in the southern part of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a> formed a secession convention, which voted to join the Confederacy on March 16, 1861, and appointed Dr. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_S._Owings" title="Lewis S. Owings">Lewis S. Owings</a> as the new territorial governor. They won the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Mesilla" title="First Battle of Mesilla">Battle of Mesilla</a> and established a territorial government with Mesilla serving as its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederacy proclaimed the Confederate Arizona Territory on February 14, 1862, north to the <a href="/wiki/34th_parallel_north" title="34th parallel north">34th parallel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_H._MacWillie" title="Marcus H. MacWillie">Marcus H. MacWillie</a> served in both Confederate Congresses as Arizona's delegate. In 1862, the Confederate <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico campaign</a> to take the northern half of the U.S. territory failed and the Confederate territorial government in exile relocated to San Antonio, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confederate supporters in the trans-Mississippi west claimed portions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a> after the US evacuated the federal forts and installations. Over half of the American Indian troops participating in the War from the Indian Territory supported the Confederacy. On July 12, 1861, the Confederate government signed a treaty with both the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> Indian nations. After several battles, Union armies took control of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> never formally joined the Confederacy, but did receive representation in the Congress. Many Indians from the Territory were integrated into regular Confederate Army units. After 1863, the tribal governments sent representatives to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Confederate States">Confederate Congress</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Cornelius_Boudinot" title="Elias Cornelius Boudinot">Elias Cornelius Boudinot</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Benton_Callahan" title="Samuel Benton Callahan">Samuel Benton Callahan</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee Nation (19th century)">Cherokee Nation</a> aligned with the Confederacy. They practiced and supported slavery, opposed abolition, and feared their lands would be seized by the Union. After the war, the Indian territory was disestablished, their black slaves were freed, and the tribes lost some of their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitals">Capitals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_Capitol_NW_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alabama_Capitol_NW_1886.jpg/150px-Alabama_Capitol_NW_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alabama_Capitol_NW_1886.jpg/225px-Alabama_Capitol_NW_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alabama_Capitol_NW_1886.jpg/300px-Alabama_Capitol_NW_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The first Capitol of the Confederacy in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Capitol_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Virginia_Capitol_1865.jpg/150px-Virginia_Capitol_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Virginia_Capitol_1865.jpg/225px-Virginia_Capitol_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Virginia_Capitol_1865.jpg/300px-Virginia_Capitol_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="775" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The second Capitol of the Confederacy in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_T_Sutherlin_Mansion_Danville_Virginia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/William_T_Sutherlin_Mansion_Danville_Virginia.JPG/220px-William_T_Sutherlin_Mansion_Danville_Virginia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/William_T_Sutherlin_Mansion_Danville_Virginia.JPG/330px-William_T_Sutherlin_Mansion_Danville_Virginia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/William_T_Sutherlin_Mansion_Danville_Virginia.JPG/440px-William_T_Sutherlin_Mansion_Danville_Virginia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_T._Sutherlin" title="William T. Sutherlin">William T. Sutherlin</a>'s mansion in <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia">Danville, Virginia</a> was the temporary residence of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> and dubbed the "last Capitol of the Confederacy".</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montgomery,_Alabama#Montgomery_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, served as capital of the Confederate States from February 4 until May 29, 1861, in the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Capitol" title="Alabama State Capitol">Alabama State Capitol</a>. Six states created the Confederacy there on February 8, 1861. The Texas delegation was seated at the time, so it is counted in the "original seven" states of the Confederacy; it had no roll call vote until after its referendum made secession "operative".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Permanent Constitution was adopted there on March 12, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The permanent capital provided for in the Confederate Constitution called for a state cession of a 100 square mile district to the central government. Atlanta, which had not yet supplanted <a href="/wiki/Milledgeville,_Georgia#Life_in_the_antebellum_capital" title="Milledgeville, Georgia">Milledgeville</a>, Georgia, as its state capital, put in a bid noting its central location and rail connections, as did <a href="/wiki/Opelika,_Alabama" title="Opelika, Alabama">Opelika, Alabama</a>, noting its strategically interior situation, rail connections and deposits of coal and iron.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond, Virginia</a>, was chosen for the interim capital at the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a>. The move was used by Vice President Stephens and others to encourage other border states to follow Virginia into the Confederacy. In the political moment it was a show of "defiance and strength". The war for Southern independence was surely to be fought in Virginia, but it also had the largest Southern military-aged white population, with infrastructure, resources, and supplies. The Davis Administration's policy was that "It must be held at all hazards."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The naming of Richmond as the new capital took place on May 30, 1861, and the last two sessions of the Provisional Congress were held there.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As war dragged on, Richmond became crowded with training and transfers, logistics and hospitals. Prices rose dramatically despite government efforts at price regulation. A movement in Congress argued for moving the capital from Richmond. At the approach of Federal armies in mid-1862, the government's archives were readied for removal. As the <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Wilderness Campaign</a> progressed, Congress authorized Davis to remove the executive department and call Congress to session elsewhere in 1864 and again in 1865. Shortly before the end of the war, the Confederate government evacuated Richmond, planning to relocate further south. Little came of these plans before Lee's surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davis and most of his cabinet fled to <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia">Danville, Virginia</a>, which served as their headquarters for eight days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h2></div> <p>During its four years, the Confederacy asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad. None were recognized by a foreign government. The US government regarded the Southern states as being in rebellion or insurrection and so refused any formal recognition of their status. </p><p>The US government never declared war on those "kindred and countrymen" in the Confederacy but conducted its military efforts beginning with a presidential proclamation issued April 15, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It called for troops to recapture forts and suppress what Lincoln later called an "insurrection and rebellion".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mid-war parleys between the two sides occurred without formal political recognition, though the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a> predominantly governed military relationships on both sides of uniformed conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once war with the United States began, the Confederacy pinned its hopes for survival on military intervention by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">UK</a> or <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a>. The Confederate government sent <a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a> to London and <a href="/wiki/John_Slidell" title="John Slidell">John Slidell</a> to Paris. On their way in 1861, the U.S. Navy intercepted their ship, the <i>Trent,</i> and took them to Boston, an international episode known as the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair"><i>Trent</i> Affair</a>. The diplomats were eventually released and continued their voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their mission was unsuccessful; historians judge their diplomacy as poor.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Neither secured <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> for the Confederacy, much less military assistance. </p><p>The Confederates who had believed that "<a href="/wiki/King_Cotton" title="King Cotton">cotton is king</a>", that is, that Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton, proved mistaken. The British had stocks to last over a year and been developing alternative sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Kingdom took pride leading the end of transatlantic enslavement of Africans; by <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">1833</a>, the Royal Navy patrolled middle passage waters to prevent additional slave ships from reaching the Western Hemisphere. It was in London that the first <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Slavery_Convention" title="World Anti-Slavery Convention">World Anti-Slavery Convention</a> had been held in 1840. Black abolitionist speakers toured England, Scotland, and Ireland, exposing the reality of America's chattel slavery and rebutting the Confederate position that blacks were "unintellectual, timid, and dependent",<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "not equal to the white man...the superior race." <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Parker_Remond" title="Sarah Parker Remond">Sarah Parker Remond</a>, her brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lenox_Remond" title="Charles Lenox Remond">Charles Lenox Remond</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_W._C._Pennington" title="James W. C. Pennington">James W. C. Pennington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin Delany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ringgold_Ward" title="Samuel Ringgold Ward">Samuel Ringgold Ward</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_G._Allen" title="William G. Allen">William G. Allen</a> all spent years in Britain, where fugitive slaves were safe and, as Allen said, there was an "absence of prejudice against color. Here the colored man feels himself among friends, and not among enemies".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most British public opinion was against the practice, with Liverpool seen as the primary base of Southern support.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:315px;max-width:315px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="3122" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Lord John Russell, British foreign secretary and later PM, considered mediation in the 'American War'</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Cabanel_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Alexandre_Cabanel_002.jpg/157px-Alexandre_Cabanel_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Alexandre_Cabanel_002.jpg/236px-Alexandre_Cabanel_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Alexandre_Cabanel_002.jpg/314px-Alexandre_Cabanel_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1811" data-file-height="2530" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">French Emperor Napoleon III sought joint French–British recognition of CSA</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Throughout the early years of the war, British foreign secretary <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a>, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> of France, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, showed interest in recognition of the Confederacy or at least mediation of the war. <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> attempted unsuccessfully to convince Palmerston to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 1862 the Union victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>, Lincoln's preliminary <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> and abolitionist opposition in Britain put an end to these possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost to Britain of a war with the U.S. would have been high: the immediate loss of American grain-shipments, the end of British exports to the U.S., and seizure of billions of pounds invested in American securities. War would have meant higher taxes in Britain, another invasion of Canada, and attacks on the British merchant fleet. In mid-1862, fears of a race war (like the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> of 1791–1804) led to the British considering intervention for humanitarian reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Slidell, the Confederate States emissary to France, succeeded in negotiating a loan of $15,000,000 from <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_%C3%89mile_d%27Erlanger" title="Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger">Erlanger</a> and other French capitalists for ironclad warships and military supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government did allow the construction of <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">blockade runners</a> in Britain; they were owned and operated by British financiers and shipowners; a few were owned and operated by the Confederacy. The British investors' goal was to acquire highly profitable cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several European nations maintained diplomats in place who had been appointed to the U.S., but no country appointed any diplomat to the Confederacy. Those nations recognized the Union and Confederate sides as <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerents</a>. In 1863, the Confederacy expelled European diplomatic missions for advising their resident subjects to refuse to serve in the Confederate army.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Confederate and Union agents were allowed to work openly in British territories.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederacy appointed <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Dudley_Mann" title="Ambrose Dudley Mann">Ambrose Dudley Mann</a> as special agent to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> in September 1863, but the Holy See never released a statement supporting or recognizing the Confederacy. In November 1863, Mann met <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> and received a letter supposedly addressed "to the Illustrious and Honorable Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America"; Mann had mistranslated the address. In his report to Richmond, Mann claimed a great diplomatic achievement for himself, but Confederate Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a> told Mann it was "a mere inferential recognition, unconnected with political action or the regular establishment of diplomatic relations" and thus did not assign it the weight of formal recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the Confederacy was seen internationally as a serious attempt at nationhood, and European governments sent military observers to assess whether there had been a <i>de facto</i> establishment of independence. These observers included <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Fremantle" title="Arthur Lyon Fremantle">Arthur Lyon Fremantle</a> of the British <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a>, who entered the Confederacy via Mexico, Fitzgerald Ross of the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussars">Hussars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Justus_Scheibert" title="Justus Scheibert">Justus Scheibert</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European travelers visited and wrote accounts for publication. Importantly in 1862, the Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Girard" title="Charles Frédéric Girard">Charles Girard</a>'s <i>Seven months in the rebel states during the North American War</i> testified "this government ... is no longer a trial government ... but really a normal government, the expression of popular will".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fremantle went on to write in his book <i>Three Months in the Southern States</i> that he had: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...not attempted to conceal any of the peculiarities or defects of the Southern people. Many persons will doubtless highly disapprove of some of their customs and habits in the wilder portion of the country; but I think no generous man, whatever may be his political opinions, can do otherwise than admire the courage, energy, and patriotism of the whole population, and the skill of its leaders, in this struggle against great odds. And I am also of opinion that many will agree with me in thinking that a people in which all ranks and both sexes display a unanimity and a heroism which can never have been surpassed in the history of the world, is destined, sooner or later, to become a great and independent nation.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>French Emperor Napoleon III assured Confederate diplomat John Slidell that he would make "direct proposition" to Britain for joint recognition. The Emperor made the same assurance to British Members of Parliament <a href="/wiki/John_A._Roebuck" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Roebuck">John A. Roebuck</a> and John A. Lindsay. Roebuck in turn publicly prepared a bill to submit to Parliament supporting joint Anglo-French recognition of the Confederacy. "Southerners had a right to be optimistic, or at least hopeful, that their revolution would prevail, or at least endure." Following the disasters at Vicksburg and Gettysburg in July 1863, the Confederates "suffered a severe loss of confidence in themselves" and withdrew into an interior defensive position.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By December 1864, Davis considered sacrificing slavery in order to enlist recognition and aid from Paris and London; he secretly sent <a href="/wiki/Duncan_F._Kenner" title="Duncan F. Kenner">Duncan F. Kenner</a> to Europe with a message that the war was fought solely for "the vindication of our rights to self-government and independence" and that "no sacrifice is too great, save that of honor". The message stated that if the French or British governments made their recognition conditional on anything at all, the Confederacy would consent to such terms.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European leaders all saw that the Confederacy was on the verge of defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-levine-248_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levine-248-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Confederacy's biggest foreign policy successes were with <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>. Militarily this meant little. Brazil represented the "peoples most identical to us in Institutions",<sup id="cite_ref-Spain_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spain-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">slavery remained legal</a> until the 1880s and the abolitionist movement was small. Confederate ships were welcome in Brazilian ports.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, Brazil was the primary destination of those Southerners who wanted to continue living in a slave society, where, as one immigrant remarked, <i><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederado</a></i> slaves were cheap. The Captain–General of Cuba declared in writing that Confederate ships were welcome, and would be protected in Cuban ports.<sup id="cite_ref-Spain_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spain-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians speculate that if the Confederacy had achieved independence, it probably would have tried to acquire Cuba as a base of expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="At_war">At war</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivations_of_soldiers">Motivations of soldiers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army#Morale_and_motivations" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army § Morale and motivations</a></div> <p>Most soldiers who joined Confederate national or state military units joined voluntarily. Perman (2010) says historians are of two minds on why millions of soldiers seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_strategy">Military strategy</h3></div> <p>Civil War historian <a href="/wiki/E._Merton_Coulter" title="E. Merton Coulter">E. Merton Coulter</a> wrote that for those who would secure its independence, "The Confederacy was unfortunate in its failure to work out a general strategy for the whole war". Aggressive strategy called for offensive force concentration. Defensive strategy sought dispersal to meet demands of locally minded governors. The controlling philosophy evolved into a combination "dispersal with a defensive concentration around Richmond". The Davis administration considered the war purely defensive, a "simple demand that the people of the United States would cease to war upon us".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> is a critic of Lee's offensive strategy: "Lee pursued a faulty military strategy that ensured Confederate defeat".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Confederate government lost control of territory in campaign after campaign, it was said that "the vast size of the Confederacy would make its conquest impossible". The enemy would be struck down by the same elements which so often debilitated or destroyed visitors and transplants in the South. Heat exhaustion, sunstroke, endemic diseases such as malaria and typhoid would match the destructive effectiveness of the Moscow winter on the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">invading armies</a> of Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg/330px-Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg/440px-Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Seal has symbols of an independent agricultural Confederacy surrounding an equestrian Washington, sword encased.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Early in the war, both sides believed that one great battle would decide the conflict; the Confederates won a surprise victory at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/First_Manassas" class="mw-redirect" title="First Manassas">First Manassas</a> (the name used by Confederate forces). It drove the Confederate people "insane with joy"; the public demanded a forward movement to capture Washington, relocate the Confederate capital there, and admit <a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland in the Civil War">Maryland</a> to the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A council of war by the victorious Confederate generals decided not to advance against larger numbers of fresh Federal troops in defensive positions. Davis did not countermand it. Following the Confederate incursion into Maryland halted at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a> in October 1862, generals proposed concentrating forces from state commands to re-invade the north. Nothing came of it.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again in mid-1863 at his incursion into Pennsylvania, Lee requested of Davis that Beauregard simultaneously attack Washington with troops taken from the Carolinas. But the troops there remained in place during the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Campaign">Gettysburg Campaign</a>. </p><p>The eleven states of the Confederacy were outnumbered by the North about four-to-one in military manpower. It was overmatched far more in military equipment, industrial facilities, railroads for transport, and wagons supplying the front. </p><p>Confederates slowed the Yankee invaders, at heavy cost to the Southern infrastructure. The Confederates burned bridges, laid <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a> in the roads, and made harbors inlets and inland waterways unusable with sunken mines (called "torpedoes" at the time). Coulter reports: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Rangers in twenty to fifty-man units were awarded 50% valuation for property destroyed behind Union lines, regardless of location or loyalty. As Federals occupied the South, objections by loyal Confederate concerning Ranger horse-stealing and indiscriminate scorched earth tactics behind Union lines led to Congress abolishing the Ranger service two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Confederacy relied on external sources for war materials. The first came from trade with the enemy. "Vast amounts of war supplies" came through Kentucky, and thereafter, western armies were "to a very considerable extent" provisioned with illicit trade via Federal agents and northern private traders.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But that trade was interrupted in the first year of war by <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">Admiral Porter</a>'s river gunboats as they gained dominance along navigable rivers north–south and east–west.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overseas blockade running then came to be of "outstanding importance".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 17, President Davis called on privateer raiders, the "militia of the sea", to wage war on U.S. seaborne commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite noteworthy effort, over the course of the war the Confederacy was found unable to match the Union in ships and seamanship, materials and marine construction.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An inescapable obstacle to success in the warfare of mass armies was the Confederacy's lack of manpower, and sufficient numbers of disciplined, equipped troops in the field at the point of contact with the enemy. During the winter of 1862–63, Lee observed that none of his famous victories had resulted in the destruction of the opposing army. He lacked reserve troops to exploit an advantage on the battlefield as Napoleon had done. Lee explained, "More than once have most promising opportunities been lost for want of men to take advantage of them, and victory itself had been made to put on the appearance of defeat, because our diminished and exhausted troops have been unable to renew a successful struggle against fresh numbers of the enemy."<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_forces_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Military forces of the Confederate States">Military forces of the Confederate States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg/180px-Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg/270px-Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg/360px-Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2807" data-file-height="4154" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_in_Chief_of_the_Armies_of_the_Confederate_States" title="General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States">General in Chief</a> (1865)</figcaption></figure> <p>The military armed forces of the Confederacy comprised three branches: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a>. </p><p>On February 28, 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Confederate_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Confederate Congress">Provisional Confederate Congress</a> established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>. On March 1, 1861, on behalf of the Confederate government, Davis assumed control of the military situation at <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, where South Carolina state militia besieged <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in Charleston harbor, held by a small <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> garrison. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army. </p><p>The total population of the Confederate Army is unknowable due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records but estimates are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. This does not include an unknown number of slaves pressed into army tasks, such as the construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, estimated at 94,000 killed or mortally wounded, 164,000 deaths from disease, and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps. One incomplete estimate is 194,026.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Confederate military leadership included many veterans from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> who had resigned their Federal commissions and were appointed to senior positions. Many had served in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (including Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis), but some such as <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Leonidas Polk</a> (who graduated from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> but did not serve in the Army) had little or no experience. </p><p>The Confederate officer corps consisted of men from both slave-owning and non-slave-owning families. The Confederacy appointed junior and field grade officers by election from the enlisted ranks. Although no Army service academy was established for the Confederacy, some colleges (such as <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel_(military_college)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Citadel (military college)">The Citadel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a>) maintained cadet corps that trained Confederate military leadership. A naval academy was established at <a href="/wiki/Drewry%27s_Bluff" title="Drewry's Bluff">Drewry's Bluff</a>, Virginia<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1863, but no midshipmen graduated before the Confederacy's end. </p><p>Most soldiers were white males aged between 16 and 28. The median year of birth was 1838, so half the soldiers were 23 or older by 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederate Army was permitted to disband for two months in early 1862 after its short-term enlistments expired. The majority of those in uniform would not re-enlist after their one-year commitment, thus on April 16, 1862, the Confederate Congress imposed the first mass <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> on North American territory. (A year later, on March 3, 1863, the United States Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Enrollment_Act" title="Enrollment Act">Enrollment Act</a>.) Rather than a universal draft, the first program was a selective one with physical, religious, professional, and industrial exemptions. These became narrower as the battle progressed. Initially substitutes were permitted, but by December 1863 these were disallowed. In September 1862 the age limit was increased from 35 to 45 and by February 1864, all men under 18 and over 45 were conscripted to form a reserve for state defense inside state borders. By March 1864, the Superintendent of Conscription reported that all across the Confederacy, every officer in constituted authority, man and woman, "engaged in opposing the enrolling officer in the execution of his duties".<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although challenged in the state courts, the Confederate State Supreme Courts routinely rejected legal challenges to conscription.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many thousands of slaves served as personal servants to their owner, or were hired as laborers, cooks, and pioneers.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some freed blacks and men of color served in local state militia units of the Confederacy, primarily in Louisiana and South Carolina, but their officers deployed them for "local defense, not combat".<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depleted by casualties and desertions, the military suffered chronic manpower shortages. In early 1865, the Confederate Congress, influenced by the public support by General Lee, approved the recruitment of black infantry units. Contrary to Lee's and Davis's recommendations, the Congress refused "to guarantee the freedom of black volunteers". No more than two hundred black combat troops were ever raised.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raising_troops">Raising troops</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:To_Arms_Confederate_Enlistment_Poster_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/To_Arms_Confederate_Enlistment_Poster_1862.jpg/170px-To_Arms_Confederate_Enlistment_Poster_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/To_Arms_Confederate_Enlistment_Poster_1862.jpg/255px-To_Arms_Confederate_Enlistment_Poster_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/To_Arms_Confederate_Enlistment_Poster_1862.jpg/340px-To_Arms_Confederate_Enlistment_Poster_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Recruitment poster: "Do not wait to be drafted". Under half re-enlisted.</figcaption></figure> <p>The immediate onset of war meant that it was fought by the "Provisional" or "Volunteer Army". State governors resisted concentrating a national effort. Several wanted a strong state army for self-defense. Others feared large "Provisional" armies answering only to Davis.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When filling the Confederate government's call for 100,000 men, another 200,000 were turned away by accepting only those enlisted "for the duration" or twelve-month volunteers who brought their own arms or horses.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was important to raise troops; it was just as important to provide capable officers to command them. With few exceptions the Confederacy secured excellent general officers. Efficiency in the lower officers was "greater than could have been reasonably expected". As with the Federals, political appointees could be indifferent. Otherwise, the officer corps was governor-appointed or elected by unit enlisted. Promotion to fill vacancies was made internally regardless of merit, even if better officers were immediately available.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anticipating the need for more "duration" men, in January 1862 Congress provided for company level recruiters to return home for two months, but their efforts met little success on the heels of Confederate battlefield defeats in February.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress allowed for Davis to require numbers of recruits from each governor to supply the volunteer shortfall. States responded by passing their own draft laws.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The veteran Confederate army of early 1862 was mostly twelve-month volunteers with terms about to expire. Enlisted reorganization elections disintegrated the army for two months. Officers pleaded with the ranks to re-enlist, but a majority did not. Those remaining elected majors and colonels whose performance led to officer review boards in October. The boards caused a "rapid and widespread" thinning out of 1,700 incompetent officers. Troops thereafter would elect only second lieutenants.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1862, the popular press suggested the Confederacy required a million men under arms. But veteran soldiers were not re-enlisting, and earlier secessionist volunteers did not reappear to serve in war. One <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon, Georgia</a>, newspaper asked how two million brave fighting men of the South were about to be overcome by four million northerners who were said to be cowards.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conscription">Conscription</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Conscription_Acts_1862%E2%80%931864" title="Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864">Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg/220px-Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg/330px-Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg/440px-Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Southern Unionists throughout the Confederate States resisted the 1862 conscription</figcaption></figure> <p>The Confederacy passed the first American law of national conscription on April 16, 1862. The white males of the Confederate States from 18 to 35 were declared members of the Confederate army for three years, and all men then enlisted were extended to a three-year term. They would serve only in units and under officers of their state. Those under 18 and over 35 could substitute for conscripts, in September those from 35 to 45 became conscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cry of "rich man's war and a poor man's fight" led Congress to abolish the substitute system altogether in December 1863. All principals benefiting earlier were made eligible for service. By February 1864, the age bracket was made 17 to 50, those under eighteen and over forty-five to be limited to in-state duty.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confederate conscription was not universal; it was a selective service. The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Conscription_Acts_1862%E2%80%931864" title="Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864">First Conscription Act</a> of April 1862 exempted occupations related to transportation, communication, industry, ministers, teaching and physical fitness. The Second Conscription Act of October 1862 expanded exemptions in industry, agriculture and conscientious objection. Exemption fraud proliferated in medical examinations, army furloughs, churches, schools, apothecaries and newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rich men's sons were appointed to the socially outcast "overseer" occupation, but the measure was received in the country with "universal odium". The legislative vehicle was the controversial <a href="/wiki/Twenty_Negro_Law" title="Twenty Negro Law">Twenty Negro Law</a> that specifically exempted one white overseer or owner for every plantation with at least 20 slaves. Backpedaling six months later, Congress provided overseers under 45 could be exempted only if they held the occupation before the first Conscription Act.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of officials under state exemptions appointed by state Governor patronage expanded significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 326px;float:right; text-align:center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriel_James_Rains.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gen. Gabriel J. Rains, Conscription Bureau chief, April 1862 – May 1863"><img alt="Gen. Gabriel J. Rains, Conscription Bureau chief, April 1862 – May 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gabriel_James_Rains.jpg/107px-Gabriel_James_Rains.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gabriel_James_Rains.jpg/160px-Gabriel_James_Rains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gabriel_James_Rains.jpg/213px-Gabriel_James_Rains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gen. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_J._Rains" title="Gabriel J. Rains">Gabriel J. Rains</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;">Conscription Bureau chief, April 1862 – May 1863</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Gideon_Johnson_Pillow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, military recruiter under Bragg, then J.E. Johnston[149]"><img alt="Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, military recruiter under Bragg, then J.E. Johnston[149]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/General_Gideon_Johnson_Pillow.jpg/120px-General_Gideon_Johnson_Pillow.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/General_Gideon_Johnson_Pillow.jpg/180px-General_Gideon_Johnson_Pillow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/General_Gideon_Johnson_Pillow.jpg/240px-General_Gideon_Johnson_Pillow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4042" data-file-height="4944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gen. <a href="/wiki/Gideon_J._Pillow" class="mw-redirect" title="Gideon J. Pillow">Gideon J. Pillow</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;">military recruiter under Bragg, then J.E. Johnston<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> </li> </ul> <p>The Conscription Act of February 1864 "radically changed the whole system" of selection. It abolished industrial exemptions, placing detail authority in President Davis. As the shame of conscription was greater than a felony conviction, the system brought in "about as many volunteers as it did conscripts." Many men in otherwise "bombproof" positions were enlisted in one way or another, nearly 160,000 additional volunteers and conscripts in uniform. Still there was shirking.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To administer the draft, a Bureau of Conscription was set up to use state officers, as state Governors would allow. It had a checkered career of "contention, opposition and futility". Armies appointed alternative military "recruiters" to bring in the out-of-uniform 17–50-year-old conscripts and deserters. Nearly 3,000 officers were tasked with the job. By late 1864, Lee was calling for more troops. "Our ranks are constantly diminishing by battle and disease, and few recruits are received; the consequences are inevitable." By March 1865 conscription was to be administered by generals of the state reserves calling out men over 45 and under 18 years old. All exemptions were abolished. These regiments were assigned to recruit conscripts ages 17–50, recover deserters, and repel enemy cavalry raids. The service retained men who had lost but one arm or a leg in home guards. Ultimately, conscription was a failure, and its main value was in goading men to volunteer.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The survival of the Confederacy depended on a strong base of civilians and soldiers devoted to victory. The soldiers performed well, though increasing numbers deserted in the last year of fighting, and the Confederacy never succeeded in replacing casualties as the Union could. The civilians, although enthusiastic in 1861–62, seem to have lost faith in the future of the Confederacy by 1864, and instead looked to protect their homes and communities. As Rable explains, "This contraction of civic vision was more than a crabbed <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a>; it represented an increasingly widespread disillusionment with the Confederate experiment."<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victories:_1861">Victories: 1861</h3></div> <p>The American Civil War broke out in April 1861 with a Confederate victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Charleston, South Carolina in the American Civil War">Charleston</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter(3b52027r).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%283b52027r%29.jpg/180px-Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%283b52027r%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%283b52027r%29.jpg/270px-Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%283b52027r%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%283b52027r%29.jpg/360px-Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%283b52027r%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Bombardment of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>, Charleston, South Carolina</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg/180px-MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg/270px-MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg/360px-MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2495" data-file-height="1620" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">First Bull Run (<a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Manassas</a>), the North's "Big Skedaddle"<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In January, President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> had attempted to resupply the garrison with the steamship, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_West" title="Star of the West">Star of the West</a></i>, but Confederate artillery drove it away. In March, President Lincoln notified South Carolina Governor <a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Pickens" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis W. Pickens">Pickens</a> that without Confederate resistance to the resupply there would be no military reinforcement without further notice, but Lincoln prepared to force resupply if it were not allowed. Confederate President Davis, in cabinet, decided to seize Fort Sumter before the relief fleet arrived, and on April 12, 1861, General Beauregard forced its surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Sumter, <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_Volunteers" class="mw-redirect" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 Volunteers">Lincoln directed states to provide 75,000 troops</a> for three months to recapture the Charleston Harbor forts and all other federal property.<sup id="cite_ref-LincolnCallToArms_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LincolnCallToArms-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This emboldened secessionists in Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina to secede rather than provide troops to march into neighboring Southern states. In May, Federal troops crossed into Confederate territory along the entire border from the Chesapeake Bay to New Mexico. The first battles were Confederate victories at Big Bethel (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Bethel" title="Battle of Big Bethel">Bethel Church, Virginia</a>), First Bull Run (<a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Manassas</a>) in Virginia July and in August, Wilson's Creek (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Oak Hills</a>) in Missouri. At all three, Confederate forces could not follow up their victory due to inadequate supply and shortages of fresh troops to exploit their successes. Following each battle, Federals maintained a military presence and occupied Washington, DC; Fort Monroe, Virginia; and Springfield, Missouri. Both North and South began training up armies for major fighting the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Union General <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>'s forces gained possession of much of northwestern Virginia in mid-1861, concentrating on towns and roads; the interior was too large to control and became the center of guerrilla activity.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Cheat_Mountain" title="Cheat Mountain">Cheat Mountain</a> in September and no serious Confederate advance in western Virginia occurred until the next year. </p><p>Meanwhile, the Union Navy seized control of much of the Confederate coastline from Virginia to South Carolina. It took over plantations and the abandoned slaves. Federals there began a war-long policy of burning grain supplies up rivers into the interior wherever they could not occupy.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union Navy began a blockade of the major southern ports and prepared an invasion of Louisiana to capture New Orleans in early 1862. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incursions:_1862">Incursions: 1862</h3></div> <p>The victories of 1861 were followed by a series of defeats east and west in early 1862. To restore the Union by military force, the Federal strategy was to (1) secure the Mississippi River, (2) seize or close Confederate ports, and (3) march on Richmond. To secure independence, the Confederate intent was to (1) repel the invader on all fronts, costing him blood and treasure, and (2) carry the war into the North by two offensives in time to affect the mid-term elections. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Antietam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Battle_of_Antietam.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Antietam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Battle_of_Antietam.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Antietam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Battle_of_Antietam.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Antietam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8417" data-file-height="6535" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">General Burnside halted at the bridge. Battle of Antietam (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Sharpsburg</a>).</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_of_the_dead_on_the_Antietam_battlefield_army.mil-2008-09-10-145638.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Burial_of_the_dead_on_the_Antietam_battlefield_army.mil-2008-09-10-145638.jpg/220px-Burial_of_the_dead_on_the_Antietam_battlefield_army.mil-2008-09-10-145638.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Burial_of_the_dead_on_the_Antietam_battlefield_army.mil-2008-09-10-145638.jpg/330px-Burial_of_the_dead_on_the_Antietam_battlefield_army.mil-2008-09-10-145638.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Burial_of_the_dead_on_the_Antietam_battlefield_army.mil-2008-09-10-145638.jpg/440px-Burial_of_the_dead_on_the_Antietam_battlefield_army.mil-2008-09-10-145638.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4152" data-file-height="2487" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Burying Union dead. Antietam, Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Much of northwestern Virginia was under Federal control.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February and March, most of Missouri and Kentucky were Union "occupied, consolidated, and used as staging areas for advances further South". Following the repulse of a Confederate counterattack at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a>, Tennessee, permanent Federal occupation expanded west, south and east.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confederate forces repositioned south along the Mississippi River to <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, where at the naval <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Memphis" title="First Battle of Memphis">Battle of Memphis</a>, its River Defense Fleet was sunk. Confederates withdrew from northern Mississippi and northern Alabama. <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_New_Orleans" title="Capture of New Orleans">New Orleans was captured on April 29</a> by a combined Army-Navy force under U.S. Admiral <a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a>, and the Confederacy lost control of the mouth of the Mississippi River. It had to concede extensive agricultural resources that had supported the Union's sea-supplied logistics base.<sup id="cite_ref-Martis28_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martis28-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Confederates had suffered major reverses everywhere, as of the end of April the Confederacy still controlled territory holding 72% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-Martis27_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martis27-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federal forces disrupted Missouri and Arkansas; they had broken through in western Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Louisiana. Along the Confederacy's shores, Union forces had closed ports and made garrisoned lodgments on every coastal Confederate state except Alabama and Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although scholars sometimes assess the Union blockade as ineffectual under international law until the last few months of the war, from the first months it disrupted Confederate privateers, making it "almost impossible to bring their prizes into Confederate ports".<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British firms developed small fleets of <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">blockade running</a> companies, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Trenholm" title="George Trenholm">John Fraser and Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/S._Isaac,_Campbell_%26_Company" title="S. Isaac, Campbell & Company">S. Isaac, Campbell & Company</a> while the Ordnance Department secured its own blockade runners for dedicated munitions cargoes.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg/200px-Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg/400px-Battle_of_Hampton_Roads_3g01752u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">CSS <i>Virginia</i> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>, (Monitor and Merrimac) nearby destroyed Union warship</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edouard_Manet_056.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Edouard_Manet_056.jpg/200px-Edouard_Manet_056.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Edouard_Manet_056.jpg/300px-Edouard_Manet_056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Edouard_Manet_056.jpg/400px-Edouard_Manet_056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="2343" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/CSS_Alabama" title="CSS Alabama">CSS <i>Alabama</i></a> off <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg_(1864)" title="Battle of Cherbourg (1864)">Cherbourg</a>, location of the only cruiser engagement</div></div></div></div></div> <p>During the Civil War fleets of <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">armored warships</a> were deployed for the first time in sustained blockades at sea. After some success against the Union blockade, in March the ironclad <a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia">CSS <i>Virginia</i></a> was forced into port and burned by Confederates at their retreat. Despite several attempts mounted from their port cities, CSA naval forces were unable to break the Union blockade. Attempts were made by Commodore <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Tattnall_III" title="Josiah Tattnall III">Josiah Tattnall III</a>'s ironclads from Savannah in 1862 with the <a href="/wiki/USS_Atlanta_(1861)" title="USS Atlanta (1861)">CSS <i>Atlanta</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Stephen Mallory</a> placed his hopes in a European-built ironclad fleet, but they were never realized. On the other hand, four new English-built commerce raiders served the Confederacy, and several fast blockade runners were sold in Confederate ports. They were converted into commerce-raiding cruisers, and manned by their British crews.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the east, Union forces could not close on Richmond. General McClellan landed his army on the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Lower Peninsula</a> of Virginia. Lee subsequently ended that threat from the east, then Union General John Pope attacked overland from the north only to be repulsed at Second Bull Run (<a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Manassas</a>). Lee's strike north was turned back at Antietam MD, then Union <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Major General Ambrose Burnside's</a> offensive was disastrously ended at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a> VA in December. Both armies then turned to winter quarters to recruit and train for the coming spring.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to seize the initiative, reprove, protect farms in mid-growing season and influence U.S. Congressional elections, two major Confederate incursions into Union territory had been launched in August and September 1862. Both <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a>'s invasion of Kentucky and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Lee's invasion</a> of Maryland were decisively repulsed, leaving Confederates in control of but 63% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-Martis27_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martis27-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil War scholar <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> argues that 1862 was the strategic <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_high_water_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary high water mark">high-water mark</a> of the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failures of the two invasions were attributed to the same irrecoverable shortcomings: lack of manpower at the front, lack of supplies including serviceable shoes, and exhaustion after long marches without adequate food.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in September Confederate General <a href="/wiki/William_W._Loring" class="mw-redirect" title="William W. Loring">William W. Loring</a> pushed Federal forces from <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, Virginia</a>, and the Kanawha Valley in western Virginia, but lacking reinforcements Loring abandoned his position and by November the region was back in Federal control.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anaconda:_1863–1864"><span id="Anaconda:_1863.E2.80.931864"></span>Anaconda: 1863–1864</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></div> <p>The failed Middle <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee in the Civil War">Tennessee</a> campaign was ended January 2, 1863, at the inconclusive Battle of Stones River (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Murfreesboro</a>), both sides losing the largest percentage of casualties suffered during the war. It was followed by another strategic withdrawal by Confederate forces.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederacy won a significant victory April 1863, repulsing the Federal advance on Richmond at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a>, but the Union consolidated positions along the Virginia coast and the Chesapeake Bay. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicksburg_h76557k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vicksburg_h76557k.jpg/195px-Vicksburg_h76557k.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vicksburg_h76557k.jpg/293px-Vicksburg_h76557k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vicksburg_h76557k.jpg/390px-Vicksburg_h76557k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Bombardment of Vicksburg, Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter#Civil_War" title="David Dixon Porter">Federal gunboats</a> controlled rivers.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_(1824-1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg/195px-Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg/293px-Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg/390px-Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1897" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Closing of Mobile Bay, Alabama. The <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union blockade</a> ended trade with the Confederate states.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Without an effective answer to Federal gunboats, river transport and supply, the Confederacy lost the Mississippi River following the capture of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a>, Mississippi, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Hudson" title="Siege of Port Hudson">Port Hudson</a> in July, ending Southern access to the trans-Mississippi West. July brought short-lived counters, <a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a> into Ohio and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a>. Robert E. Lee's strike into Pennsylvania was repulsed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a>, Pennsylvania despite Pickett's famous charge and other acts of valor. Southern newspapers assessed the campaign as "The Confederates did not gain a victory, neither did the enemy." </p><p>September and November left Confederates yielding <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga Campaign">Chattanooga</a>, Tennessee, the gateway to the lower south.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the remainder of the war fighting was restricted inside the South, resulting in a slow but continuous loss of territory. In early 1864, the Confederacy still controlled 53% of its population, but it withdrew further to reestablish defensive positions. Union offensives continued with <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March to the Sea</a> to take Savannah and Grant's <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Wilderness Campaign</a> to encircle Richmond and besiege Lee's army at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Petersburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martis28_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martis28-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1863, the C.S. Congress authorized a uniformed Volunteer Navy, many of whom were British.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederacy had altogether eighteen commerce-destroying cruisers, which seriously disrupted Federal commerce at sea and increased shipping insurance rates 900%.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commodore Tattnall again unsuccessfully attempted to break the Union blockade on the Savannah River in Georgia with an ironclad in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in April 1864 the ironclad <a href="/wiki/CSS_Albemarle" title="CSS Albemarle">CSS <i>Albemarle</i></a> engaged Union gunboats for six months on the Roanoke River in North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federals closed <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a> by sea-based amphibious assault in August, ending Gulf coast trade east of the Mississippi River. In December, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Battle of Nashville</a> ended Confederate operations in the western theater. </p><p>Large numbers of families relocated to safer places, usually remote rural areas, bringing along household slaves if they had any. Mary Massey argues these elite exiles introduced an element of defeatism into the southern outlook.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collapse:_1865">Collapse: 1865</h3></div> <p>The first three months of 1865 saw the Federal <a href="/wiki/Carolinas_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolinas Campaign">Carolinas Campaign</a>, devastating a wide swath of the remaining Confederate heartland. The "breadbasket of the Confederacy" in the Great Valley of Virginia was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a>. The Union Blockade captured <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fisher" title="Fort Fisher">Fort Fisher</a> in North Carolina, and Sherman finally <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Charleston_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Charleston Harbor">took Charleston, South Carolina</a>, by land attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Martis28_166-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martis28-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richmond_Virginia_damage2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Richmond_Virginia_damage2.jpg/200px-Richmond_Virginia_damage2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Richmond_Virginia_damage2.jpg/300px-Richmond_Virginia_damage2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Richmond_Virginia_damage2.jpg/400px-Richmond_Virginia_damage2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5772" data-file-height="3652" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Armory, Richmond, Virginia.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Appomattox_courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Appomattox_courthouse.jpg/200px-Appomattox_courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Appomattox_courthouse.jpg/300px-Appomattox_courthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Appomattox_courthouse.jpg/400px-Appomattox_courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Appomattox Courthouse, site of "The Surrender".</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Confederacy controlled no ports, harbors or navigable rivers. Railroads were captured or had ceased operating. Its major food-producing regions had been war-ravaged or occupied. Its administration survived in only three pockets of territory holding only one-third of its population. Its armies were defeated or disbanding. At the February 1865 <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a> with Lincoln, senior Confederate officials rejected his invitation to restore the Union with compensation for emancipated slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Martis28_166-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martis28-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three pockets of unoccupied Confederacy were southern Virginia—North Carolina, central Alabama—Florida, and Texas, the latter two areas less from any notion of resistance than from the disinterest of Federal forces to occupy them.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Davis policy was independence or nothing, while Lee's army was wracked by disease and desertion, barely holding the trenches defending Jefferson Davis' capital. </p><p>The Confederacy's last remaining blockade-running port, <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilmington" title="Battle of Wilmington">was lost</a>. When the Union broke through Lee's lines at Petersburg, <a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a> fell immediately. Lee surrendered a remnant of 50,000 from the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox Court House</a>, Virginia, on April 9, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Surrender" marked the end of the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_K%C5%8Dtetsu#American_career_as_CSS_Stonewall" title="Japanese ironclad Kōtetsu">CSS <i>Stonewall</i></a> sailed from Europe to break the Union blockade in March; on making Havana, Cuba, it surrendered. Some high officials escaped to Europe, but President Davis was captured May 10; all remaining Confederate land forces surrendered by June 1865. The U.S. Army took control of the Confederate areas without post-surrender insurgency or <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> against them, but peace was subsequently marred by a great deal of local violence, feuding and revenge killings.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last confederate military unit, the commerce raider <a href="/wiki/CSS_Shenandoah" title="CSS Shenandoah">CSS <i>Shenandoah</i></a>, surrendered on November 6, 1865, in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gallagher" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Gallagher">Gary Gallagher</a> concluded that the Confederacy capitulated in early 1865 because northern armies crushed "organized southern military resistance". The Confederacy's population, soldier and civilian, had suffered material hardship and social disruption.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson Davis' assessment in 1890 determined, "With the capture of the capital, the dispersion of the civil authorities, the surrender of the armies in the field, and the arrest of the President, the Confederate States of America disappeared ... their history henceforth became a part of the history of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_divisions">Political divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_C.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of C.S. states by date of admission to the Confederacy">List of C.S. states by date of admission to the Confederacy</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_flags,_statehood_and_territory_dates" style="background-color:WhiteSmoke; border:solid 1px Silver;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:Honeydew; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 Silver, inset -1px -1px 0 Silver;font-size:110%;"><div id="State_flags,_statehood_and_territory_dates"><b>State flags, statehood and territory dates</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:Honeydew; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 Silver, inset -1px -1px 0 Silver;"><div id="(listed_alphabetically)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(listed alphabetically)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 17em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alabama_(1861,_obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></span>: Mar. 13, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></span>: May 18, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Florida_(1861%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></span>: Apr. 22, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_(non-official).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></span>: Mar. 16, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></span>: Dec. 10, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Louisiana_(February_1861).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="1382" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></span>: Mar. 21, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mississippi_(1861%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></span>: Mar. 29, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></span>: Nov. 28, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Carolina_(1861%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/31px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></span>: May 20, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Carolina_(1861).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="886" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></span>: Apr. 3, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></span>: Jul. 2, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></span>: Mar. 23, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Virginia_(1861%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></span>: May 7, 1861</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a></span>: Jan. 18, 1862</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:Honeydew; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 Silver, inset -1px -1px 0 Silver;"><div id="(listed_chronologically)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(listed chronologically)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 17em;"> <ul><li>Mar. 13, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alabama_(1861,_obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></span></li> <li>Mar. 16, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_(non-official).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%28non-official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></span></li> <li>Mar. 21, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Louisiana_(February_1861).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="1382" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></span></li> <li>Mar. 23, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></span></li> <li>Mar. 29, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mississippi_(1861%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></span></li> <li>Apr. 3, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Carolina_(1861).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="886" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></span></li> <li>Apr. 22, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Florida_(1861%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></span></li> <li>May 7, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Virginia_(1861%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></span></li> <li>May 18, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></span></li> <li>May 20, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Carolina_(1861%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/31px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></span></li> <li>Jul. 2, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></span></li> <li>Nov. 28, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></span></li> <li>Dec. 10, 1861: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></span></li> <li>Jan. 18, 1862: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:Honeydew; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 Silver, inset -1px -1px 0 Silver;font-size:85%;"><div><span class="nowrap">Statehood date is the date of ratifying the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States Constitution">permanent constitution</a> (for the first seven)</span> <span class="nowrap">or being admitted to the Confederacy (for subsequent states); <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a> date is the date the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a> was organized by the Confederate States</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Constitution of the Confederate States">Constitution of the Confederate States</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Confederate States of America">Constitution of the Confederate States of America</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>In February, 1861, Southern leaders met in Montgomery, Alabama to adopt their first constitution, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> of "sovereign and independent states", guaranteeing states the right to a republican form of government. Prior to adopting to the first Confederate constitution, the independent states were sovereign republics, e.g. "Republic of Louisiana", "Republic of Mississippi", "Republic of Texas" etc.<sup id="cite_ref-wwgaunt_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwgaunt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dunbarrowland_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunbarrowland-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second Confederate constitution was written in March, 1861, which sought to replace the confederation with a federal government; much of this constitution replicated the United States Constitution verbatim, but contained several explicit protections of the institution of slavery including provisions for the recognition and protection of slavery in any territory of the Confederacy. It maintained the <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">ban on international slave-trading</a>, though it made the ban's application explicit to "Negroes of the African race" in contrast to the U.S. Constitution's reference to "such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit". It protected the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States#Internal_slave_trade" title="Slavery in the United States">existing internal trade</a> of slaves among slaveholding states. </p><p>In certain areas, the second Confederate Constitution gave greater powers to the states (or curtailed the powers of the central government more) than the U.S. Constitution of the time did, but in other areas, the states lost rights they had under the U.S. Constitution. Although the Confederate Constitution, like the U.S. Constitution, contained a <a href="/wiki/Commerce_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce clause">commerce clause</a>, the Confederate version prohibited the central government from using revenues collected in one state for funding <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal improvement">internal improvements</a> in another state. The Confederate Constitution's equivalent to the U.S. Constitution's <a href="/wiki/General_Welfare_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="General Welfare clause">general welfare clause</a> prohibited <a href="/wiki/Protective_tariff" title="Protective tariff">protective tariffs</a> (but allowed tariffs for providing domestic revenue), and spoke of "carry[ing] on the Government of the Confederate States" rather than providing for the "general welfare". State legislatures had the power to <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeach</a> officials of the Confederate government in some cases. On the other hand, the Confederate Constitution contained a <a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy Clause</a> that essentially duplicated the respective clauses of the U.S. Constitution. The Confederate Constitution also incorporated each of the 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution that had been ratified up to that point. </p><p>The second Confederate Constitution was finally adopted on February 22, 1862, one year into the American Civil War, and did not specifically include a provision allowing states to secede; the Preamble spoke of each state "acting in its sovereign and independent character" but also of the formation of a "permanent <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal government</a>". During the debates on drafting the Confederate Constitution, one proposal would have allowed states to secede from the Confederacy. The proposal was tabled with only the South Carolina delegates voting in favor of considering the motion.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederate Constitution also explicitly denied States the power to bar slaveholders from other parts of the Confederacy from bringing their slaves into any state of the Confederacy or to interfere with the property rights of slave owners traveling between different parts of the Confederacy. In contrast with the secular language of the United States Constitution, the Confederate Constitution overtly asked God's blessing ("... invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God ..."). </p><p>Some historians have referred to the Confederacy as a form of <a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dal_Lago2018_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dal_Lago2018-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McPherson1997_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson1997-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Executive">Executive</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">President of the Confederate States of America</a></div> <p>The Montgomery Convention to establish the Confederacy and its executive met on February 4, 1861. Each state as a sovereignty had one vote, with the same delegation size as it held in the U.S. Congress, and generally 41 to 50 members attended.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offices were "provisional", limited to a term not to exceed one year. One name was placed in nomination for president, one for vice president. Both were elected unanimously, 6–0.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg/180px-President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg/270px-President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg/360px-President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, President of the Confederacy from 1861 to 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>Jefferson Davis was elected provisional president. His U.S. Senate resignation speech greatly impressed with its clear rationale for secession and his pleading for a peaceful departure from the Union to independence. Although he had made it known that he wanted to be commander-in-chief of the Confederate armies, when elected, he assumed the office of Provisional President. Three candidates for provisional Vice President were under consideration the night before the February 9 election. All were from Georgia, and the various delegations meeting in different places determined two would not do, so Alexander H. Stephens was elected unanimously provisional Vice President, though with some privately held reservations. Stephens was inaugurated February 11, Davis February 18.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davis and Stephens were elected president and vice president, unopposed <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election,_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election, 1861">on November 6, 1861</a>. They were inaugurated on February 22, 1862. </p><p>Coulter stated, "No president of the U.S. ever had a more difficult task." Washington was inaugurated in peacetime. Lincoln inherited an established government of long standing. The creation of the Confederacy was accomplished by men who saw themselves as fundamentally conservative. Although they referred to their "Revolution", it was in their eyes more a counter-revolution against changes away from their understanding of U.S. founding documents. In Davis' inauguration speech, he explained the Confederacy was not a French-like revolution, but a transfer of rule. The Montgomery Convention had assumed all the laws of the United States until superseded by the Confederate Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Permanent Constitution provided for a President of the Confederate States of America, elected to serve a six-year term but without the possibility of re-election. Unlike the United States Constitution, the Confederate Constitution gave the president the ability to subject a bill to a <a href="/wiki/Line_item_veto" class="mw-redirect" title="Line item veto">line item veto</a>, a power also held by some state governors. </p><p>The Confederate Congress could overturn either the general or the line item vetoes with the same two-thirds votes required in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">U.S. Congress</a>. In addition, appropriations not specifically requested by the executive branch required passage by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress. The only person to serve as president was <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, as the Confederacy was defeated before the completion of his term. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Administration_and_cabinet">Administration and cabinet</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Cabinet of the Confederate States of America">Cabinet of the Confederate States of America</a></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></th><td>1861–65</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Vice President of the Confederate States of America">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Alexander H. Stephens</a></th><td>1861–65</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_State" title="Confederate States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Toombs" title="Robert Toombs">Robert Toombs</a></th><td>1861</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer_Taliaferro_Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter">Robert M.T. Hunter</a></th><td>1861–62</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a></th><td>1862–65</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States of America Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Christopher Memminger</a></th><td>1861–64</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Trenholm" title="George Trenholm">George Trenholm</a></th><td>1864–65</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reagan" title="John H. Reagan">John H. Reagan</a></th><td>1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War" title="Confederate States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Pope_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Leroy Pope Walker">Leroy Pope Walker</a></th><td>1861</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a></th><td>1861–62</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Randolph" title="George W. Randolph">George W. Randolph</a></th><td>1862</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">James Seddon</a></th><td>1862–65</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></th><td>1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="Confederate States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Stephen Mallory</a></th><td>1861–65</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Confederate_Post_Office" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">Postmaster General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reagan" title="John H. Reagan">John H. Reagan</a></th><td>1861–65</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Attorney_General" title="Confederate States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a></th><td>1861</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bragg" title="Thomas Bragg">Thomas Bragg</a></th><td>1861–62</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Watts" title="Thomas H. Watts">Thomas H. Watts</a></th><td>1862–63</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Davis_(Confederate_States_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Davis (Confederate States politician)">George Davis</a></th><td>1864–65</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ConfederateCabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ConfederateCabinet.jpg/310px-ConfederateCabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ConfederateCabinet.jpg/465px-ConfederateCabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ConfederateCabinet.jpg/620px-ConfederateCabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Davis's cabinet in 1861, Montgomery, Alabama<br />Front row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Stephen Mallory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Alexander H. Stephens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Henninger_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="John Henninger Reagan">John Henninger Reagan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Toombs" title="Robert Toombs">Robert Toombs</a><br />Back row, standing left to right: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Christopher Memminger</a> and <a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Pope_Walker" title="LeRoy Pope Walker">LeRoy Pope Walker</a><br />Illustration printed in <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislative">Legislative</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Confederate_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Confederate States Congress">Provisional Confederate States Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Congress" title="Confederate States Congress">Confederate States Congress</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Confederate_congress.jpg/220px-Confederate_congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Confederate_congress.jpg/330px-Confederate_congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Confederate_congress.jpg/440px-Confederate_congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption><b><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Confederate_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Confederate Congress">Provisional Congress</a></b>, Montgomery, Alabama</figcaption></figure> <p>The only two "formal, national, functioning, civilian administrative bodies" in the Civil War South were the Jefferson Davis administration and the Confederate Congresses. The Confederacy was begun by the Provisional Congress in Convention at Montgomery, Alabama on February 28, 1861. The Provisional Confederate Congress was a unicameral assembly; each state received one vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Martis-1994_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martis-1994-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Permanent Confederate Congress was elected and began its first session February 18, 1862. The Permanent Congress for the Confederacy followed the United States forms with a bicameral legislature. The Senate had two per state, twenty-six Senators. The House numbered 106 representatives apportioned by free and slave populations within each state. Two Congresses sat in six sessions until March 18, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-Martis-1994_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martis-1994-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political influences of the civilian, soldier vote and appointed representatives reflected divisions of political geography of a diverse South. These in turn changed over time relative to Union occupation and disruption, the war impact on the local economy, and the course of the war. Without political parties, key candidate identification related to adopting secession before or after Lincoln's call for volunteers to retake Federal property. Previous party affiliation played a part in voter selection, predominantly secessionist Democrat or unionist Whig.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The absence of political parties made individual roll call voting all the more important, as the Confederate "freedom of roll-call voting [was] unprecedented in American legislative history."<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key issues throughout the life of the Confederacy related to (1) suspension of habeas corpus, (2) military concerns such as control of state militia, conscription and exemption, (3) economic and fiscal policy including impressment of slaves, goods and scorched earth, and (4) support of the Jefferson Davis administration in its foreign affairs and negotiating peace.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Provisional Congress</dt></dl> <p>For the first year, the unicameral <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Confederate_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Confederate Congress">Provisional Confederate Congress</a> functioned as the Confederacy's legislative branch. </p> <dl><dt>President of the Provisional Congress</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Howell Cobb, Sr.</a> of Georgia, February 4, 1861 – February 17, 1862</li></ul> <dl><dt>Presidents pro tempore of the Provisional Congress</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodward_Barnwell" title="Robert Woodward Barnwell">Robert Woodward Barnwell</a> of South Carolina, February 4, 1861</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanhope_Bocock" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stanhope Bocock">Thomas Stanhope Bocock</a> of Virginia, December 10–21, 1861 and January 7–8, 1862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Abigail_Patterson_Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Josiah Abigail Patterson Campbell">Josiah Abigail Patterson Campbell</a> of Mississippi, December 23–24, 1861 and January 6, 1862</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Sessions of the Confederate Congress</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Provisional Congress of the Confederate States">Provisional Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Confederate_States_Congress" title="1st Confederate States Congress">1st Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Confederate_States_Congress" title="2nd Confederate States Congress">2nd Congress</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tribal Representatives to Confederate Congress</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Cornelius_Boudinot" title="Elias Cornelius Boudinot">Elias Cornelius Boudinot</a> 1862–65, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Benton_Callahan" title="Samuel Benton Callahan">Samuel Benton Callahan</a> Unknown years, <a href="/wiki/Creek_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek (people)">Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Allen_Holder" title="Burton Allen Holder">Burton Allen Holder</a> 1864–65, <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McDonald_Jones" title="Robert McDonald Jones">Robert McDonald Jones</a> 1863–65, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial">Judicial</h4></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 326px;float:right; text-align:center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesse_Finley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jesse J. Finley Florida District"><img alt="Jesse J. Finley Florida District" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jesse_Finley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/81px-Jesse_Finley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jesse_Finley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/121px-Jesse_Finley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jesse_Finley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/162px-Jesse_Finley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="2838" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_J._Finley" title="Jesse J. Finley">Jesse J. Finley</a><br />Florida District</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryRootesJackson.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry R. Jackson Georgia District"><img alt="Henry R. Jackson Georgia District" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/HenryRootesJackson.jpg/98px-HenryRootesJackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/HenryRootesJackson.jpg/148px-HenryRootesJackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/HenryRootesJackson.jpg/197px-HenryRootesJackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Jackson" title="Henry R. Jackson">Henry R. Jackson</a><br />Georgia District</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NC-Congress-AsaBiggs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asa Biggs North Carolina District"><img alt="Asa Biggs North Carolina District" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/NC-Congress-AsaBiggs.jpg/96px-NC-Congress-AsaBiggs.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/NC-Congress-AsaBiggs.jpg/144px-NC-Congress-AsaBiggs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/NC-Congress-AsaBiggs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Asa_Biggs" title="Asa Biggs">Asa Biggs</a><br />North Carolina District</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Gordon_Magrath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrew Magrath South Carolina District"><img alt="Andrew Magrath South Carolina District" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Andrew_Gordon_Magrath.jpg/98px-Andrew_Gordon_Magrath.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Andrew_Gordon_Magrath.jpg/147px-Andrew_Gordon_Magrath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Andrew_Gordon_Magrath.jpg/196px-Andrew_Gordon_Magrath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gordon_Magrath" title="Andrew Gordon Magrath">Andrew Magrath</a><br />South Carolina District</div> </li> </ul> <p>The Confederate Constitution outlined a judicial branch of the government, but the ongoing war and resistance from states-rights advocates, particularly on the question of whether it would have appellate jurisdiction over the state courts, prevented the creation or seating of the "Supreme Court of the Confederate States". Thus, the state courts generally continued to operate as they had done, simply recognizing the Confederate States as the national government.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confederate district courts were authorized by Article III, Section 1, of the Confederate Constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceJud_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceJud-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and President Davis appointed judges within the individual states of the Confederate States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-Moise,_E._Warren_2003_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moise,_E._Warren_2003-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases, the same US Federal District Judges were appointed as Confederate States District Judges. Confederate district courts began reopening in early 1861, handling many of the same type cases as had been done before. Prize cases, in which Union ships were captured by the Confederate Navy or raiders and sold through court proceedings, were heard until the blockade of southern ports made this impossible. After a Sequestration Act was passed by the Confederate Congress, the Confederate district courts heard many cases in which enemy aliens (typically Northern absentee landlords owning property in the South) had their property sequestered (seized) by Confederate Receivers. </p><p>When the matter came before the Confederate court, the property owner could not appear because he was unable to travel across the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front lines</a> between Union and Confederate forces. Thus, the District Attorney won the case by default, the property was typically sold, and the money used to further the Southern war effort. Eventually, because there was no Confederate Supreme Court, sharp attorneys like South Carolina's Edward McCrady began filing appeals. This prevented their clients' property from being sold until a supreme court could be constituted to hear the appeal, which never occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Moise,_E._Warren_2003_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moise,_E._Warren_2003-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where Federal troops gained control over parts of the Confederacy and re-established civilian government, US district courts sometimes resumed jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Supreme Court</b> – not established. </p><p><b>District Courts</b> – judges </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li>Alabama <a href="/wiki/William_Giles_Jones" title="William Giles Jones">William Giles Jones</a> 1861–1865</li> <li>Arkansas <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ringo" title="Daniel Ringo">Daniel Ringo</a> 1861–1865</li> <li>Florida <a href="/wiki/Jesse_J._Finley" title="Jesse J. Finley">Jesse J. Finley</a> 1861–1862</li> <li>Georgia <a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Jackson" title="Henry R. Jackson">Henry R. Jackson</a> 1861, Edward J. Harden 1861–1865</li> <li>Louisiana <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Warren_Moise" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Warren Moise">Edwin Warren Moise</a> 1861–1865</li> <li>Mississippi <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosby_Clayton" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Mosby Clayton">Alexander Mosby Clayton</a> 1861–1865</li> <li>North Carolina <a href="/wiki/Asa_Biggs" title="Asa Biggs">Asa Biggs</a> 1861–1865</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>South Carolina <a href="/wiki/Andrew_G._Magrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew G. Magrath">Andrew G. Magrath</a> 1861–1864, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Perry" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin F. Perry">Benjamin F. Perry</a> 1865</li> <li>Tennessee <a href="/wiki/West_H._Humphreys" class="mw-redirect" title="West H. Humphreys">West H. Humphreys</a> 1861–1865</li> <li>Texas-East William Pinckney Hill 1861–1865</li> <li>Texas-West Thomas J. Devine 1861–1865</li> <li>Virginia-East <a href="/wiki/James_D._Halyburton" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Halyburton">James D. Halyburton</a> 1861–1865</li> <li>Virginia-West <a href="/wiki/John_W._Brockenbrough" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Brockenbrough">John W. Brockenbrough</a> 1861–1865</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_office">Post office</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 326px;float:right; text-align:center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Henninger_Reagan_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John H. Reagan Postmaster General"><img alt="John H. Reagan Postmaster General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Henninger_Reagan_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/97px-John_Henninger_Reagan_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Henninger_Reagan_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/145px-John_Henninger_Reagan_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Henninger_Reagan_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/194px-John_Henninger_Reagan_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2723" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reagan" title="John H. Reagan">John H. Reagan</a><br />Postmaster General</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J_Davis_1861-5c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jefferson Davis, 5 cent The first stamp, 1861"><img alt="Jefferson Davis, 5 cent The first stamp, 1861" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/J_Davis_1861-5c.jpg/90px-J_Davis_1861-5c.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/J_Davis_1861-5c.jpg/135px-J_Davis_1861-5c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/J_Davis_1861-5c.jpg/180px-J_Davis_1861-5c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, 5 cent<br /><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Confederate_postage" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">The first stamp</a>, 1861</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Csa_jackson_1862-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrew Jackson 2 cent, 1862"><img alt="Andrew Jackson 2 cent, 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Csa_jackson_1862-2c.jpg/98px-Csa_jackson_1862-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Csa_jackson_1862-2c.jpg/147px-Csa_jackson_1862-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Csa_jackson_1862-2c.jpg/197px-Csa_jackson_1862-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a><br />2 cent, 1862</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Washington 20 cent, 1863"><img alt="George Washington 20 cent, 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg/97px-George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg/146px-George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg/194px-George-washington-CSA-stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a><br />20 cent, 1863</div> </li> </ul> <p>When the Confederacy was formed and its seceding states broke from the Union, it was at once confronted with the arduous task of providing its citizens with a mail delivery system, and, amid the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the newly formed Confederacy created and established the Confederate Post Office. One of the first undertakings in establishing the Post Office was the appointment of <a href="/wiki/John_H._Reagan" title="John H. Reagan">John H. Reagan</a> to the position of Postmaster General, by <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> in 1861. This made him the first Postmaster General of the Confederate Post Office, and a member of Davis's presidential cabinet. Writing in 1906, historian Walter Flavius McCaleb praised Reagan's "energy and intelligence... in a degree scarcely matched by any of his associates".<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the war began, the US Post Office briefly delivered mail from the secessionist states. Mail that was postmarked after the date of a state's admission into the Confederacy through May 31, 1861, and bearing US postage was still delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Postal_used_in_the_Confederacy_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Postal_used_in_the_Confederacy-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this time, private express companies still managed to carry some of the mail across enemy lines. Later, mail that crossed lines had to be sent by <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Covers" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">'Flag of Truce'</a> and was allowed to pass at only two specific points. Mail sent from the Confederacy to the U.S. was received, opened and inspected at <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Monroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Monroe">Fortress Monroe</a> on the Virginia coast before being passed on into the U.S. mail stream. Mail sent from the North to the South passed at <a href="/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia" title="City Point, Virginia">City Point</a>, also in Virginia, where it was also inspected before being sent on.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the chaos of the war, a working postal system was more important than ever for the Confederacy. The Civil War had divided family members and friends and consequently letter writing increased dramatically across the entire divided nation, especially to and from the men who were away serving in an army. Mail delivery was also important for the Confederacy for a myriad of business and military reasons. Because of the Union blockade, basic supplies were always in demand and so getting mailed correspondence out of the country to suppliers was imperative to the successful operation of the Confederacy. Volumes of material have been written about the <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Blockade_mail" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">Blockade runners</a> who evaded Union ships on blockade patrol, usually at night, and who moved cargo and mail in and out of the Confederate States throughout the course of the war. Of particular interest to students and historians of the American Civil War is <i><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Prisoner_of_war_mail" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">Prisoner of War mail</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Blockade_mail" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">Blockade mail</a></i> as these items were often involved with a variety of military and other war time activities. The postal history of the Confederacy along with <a href="/wiki/File:Pow_cover_19May1865.jpg" title="File:Pow cover 19May1865.jpg">surviving Confederate mail</a> has helped historians document the various people, places and events that were involved in the American Civil War as it unfolded.<sup id="cite_ref-Confederate_States_Post_Office_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confederate_States_Post_Office-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_liberties">Civil liberties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_patriotism" title="Confederate patriotism">Confederate patriotism</a></div> <p>The Confederacy actively used the army to arrest people suspected of loyalty to the United States. Historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Neely,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Mark E. Neely, Jr.">Mark Neely</a> found 4,108 names of men arrested and estimated a much larger total.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederacy arrested pro-Union civilians in the South at about the same rate as the Union arrested pro-Confederate civilians in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neely argues: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Confederate citizen was not any freer than the Union citizen – and perhaps no less likely to be arrested by military authorities. In fact, the Confederate citizen may have been in some ways less free than his Northern counterpart. For example, freedom to travel within the Confederate states was severely limited by a domestic passport system.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Economy of the Confederate States of America">Economy of the Confederate States of America</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slaves">Slaves</h3></div> <p>Across the South, widespread rumors alarmed the whites by predicting the slaves were planning some sort of insurrection. <a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Patrols</a> were stepped up. The slaves did become increasingly independent, and resistant to punishment, but historians agree there were no insurrections. In the invaded areas, insubordination was more the norm than was loyalty to the old master; <a href="/wiki/Bell_I._Wiley" title="Bell I. Wiley">Bell Wiley</a> says, "It was not disloyalty, but the lure of freedom." Many slaves became spies for the North, and large numbers ran away to federal lines.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860 United States census</a>, the 11 states that seceded had the highest percentage of slaves as a proportion of their population, representing 39% of their total population. The proportions ranged from a majority in South Carolina (57.2%) and Mississippi (55.2%) to about a quarter in Arkansas (25.5%) and Tennessee (24.8%). </p><p>Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, an executive order of the U.S. government on January 1, 1863, changed the legal status of three million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from "slave" to "free". The long-term effect was that the Confederacy could not preserve the institution of slavery and lost the use of the core element of its plantation labor force. Slaves were legally freed by the Proclamation, and became free by escaping to federal lines, or by advances of federal troops. Over 200,000 freed slaves were hired by the federal army as teamsters, cooks, launderers and laborers, and eventually as soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plantation owners, realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system, sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the <a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">concept was promoted within certain circles</a> of the Union hierarchy during and immediately following the war, no program of reparations for freed slaves was ever attempted. Unlike other Western countries, such as Britain and France, the U.S. government never paid compensation to Southern slave owners for their "lost property". The only place <a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">compensated emancipation</a> was carried out was the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">District of Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_economy">Political economy</h3></div> <p>According to the 1860 United States census, about 31% of free households in the eleven states that would join the Confederacy owned slaves. Most whites were subsistence farmers who traded their surpluses locally. </p><p>The plantations of the South, with white ownership and an enslaved labor force, produced substantial wealth from cash crops. It supplied two-thirds of the world's cotton, which was in high demand for textiles, along with tobacco, sugar, and naval stores (such as <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a>). These <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> were exported to factories in Europe and the Northeast. Planters reinvested their profits in more slaves and fresh land, as cotton and tobacco depleted the soil. There was little manufacturing or mining; shipping was controlled by non-southerners.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NewOrleans1841AcrossRiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NewOrleans1841AcrossRiver.jpg/220px-NewOrleans1841AcrossRiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NewOrleans1841AcrossRiver.jpg/330px-NewOrleans1841AcrossRiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NewOrleans1841AcrossRiver.jpg/440px-NewOrleans1841AcrossRiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">New Orleans, the South's largest port city and the only pre-war population over 100,000. The port and region's agriculture were lost to the Union in April 1862.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TredagarIronWorksRichmond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/TredagarIronWorksRichmond.jpg/220px-TredagarIronWorksRichmond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/TredagarIronWorksRichmond.jpg/330px-TredagarIronWorksRichmond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/TredagarIronWorksRichmond.jpg/440px-TredagarIronWorksRichmond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond VA. South's largest factory. Ended locomotive production in 1860 to make arms and munitions.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The plantations that enslaved over three million black people were the principal source of wealth. Most were concentrated in "<a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(geological_formation)" title="Black Belt (geological formation)">black belt</a>" plantation areas (because few white families in the poor regions owned slaves). For decades, there had been widespread fear of slave revolts. During the war, extra men were assigned to "home guard" patrol duty and governors sought to keep militia units at home for protection. Historian William Barney reports, "no major slave revolts erupted during the Civil War." Nevertheless, slaves took the opportunity to enlarge their sphere of independence, and when union forces were nearby, many ran off to join them.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slave labor was applied in industry in a limited way in the Upper South and in a few port cities. One reason for the regional lag in industrial development was top-heavy income distribution. Mass production requires mass markets, and <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of slavery">slaves</a> living in small cabins, using self-made tools and outfitted with one suit of work clothes each year of inferior fabric, did not generate consumer demand to sustain local manufactures of any description in the same way as did a mechanized family farm of <a href="/wiki/Free_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Free labor">free labor</a> in the North. The Southern economy was "pre-capitalist" in that slaves were put to work in the largest revenue-producing enterprises, not free labor markets. That labor system as practiced in the American South encompassed paternalism, whether abusive or indulgent, and that meant labor management considerations apart from productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 85% of both the North and South white populations lived on family farms, both regions were predominantly agricultural, and mid-century industry in both was mostly domestic. But the Southern economy was pre-capitalist in its overwhelming reliance on the agriculture of cash crops to produce wealth, while the great majority of farmers fed themselves and supplied a small local market. Southern cities and industries grew faster than ever before, but the thrust of the rest of the country's exponential growth elsewhere was toward urban industrial development along transportation systems of canals and railroads. The South was following the dominant currents of the American economic mainstream, but at a "great distance" as it lagged in the all-weather modes of transportation that brought cheaper, speedier freight shipment and forged new, expanding inter-regional markets.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third count of the pre-capitalist Southern economy relates to the cultural setting. White southerners did not adopt a <a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">work ethic</a>, nor the habits of thrift that marked the rest of the country. It had access to the tools of capitalism, but it did not adopt its culture. The Southern Cause as a national economy in the Confederacy was grounded in "slavery and race, planters and patricians, plain folk and folk culture, cotton and plantations".<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_production">National production</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advantages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Advantages.jpg/238px-Advantages.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Advantages.jpg/357px-Advantages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Advantages.jpg/476px-Advantages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war; the ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union</figcaption></figure> <p>The Confederacy started its existence as an agrarian economy with exports, to a world market, of cotton, and, to a lesser extent, tobacco and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>. Local food production included grains, hogs, cattle, and gardens. The cash came from exports but the Southern people spontaneously stopped exports in early 1861 to hasten the impact of "<a href="/wiki/King_Cotton" title="King Cotton">King Cotton</a>", a failed strategy to coerce international support for the Confederacy through its cotton exports. When the blockade was announced, commercial shipping practically ended (the ships could not get insurance), and only a trickle of supplies came via blockade runners. The cutoff of exports was an economic disaster for the South, rendering useless its most valuable properties, its plantations and their enslaved workers. Many planters kept growing cotton, which piled up everywhere, but most turned to food production. All across the region, the lack of repair and maintenance wasted away the physical assets. </p><p>The eleven states had produced $155 million (~$4.29 billion in 2023) in manufactured goods in 1860, chiefly from local gristmills, and lumber, processed tobacco, cotton goods and <a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">naval stores</a> such as turpentine. The main industrial areas were border cities such as Baltimore, Wheeling, Louisville and St. Louis, that were never under Confederate control. The government did set up munitions factories in the Deep South. Combined with captured munitions and those coming via blockade runners, the armies were kept minimally supplied with weapons. The soldiers suffered from reduced rations, lack of medicines, and the growing shortages of uniforms, shoes and boots. Shortages were much worse for civilians, and the prices of necessities steadily rose.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Confederacy adopted a <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a> or tax on imports of 15%, and imposed it on all imports from other countries, including the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tariff mattered little; the Union blockade minimized commercial traffic through the Confederacy's ports, and very few people paid taxes on goods smuggled from the North. The Confederate government in its entire history collected only $3.5 million in tariff revenue. The lack of adequate financial resources led the Confederacy to finance the war through printing money, which led to high inflation. The Confederacy underwent an economic revolution by centralization and standardization, but it was too little too late as its economy was systematically strangled by blockade and raids.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation_systems">Transportation systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railroad_of_Confederacy-1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Railroad_of_Confederacy-1861.jpg/390px-Railroad_of_Confederacy-1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Railroad_of_Confederacy-1861.jpg/585px-Railroad_of_Confederacy-1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Railroad_of_Confederacy-1861.jpg/780px-Railroad_of_Confederacy-1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>Main railroads of Confederacy, 1861; colors show the different gauges (track width); the top railroad shown in the upper right is the Baltimore and Ohio, which was at all times a Union railroad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hensie-fry-hanging-brownlow-1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hensie-fry-hanging-brownlow-1861.jpg/260px-Hensie-fry-hanging-brownlow-1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hensie-fry-hanging-brownlow-1861.jpg/390px-Hensie-fry-hanging-brownlow-1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hensie-fry-hanging-brownlow-1861.jpg/520px-Hensie-fry-hanging-brownlow-1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Passers-by abused the bodies of Union supporters near <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>. The two were hanged by Confederate authorities near the railroad tracks so passing train passengers could see them.</figcaption></figure> <p>In peacetime, the South's extensive and connected systems of navigable rivers and coastal access allowed for cheap and easy transportation of agricultural products. The railroad system in the South had developed as a supplement to the navigable rivers to enhance the all-weather shipment of cash crops to market. Railroads tied plantation areas to the nearest river or seaport and so made supply more dependable, lowered costs and increased profits. In the event of invasion, the vast geography of the Confederacy made logistics difficult for the Union. Wherever Union armies invaded, they assigned many of their soldiers to garrison captured areas and to protect rail lines. </p><p>At the onset of the Civil War the South had a rail network disjointed and plagued by changes in <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">track gauge</a> as well as lack of interchange. Locomotives and freight cars had fixed axles and could not use tracks of different gauges (widths). Railroads of different gauges leading to the same city required all freight to be off-loaded onto wagons for transport to the connecting railroad station, where it had to await freight cars and a <a href="/wiki/Locomotive#Motive_power" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a> before proceeding. Centers requiring off-loading included Vicksburg, New Orleans, Montgomery, Wilmington and Richmond.<sup id="cite_ref-Trains1_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trains1-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, most rail lines led from coastal or river ports to inland cities, with few lateral railroads. Because of this design limitation, the relatively primitive railroads of the Confederacy were unable to overcome the Union naval blockade of the South's crucial intra-coastal and river routes. </p><p>The Confederacy had no plan to expand, protect or encourage its railroads. Southerners' refusal to export the cotton crop in 1861 left railroads bereft of their main source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many lines had to lay off employees; many critical skilled technicians and engineers were permanently lost to military service. In the early years of the war the Confederate government had a hands-off approach to the railroads. Only in mid-1863 did the Confederate government initiate a national policy, and it was confined solely to aiding the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Ersatz_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ersatz-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Railroads came under the <i>de facto</i> control of the military. In contrast, the U.S. Congress had authorized military administration of Union-controlled railroad and telegraph systems in January 1862, imposed a standard gauge, and built railroads into the South using that gauge. Confederate armies successfully reoccupying territory could not be resupplied directly by rail as they advanced. The C.S. Congress formally authorized military administration of railroads in February 1865. </p><p>In the last year before the end of the war, the Confederate railroad system stood permanently on the verge of collapse. There was no new equipment and raids on both sides systematically destroyed key bridges, as well as locomotives and freight cars. Spare parts were cannibalized; feeder lines were torn up to get replacement rails for trunk lines, and rolling stock wore out through heavy use.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horses_and_mules">Horses and mules</h4></div> <p>The Confederate army experienced a persistent shortage of horses and mules and requisitioned them with dubious promissory notes given to local farmers and breeders. Union forces paid in real money and found ready sellers in the South. Both armies needed horses for cavalry and for artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mules pulled the wagons. The supply was undermined by an unprecedented epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">glanders</a>, a fatal disease that baffled veterinarians.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1863 the invading Union forces had a policy of shooting all the local horses and mules that they did not need, in order to keep them out of Confederate hands. The Confederate armies and farmers experienced a growing shortage of horses and mules, which hurt the Southern economy and the war effort. The South lost half of its 2.5 million horses and mules; many farmers ended the war with none left. Army horses were used up by hard work, malnourishment, disease and battle wounds; they had a life expectancy of about seven months.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_instruments">Financial instruments</h3></div> <p>Both the individual Confederate states and later the Confederate government printed <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States of America dollar">Confederate States of America dollars</a> as paper currency in various denominations, with a total face value of $1.5 billion. Much of it was signed by Treasurer <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Elmore" title="Edward C. Elmore">Edward C. Elmore</a>. Inflation became rampant as the paper money depreciated and eventually became worthless. The state governments and some localities printed their own paper money, adding to the runaway inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many bills still exist, although in recent years counterfeit copies have proliferated. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSA-T25-$10-1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CSA-T25-%2410-1862.jpg/220px-CSA-T25-%2410-1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CSA-T25-%2410-1862.jpg/330px-CSA-T25-%2410-1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CSA-T25-%2410-1862.jpg/440px-CSA-T25-%2410-1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6157" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption>The 1862 $10 <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">CSA note</a> depicts a vignette of <a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a> flanked by <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">R. M. T. Hunter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">C. G. Memminger</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Confederate government initially wanted to finance its war mostly through tariffs on imports, export taxes, and voluntary donations of gold. After the spontaneous imposition of an embargo on cotton sales to Europe in 1861, these sources of revenue dried up and the Confederacy increasingly turned to <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">issuing debt</a> and printing money to pay for war expenses. The Confederate States politicians were worried about angering the general population with hard taxes. A tax increase might disillusion many Southerners, so the Confederacy resorted to printing more money. As a result, inflation increased and remained a problem for the southern states throughout the rest of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By April 1863, for example, the cost of flour in Richmond had risen to $100 (~$2,475 in 2023) a barrel and housewives were rioting.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Confederate government took over the three national mints in its territory: the <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Mint" title="Charlotte Mint">Charlotte Mint</a> in North Carolina, the <a href="/wiki/Dahlonega_Mint" title="Dahlonega Mint">Dahlonega Mint</a> in Georgia, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mint" title="New Orleans Mint">New Orleans Mint</a> in Louisiana. During 1861 all of these facilities produced small amounts of gold coinage, and the latter half dollars as well. Since the mints used the current dies on hand, all appear to be U.S. issues. However, by comparing slight differences in the dies specialists can distinguish 1861-O half dollars that were minted either under the authority of the U.S. government, the State of Louisiana, or finally the Confederate States. Unlike the gold coins, this issue was produced in significant numbers (over 2.5 million) and is inexpensive in lower grades, although fakes have been made for sale to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, before the New Orleans Mint ceased operation in May 1861, the Confederate government used its own reverse design to strike four half dollars. This made one of the great rarities of American numismatics. A lack of silver and gold precluded further coinage. The Confederacy apparently also experimented with issuing one cent coins, although only 12 were produced by a jeweler in Philadelphia, who was afraid to send them to the South. Like the half dollars, copies were later made as souvenirs.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>US coinage was hoarded and did not have any general circulation. U.S. coinage was admitted as legal tender up to $10, as were British sovereigns, <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_(coin)" title="Napoléon (coin)">French Napoleons</a> and Spanish and Mexican doubloons at a fixed rate of exchange. Confederate money was paper and postage stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_shortages_and_riots">Food shortages and riots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Southern bread riots</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apr2_richmond_riot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Apr2_richmond_riot.jpg/170px-Apr2_richmond_riot.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Apr2_richmond_riot.jpg/255px-Apr2_richmond_riot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Apr2_richmond_riot.jpg/340px-Apr2_richmond_riot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Richmond bread riot, 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>By mid-1861, the Union naval blockade virtually shut down the export of cotton and the import of manufactured goods. Food that formerly came overland was cut off. </p><p>As women were the ones who remained at home, they had to make do with the lack of food and supplies. They cut back on purchases, used old materials, and planted more flax and peas to provide clothing and food. They used ersatz substitutes when possible, but there was no real coffee, only okra and chicory substitutes. The households were severely hurt by inflation in the cost of everyday items like flour, and the shortages of food, fodder for the animals, and medical supplies for the wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State governments requested that planters grow less cotton and more food, but most refused. When cotton prices soared in Europe, expectations were that Europe would soon intervene to break the blockade and make them rich, but Europe remained neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Georgia legislature imposed cotton quotas, making it a crime to grow an excess. But food shortages only worsened, especially in the towns.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overall decline in food supplies, made worse by the inadequate transportation system, led to serious shortages and high prices in urban areas. When bacon reached a dollar a pound in 1863, the poor women of Richmond, Atlanta and many other cities began to riot; they broke into shops and warehouses to seize food, as they were angry at ineffective state relief efforts, speculators, and merchants. As wives and widows of soldiers, they were hurt by the inadequate welfare system.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devastation_by_1865">Devastation by 1865</h3></div> <p>By the end of the war deterioration of the Southern infrastructure was widespread. The number of civilian deaths is unknown. Every Confederate state was affected, but most of the war was fought in Virginia and Tennessee, while Texas and Florida saw the least military action. Much of the damage was caused by direct military action, but most was caused by lack of repairs and upkeep, and by deliberately using up resources. Historians have recently estimated how much of the devastation was caused by military action. Paul Paskoff calculates that Union military operations were conducted in 56% of 645 counties in nine Confederate states (excluding Texas and Florida). These counties contained 63% of the 1860 white population and 64% of the slaves. By the time the fighting took place, undoubtedly some people had fled to safer areas, so the exact population exposed to war is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 326px;float:right; text-align:center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PottersHouseAtlanta1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potters House, Atlanta GA"><img alt="Potters House, Atlanta GA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PottersHouseAtlanta1864.jpg/120px-PottersHouseAtlanta1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PottersHouseAtlanta1864.jpg/180px-PottersHouseAtlanta1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PottersHouseAtlanta1864.jpg/240px-PottersHouseAtlanta1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Potters House, Atlanta GA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charleston_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Downtown Charleston SC"><img alt="Downtown Charleston SC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Charleston_ruins.jpg/120px-Charleston_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Charleston_ruins.jpg/180px-Charleston_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Charleston_ruins.jpg/240px-Charleston_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Downtown Charleston SC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia,_Norfolk_Navy_Yard,_Ruins_of_-_NARA_-_533292.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Navy Yard, Norfolk VA"><img alt="Navy Yard, Norfolk VA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Virginia%2C_Norfolk_Navy_Yard%2C_Ruins_of_-_NARA_-_533292.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Virginia%2C_Norfolk_Navy_Yard%2C_Ruins_of_-_NARA_-_533292.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Virginia%2C_Norfolk_Navy_Yard%2C_Ruins_of_-_NARA_-_533292.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Virginia%2C_Norfolk_Navy_Yard%2C_Ruins_of_-_NARA_-_533292.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Virginia%2C_Norfolk_Navy_Yard%2C_Ruins_of_-_NARA_-_533292.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Virginia%2C_Norfolk_Navy_Yard%2C_Ruins_of_-_NARA_-_533292.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Navy Yard, Norfolk VA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Petersburg,_R.R._Bridge,_Richmond,_Va._April,_1865_-_NARA_-_528974.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rail bridge, Petersburg VA"><img alt="Rail bridge, Petersburg VA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ruins_of_Petersburg%2C_R.R._Bridge%2C_Richmond%2C_Va._April%2C_1865_-_NARA_-_528974.jpg/120px-Ruins_of_Petersburg%2C_R.R._Bridge%2C_Richmond%2C_Va._April%2C_1865_-_NARA_-_528974.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ruins_of_Petersburg%2C_R.R._Bridge%2C_Richmond%2C_Va._April%2C_1865_-_NARA_-_528974.jpg/180px-Ruins_of_Petersburg%2C_R.R._Bridge%2C_Richmond%2C_Va._April%2C_1865_-_NARA_-_528974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ruins_of_Petersburg%2C_R.R._Bridge%2C_Richmond%2C_Va._April%2C_1865_-_NARA_-_528974.jpg/240px-Ruins_of_Petersburg%2C_R.R._Bridge%2C_Richmond%2C_Va._April%2C_1865_-_NARA_-_528974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2213" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rail bridge, Petersburg VA</div> </li> </ul> <p>The eleven Confederate States in the 1860 United States census had 297 towns and cities with 835,000 people; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces. Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action, including Atlanta (with an 1860 population of 9,600), Charleston, Columbia, and Richmond (with prewar populations of 40,500, 8,100, and 37,900, respectively); the eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census, or 14% of the urban South. Historians have not estimated what their actual population was when Union forces arrived. The number of people (as of 1860) who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1% of the Confederacy's 1860 population. In addition, 45 court houses were burned (out of 830). The South's agriculture was not highly mechanized. The value of farm implements and machinery in the 1860 Census was $81 million; by 1870, there was 40% less, worth just $48 million. Many old tools had broken through heavy use; new tools were rarely available; even repairs were difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Paskoff,_Measures_of_War_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paskoff,_Measures_of_War-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic losses affected everyone. Banks and insurance companies were mostly bankrupt. Confederate currency and bonds were worthless. The billions of dollars invested in slaves vanished. Most debts were also left behind. Most farms were intact, but most had lost their horses, mules and cattle; fences and barns were in disrepair. Paskoff shows the loss of farm infrastructure was about the same whether or not fighting took place nearby. The loss of infrastructure and productive capacity meant that rural widows throughout the region faced not only the absence of able-bodied men, but a depleted stock of material resources that they could manage and operate themselves. During four years of warfare, disruption, and blockades, the South used up about half its capital stock. The North, by contrast, absorbed its material losses so effortlessly that it appeared richer at the end of the war than at the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-Paskoff,_Measures_of_War_252-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paskoff,_Measures_of_War-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebuilding took years and was hindered by the low price of cotton after the war. Outside investment was essential, especially in railroads. One historian has summarized the collapse of the transportation infrastructure needed for economic recovery:<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One of the greatest calamities which confronted Southerners was the havoc wrought on the transportation system. Roads were impassable or nonexistent, and bridges were destroyed or washed away. The important river traffic was at a standstill: levees were broken, channels were blocked, the few steamboats which had not been captured or destroyed were in a state of disrepair, wharves had decayed or were missing, and trained personnel were dead or dispersed. Horses, mules, oxen, carriages, wagons, and carts had nearly all fallen prey at one time or another to the contending armies. The railroads were paralyzed, with most of the companies bankrupt. These lines had been the special target of the enemy. On one stretch of 114 miles in Alabama, every bridge and trestle was destroyed, cross-ties rotten, buildings burned, water-tanks gone, ditches filled up, and tracks grown up in weeds and bushes ... Communication centers like Columbia and Atlanta were in ruins; shops and foundries were wrecked or in disrepair. Even those areas bypassed by battle had been pirated for equipment needed on the battlefront, and the wear and tear of wartime usage without adequate repairs or replacements reduced all to a state of disintegration.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_women_and_families">Effect on women and families</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_monument_in_Natchez,_MS,_Cemetery_IMG_6995.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Confederate_monument_in_Natchez%2C_MS%2C_Cemetery_IMG_6995.JPG/200px-Confederate_monument_in_Natchez%2C_MS%2C_Cemetery_IMG_6995.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Confederate_monument_in_Natchez%2C_MS%2C_Cemetery_IMG_6995.JPG/300px-Confederate_monument_in_Natchez%2C_MS%2C_Cemetery_IMG_6995.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Confederate_monument_in_Natchez%2C_MS%2C_Cemetery_IMG_6995.JPG/400px-Confederate_monument_in_Natchez%2C_MS%2C_Cemetery_IMG_6995.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>This Confederate memorial <a href="/wiki/Tombstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombstone">tombstone</a> at Natchez City Cemetery is in <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>More than 250,000 Confederate soldiers died during the war. Some widows abandoned their family farms and merged into the households of relatives, or even became refugees living in camps with high rates of disease and death.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Old South, being an "<a href="/wiki/Spinster" title="Spinster">old maid</a>" was an embarrassment to the woman and her family, but after the war, it became almost a norm.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some women welcomed the freedom of not having to marry. Divorce, while never fully accepted, became more common. The concept of the "New Woman" emerged – she was self-sufficient and independent, and stood in sharp contrast to the "Southern Belle" of antebellum lore.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_flags">National flags</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Flags of the Confederate States of America</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center" style="margin:auto"> <li class="gallerycaption">Flags of the Confederate States of America</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(March_%E2%80%93_May_1861).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1st National Flag [7, 9, 11, 13 stars[254]] "Stars and Bars""><img alt="1st National Flag [7, 9, 11, 13 stars[254]] "Stars and Bars"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/405px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/540px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1st National Flag<br />[7, 9, 11, 13 stars<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>]<br />"Stars and Bars"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1863%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="2nd National Flag [Richmond Capitol[255]] "Stainless Banner""><img alt="2nd National Flag [Richmond Capitol[255]] "Stainless Banner"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/450px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/600px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2nd National Flag<br />[Richmond Capitol<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>]<br />"Stainless Banner"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1865).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="3rd National Flag [never flown[256]] "Blood Stained Banner""><img alt="3rd National Flag [never flown[256]] "Blood Stained Banner"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/338px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/450px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3rd National Flag<br />[never flown<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>]<br />"Blood Stained Banner"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_(1863%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="CSA Naval Jack 1863–65[citation needed]"><img alt="CSA Naval Jack 1863–65[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/250px-Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/375px-Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/500px-Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CSA Naval Jack<br />1863–65<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(1-1).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle Flag "Southern Cross"[257]"><img alt="Battle Flag "Southern Cross"[257]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/150px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/225px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/300px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battle Flag<br />"Southern Cross"<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(Latest_version).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28Latest_version%29.svg/220px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28Latest_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28Latest_version%29.svg/330px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28Latest_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28Latest_version%29.svg/440px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28Latest_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America#Confederate_flag" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Confederate Battle Flag</a> pattern is the one most often thought of as the Confederate Flag. It is one of many used by the Confederate armed forces. Variations of this design served as the Battle Flag of the Armies of Northern Virginia and Tennessee, and as the Confederate Naval Jack.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first official flag of the Confederate States of America—called the "Stars and Bars"—originally had seven stars, representing the first seven states that initially formed the Confederacy. As more states joined, more stars were added, until the total was 13 (two stars were added for the divided states of Kentucky and Missouri). During the First Battle of Bull Run, (<a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Manassas</a>) it sometimes proved difficult to distinguish the Stars and Bars from the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States#Historical_progression_of_designs" title="Flag of the United States">Union flag</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To rectify the situation, a separate "Battle Flag" was designed for use by troops in the field. Also known as the "Southern Cross", many variations sprang from the original square configuration. </p><p>Although it was never officially adopted by the Confederate government, the popularity of the Southern Cross among both soldiers and the civilian population was a primary reason why it was made the main color feature when a new national flag was adopted in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_260-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new standard—known as the "Stainless Banner"—consisted of a lengthened white field area with a Battle Flag <a href="/wiki/Canton_(flag)" title="Canton (flag)">canton</a>. This flag too had its problems when used in military operations as, on a windless day, it could easily be mistaken for a flag of truce or surrender. Thus, in 1865, a modified version of the Stainless Banner was adopted. This final national flag of the Confederacy kept the Battle Flag canton, but shortened the white field and added a vertical red bar to the fly end. </p><p>Because of its depiction in the 20th-century and popular media, many people consider the rectangular battle flag with the dark blue bars as being synonymous with "the Confederate Flag", but this flag was never adopted as a Confederate national flag.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_260-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Confederate Flag" has a color scheme similar to that of the most common Battle Flag design, but is rectangular, not square. The "Confederate Flag" is a highly recognizable symbol of the South in the United States today and continues to be a controversial icon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southern_Unionism">Southern Unionism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Southern Unionist</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1860-61_Secession_in_Appalachia_by_County.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1860-61_Secession_in_Appalachia_by_County.jpg/170px-1860-61_Secession_in_Appalachia_by_County.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1860-61_Secession_in_Appalachia_by_County.jpg/255px-1860-61_Secession_in_Appalachia_by_County.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1860-61_Secession_in_Appalachia_by_County.jpg/340px-1860-61_Secession_in_Appalachia_by_County.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="2393" /></a><figcaption>Map of the county secession votes of 1860–1861 in Appalachia within the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Regional_Commission" title="Appalachian Regional Commission">ARC</a> definition. Virginia and Tennessee show the public votes, while the other states show the vote by county delegates to the conventions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unionism—opposition to the Confederacy—was strong in certain areas within the Confederate States. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Southern Unionists</a> were widespread in the mountain regions of <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unionists, led by <a href="/wiki/Parson_Brownlow" title="Parson Brownlow">Parson Brownlow</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, took control of <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a> in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unionists also attempted control over western Virginia, but never effectively held more than half of the counties that formed the new state of <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia#Civil_War_and_split" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Union forces captured parts of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_North_Carolina" title="Eastern North Carolina">coastal North Carolina</a>, and at first were largely welcomed by local unionists. The occupiers became perceived as oppressive, callous, radical and favorable to <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedmen</a>. Occupiers pillaged, freed slaves, and evicted those who refused to swear loyalty oaths to the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claude Elliott estimates that only a third of the Texas population actively supported the Confederacy. Many Unionists supported the Confederacy after the war began, but many others clung to their Unionism throughout the war, especially in the northern counties, German districts in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Texas Hill Country</a>, and majority Mexican areas.<sup id="cite_ref-in_JSTOR_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_JSTOR-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Randolph B. Campbell states, "In spite of terrible losses and hardships, most Texans continued throughout the war to support the Confederacy as they had supported secession".<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dale Baum in his analysis of Texas politics in the era counters: "This idea of a Confederate Texas united politically against northern adversaries was shaped more by nostalgic fantasies than by wartime realities." He characterizes Texas Civil War history as "a morose story of intragovernmental rivalries coupled with wide-ranging disaffection that prevented effective implementation of state wartime policies".<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Texas, local officials harassed and murdered Unionists and Germans during the Civil War. In <a href="/wiki/Cooke_County,_Texas" title="Cooke County, Texas">Cooke County, Texas</a>, 150 suspected Unionists were arrested; 25 were lynched without trial and 40 more were hanged after a summary trial. Draft resistance was widespread especially among Texans of German or Mexican descent, many of the latter leaving for Mexico. Confederate officials attempted to hunt down and kill potential draftees who had gone into hiding.<sup id="cite_ref-in_JSTOR_267-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_JSTOR-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 4,000 suspected Unionists were imprisoned in the Confederate States without trial.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Brownlow_1st_Tennessee_Cavalry_Regiment_(Union).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jim_Brownlow_1st_Tennessee_Cavalry_Regiment_%28Union%29.jpg/180px-Jim_Brownlow_1st_Tennessee_Cavalry_Regiment_%28Union%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jim_Brownlow_1st_Tennessee_Cavalry_Regiment_%28Union%29.jpg/270px-Jim_Brownlow_1st_Tennessee_Cavalry_Regiment_%28Union%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jim_Brownlow_1st_Tennessee_Cavalry_Regiment_%28Union%29.jpg/360px-Jim_Brownlow_1st_Tennessee_Cavalry_Regiment_%28Union%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>Col. <a href="/wiki/James_P._Brownlow" class="mw-redirect" title="James P. Brownlow">James P. Brownlow</a>, a 22-year-old cavalry colonel from Knoxville, and his regiment of Southern Unionist "mountaineers", were called "damned Tennessee Yankees" by Confederate troops.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Up to 100,000 men living in states under Confederate control served in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> or pro-Union guerilla groups. Although Southern Unionists came from all classes, most differed socially, culturally, and economically from the region's dominant pre-war <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Region_and_climate">Region and climate</h3></div> <p>The Confederate States of America claimed a total of 2,919 miles (4,698 km) of coastline, thus a large part of its territory lay on the seacoast with level and often sandy or marshy ground. Most of the interior portion consisted of arable farmland, though much was also hilly and mountainous, and the far western territories were deserts. The southern reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> bisected the country, and the western half was often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a>. The highest point (excluding Arizona and New Mexico) was <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Peak" title="Guadalupe Peak">Guadalupe Peak</a> in Texas at 8,750 feet (2,670 m). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_CSA_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_CSA_4.png/440px-Map_of_CSA_4.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_CSA_4.png/660px-Map_of_CSA_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_CSA_4.png/880px-Map_of_CSA_4.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Map of the states and territories claimed by the Confederate States of America</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the area had a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. The climate and terrain varied from vast <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a> to semi-arid <a href="/wiki/Steppe_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe climate">steppes</a> and arid <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">deserts</a>. The subtropical climate made winters mild but allowed <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a> to flourish; on both sides more soldiers died from disease than were killed in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-StatsWarCost_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatsWarCost-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Percentages may not total 100% because of rounding.</div> <p>The 1860 United States census<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives a picture of the population for the areas that had joined the Confederacy. The population numbers exclude non-assimilated Indian tribes. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">State </th> <th scope="col">Total<br />population </th> <th scope="col">Total<br />number of<br />slaves </th> <th scope="col">Total<br />number of<br />households </th> <th scope="col">Total<br />free<br />population </th> <th scope="col">Total number<br />slaveholders </th> <th scope="col">% of Free<br />population<br />owning<br />slaves<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">% of Free<br />families<br />owning<br />slaves<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Slaves<br />as % of<br />population </th> <th scope="col">Total<br />free<br />colored </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Alabama </th> <td>964,201 </td> <td>435,080 </td> <td>96,603 </td> <td>529,121 </td> <td>33,730 </td> <td>6% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>2,690 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f5f5f5;"> <th scope="row">Arkansas </th> <td>435,450 </td> <td>111,115 </td> <td>57,244 </td> <td>324,335 </td> <td>11,481 </td> <td>4% </td> <td>20% </td> <td>26% </td> <td>144 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Florida </th> <td>140,424 </td> <td>61,745 </td> <td>15,090 </td> <td>78,679 </td> <td>5,152 </td> <td>7% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>932 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f5f5f5;"> <th scope="row">Georgia </th> <td>1,057,286 </td> <td>462,198 </td> <td>109,919 </td> <td>595,088 </td> <td>41,084 </td> <td>7% </td> <td>37% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>3,500 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Louisiana </th> <td>708,002 </td> <td>331,726 </td> <td>74,725 </td> <td>376,276 </td> <td>22,033 </td> <td>6% </td> <td>29% </td> <td>47% </td> <td>18,647 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f5f5f5;"> <th scope="row">Mississippi </th> <td>791,305 </td> <td>436,631 </td> <td>63,015 </td> <td>354,674 </td> <td>30,943 </td> <td>9% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>55% </td> <td>773 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">North Carolina </th> <td>992,622 </td> <td>331,059 </td> <td>125,090 </td> <td>661,563 </td> <td>34,658 </td> <td>5% </td> <td>28% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>30,463 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f5f5f5;"> <th scope="row">South Carolina </th> <td>703,708 </td> <td>402,406 </td> <td>58,642 </td> <td>301,302 </td> <td>26,701 </td> <td>9% </td> <td>46% </td> <td>57% </td> <td>9,914 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tennessee </th> <td>1,109,801 </td> <td>275,719 </td> <td>149,335 </td> <td>834,082 </td> <td>36,844 </td> <td>4% </td> <td>25% </td> <td>25% </td> <td>7,300 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f5f5f5;"> <th scope="row">Texas </th> <td>604,215 </td> <td>182,566 </td> <td>76,781 </td> <td>421,649 </td> <td>21,878 </td> <td>5% </td> <td>28% </td> <td>30% </td> <td>355 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Virginia<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>1,596,318 </td> <td>490,865 </td> <td>201,523 </td> <td>1,105,453 </td> <td>52,128 </td> <td>5% </td> <td>26% </td> <td>31% </td> <td>58,042 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background: #f9f9f9; font-weight: bold;"> <th scope="row"><b>Total</b> </th> <td>9,103,332 </td> <td>3,521,110 </td> <td>1,027,967 </td> <td>5,582,222 </td> <td>316,632 </td> <td>6% </td> <td>31% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>132,760 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Age structure </th> <th scope="col">0–14 years </th> <th scope="col">15–59 years </th> <th scope="col">60 years and over </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">White males </th> <td>43% </td> <td>52% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f5f5f5;"> <th scope="row">White females </th> <td>44% </td> <td>52% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Male slaves </th> <td>44% </td> <td>51% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f5f5f5;"> <th scope="row">Female slaves </th> <td>45% </td> <td>51% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Free black males </th> <td>45% </td> <td>50% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f5f5f5;"> <th scope="row">Free black females </th> <td>40% </td> <td>54% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f9f9f9; font-weight: bold;"> <th scope="row"><b>Total population</b><sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>44% </td> <td>52% </td> <td>4% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1860, the areas that later formed the eleven Confederate states (and including the future West Virginia) had 132,760 (2%) free blacks. Males made up 49% of the total population and females 51%.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_and_urban_population">Rural and urban population</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/250px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/375px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/500px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi" title="A Home on the Mississippi">A Home on the Mississippi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a>, 1871</figcaption></figure> <p>The CSA was overwhelmingly rural. Few towns had populations of more than 1,000—the typical <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> had a population under 500. Of the twenty largest U.S. cities in the 1860 census, only <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> lay in Confederate territory.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 13 Confederate-controlled cities ranked among the top 100 U.S. cities in 1860, most of them ports whose economic activities vanished or suffered severely in the <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union blockade</a>. The population of Richmond swelled after it became the Confederate capital, reaching an estimated 128,000 in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cities of the Confederacy included (by size of population): </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"># </th> <th scope="col">City </th> <th scope="col">1860 population </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_metropolitan_statistical_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States metropolitan statistical areas by population">1860 U.S. rank</a> </th> <th>Return to U.S. control </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Louisiana </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">168,675 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">6 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1862 </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans in the American Civil War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, South Carolina </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">40,522 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">22 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1865 </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston in the American Civil War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, Virginia </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">37,910 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">25 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1865 </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond in the Civil War">Richmond in the American Civil War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, Alabama </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">29,258 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">27 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1865 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, Tennessee </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">22,623 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">38 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1862 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">6. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>, Georgia </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">22,619 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">41 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1864 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">7. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a>, Virginia </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">18,266 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">50 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1865 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">8. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, Tennessee </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">16,988 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">54 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1862 </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nashville,_Tennessee#Civil_War" title="History of Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville in the American Civil War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">9. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, Virginia </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">14,620 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">61 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1862 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">10. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a>, Virginia </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">12,652 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">75 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1861 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">11. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta</a>, Georgia </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">12,493 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">77 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1865 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">12. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia" title="Columbus, Georgia">Columbus</a>, Georgia </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">9,621 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">97 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1865 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">13. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">9,554 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">99 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1864 </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta in the American Civil War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">14. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a>, North Carolina </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">9,553 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;">100 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1865 </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington, North Carolina in the American Civil War">Wilmington, North Carolina in the American Civil War</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christian views on slavery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._John%27s_Episcopal_Montgomery_Feb_2012_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Montgomery_Feb_2012_02.jpg/170px-St._John%27s_Episcopal_Montgomery_Feb_2012_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Montgomery_Feb_2012_02.jpg/255px-St._John%27s_Episcopal_Montgomery_Feb_2012_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Montgomery_Feb_2012_02.jpg/340px-St._John%27s_Episcopal_Montgomery_Feb_2012_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Montgomery,_Alabama)" title="St. John's Episcopal Church (Montgomery, Alabama)">St. John's Episcopal Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>. The Secession Convention of Southern Churches was held here in 1861.</figcaption></figure> <p>The CSA was overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both free and enslaved populations identified with <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestantism">evangelical Protestantism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> together formed majorities of both the white and the slave population, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> were fully ensured by Confederate laws. <a href="/wiki/Church_attendance" title="Church attendance">Church attendance</a> was very high and chaplains played a major role in the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most large denominations experienced a North–South split in the prewar era on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. The creation of a new country necessitated independent structures. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States">Presbyterian Church in the United States</a> split, with much of the new leadership provided by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ruggles_Wilson" title="Joseph Ruggles Wilson">Joseph Ruggles Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baptists and Methodists both broke off from their Northern coreligionists over the slavery issue, forming the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South" title="Methodist Episcopal Church, South">Methodist Episcopal Church, South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elites in the southeast favored the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Episcopal_Church_in_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America">Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America</a>, which had reluctantly split from the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church (USA)">Episcopal Church</a> in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other elites were <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> belonging to the 1861-founded <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States">Presbyterian Church in the United States</a>. Catholics included an Irish working-class element in coastal cities and an old French element in southern Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries. One result was wave after wave of revivals in the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_assessment">Legacy and assessment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amnesty_and_treason_issue">Amnesty and treason issue</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pardons_for_ex-Confederates" title="Pardons for ex-Confederates">Pardons for ex-Confederates</a></div> <p>When the war ended over 14,000 Confederates petitioned President Johnson for a pardon; he was generous in giving them out.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He issued a general amnesty to all Confederate participants in the "late Civil War" in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress passed additional Amnesty Acts in May 1866 with restrictions on office holding, and the <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_Act" title="Amnesty Act">Amnesty Act</a> in May 1872 lifting those restrictions. There was a great deal of discussion in 1865 about bringing treason trials, especially against Jefferson Davis. There was no consensus in President Johnson's cabinet, and no one was charged with treason. An acquittal of Davis would have been humiliating for the government.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davis was indicted for treason but never tried; he was released from prison on bail in May 1867. The amnesty of December 25, 1868, by President Johnson eliminated any possibility of Jefferson Davis (or anyone else associated with the Confederacy) standing trial for treason.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wirz" title="Henry Wirz">Henry Wirz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commandant" title="Commandant">commandant</a> of a notorious <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner-of-war">prisoner-of-war</a> camp near <a href="/wiki/Andersonville,_Georgia" title="Andersonville, Georgia">Andersonville, Georgia</a>, was tried and convicted by a military court, and executed on November 10, 1865. The charges against him involved conspiracy and cruelty, not treason. </p><p>The U.S. government began a decade-long process known as <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a> which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. The priorities were: to guarantee that Confederate nationalism and slavery were ended, to ratify and enforce the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> which outlawed slavery; the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth</a> which guaranteed dual U.S. and state citizenship to all native-born residents, regardless of race; the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth</a>, which made it illegal to deny the right to vote because of race; and repeal each state's ordinance of secession.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1877, the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a> ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states. Federal troops were withdrawn from the South, where conservative white Democrats had already regained political control of state governments, often through extreme violence and fraud to suppress black voting. The prewar South had many rich areas; the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure, and exhausted resources. Still dependent on an agricultural economy and resisting investment in infrastructure, it remained dominated by the planter elite into the next century. Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy, and Democrat-dominated legislatures passed new constitutions and amendments <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">to now exclude</a> most blacks and many poor whites. This exclusion and a weakened Republican Party remained the norm until the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a> of the early 20th century did not achieve national levels of prosperity until long after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_v._White_(1869)"><span id="Texas_v._White_.281869.29"></span><i>Texas v. White</i> (1869)</h3></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._White" title="Texas v. White">Texas v. White</a></i>, the United States Supreme Court ruled by a 5–3 majority that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union, despite claims that it joined the Confederate States of America. The Court held that the Constitution did not permit <a href="/wiki/United_States_states" class="mw-redirect" title="United States states">a state</a> to unilaterally secede from the United States. It also held that the ordinances of secession, and all the acts of the legislatures within the eleven seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances, were "absolutely <a href="/wiki/Void_(law)" title="Void (law)">null</a>", under the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This case settled the law that applied to all questions regarding state legislation during the war. Furthermore, it decided one of the "central constitutional questions" of the Civil War: The Union is perpetual and indestructible, as a matter of constitutional law. In declaring that no state could leave the Union, "except through revolution or through consent of the States", it was "explicitly repudiating the position of the Confederate states that the United States was a voluntary compact between sovereign states".<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sprott_v._United_States_(1874)"><span id="Sprott_v._United_States_.281874.29"></span><i>Sprott v. United States</i> (1874)</h3></div> <p>In <i>Sprott v. United States</i>, the Supreme Court ruled 8–1 to reaffirm its conclusion in <i>White</i> and held that the Confederate States of America was little more than a briefly existing breakaway state. Specifically, the opinion condemned the Confederacy as treasonous and as having totally perished upon being overthrown.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel Freeman Miller</a> wrote for the Court majority: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The government of the Confederate states ... had no existence except as a conspiracy to overthrow lawful authority. Its foundation was treason against the existing Federal government. Its single purpose, so long as it lasted, was to make that treason successful. So far from being necessary to the organization of civil government, or to its maintenance and support, it was inimical to social order, destructive to the best interests of society, and its primary object was to overthrow the government on which these so largely depended. Its existence and temporary power were an enormous evil which the whole force of the government and the people of the United States was engaged for years in destroying. When it was overthrown, it perished totally. It left no laws, no statutes, no decrees, no authority which can give support to any contract or any act done in its service, or in aid of its purpose or which contributed to protract its existence.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories_regarding_downfall">Theories regarding downfall</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Died_of_states'_rights""><span id=".22Died_of_states.27_rights.22"></span>"Died of states' rights"</h4></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lawrence_Owsley" title="Frank Lawrence Owsley">Frank Lawrence Owsley</a> argued that the Confederacy "died of states' rights".<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_L._Owsley_1925_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_L._Owsley_1925-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central government was denied requisitioned soldiers and money by governors and state legislatures because they feared that Richmond would encroach on the rights of the states. Georgia's governor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Brown" title="Joseph E. Brown">Joseph Brown</a> warned of a secret conspiracy by Jefferson Davis to destroy states' rights and individual liberty. The first conscription act in North America, authorizing Davis to draft soldiers, was said to be the "essence of military despotism".<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Lowenstein" title="Roger Lowenstein">Roger Lowenstein</a> argued in <i>Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War</i> (2022) that the Confederacy's failure to raise adequate revenue led to <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> and being unable to win a <a href="/wiki/War_of_attrition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of attrition">war of attrition</a>, despite the prowess of its military leadership such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 326px;float:right; text-align:center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Emerson_Brown.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph E. Brown, governor of Georgia"><img alt="Joseph E. Brown, governor of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Joseph_Emerson_Brown.jpg/89px-Joseph_Emerson_Brown.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Joseph_Emerson_Brown.jpg/133px-Joseph_Emerson_Brown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Joseph_Emerson_Brown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Brown" title="Joseph E. Brown">Joseph E. Brown</a>, governor of Georgia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pendleton_murrah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pendleton Murrah, governor of Texas"><img alt="Pendleton Murrah, governor of Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pendleton_murrah.jpg/93px-Pendleton_murrah.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pendleton_murrah.jpg/139px-Pendleton_murrah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pendleton_murrah.jpg/185px-Pendleton_murrah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Murrah" title="Pendleton Murrah">Pendleton Murrah</a>, governor of Texas</div> </li> </ul> <p>Vice President Alexander H. Stephens feared losing the very form of republican government. Allowing President Davis to threaten "arbitrary arrests" to draft hundreds of governor-appointed "bomb-proof" bureaucrats conferred "more power than the English Parliament had ever bestowed on the king. History proved the dangers of such unchecked authority."<sup id="cite_ref-google258_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google258-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abolishment of draft exemptions for newspaper editors was interpreted as an attempt by the Confederate government to muzzle presses, such as the Raleigh NC <i>Standard</i>, to control elections and to suppress the peace meetings there. As Rable concludes, "For Stephens, the essence of patriotism, the heart of the Confederate cause, rested on an unyielding commitment to traditional rights" without considerations of military necessity, pragmatism or compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-google258_309-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google258-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1863, Governor <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Murrah" title="Pendleton Murrah">Pendleton Murrah</a> of Texas determined that state troops were required for defense against Plains Indians and Union forces that might attack from Kansas. He refused to send his soldiers to the East.<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Vance" title="Zebulon Vance">Zebulon Vance</a> of North Carolina showed intense opposition to conscription, limiting recruitment success. Vance's faith in states' rights drove him into repeated, stubborn opposition to the Davis administration.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though political differences were within the Confederacy, no national political parties were formed because they were seen as illegitimate. "Anti-partyism became an article of political faith."<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without a system of political parties building alternate sets of national leaders, electoral protests tended to be narrowly state-based, "negative, carping and petty". The <a href="/wiki/1863_Confederate_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections">1863 mid-term elections</a> became mere expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction. According to historian David M. Potter, the lack of a functioning two-party system caused "real and direct damage" to the Confederate war effort since it prevented the formulation of any effective alternatives to the conduct of the war by the Davis administration.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Died_of_Davis""><span id=".22Died_of_Davis.22"></span>"Died of Davis"</h4></div> <p>The enemies of President Davis proposed that the Confederacy "died of Davis". He was unfavorably compared to <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> by critics such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Alfred_Pollard" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Alfred Pollard">Edward Alfred Pollard</a>, editor of the most influential newspaper in the Confederacy, the <i><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Examiner" title="Richmond Examiner">Daily Richmond Examiner</a></i>. Beyond the early honeymoon period, Davis was never popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulter_pp_105-06_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulter_pp_105-06-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/E._Merton_Coulter" title="E. Merton Coulter">Ellis Merton Coulter</a>, viewed by historians as a <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Confederate apologist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey,_2001_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey,_2001-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says Davis was heroic, but his "tenacity, determination, and will power" stirred up lasting opposition from enemies. He failed to overcome "petty leaders of the states" who made the term "Confederacy" into a label for tyranny and oppression, preventing the "<a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America#First_flag:_the_"Stars_and_Bars"_(1861–1863)" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Stars and Bars</a>" from becoming a symbol of larger patriotic service and sacrifice. Instead of campaigning to develop nationalism and gain support for his administration, he rarely courted public opinion, assuming an aloofness, "almost like an <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Coulter_pp_105-06_314-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulter_pp_105-06-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Escott argues that Davis was unable to mobilize Confederate nationalism in support of his government effectively, and especially failed to appeal to the small farmers who made up the bulk of the population. Escott also emphasizes that the widespread opposition to any strong central government combined with the vast difference in wealth between the slave-owning class and the small farmers created insolvable dilemmas when the Confederate survival presupposed a strong central government backed by a united populace. The prewar claim that white solidarity was necessary to provide a unified Southern voice in Washington no longer held. Davis failed to build a network of supporters who would speak up when he came under criticism, and he repeatedly alienated governors and other state-based leaders by demanding centralized control of the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Coulter, Davis was not an efficient administrator as he attended to too many details, protected his friends after their failures were obvious, and spent too much time on military affairs versus his civic responsibilities. Coulter concludes he was not the ideal leader for the Southern Revolution, but he showed "fewer weaknesses than any other" contemporary character available for the role.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;column-gap: 2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">American Civil War prison camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Cabinet of the Confederate States of America">Cabinet of the Confederate States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War_on_postage_stamps" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps">Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Patent_Office" title="Confederate Patent Office">Confederate Patent Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C.S.A.:_The_Confederate_States_of_America" title="C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America">C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History of the Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Circle" title="Knights of the Golden Circle">Knights of the Golden Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_arms_manufacturers" title="List of Confederate arms manufacturers">List of Confederate arms manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_arsenals_and_armories" title="List of Confederate arsenals and armories">List of Confederate arsenals and armories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List of Confederate monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="List of treaties of the Confederate States of America">List of treaties of the Confederate States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_separatist_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical separatist movements">List of historical separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil wars">List of civil wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_War_Naval_Museum" title="National Civil War Naval Museum">National Civil War Naval Museum</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slaves are included in the above population according to the 1860 census.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population values do not include <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The cash crops circling the Seal are wheat, corn, tobacco, cotton, rice and sugar cane. Like Washington's equestrian statue honoring him at <a href="/wiki/Union_Square_(New_York_City)#Union_Square_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Square (New York City)">Union Square</a> NYC 1856, slaveholding Washington is pictured in his uniform of the Revolution securing American independence. Though armed, he does not have his sword drawn as he is depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_(Richmond,_Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monument (Richmond, Virginia)">equestrian statue at the Virginia Capitol, Richmond, Virginia</a>. The plates for the Seal were engraved in England but never received due to the Union Blockade.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-history-state-gov-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history-state-gov_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-state-gov_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-state-gov_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828005906/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/Confederacy">"Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861–65"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/confederacy">the original</a> on August 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preventing+Diplomatic+Recognition+of+the+Confederacy%2C+1861%E2%80%9365&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1861-1865%2Fconfederacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/reaction-fall-richmond">"Reaction to the Fall of Richmond"</a>. <i>American Battlefield Trust</i>. December 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft.atitle=Reaction+to+the+Fall+of+Richmond&rft.date=2008-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Flearn%2Farticles%2Freaction-fall-richmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.danvillemuseum.org/history">"History"</a>. <i>Danville Museum of Fine Arts & History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Danville+Museum+of+Fine+Arts+%26+History&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danvillemuseum.org%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwgaunt-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wwgaunt_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwgaunt_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._W._Gaunt1864" class="citation book cs1">W. W. Gaunt (1864). <i>The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America: From the Institution of the Government, February 8, 1861 to Its Termination, February 18, 1862, Inclusive. Arranged in Chronological Order, Together with the Constitution for the Provisional Government and the Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States, and the Treaties Concluded by the Confederate States with Indian Tribes</i>. D & S Publishers, Indian Rocks Beach. p. 1,2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+at+Large+of+the+Provisional+Government+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America%3A+From+the+Institution+of+the+Government%2C+February+8%2C+1861+to+Its+Termination%2C+February+18%2C+1862%2C+Inclusive.+Arranged+in+Chronological+Order%2C+Together+with+the+Constitution+for+the+Provisional+Government+and+the+Permanent+Constitution+of+the+Confederate+States%2C+and+the+Treaties+Concluded+by+the+Confederate+States+with+Indian+Tribes&rft.pages=1%2C2&rft.pub=D+%26+S+Publishers%2C+Indian+Rocks+Beach&rft.date=1864&rft.au=W.+W.+Gaunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper (2000) p. 462. Rable (1994) pp. 2–3. Rable wrote, "But despite heated arguments and no little friction between the competing political cultures of unity and liberty, antiparty and broader fears about politics in general shaped civic life. These beliefs could obviously not eliminate partisanship or prevent Confederates from holding on to and exploiting old political prejudices. Indeed, some states, notably Georgia and North Carolina, remained political tinderboxes throughout the war. Even the most bitter foes of the Confederate government, however, refused to form an opposition party, and the Georgia dissidents, to cite the most prominent example, avoided many traditional political activities. Only in North Carolina did there develop anything resembling a party system, and there the central values of the Confederacy's two political cultures had a far more powerful influence on political debate than did organizational maneuvering."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Herbert Donald, ed. <i>Why the North Won the Civil War</i>. (1996) pp. 112–113. Potter wrote in his contribution to this book, "Where parties do not exist, criticism of the administration is likely to remain purely an individual matter; therefore the tone of the criticism is likely to be negative, carping, and petty, as it certainly was in the Confederacy. But where there are parties, the opposition group is strongly impelled to formulate real alternative policies and to press for the adoption of these policies on a constructive basis. ... But the absence of a two-party system meant the absence of any available alternative leadership, and the protest votes which were cast in the 1863 Confederate mid-term election became more expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction rather than implements of a decision to adopt new and different policies for the Confederacy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040604075834/http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html">"1860 Census Results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html">the original</a> on June 4, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1860+Census+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civil-war.net%2Fpages%2F1860_census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tikkanen-2020-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tikkanen-2020_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tikkanen-2020_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikkanen2020" class="citation web cs1">Tikkanen, Amy (June 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/American-Civil-War">"American Civil War"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2020</span>. <q>...between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=American+Civil+War&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.aulast=Tikkanen&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FAmerican-Civil-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubbard-2000-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard-2000_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard-2000_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2000" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Charles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/745911382"><i>The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy</i></a>. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57233-092-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57233-092-9"><bdi>1-57233-092-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745911382">745911382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burden+of+Confederate+Diplomacy&rft.place=Knoxville&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F745911382&rft.isbn=1-57233-092-9&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F745911382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas1979-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas1979_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1979" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Emory M. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IpM8EKRH_bUC"><i>The Confederate Nation: 1861–1865</i></a>. Harper Collins. pp. 256–257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-206946-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-206946-7"><bdi>978-0-06-206946-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Nation%3A+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.pages=256-257&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-06-206946-7&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Emory+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIpM8EKRH_bUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McPherson-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McPherson_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2007" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James M. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195313666"><i>This mighty scourge: perspectives on the Civil War</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press US. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195313666/page/65">65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198042761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198042761"><bdi>978-0198042761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+mighty+scourge%3A+perspectives+on+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0198042761&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195313666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1998-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1998_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1998_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederate-States-of-America">"Confederate States of America"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. July 20, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Confederate+States+of+America&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FConfederate-States-of-America&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2008_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vANndXTE8g4C&pg=PA103">"The Plantation Economy"</a>. In Boles, John B. (ed.). <i>A Companion to the American South</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3830-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-3830-7</bdi></a>. <q>Antebellum southern society was defined in no small part by the shaping and working of large tracts of land whose soil was tilled and staples tended by enslaved African-American laborers. This was, in short, a society dependent on what historians have variously referred to as the plantation system, the southern slave economy or, more commonly, the plantation economy... Slaveholders' demand for labor increased apace. The number of southern slaves jumped from under one million in 1790 to roughly four million by 1860. By the middle decades of the antebellum period, the Old South had matured into a slave society whose plantation economy affected virtually every social and economic relation within the South.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Plantation+Economy&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+South&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3830-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvANndXTE8g4C%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMurtry-Chubb2021-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McMurtry-Chubb2021_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMurtry-Chubb2021" class="citation book cs1">McMurtry-Chubb, Teri A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0UsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>Race Unequals: Overseer Contracts, White Masculinities, and the Formation of Managerial Identity in the Plantation Economy</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-9907-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-9907-8"><bdi>978-1-4985-9907-8</bdi></a>. <q>The plantation as the vehicle to wealth was tied to the primacy of cotton in the growth of global capitalism. The large-scale cultivation and harvest of cot ton required new forms of labor organization, as well as labor management, Enter the overseer. By 1860, there were approximately 38,000 overseers working as plantation managers throughout the antebellum south. They were employed by the wealthiest of planters, planters who held multiple plantations and owned hundreds of enslaved Africans. By 1860, 85 percent of all cotton grown in the South was on plantations of 100 acres or more. On these plantations resided 91.2 percent of enslaved Africans. Planters came to own these Africans through the internal slave trade in the United States that moved to its cotton fields approximately one million enslaved laborers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+Unequals%3A+Overseer+Contracts%2C+White+Masculinities%2C+and+the+Formation+of+Managerial+Identity+in+the+Plantation+Economy&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-9907-8&rft.aulast=McMurtry-Chubb&rft.aufirst=Teri+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0UsEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgovernmentprintingoffice-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usgovernmentprintingoffice_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._RushWilliam_W._Epley2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert S. Rush; William W. Epley (2007). <i>Multinational Operations, Alliances, and International Military Cooperation</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 21,27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multinational+Operations%2C+Alliances%2C+and+International+Military+Cooperation&rft.pages=21%2C27&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Robert+S.+Rush&rft.au=William+W.+Epley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johntishiyama-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johntishiyama_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_T._Ishiyama2011" class="citation book cs1">John T. Ishiyama (2011). <i>Comparative Politics: Principles of Democracy and Democratization</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics%3A+Principles+of+Democracy+and+Democratization&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.au=John+T.+Ishiyama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunbarrowland-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunbarrowland_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunbarrowland_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbar_Rowland1925" class="citation book cs1">Dunbar Rowland (1925). <i>History of Mississippi, the Heart of the South, volume 1</i>. S. J. Clarke publishing Company. p. 784.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mississippi%2C+the+Heart+of+the+South%2C+volume+1&rft.pages=784&rft.pub=S.+J.+Clarke+publishing+Company&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Dunbar+Rowland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charlesdanieldrake-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-charlesdanieldrake_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Daniel_Drake1864" class="citation book cs1">Charles Daniel Drake (1864). <i>Union and Anti-Slavery speeches, delivered during the Rebellion, etc</i>. p. 219,220,222,241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+and+Anti-Slavery+speeches%2C+delivered+during+the+Rebellion%2C+etc&rft.pages=219%2C220%2C222%2C241&rft.date=1864&rft.au=Charles+Daniel+Drake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.org/education/pdfs/civil-was-curriculum-medicine.pdf">"Learn – Civil War Trust"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>civilwar.org</i>. October 29, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401062715/http://civilwar.org/education/pdfs/civil-was-curriculum-medicine.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 1, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=civilwar.org&rft.atitle=Learn+%E2%80%93+Civil+War+Trust&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwar.org%2Feducation%2Fpdfs%2Fcivil-was-curriculum-medicine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHacker2011" class="citation web cs1">Hacker, J. David (September 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead/">"Recounting the Dead"</a>. <i>Opinionator</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opinionator&rft.atitle=Recounting+the+Dead&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=J.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F09%2F20%2Frecounting-the-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndEcon-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IndEcon_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrington" class="citation web cs1">Arrington, Benjamin P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/industry-and-economy-during-the-civil-war.htm">"Industry and Economy during the Civil War"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industry+and+Economy+during+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.aulast=Arrington&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2Findustry-and-economy-during-the-civil-war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1890" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Jefferson (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistoryco00davigoog#page/n544/mode/2up/search/disappeared"><i>Short History of the Confederate States of America</i></a>. Belford co. p. 503<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=Belford+co.&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jefferson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fashorthistoryco00davigoog%23page%2Fn544%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fdisappeared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The constitutionality of the Confederacy's dissolution is open to interpretation at least to the extent that, like the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a>, the Confederate States Constitution did not grant anyone (including the President) the power to dissolve the country. However, May 5, 1865, was the last day anyone holding a Confederate office recognized by the secessionist governments attempted to exercise executive, legislative, or judicial power under the C.S. Constitution. For this reason, that date is generally recognized to be the day the Confederate States of America formally dissolved.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blight2009-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blight2009_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_W._Blight2009" class="citation book cs1">David W. Blight (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3R-yvmpYaqAC&pg=PA259"><i>Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02209-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02209-6"><bdi>978-0-674-02209-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Reunion%3A+The+Civil+War+in+American+Memory&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02209-6&rft.au=David+W.+Blight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3R-yvmpYaqAC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strother2017-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strother2017_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrotherPistonOgorzalek" class="citation journal cs1">Strother, Logan; Piston, Spencer; Ogorzalek, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34155396">"Pride or Prejudice? Racial Prejudice, Southern Heritage, and White Support for the Confederate Battle Flag"</a>. <i>academia.edu</i>: 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=Pride+or+Prejudice%3F+Racial+Prejudice%2C+Southern+Heritage%2C+and+White+Support+for+the+Confederate+Battle+Flag&rft.pages=7&rft.aulast=Strother&rft.aufirst=Logan&rft.au=Piston%2C+Spencer&rft.au=Ogorzalek%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34155396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgorzalekPistonStrother2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ogorzalek, Thomas; Piston, Spencer; Strother, Logan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1742058X17000017">"Pride or Prejudice?: Racial Prejudice, Southern Heritage, and White Support for the Confederate Battle Flag"</a>. <i>Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 295–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1742058X17000017">10.1017/S1742058X17000017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-058X">1742-058X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Du+Bois+Review%3A+Social+Science+Research+on+Race&rft.atitle=Pride+or+Prejudice%3F%3A+Racial+Prejudice%2C+Southern+Heritage%2C+and+White+Support+for+the+Confederate+Battle+Flag&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=295-323&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1742058X17000017&rft.issn=1742-058X&rft.aulast=Ogorzalek&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Piston%2C+Spencer&rft.au=Strother%2C+Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1742058X17000017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2012" class="citation journal cs1">Woods, M. E. (August 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jas272">"What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a></i>. <b>99</b> (2): 415–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjas272">10.1093/jahist/jas272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723">0021-8723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=What+Twenty-First-Century+Historians+Have+Said+about+the+Causes+of+Disunion%3A+A+Civil+War+Sesquicentennial+Review+of+the+Recent+Literature&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=415-439&rft.date=2012-08-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjas272&rft.issn=0021-8723&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjas272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aaron Sheehan-Dean, "A Book for Every Perspective: Current Civil War and Reconstruction Textbooks", <i>Civil War History</i> (2005) 51#3 pp. 317–324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Loewen, James W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23210244">"Using Confederate Documents to Teach About Secession, Slavery, and the Origins of the Civil War"</a>. <i>OAH Magazine of History</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 35–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foahmag%2Foar002">10.1093/oahmag/oar002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-228X">0882-228X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23210244">23210244</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407021438/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23210244">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2023</span>. <q>Confederate leaders themselves made it plain that slavery was the key issue sparking secession.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OAH+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=Using+Confederate+Documents+to+Teach+About+Secession%2C+Slavery%2C+and+the+Origins+of+the+Civil+War&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=35-44&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0882-228X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23210244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foahmag%2Foar002&rft.aulast=Loewen&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23210244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Brien2002qs-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien2002qs_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Karl_O'Brien2002" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Karl O'Brien (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA184"><i>Atlas of World History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521921-0"><bdi>978-0-19-521921-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905202421/https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA184">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+History&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521921-0&rft.au=Patrick+Karl+O%27Brien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffZy5tDjaUkC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John McCardell, <i>The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830–1860</i> (1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan-Mary Grant, <i>North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_R._Varon" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth R. Varon">Elizabeth R. Varon</a>, Bruce Levine, Marc Egnal, and Michael Holt at a plenary session of the organization of American Historians, March 17, 2011, reported by David A. Walsh "Highlights from the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Houston, Texas" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnn.us/articles/137673.html">HNN online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204081355/http://hnn.us/articles/137673.html">Archived</a> December 4, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter, David M., <i>The Impending Crisis</i>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freehling-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freehling_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freehling_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freehling_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freehling_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Freehling, p. 503</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_D._Wright2013" class="citation book cs1">John D. Wright (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_wpKWzSmvUC&pg=PA150"><i>The Routledge Encyclopedia of Civil War Era Biographies</i></a>. Routledge. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415878036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415878036"><bdi>978-0415878036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Civil+War+Era+Biographies&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0415878036&rft.au=John+D.+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_wpKWzSmvUC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Potter, <i>The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861</i> (1976) pp. 484–514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter, pp. 448–484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thomas1979" pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thomas1979" pp. 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoski2005" class="citation book cs1">Coski, John M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&q=%22men+carrying+the+battle+flag+preserved+and+perpetuated+the+Confederate+cause+and+their+flag+became+the+symbol+of+Confederate+nationalism%22&pg=PA20"><i>The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 23–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674029866" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674029866"><bdi>978-0674029866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Battle+Flag%3A+America%27s+Most+Embattled+Emblem&rft.pages=23-27&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0674029866&rft.aulast=Coski&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzs0VJTbNwfAC%26q%3D%2522men%2Bcarrying%2Bthe%2Bbattle%2Bflag%2Bpreserved%2Band%2Bperpetuated%2Bthe%2BConfederate%2Bcause%2Band%2Btheir%2Bflag%2Bbecame%2Bthe%2Bsymbol%2Bof%2BConfederate%2Bnationalism%2522%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1860">"1860 Presidential General Election Results"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1860+Presidential+General+Election+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-personal.tcu.edu-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-personal.tcu.edu_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personal.tcu.edu/swoodworth/Crofts.htm">"Reluctant Confederates"</a>. Personal.tcu.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reluctant+Confederates&rft.pub=Personal.tcu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.tcu.edu%2Fswoodworth%2FCrofts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulter1950" class="citation book cs1">Coulter, E. Merton (1950). <i>The Confederate States of America 1861–1865</i>. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+States+of+America+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=E.+Merton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraven" class="citation book cs1">Craven, Avery O. <i>The Growth of Southern Nationalism 1848–1861</i>. p. 390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Southern+Nationalism+1848%E2%80%931861&rft.pages=390&rft.aulast=Craven&rft.aufirst=Avery+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thomas1979" pp. 59, 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Why?-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Why?_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Why?_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_W._Loewen2015" class="citation news cs1">James W. Loewen (July 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/07/01/why-do-people-believe-myths-about-the-confederacy-because-our-textbooks-and-monuments-are-wrong/">"Why do people believe myths about the Confederacy? Because our textbooks and monuments are wrong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+do+people+believe+myths+about+the+Confederacy%3F+Because+our+textbooks+and+monuments+are+wrong.&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.au=James+W.+Loewen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2015%2F07%2F01%2Fwhy-do-people-believe-myths-about-the-confederacy-because-our-textbooks-and-monuments-are-wrong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Journal and Proceedings of the Missouri State Convention Held at Jefferson City and St. Louis, March 1861</i>, George Knapp & Co., 1861, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene Morrow Violette, <i>A History of Missouri</i> (1918), pp. 393–395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308171406/http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/primarysources/secessionacts.html">"Secession Acts of the Thirteen Confederate States"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/primarysources/secessionacts.html">the original</a> on March 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secession+Acts+of+the+Thirteen+Confederate+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwar.org%2Feducation%2Fhistory%2Fprimarysources%2Fsecessionacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/misouord.htm">Missouri's Ordinance of Secession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190940/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/misouord.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._C._Greene1998" class="citation book cs1">A. C. Greene (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeSi31_W8H4C&pg=PA27"><i>Sketches from the Five States of Texas</i></a>. Texas A&M UP. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0890968536" title="Special:BookSources/978-0890968536"><bdi>978-0890968536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+from+the+Five+States+of+Texas&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+UP&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0890968536&rft.au=A.+C.+Greene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeSi31_W8H4C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilfred_Buck_Yearns2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilfred Buck Yearns (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rV-XNj4eJ3wC&pg=PA43"><i>The Confederate Congress</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0820334769" title="Special:BookSources/978-0820334769"><bdi>978-0820334769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Congress&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0820334769&rft.au=Wilfred+Buck+Yearns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrV-XNj4eJ3wC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crofts p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crofts pp. 337–338, quoting the North Carolina politician <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Worth_(Governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Worth (Governor)">Jonathan Worth</a> (1802–1869).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/scord.htm">South Carolina's Ordinance of Secession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190955/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/scord.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Also, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/southcar/south.html">"South Carolina documents including signatories"</a>. Docsouth.unc.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Carolina+documents+including+signatories&rft.pub=Docsouth.unc.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Fimls%2Fsouthcar%2Fsouth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/msord.htm">Mississippi's Ordinance of Secession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190945/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/msord.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/flord.htm">Florida's Ordinance of Secession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190920/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/flord.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/alord.htm">Alabama's Ordinance of Secession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190910/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/alord.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/gaord.htm">Georgia's Ordinance of Secession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190928/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/gaord.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/laord.htm">Louisiana's Ordinance of Secession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190935/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/laord.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/txordnan.htm">Texas' Ordinance of Secession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012191030/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/txordnan.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/lincoln-declares-war/">Lincoln's calling-up of the militia of the several States</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/vaord.htm">Virginia's Ordinance of Secession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012191039/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/vaord.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Virginia took two steps toward secession, first by secession convention vote on April 17, 1861, and then by ratification of this by a popular vote conducted on May 23, 1861. A Unionist <a href="/wiki/Restored_government_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored government of Virginia">Restored government of Virginia</a> also operated. Virginia did not turn over its military to the Confederate States until June 8, 1861. The Commonwealth of Virginia ratified the Constitution of the Confederate States on June 19, 1861.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/arord.htm">Arkansas' Ordinance of Secession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190914/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/arord.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/tnord.htm">Tennessee's Ordinance of Secession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012191004/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/tnord.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. Tennessee voters approved the agreement on June 8, 1861.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/ncord.htm">North Carolina's Ordinance of Secession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190953/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/ncord.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curry, Richard Orr, <i>A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia</i>, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown, <i>West Virginia, A History</i>, Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1993, second edition, p. 112. Another way of looking at the results would note the pro-union candidates winning 56% with Bell 20,997, Douglas 5,742, and Lincoln 1,402 versus Breckenridge 21,908. But the "deeply divided sentiment" point remains.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/HISTORY/wvcivilwar.html">The Civil War in West Virginia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041015135703/http://www.wvculture.org/history/wvcivilwar.html">Archived</a> October 15, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "No other state serves as a better example of this than West Virginia, where there was relatively equal support for the northern and southern causes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snell, Mark A., <i>West Virginia and the Civil War, Mountaineers Are Always Free</i>, History Press, Charleston, South Carolina, 2011, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard, Cynthia Miller, <i>The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619 – January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members</i>, Virginia State Library, Richmond, Virginia, 1978, pp. 478–493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aotc.net/Marxen.htm">"Marx and Engels on the American Civil War"</a>. Army of the Cumberland and George H. Thomas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marx+and+Engels+on+the+American+Civil+War&rft.pub=Army+of+the+Cumberland+and+George+H.+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aotc.net%2FMarxen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarhome.com/csaconstitutionbackground.htm">"Background of the Confederate States Constitution"</a>. Civilwarhome.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+of+the+Confederate+States+Constitution&rft.pub=Civilwarhome.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarhome.com%2Fcsaconstitutionbackground.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glatthaar, Joseph T., <i>General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse</i>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82787-2">978-0-684-82787-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freedmen & Southern Society Project, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm">Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011224131/http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm">Archived</a> October 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Maryland. Retrieved January 4, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowman, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarish1915" class="citation book cs1">Farish, Thomas Edwin (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HkUAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Act+to+organize+the+Territory+of+Arizona%22++Jefferson+Davis&pg=PA96"><i>History of Arizona</i></a>. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Arizona&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Farish&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9HkUAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522Act%2Bto%2Borganize%2Bthe%2BTerritory%2Bof%2BArizona%2522%2B%2BJefferson%2BDavis%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Troy Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v059/59.3.smith.html">"The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory"</a>, <i>Civil War History</i> (2013) 59#3 pp. 279–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurence M. Between Hauptman, <i>Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War</i> (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Texas delegation was seated with full voting rights after its statewide referendum of secession on March 2, 1861. It is generally counted as an "original state" of the Confederacy. Four upper south states declared secession following Lincoln's call for volunteers: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina. "The founders of the Confederacy desired and ideally envisioned a peaceful creation of a new union of all slave-holding states, including the border states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri." Kentucky and Missouri were seated in December 1861. Kenneth C. Martis, <i>The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America 1861–1865</i> (1994) p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The sessions of the Provisional Congress were in Montgomery, Alabama, (1) First Session February 4 – March 10, and (2) Second Session April 29 – May 21, 1861. The Capital was moved to Richmond May 30. The (3) Third Session was held July 20 – August 31. The (4) Fourth Session called for September 3 was never held. The (5) Fifth Session was held November 18, 1861 – February 17, 1862.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martis, <i>Historical Atlas</i>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 101. Virginia was practically promised as a condition of secession by Vice President Stephens. It had rail connections south along the east coast and into the interior, and laterally west into Tennessee, parallel the U.S. border, a navigable river to the Hampton Roads to menace ocean approaches to Washington DC, trade via the Atlantic Ocean, an interior canal to North Carolina sounds. It was a great storehouse of supplies, food, feed, raw materials, and infrastructure of ports, drydocks, armories and the established Tredegar Iron Works. Nevertheless, Virginia never permanently ceded land for the capital district. A local homeowner donated his home to the City of Richmond for use as the Confederate White House, which was in turn rented to the Confederate government for the Jefferson Davis presidential home and administration offices.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martis, <i>Historical Atlas</i>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Sandburg1940" class="citation book cs1">Carl Sandburg (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nL5xCYLFs0C&pg=PA151"><i>Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years</i></a>. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402742880" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402742880"><bdi>978-1402742880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+The+Prairie+Years+and+the+War+Years&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-1402742880&rft.au=Carl+Sandburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_nL5xCYLFs0C%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Lincoln1920" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Lincoln (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hX8_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA542"><i>Abraham Lincoln; Complete Works, Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Miscellaneous Writings</i></a>. Century. p. 542.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3B+Complete+Works%2C+Comprising+His+Speeches%2C+State+Papers%2C+and+Miscellaneous+Writings&rft.pages=542&rft.pub=Century&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Abraham+Lincoln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhX8_AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Violations of the rules of law were precipitated on both sides and can be found in historical accounts of guerrilla war, units in cross-racial combat and captives held in prisoner of war camps, brutal, tragic accounts against both soldiers and civilian populations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis M. Carroll, "The American Civil War and British Intervention: The Threat of Anglo-American Conflict." <i>Canadian Journal of History</i> (2012) 47#1 pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blumenthal (1966) p. 151; Jones (2009) p. 321; Owsley (1959)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Young" title="Robert W. Young">Young, Robert W.</a> (1998). <i>James Murray Mason : defender of the old South</i>. <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Press" title="University of Tennessee Press">University of Tennessee Press</a>. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870499982" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870499982"><bdi>978-0870499982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Murray+Mason+%3A+defender+of+the+old+South&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0870499982&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanders1933" class="citation book cs1">Flanders, Ralph Betts (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015000661366&view=1up&seq=319"><i>Plantation slavery in Georgia</i></a>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plantation+slavery+in+Georgia&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Flanders&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Betts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015000661366%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1853" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Allen" title="William G. Allen">Allen, Wm. G.</a> (July 22, 1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33711948/letter-from-william-g-allen/">"Letter from Professor Wm. G. Allen [dated June 20, 1853]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i>. p. 4 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>. Reprinted in <i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass%27_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Douglass' Paper">Frederick Douglass' Paper</a></i>, August 5, 1853.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Liberator&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Professor+Wm.+G.+Allen+%5Bdated+June+20%2C+1853%5D&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1853-07-22&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Wm.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F33711948%2Fletter-from-william-g-allen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/liverpools-abercromby-square/britain-and-us-civil-war#:~:text=By%20the%20time%20of%20the,start%20of%20the%20Civil%20War.">"British Support During the U.S. Civil War · Liverpool's Abercromby Square and the Confederacy During the U.S. Civil War · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative"</a>. <i>ldhi.library.cofc.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ldhi.library.cofc.edu&rft.atitle=British+Support+During+the+U.S.+Civil+War+%C2%B7+Liverpool%27s+Abercromby+Square+and+the+Confederacy+During+the+U.S.+Civil+War+%C2%B7+Lowcountry+Digital+History+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fldhi.library.cofc.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fliverpools-abercromby-square%2Fbritain-and-us-civil-war%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBy%2520the%2520time%2520of%2520the%2Cstart%2520of%2520the%2520Civil%2520War.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Shannon2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shannon_(historian)" title="Richard Shannon (historian)">Richard Shannon</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9TUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144"><i>Gladstone: God and Politics</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847252036" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847252036"><bdi>978-1847252036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone%3A+God+and+Politics&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1847252036&rft.au=Richard+Shannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9TUAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Paterson, et al. <i>American foreign relations: A history, to 1920: Volume 1</i> (2009) pp. 149–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Jones, <i>Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War</i> (2002), p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentry1970" class="citation journal cs1">Gentry, Judith Fenner (1970). "A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan". <i>The Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 157–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2205869">10.2307/2205869</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2205869">2205869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=A+Confederate+Success+in+Europe%3A+The+Erlanger+Loan&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-188&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2205869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2205869%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gentry&rft.aufirst=Judith+Fenner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebergott1981" class="citation journal cs1">Lebergott, Stanley (1981). "Through the Blockade: The Profitability and Extent of Cotton Smuggling, 1861–1865". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 867–888. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700044946">10.1017/S0022050700044946</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2120650">2120650</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154654909">154654909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Through+the+Blockade%3A+The+Profitability+and+Extent+of+Cotton+Smuggling%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=867-888&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154654909%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2120650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700044946&rft.aulast=Lebergott&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander DeConde, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of American foreign policy</i> (2001) vol. 1 p. 202 and Stephen R. Wise, <i>Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War</i>, (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kq7diciSsQC&pg=PA86">p. 86</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise, Stephen R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kq7diciSsQC"><i>Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press, 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-799-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-799-3">978-0-87249-799-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kq7diciSsQC&pg=PA86">p. 86</a>. An example of agents working openly occurred in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a> in Bermuda, where a Confederate agent openly worked to help blockade runners.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m7c7AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA227"><i>The American Catholic Historical Researches</i></a>. 1901. pp. 27–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Catholic+Historical+Researches&rft.pages=27-28&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm7c7AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don H. Doyle, <i>The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War</i> (2014) pp. 257–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thomas1979" pp. 219–221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholars such as Emory M. Thomas have characterized Girard's book as "more propaganda than anything else, but Girard caught one essential truth", the quote referenced. "Thomas1979" p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremantle1864" class="citation book cs1">Fremantle, Arthur (1864). <i>Three Months in the Southern States</i>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1429016667" title="Special:BookSources/978-1429016667"><bdi>978-1429016667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Months+in+the+Southern+States&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1864&rft.isbn=978-1429016667&rft.aulast=Fremantle&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thomas1979" p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson,_James_D.1905" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, James D., ed. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acompilationmes74richgoog"><i>A compilation of the messages and papers of the Confederacy: including the diplomatic correspondence, 1861–1865</i></a>. Volume II. Nashville: United States Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acompilationmes74richgoog/page/n715">697</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+compilation+of+the+messages+and+papers+of+the+Confederacy%3A+including+the+diplomatic+correspondence%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=697&rft.pub=United+States+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facompilationmes74richgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-levine-248-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-levine-248_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2013" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Bruce (2013). <i>The Fall of the House of Dixie</i>. Random House. p. 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+House+of+Dixie&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spain-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spain_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spain_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://accessible.com/accessible/docButton?AAWhat=builtPage&AAWhere=THECHARLESTONMERCURY.18610912_001.image&AABeanName=toc1&AANextPage=/printBuiltImagePage.jsp">"Spain and the Confederate States"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Mercury" title="Charleston Mercury">Charleston Mercury</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>)</i>. September 12, 1861. p. 1 – via accessiblearchives.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Charleston+Mercury+%28Charleston%2C+South+Carolina%29&rft.atitle=Spain+and+the+Confederate+States&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1861-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faccessible.com%2Faccessible%2FdocButton%3FAAWhat%3DbuiltPage%26AAWhere%3DTHECHARLESTONMERCURY.18610912_001.image%26AABeanName%3Dtoc1%26AANextPage%3D%2FprintBuiltImagePage.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1906" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Virginia (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publiclifediplom00masonva/page/202/mode/2up"><i>The public life and diplomatic correspondence of James M. Mason</i></a>. New York and Washington, The Neale publishing company. p. 203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+public+life+and+diplomatic+correspondence+of+James+M.+Mason&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=New+York+and+Washington%2C+The+Neale+publishing+company&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpubliclifediplom00masonva%2Fpage%2F202%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. May, "The irony of confederate diplomacy: visions of empire, the Monroe doctrine, and the quest for nationhood." <i>Journal of Southern History</i> 83.1 (2017): 69–106 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/647290/summary">excerpt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_PermanAmy_Murrell_Taylor2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael Perman; Amy Murrell Taylor, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5rPbZT_hrncC&pg=PA178"><i>Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction</i></a>. Cengage. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618875207" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618875207"><bdi>978-0618875207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Problems+in+the+Civil+War+and+Reconstruction&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0618875207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5rPbZT_hrncC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James McPherson, <i>For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War</i> (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 342–343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_M._McPherson_Professor_of_American_History_Princeton_University1996" class="citation book cs1">James M. McPherson Professor of American History Princeton University (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KejHFo7A8eQC&pg=PA152"><i>Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War: Reflections on the American Civil War</i></a>. Oxford U.P. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199727834" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199727834"><bdi>978-0199727834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawn+with+the+Sword%3A+Reflections+on+the+American+Civil+War%3A+Reflections+on+the+American+Civil+War&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0199727834&rft.au=James+M.+McPherson+Professor+of+American+History+Princeton+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKejHFo7A8eQC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 348. "The enemy could not hold territory, a hostile people would close in behind. The Confederacy still existed wherever there was an army under her unfurled banners."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 333–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 286. After capture by Federals, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee#19th_century" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, TN became a major source of supply for Confederate armies, comparable to Nassau and its <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">blockade runners</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 306. Confederate units harassed them throughout the war years by laying torpedo mines and loosing barrages from shoreline batteries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 287–288. The principal ports on the Atlantic were <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington, North Carolina in the American Civil War">Wilmington</a>, North Carolina, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina#Civil_War_(1861–1865)" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, South Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia for supplies from Europe via Bermuda and Nassau. On the Gulf were Galveston, Texas and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a>, Louisiana for those from Havana, Cuba and Mexican ports of Tampico and Vera Cruz.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 296, 304. Two days later Lincoln proclaimed a blockade, declaring them pirates. Davis responded with <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_marque" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of marque">letters of marque</a> to protect privateers from outlaw status. Some of the early raiders were converted merchantmen seized in Southern ports at the outbreak of the war</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 299–302. The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service#Torpedo_Bureau" title="Confederate Secret Service">Torpedo Bureau</a> seeded defensive water-borne mines in principal harbors and rivers to compromise the Union naval superiority. These "torpedoes" were said to have caused more loss in U.S. naval ships and transports than by any other cause. Despite a rage for Congressional appropriations and public "subscription ironclads", armored platforms constructed in blockaded ports lacked the requisite marine engines to become ironclad warships. The armored platforms intended to become ironclads were employed instead as floating batteries for port city defense.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Burton Moore, <i>Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy</i> (1924)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navyandmarine.org/ondeck/1862blackCSN.htm">"1862blackCSN"</a>. <i>navyandmarine.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=navyandmarine.org&rft.atitle=1862blackCSN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navyandmarine.org%2Fondeck%2F1862blackCSN.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph T. Glatthaar, <i>Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia: A Statistical Portrait of the Troops Who Served under Robert E. Lee</i> (2011) p. 3, ch. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, E. Merton, <i>The Confederate States of America: 1861–1865</i>, op. cit., pp. 313–315, 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_L._Brophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred L. Brophy">Alfred L. Brophy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/necessity-knows-no-law.pdf"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Necessity Knows No Law': Vested Rights and the Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription Cases"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Law_Journal" title="Mississippi Law Journal">Mississippi Law Journal</a></i> (2000) 69: 1123–1180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_V._Ash2010" class="citation book cs1">Stephen V. Ash (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6BURiBt340C&pg=PA43"><i>The Black Experience in the Civil War South</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275985240" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275985240"><bdi>978-0275985240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Experience+in+the+Civil+War+South&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0275985240&rft.au=Stephen+V.+Ash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6BURiBt340C%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubin p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 308–311. The patchwork recruitment was (a) with and without state militia enrolment, (b) state Governor sponsorship and direct service under Davis, (c) for under six months, one year, three years and the duration of the war. Davis proposed recruitment for some period of years or the duration. Congress and the states equivocated. Governor Brown of Georgia became "the first and most persistent critic" of Confederate centralized military and civil power.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 310–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 328, 330–332. About 90% of West Pointers in the U.S. Army resigned to join the Confederacy. Notably, of Virginia's West Pointers, not 90% but 70% resigned for the Confederacy. Exemplary officers without military training included <a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">John B. Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_B._Forrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan B. Forrest">Nathan B. Forrest</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">James J. Pettigrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">John H. Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turner_Ashby" title="Turner Ashby">Turner Ashby</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">John S. Mosby</a>. Most preliminary officer training was had from Hardee's "Tactics", and thereafter by observation and experience in battle. The Confederacy had no officers training camps or military academies, although early on, cadets of the Virginia Military Institute and other military schools drilled enlisted troops in battlefield evolutions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 310–311. Early 1862 "dried up the enthusiasm to volunteer" due to the impact of victory's battle casualties, the humiliation of defeats and the dislike of camp life with its monotony, confinement and mortal diseases. Immediately following the great victory at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">Battle of Manassas</a>, many believed the war was won and there was no need for more troops. Then the new year brought defeat over February 6–23: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry_(site_of_the_Battle_of_Fort_Henry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Henry (site of the Battle of Fort Henry)">Fort Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roanoke_Island" title="Battle of Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Donelson" title="Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a>, Nashville—the first capital to fall. Among some not yet in uniform, the less victorious "Cause" seemed less glorious.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 312. The government funded parades and newspaper ad campaigns, $2,000,000 for recruitment in Kentucky alone. With a state-enacted draft, Governor Brown with a quota of 12,000 raised 22,000 Georgia militia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 313, 332. Officially dropping 425 officers by board review in October was followed immediately by 1,300 "resignations". Some officers who resigned then served honorably as enlisted for the duration or until they were made casualties, others resigned and returned home until conscription.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 313–314. Military officers including Joseph E. Johnston and Robert E. Lee, advocated conscription. In the circumstances they persuaded Congressmen and newspaper editors. Some editors advocating conscription in early 1862 later became "savage critics of conscription and of Davis for his enforcement of it: Yancey of Alabama, Rhett of the Charleston 'Mercury', Pollard of the Richmond 'Examiner', and Senator Wigfall of Texas".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 313–314, 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 315–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 320. One such exemption was allowed for every 20 slaves on a plantation, the May 1863 reform required previous occupation and that the plantation of 20 slaves (or group of plantations within a five-mile area) had not been subdivided after the first exemption of April 1862.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 317–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederates States of America</i>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 322–324, 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 323–325, 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rable (1994) p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Leech" title="Margaret Leech">Margaret Leech</a>, <i>Reveille in Washington</i> (1942)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens1870" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stephens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stephens">Stephens, Alexander H.</a> (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionalview02steprich"><i>A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: National Pub. Co.; Chicago: Zeigler, McCurdy. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionalview02steprich/page/36">36</a>. <q>I maintain that it was inaugurated and begun, though no blow had been struck, when the hostile fleet, styled the 'Relief Squadron', with eleven ships, carrying two hundred and eighty-five guns and two thousand four hundred men, was sent out from New York and Norfolk, with orders from the authorities at Washington, to reinforce Fort Sumter peaceably, if permitted 'but forcibly if they must' ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Constitutional+View+of+the+Late+War+Between+the+States&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Philadelphia%3A+National+Pub.+Co.%3B+Chicago%3A+Zeigler%2C+McCurdy&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Alexander+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionalview02steprich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span> After the war, Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens maintained that Lincoln's attempt to resupply Sumter was a disguised reinforcement and had provoked the war.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LincolnCallToArms-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LincolnCallToArms_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarhome.com/lincolntroops.htm">Lincoln's proclamation calling for troops from the remaining states</a> (bottom of page); Department of War details to States (top).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 352–353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;q1=red%20house;rgn=full%20text;idno=waro0005;didno=waro0005;view=image;seq=0580"><i>The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies; Series 1</i></a>. Vol. 5. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+a+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies%3B+Series+1&rft.pages=56&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dmoawar%3Bcc%3Dmoawar%3Bq1%3Dred%2520house%3Brgn%3Dfull%2520text%3Bidno%3Dwaro0005%3Bdidno%3Dwaro0005%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bseq%3D0580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span>4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown, <i>West Virginia, A History</i>, University of Kentucky Press, 1993, 2nd ed., p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glatthaar, Joseph T., <i>General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse,</i> Free Press 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82787-2">978-0-684-82787-2</a>, p. xiv. Inflicting intolerable casualties on invading Federal armies was a Confederate strategy to make the northern Unionists relent in their pursuit of restoring the Union.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambler, Charles, <i>Francis H. Pierpont: Union War Governor of Virginia and Father of West Virginia</i>, Univ. of North Carolina, 1937, p. 419, note 36. Letter of Adjutant General Henry L. Samuels, August 22, 1862, to Gov. Francis Pierpont listing 22 of 48 counties under sufficient control for soldier recruitment.<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsb&fileName=037/llsb037.db&recNum=1996"><i>Congressional Globe,</i> 37th Congress, 3rd Session, Senate Bill S.531, February 14, 1863</a> "A bill supplemental to the act entitled 'An act for the Admission of the State of 'West Virginia' into the Union, and for other purposes' which would include the counties of "Boone, Logan, Wyoming, Mercer, McDowell, Pocahontas, Raleigh, Greenbrier, Monroe, Pendleton, Fayette, Nicholas, and Clay, now in the possession of the so-called confederate government".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martis, <i>Historical Atlas</i>, p. 27. In the Mississippi River Valley, during the first half of February, central Tennessee's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Henry" title="Battle of Fort Henry">Fort Henry</a> was lost and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a> fell with a small army. By the end of the month, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_american_civil_war#Twin_Rivers_Campaign_of_1862" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee in the american civil war">Nashville</a>, Tennessee was the first conquered Confederate state capital. On April 6–7, Federals turned back the Confederate offensive at the Battle of Shiloh, and three days later <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Island_Number_Ten" title="Battle of Island Number Ten">Island Number 10</a>, controlling the upper Mississippi River, fell to a combined Army and Naval gunboat siege of three weeks. Federal occupation of Confederate territory expanded to include northwestern Arkansas, south down the Mississippi River and east up the Tennessee River. The Confederate River Defense fleet sank two Union ships at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plum_Point_Bend" title="Battle of Plum Point Bend">Plum Point Bend</a> (naval Fort Pillow), but they withdrew and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pillow,_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Pillow, Tennessee">Fort Pillow</a> was captured downriver.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martis28-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martis28_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martis28_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martis28_166-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martis28_166-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martis, <i>Historical Atlas</i>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martis27-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martis27_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martis27_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martis, <i>Historical Atlas</i>, p. 27. Federal occupation expanded into northern Virginia, and their control of the Mississippi extended south to Nashville, Tennessee.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 354. Federal sea-based amphibious forces captured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roanoke_Island" title="Battle of Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a>, North Carolina along with a large garrison in February. In March, Confederates abandoned forts at <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Island" title="Amelia Island">Fernandia</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_in_the_American_Civil_War#Early_war" title="St. Augustine in the American Civil War">St. Augustine</a> Florida, and lost <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Berne" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of New Berne">New Berne</a>, North Carolina. In April, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_New_Orleans" title="Capture of New Orleans">New Orleans</a> fell and Savannah, Georgia was closed by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pulaski" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Pulaski">Battle of Fort Pulaski</a>. In May retreating Confederates burned their two pre-war Navy yards at Norfolk and Pensacola. See Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 287, 306, 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 294, 296–297. Europeans refused to allow captured U.S. shipping to be sold for the privateers 95% share, so through 1862, Confederate privateering disappeared. The CSA Congress authorized a Volunteer Navy to man cruisers the following year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 288–291. As many as half the Confederate blockade runners had British nationals serving as officers and crew. Confederate regulations required one-third, then one-half of the cargoes to be munitions, food and medicine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 287, 306, 302, 306 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org11-2.htm">CSS Atlanta, USS Atlanta. Navy Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100407154442/http%3A//www%2Ehistory%2Enavy%2Emil/branches/org11%2D2%2Ehtm">Archived</a> April 7, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives. In both events, as with the CSS <i>Virginia</i>, the Navy's bravery and fighting skill was compromised in combat by mechanical failure in the engines or steering. The joint combined Army-Navy defense by General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, and his successor and Commodore <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Tattnall_III" title="Josiah Tattnall III">Josiah Tattnall III</a>, repelled amphibious assault of Savannah for the duration of the war. Union General <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh_Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecumseh Sherman">Tecumseh Sherman</a> captured Savannah from the land side in December 1864. The British blockade runner <a href="/wiki/USS_Atlanta_(1861)#As_Fingal" title="USS Atlanta (1861)"><i>Fingal</i></a> was purchased and converted to the ironclad <a href="/wiki/USS_Atlanta_(1861)" title="USS Atlanta (1861)">CSS <i>Atlanta</i></a>. It made two sorties, was captured by Union forces, repaired, and returned to service as the ironclad USS <i>Atlanta</i> supporting Grant's <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 303. French shipyards built four corvettes, and two ironclad rams for the Confederacy, but the American minister prevented their delivery. British firms contracted to build two additional ironclad rams, but under threat from the U.S., the British government bought them for their own navy. Two of the converted blockade runners effectively raided up and down the Atlantic coast until the end of the war.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 354–356. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign caused the surprised Confederates to destroy their winter camp to mobilize against the threat to their Capital. They burned "a vast amount of supplies" to keep them from falling into enemy hands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevin's analysis of the strategic highpoint of Confederate military scope and effectiveness is in contra-distinction to the conventional "last chance" battlefield imagery of the <a href="/wiki/High-water_mark_of_the_Confederacy" title="High-water mark of the Confederacy">High-water mark of the Confederacy</a> found at "The Angle" of the Battle of Gettysburg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan Nevins, <i>War for the Union</i> (1960) pp. 289–290. Weak national leadership led to disorganized overall direction in contrast to improved organization in Washington. With another 10,000 men Lee and Bragg might have prevailed in the border states, but the local populations did not respond to their pleas to recruit additional soldiers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiceBrown1993" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Otis K.; Brown, Stephen W. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westvirginiahist00rice_0/page/134"><i>West Virginia, A History</i></a> (2nd ed.). Univ. of Kentucky Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westvirginiahist00rice_0/page/134">134–135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1854-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1854-9"><bdi>0-8131-1854-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Virginia%2C+A+History&rft.pages=134-135&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8131-1854-9&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Otis+K.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestvirginiahist00rice_0%2Fpage%2F134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/journal_wvh/wvh23-1.html">"The Civil War Comes to Charleston"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+Comes+to+Charleston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Fjournal_wvh%2Fwvh23-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 297–298. They were required to supply their own ships and equipment, but they received 90% of their captures at auction, 25% of any U.S. warships or transports captured or destroyed. Confederate cruisers raided merchant ship commerce but for one exception in 1864.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 305–306. The most successful Confederate merchant raider 1863–1864, <a href="/wiki/CSS_Alabama" title="CSS Alabama">CSS <i>Alabama</i></a> had ranged the Atlantic for two years, sinking 58 vessels worth $6,54,000 [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>?</i>], but she was trapped and sunk in June by the chain-clad <a href="/wiki/USS_Kearsarge_(1861)" title="USS Kearsarge (1861)">USS <i>Kearsarge</i></a> off Cherbourg, France.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, in 1862, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org11-2.htm">CSS Atlanta, USS Atlanta. Navy Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100407154442/http%3A//www%2Ehistory%2Enavy%2Emil/branches/org11%2D2%2Ehtm">Archived</a> April 7, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives, in 1863 the ironclad <a href="/wiki/CSS_Savannah_(ironclad)" title="CSS Savannah (ironclad)">CSS <i>Savannah</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Elizabeth Massey, <i>Refugee Life in the Confederacy</i> (1964)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoote1974" class="citation book cs1">Foote, Shelby (1974). <i>The Civil War, a narrative: Vol III</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 967. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74622-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-74622-8"><bdi>0-394-74622-8</bdi></a>. <q>Sherman was closing in on Raleigh, whose occupation tomorrow would make it the ninth of the eleven seceded state capitals to feel the tread of the invader. All, that is, but Austin and Tallahassee, whose survival was less the result of their ability to resist than it was of Federal oversight or disinterest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War%2C+a+narrative%3A+Vol+III&rft.pages=967&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-394-74622-8&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=Shelby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 323–325, 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The French-built ironclad <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_K%C5%8Dtetsu#American_career_as_CSS_Stonewall" title="Japanese ironclad Kōtetsu">CSS <i>Stonewall</i></a> had been purchased from Denmark and set sail from Spain in March. The crew of the <a href="/wiki/CSS_Shenandoah" title="CSS Shenandoah">CSS <i>Shenandoah</i></a> hauled down the last Confederate flag at Liverpool in the UK on November 5, 1865. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_BaldwinRon_Powers2008" class="citation book cs1">John Baldwin; Ron Powers (May 2008). <i>Last Flag Down: The Epic Journey of the Last Confederate Warship</i>. Three Rivers Press. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23656-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23656-2"><bdi>978-0-307-23656-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Flag+Down%3A+The+Epic+Journey+of+the+Last+Confederate+Warship&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2008-05&rft.isbn=978-0-307-23656-2&rft.au=John+Baldwin&rft.au=Ron+Powers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Government Printing Office, <i>Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion</i>, United States Naval War Records Office, United States Office of Naval Records and Library, 1894 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> </i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a><i>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallagher p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Jefferson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistoryco00davigoog#page/n544/mode/2up/search/surrender+at+Appomattox"><i>A Short History of the Confederate States of America</i></a>, 1890, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-175-82358-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-175-82358-8">978-1-175-82358-8</a>. Available free online as an ebook. Chapter LXXXVIII, "Re-establishment of the Union by force", p. 503. Retrieved March 14, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dal_Lago2018-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dal_Lago2018_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDal_Lago2018" class="citation book cs1">Dal Lago, Enrico (2018). <i>Civil War and Agrarian Unrest: The Confederate South and Southern Italy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108340625" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108340625"><bdi>978-1108340625</bdi></a>. <q>[T]he slaveholding elites' project of Confederate nation building—very likely believing the idea that the Confederacy was a 'herrenvolk democracy' or 'democracy of the white race'....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+and+Agrarian+Unrest%3A+The+Confederate+South+and+Southern+Italy&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1108340625&rft.aulast=Dal+Lago&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McPherson1997-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McPherson1997_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._McPherson1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">M. McPherson, James</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/For_Cause_and_Comrades:_Why_Men_Fought_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War"><i>For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 106, 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124996" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124996"><bdi>978-0195124996</bdi></a>. <q>Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their own liberty while holding other people in slavery. Indeed, white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers fought.... Herrenvolk democracy—the equality of all who belonged to the master race—was a powerful motivator for many Confederate soldiers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Cause+and+Comrades%3A+Why+Men+Fought+in+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=106%2C+109&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0195124996&rft.aulast=M.+McPherson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 22. The Texas delegation had four in the U.S. Congress, seven in the Montgomery Convention.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, p. 23. While the Texas delegation was seated, and is counted in the "original seven" states of the Confederacy, its referendum to ratify secession had not taken place, so its delegates did not yet vote on instructions from their state legislature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 23–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 25, 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martis-1994-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martis-1994_199-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martis-1994_199-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartis1994" class="citation book cs1">Martis, Kenneth C. (1994). <i>The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861–1865</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-389115-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-389115-1"><bdi>0-13-389115-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Atlas+of+the+Congresses+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America%3A+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-13-389115-1&rft.aulast=Martis&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martis, <i>Historical Atlas</i>, pp. 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martis, <i>Historical Atlas</i>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martis, <i>Historical Atlas</i>, pp. 90–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103033519/http://www.albanylaw.edu/sub.php?navigation_id=821">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Legal Materials on the Confederate States of America in the Schaffer Law Library", Albany Law School"</a>. Albanylaw.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanylaw.edu/sub.php?navigation_id=821">the original</a> on November 3, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Legal+Materials+on+the+Confederate+States+of+America+in+the+Schaffer+Law+Library%22%2C+Albany+Law+School&rft.pub=Albanylaw.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanylaw.edu%2Fsub.php%3Fnavigation_id%3D821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceJud-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceJud_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America#a3-s1" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Confederate States of America">Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library</a></span>. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moise,_E._Warren_2003-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moise,_E._Warren_2003_205-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moise,_E._Warren_2003_205-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Moise, E. Warren, Rebellion in the Temple of Justice (iUniverse 2003)]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/021.html">"Records of District Courts of the United States, National Archives"</a>. Archives.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+of+District+Courts+of+the+United+States%2C+National+Archives&rft.pub=Archives.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Flavius McCaleb, "The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy." <i>American Historical Review</i> 12#1 (1906), pp. 66–74 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832885">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._Postal_used_in_the_Confederacy-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Postal_used_in_the_Confederacy_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329131022/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=&tid=2040514">"U.S. Postal Issue Used in the Confederacy (1893)"</a>. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=&tid=2040514">the original</a> on March 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Postal+Issue+Used+in+the+Confederacy+%281893%29&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Postal+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farago.si.edu%2Findex.asp%3Fcon%3D1%26cmd%3D1%26mode%3D%26tid%3D2040514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaleb1906" class="citation journal cs1">McCaleb, Walter Flavius (1906). "The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 66–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832885">10.2307/1832885</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832885">1832885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Organization+of+the+Post-Office+Department+of+the+Confederacy&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-74&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1832885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1832885%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McCaleb&rft.aufirst=Walter+Flavius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison1915" class="citation journal cs1">Garrison, L. R. (1915). "Administrative Problems of the Confederate Post Office Department, I". <i>The Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 111–141. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30234666">30234666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Administrative+Problems+of+the+Confederate+Post+Office+Department%2C+I&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-141&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30234666%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=L.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison1916" class="citation journal cs1">Garrison, L. R. (1916). "Administrative Problems of the Confederate Post Office Department, II". <i>The Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 232–250. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30237275">30237275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Administrative+Problems+of+the+Confederate+Post+Office+Department%2C+II&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=232-250&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30237275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=L.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Confederate_States_Post_Office-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Confederate_States_Post_Office_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720043556/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2027888">"Confederate States Post Office"</a>. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2027888">the original</a> on July 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confederate+States+Post+Office&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Postal+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farago.si.edu%2Findex.asp%3Fcon%3D1%26cmd%3D1%26tid%3D2027888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neely (1999) p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neely (1999) p. 172. Neely notes that. "Most surprising of all, the Confederacy at a greater rate than the North arrested persons who held opposition political views at least in part because they held them, despite the Confederacy's vaunted lack of political parties. Such arrests were more common before 1863 while memories of the votes on secession remained fresh."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neely (1993) pp. 11, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley1938" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, Bell Irvin (1938). <i>Southern Negroes, 1861–1865</i>. pp. 21, 66–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Negroes%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.pages=21%2C+66-69&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Bell+Irvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartha_S._Putney2003" class="citation book cs1">Martha S. Putney (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3EcLw6H38kC&pg=PA13"><i>Blacks in the United States Army: Portraits Through History</i></a>. McFarland. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786415939" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786415939"><bdi>978-0786415939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blacks+in+the+United+States+Army%3A+Portraits+Through+History&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0786415939&rft.au=Martha+S.+Putney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3EcLw6H38kC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/african-americans-in-the-civil-war">"African Americans In The Civil War"</a>. <i>History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Net%3A+Where+History+Comes+Alive+%E2%80%93+World+%26+US+History+Online&rft.atitle=African+Americans+In+The+Civil+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fafrican-americans-in-the-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitwack1979" class="citation book cs1">Litwack, Leon F. (1979). <i>Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery</i>. New York: Knopf. pp. 30–36, 105–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50099-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50099-7"><bdi>0-394-50099-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Been+in+the+Storm+So+Long%3A+The+Aftermath+of+Slavery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=30-36%2C+105-166&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-394-50099-7&rft.aulast=Litwack&rft.aufirst=Leon+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVorenberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Vorenberg, Michael, ed. (2010). <i>The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emancipation+Proclamation%3A+A+Brief+History+with+Documents&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolchin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kolchin, Peter (2015). "Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Southern History">Journal of Southern History</a></i>. <b>81</b> (1): 7–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Reexamining+Southern+Emancipation+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-40&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kolchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thomas1979" pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Douglas Hurt, <i>Agriculture and the Confederacy: Policy, Productivity, and Power in the Civil War South</i> (2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_L._Barney2011" class="citation book cs1">William L. Barney (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R6BpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA291"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Civil War</i></a>. Oxford Up. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199878147" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199878147"><bdi>978-0199878147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Oxford+Up&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199878147&rft.au=William+L.+Barney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR6BpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Alexander2010" class="citation book cs1">Leslie Alexander (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uivtCqOlpTsC&pg=PA351"><i>Encyclopedia of African American History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851097746" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851097746"><bdi>978-1851097746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+History&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1851097746&rft.au=Leslie+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuivtCqOlpTsC%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thomas1979" pp. 12–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas <i>The Confederate Nation</i> pp. 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thomas1979" p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Conn_Bryan2009" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Conn Bryan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oeZr20kWbiAC&pg=PA106"><i>Confederate Georgia</i></a>. 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"The Confederacy underwent a government-led industrial revolution during the war, but its economy was slowly strangled."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trains1-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trains1_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankey2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hankey, John P. (2011). "The Railroad War". <i>Trains</i>. <b>71</b> (3). 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j05vwNRXi-0C&pg=PA378"><i>Jefferson Davis, American</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307772640" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307772640"><bdi>978-0307772640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson+Davis%2C+American&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0307772640&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj05vwNRXi-0C%26pg%3DPA378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurdekinLangdana1993" class="citation journal cs1">Burdekin, Richard; Langdana, Farrokh (1993). "War Finance in the Southern Confederacy, 1861–1865". <i>Explorations in Economic History</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 352–376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fexeh.1993.1015">10.1006/exeh.1993.1015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=War+Finance+in+the+Southern+Confederacy%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=352-376&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fexeh.1993.1015&rft.aulast=Burdekin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Langdana%2C+Farrokh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2001" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John D. 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Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mothersofinventi00faus/page/139">139–152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2255-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2255-8"><bdi>0-8078-2255-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mothers+of+Invention%3A+Women+of+the+Slaveholding+South+in+the+American+Civil+War&rft.pages=139-152&rft.pub=Chapel+Hill+%3A+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8078-2255-8&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Drew+Gilpin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmothersofinventi00faus%2Fpage%2F139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabour2007" class="citation book cs1">Jabour, Anya (2007). <i>Scarlett's Sisters: Young Women in the Old South</i>. 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Second National Flag, "the stainless banner" references, Devereaux D. Cannon, Jr., The Flags of the Confederacy, An Illustrated History (St. Lukes Press, 1988), 22–24. Section Heading "Second and Third National Flags". Retrieved October 4, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sansing, David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/107/history-of-the-confederate-flags%7CA">Brief History of the Confederate Flags</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224053317/http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/107/history-of-the-confederate-flags%7CA">Archived</a> February 24, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at "Mississippi History Now" online Mississippi Historical Socie ty. Third National Flag, "the bloodstained banner" references 19. Southern Historical Society Papers (cited hereafter as SHSP, volume number, date for the first entry, and page number), 24, 118. Section Heading "Second and Third National Flags". Retrieved October 4, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_260-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_260-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_260-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErin_Blakemore2021" class="citation web cs1">Erin Blakemore (January 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217192512/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/how-confederate-battle-flag-became-symbol-racism">"How the Confederate battle flag became an enduring symbol of racism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/how-confederate-battle-flag-became-symbol-racism">the original</a></span> on February 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_px4SAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Disruption of Virginia</i></a>. New York, The Macmillan company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disruption+of+Virginia&rft.pub=New+York%2C+The+Macmillan+company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_px4SAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimring2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zimring, David R. (2009). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Secession in Favor of the Constitution': How West Virginia Justified Separate Statehood during the Civil War". <i>West Virginia History</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 23–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwvh.0.0060">10.1353/wvh.0.0060</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159561246">159561246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+Virginia+History&rft.atitle=%27Secession+in+Favor+of+the+Constitution%27%3A+How+West+Virginia+Justified+Separate+Statehood+during+the+Civil+War&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=23-51&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwvh.0.0060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159561246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zimring&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2005" class="citation journal cs1">Browning, Judkin (2005). "Removing the Mask of Nationality: Unionism, Racism, and Federal Military Occupation in North Carolina, 1862–1865". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Southern History">Journal of Southern History</a></i>. <b>71</b> (3): 589–620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27648821">10.2307/27648821</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27648821">27648821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Removing+the+Mask+of+Nationality%3A+Unionism%2C+Racism%2C+and+Federal+Military+Occupation+in+North+Carolina%2C+1862%E2%80%931865&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=589-620&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27648821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27648821%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Judkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-in_JSTOR-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-in_JSTOR_267-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-in_JSTOR_267-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1947" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, Claude (1947). "Union Sentiment in Texas 1861–1865". <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>50</b> (4): 449–477. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30237490">30237490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Union+Sentiment+in+Texas+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=449-477&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30237490%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Randolph B. <i>Gone to Texas</i>. p. 264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gone+to+Texas&rft.pages=264&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Randolph+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum1998" class="citation book cs1">Baum, Dale (1998). <i>The Shattering of Texas Unionism: Politics in the Lone Star State during the Civil War Era</i>. LSU Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2245-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2245-9"><bdi>0-8071-2245-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shattering+of+Texas+Unionism%3A+Politics+in+the+Lone+Star+State+during+the+Civil+War+Era&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8071-2245-9&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeely1999" class="citation book cs1">Neely, Mark E. Jr. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southernrightspo0000neel"><i>Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism</i></a></span>. University Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-1894-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-1894-4"><bdi>0-8139-1894-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Rights%3A+Political+Prisoners+and+the+Myth+of+Confederate+Constitutionalism&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8139-1894-4&rft.aulast=Neely&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthernrightspo0000neel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1999" class="citation book cs1">Evans, David (March 22, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4vxjHOFflzcC&dq=jim+brownlow's+damned+tennessee+yankees&pg=PA28"><i>Sherman's Horsemen: Union Cavalry Operations in the Atlanta Campaign</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21319-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21319-8"><bdi>978-0-253-21319-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman%27s+Horsemen%3A+Union+Cavalry+Operations+in+the+Atlanta+Campaign&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999-03-22&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21319-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4vxjHOFflzcC%26dq%3Djim%2Bbrownlow%27s%2Bdamned%2Btennessee%2Byankees%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, E. Carele. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2018/12/21/southerner-vs-southerner-union-supporters-below-the-mason-dixon-line/">Southerner vs. Southerner: Union Supporters Below the Mason-Dixon Line</a>. <i>Warfare History Network</i>. Retrieved December 27, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatsWarCost-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StatsWarCost_273-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two-thirds of soldiers' deaths occurred due to disease. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNofi2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Nofi" title="Albert Nofi">Nofi, Al</a> (June 13, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm">"Statistics on the War's Costs"</a>. Louisiana State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm">the original</a> on July 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+on+the+War%27s+Costs&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University&rft.date=2001-06-13&rft.aulast=Nofi&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwc.lsu.edu%2Fother%2Fstats%2Fwarcost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html#y1860">"1860 Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Census.gov. January 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1860+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft.date=2009-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html%23y1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calculated by dividing the number of owners (obtained via the census) by the number of free persons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.weber.edu/kmackay/selected_statistics_on_slavery_i.htm">"Selected Statistics on Slavery in the United States"</a>. <i>faculty.weber.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=faculty.weber.edu&rft.atitle=Selected+Statistics+on+Slavery+in+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.weber.edu%2Fkmackay%2Fselected_statistics_on_slavery_i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figures for Virginia include the future West Virginia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rows may not add to 100% due to rounding</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/php/start.php?year=V1860">All data for this section taken from the University of Virginia Library, Historical Census Browser, Census Data for Year 1860</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011024040/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/php/start.php?year=V1860">Archived</a> October 11, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab09.txt">"U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1860, Internet Release date: June 15, 1998"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Bureau+of+the+Census%2C+Population+of+the+100+Largest+Urban+Places%3A+1860%2C+Internet+Release+date%3A+June+15%2C+1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0027%2Ftab09.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dabney 1990 p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan, eds. <i>Religion and the American Civil War</i> (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195121295">excerpt and text search</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pamela Robinson-Durso, "Chaplains in the Confederate Army." <i>Journal of Church and State</i> 33 (1991): 747+.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Presbyterians in the Confederacy." <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i> 44.3 (1967): 231–255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23517888">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Harrison Daniel, "The Southern Baptists in the Confederacy." <i>Civil War History</i> 6.4 (1960): 389–401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Clinton Prim. "Southern Methodism in the Confederacy". <i>Methodist history</i> 23.4 (1985): 240–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edgar Legare Pennington, "The Confederate Episcopal Church and the Southern Soldiers." <i>Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church</i> 17.4 (1948): 356–383. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42972008">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David T. Gleeson, <i>The Green and the Gray: The Irish in the Confederate States of America</i> (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidney J. Romero, "Louisiana Clergy and the Confederate Army". <i>Louisiana History</i> 2.3 (1961): 277–300. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4230621">4230621</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy". <i>Mississippi Quarterly</i> 17.4 (1964): 179+.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorris1928" class="citation journal cs1">Dorris, J. T. (1928). "Pardoning the Leaders of the Confederacy". <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 3–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1891664">10.2307/1891664</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1891664">1891664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Pardoning+the+Leaders+of+the+Confederacy&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-21&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1891664&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1891664%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dorris&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=72360">"Proclamation 179 – Granting full pardon and amnesty for the offense of treason against the United States during the late Civil War"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122185727/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=72360">Archived</a> November 22, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, December 25, 1868. Accessed July 18, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1926" class="citation journal cs1">Nichols, Roy Franklin (1926). "United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="American Historical Review">American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>31</b> (2): 266–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1838262">10.2307/1838262</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1838262">1838262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=United+States+vs.+Jefferson+Davis%2C+1865%E2%80%931869&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=266-284&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1838262&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1838262%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Roy+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson_Davis2008" class="citation book cs1">Jefferson Davis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCFFUrkgy60C&pg=PA96"><i>The Papers of Jefferson Davis: June 1865 – December 1870</i></a>. Louisiana State UP. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807133415" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807133415"><bdi>978-0807133415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Jefferson+Davis%3A+June+1865+%E2%80%93+December+1870&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+UP&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0807133415&rft.au=Jefferson+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCFFUrkgy60C%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichols, "United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1966" class="citation journal cs1">Deutsch, Eberhard P. (1966). "United States v. Jefferson Davis: Constitutional Issues in the Trial for Treason". <i>American Bar Association Journal</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 139–145. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25723506">25723506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Bar+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=United+States+v.+Jefferson+Davis%3A+Constitutional+Issues+in+the+Trial+for+Treason&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-145&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25723506%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Eberhard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1966" class="citation journal cs1">Deutsch, Eberhard P. (1966). "United States v. Jefferson Davis: Constitutional Issues in the Trial for Treason". <i>American Bar Association Journal</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 263–268. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25723552">25723552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Bar+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=United+States+v.+Jefferson+Davis%3A+Constitutional+Issues+in+the+Trial+for+Treason&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-268&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25723552%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Eberhard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John David Smith, ed. <i>Interpreting American History: Reconstruction</i> (Kent State University Press, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperTerrill2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Cooper,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Cooper, Jr.">Cooper, William J.</a>; Terrill, Tom E. (2009). <i>The American South: a history</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6095-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6095-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-6095-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+South%3A+a+history&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6095-6&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Terrill%2C+Tom+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2003" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Robert Bruce (2003). <i>Legal Cases of the Civil War</i>. Stackpole Books. pp. 155–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-0059-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-0059-3"><bdi>0-8117-0059-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Cases+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=155-159&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8117-0059-3&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Robert+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuczek2006" class="citation book cs1">Zuczek, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H80eQweo0V4C&pg=PA649">"Texas v. White (1869)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 649. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33073-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33073-5"><bdi>0-313-33073-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Texas+v.+White+%281869%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Reconstruction+Era&rft.pages=649&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-33073-5&rft.aulast=Zuczek&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH80eQweo0V4C%26pg%3DPA649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/87/459">"SPROTT v. UNITED STATES"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=SPROTT+v.+UNITED+STATES.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupremecourt%2Ftext%2F87%2F459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-3/section-3/clause-1/treason-clause-doctrine-and-practice">"Treason Clause: Doctrine and Practice"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Treason+Clause%3A+Doctrine+and+Practice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution-conan%2Farticle-3%2Fsection-3%2Fclause-1%2Ftreason-clause-doctrine-and-practice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank_L._Owsley_1925-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank_L._Owsley_1925_303-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwsley1925" class="citation book cs1">Owsley, Frank L. (1925). <i>State Rights in the Confederacy</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Rights+in+the+Confederacy&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Owsley&rft.aufirst=Frank+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thomas1979" p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwsley1925" class="citation journal cs1">Owsley (1925). "Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy". <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 492–525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1895910">10.2307/1895910</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1895910">1895910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Local+Defense+and+the+Overthrow+of+the+Confederacy&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=492-525&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1895910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1895910%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Owsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rable (1994) 257. For a detailed criticism of Owsley's argument see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeringerStillJonesHattaway1986" class="citation book cs1">Beringer, Richard E.; Still, William N. Jr.; Jones, Archer; Hattaway, Herman (1986). <i>Why the South Lost the Civil War</i>. University of Georgia Press. pp. 443–457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+South+Lost+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=443-457&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Beringer&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft.au=Still%2C+William+N.+Jr.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Archer&rft.au=Hattaway%2C+Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span> Brown declaimed against Davis Administration policies: "Almost every act of usurpation of power, or of bad faith, has been conceived, brought forth and nurtured in secret session."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeringer1986" class="citation book cs1">Beringer, Richard; et al. (1986). <i>Why the South Lost the Civil War</i>. University of Georgia Press. pp. 64–83, 424–457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+South+Lost+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=64-83%2C+424-457&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Beringer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2022" class="citation news cs1">Foner, Eric (March 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/08/books/review/ways-and-means-roger-lowenstein.html">"The Hidden Story of the North's Victory in the Civil War"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Hidden+Story+of+the+North%27s+Victory+in+the+Civil+War&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F03%2F08%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fways-and-means-roger-lowenstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google258-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google258_309-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google258_309-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRable1994" class="citation book cs1">Rable (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confederaterepub00geor"><i>The Confederate Republic: A Revolution Against Politics</i></a></span>. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confederaterepub00geor/page/258">258</a>, 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807821442" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807821442"><bdi>978-0807821442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Republic%3A+A+Revolution+Against+Politics&rft.pages=258%2C+259&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0807821442&rft.au=Rable&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfederaterepub00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoretta1999" class="citation journal cs1">Moretta, John (1999). "Pendleton Murrah and States Rights in Civil War Texas". <i>Civil War History</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 126–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.1999.0101">10.1353/cwh.1999.0101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143584568">143584568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Pendleton+Murrah+and+States+Rights+in+Civil+War+Texas&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=126-146&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.1999.0101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143584568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moretta&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1924" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Albert Burton (1924). <i>Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy</i>. p. 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conscription+and+Conflict+in+the+Confederacy&rft.pages=295&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Albert+Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper (2000) p. 462. Rable (1994) pp. 2–3. Rable wrote, "But despite heated arguments and no little friction between the competing political cultures of unity and liberty, antiparty and broader fears about politics in general shaped civic life. These beliefs could obviously not eliminate partisanship or prevent Confederates from holding on to and exploiting old political prejudices ... Even the most bitter foes of the Confederate government, however, refused to form an opposition party, and the Georgia dissidents, to cite the most prominent example, avoided many traditional political activities. Only in North Carolina did there develop anything resembling a party system, and there the central values of the Confederacy's two political cultures had a far more powerful influence on political debate than did organizational maneuvering."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald1996" class="citation book cs1">Donald, David Herbert, ed. (1996). <i>Why the North Won the Civil War</i>. pp. 112–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+North+Won+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=112-113&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span> Potter wrote in his contribution to this book, "Where parties do not exist, criticism of the administration is likely to remain purely an individual matter; therefore the tone of the criticism is likely to be negative, carping, and petty, as it certainly was in the Confederacy. But where there are parties, the opposition group is strongly impelled to formulate real alternative policies and to press for the adoption of these policies on a constructive basis. ... But the absence of a two-party system meant the absence of any available alternative leadership, and the protest votes which were cast in the [1863 Confederate mid-term] election became more expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction rather than implements of a decision to adopt new and different policies for the Confederacy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coulter_pp_105-06-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coulter_pp_105-06_314-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulter_pp_105-06_314-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 105–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey,_2001-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bailey,_2001_315-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred A. Bailey, "E. Merton Coulter", in <i>Reading Southern History: Essays on Interpreters and Interpretations</i>, ed. Glenn Feldman (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001, p. 46).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner, <i>Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory Of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; Revised, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996, p. xii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>Freedom's Lawmakers</i>, p. xii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner, <i>Black Legislators</i>, pp. 119–20, 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscott1992" class="citation book cs1">Escott, Paul (1992). <i>After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism</i>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1807-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1807-9"><bdi>0-8071-1807-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Secession%3A+Jefferson+Davis+and+the+Failure+of+Confederate+Nationalism&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8071-1807-9&rft.aulast=Escott&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The Confederate States of America</i>, pp. 108, 113, 103</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bowman, John S. (ed), <i>The Civil War Almanac</i>, New York: Bison Books, 1983</li> <li>Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., <i>Civil War High Commands</i>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3">0-8047-3641-3</a></li> <li>Martis, Kenneth C. <i>The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America 1861–1865</i> (1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-389115-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-389115-1">0-13-389115-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography of the American Civil War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Confederate States</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" class="extiw" title="wikt:Confederate States of America">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Confederate_States" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Confederate States">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" class="extiw" title="q:Confederate States of America">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Confederate_States_of_America" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Confederate States of America">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Government" class="extiw" title="b:Confederate States Government">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81931" class="extiw" title="d:Q81931">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Civil War Research & Discussion Group – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206024047/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/canu/"><i>Confederate States of Am. Army and Navy Uniforms</i></a>, 1861</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206024037/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/AP2xC84/"><i>The Countryman</i>, 1862–1866</a>, published weekly by Turnwold, Ga., edited by J.A. Turner</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111231646/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ccsus/"><i>The Federal and the Confederate Constitution Compared</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libs.uga.edu/hargrett/selections/confed/confed.html">Photographs of the original Confederate Constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303004450/http://www.libs.uga.edu/hargrett/selections/confed/confed.html">Archived</a> March 3, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and other Civil War documents owned by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libs.uga.edu/hargrett/speccoll.html">Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429160002/http://www.libs.uga.edu/hargrett/speccoll.html">Archived</a> April 29, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libs.uga.edu/">University of Georgia Libraries</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206024042/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/E468x7xM647/"><i>Photographic History of the Civil War</i>, 10 vols., 1912.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/index.html">DocSouth: Documenting the American South</a> – numerous online text, image, and audio collections.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm.bostonathenaeum.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16057coll14">Boston Athenæum</a> has over 4000 Confederate imprints, including rare books, pamphlets, government documents, manuscripts, serials, broadsides, maps, and sheet music that have been conserved and digitized.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024013411/http://www.library.okstate.edu/okmaps/">Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/050.html">Confederate States of America Collection at the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/civil_war_religion#.Xs_0q2hKizk">Religion in the CSA: <i>Confederate Veteran Magazine</i>, May, 1922</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22America%2C%20Confederate%20States%20of%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Confederate%20States%20of%20America%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22America%2C%20Confederate%20States%20of%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Confederate%20States%20of%20America%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22America%2C%20C%2E%20S%2E%20o%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Confederate%20States%20of%20America%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Confederate%20States%20of%20America%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Confederate States of America</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confederate States</a> (1861–1865)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_West_Virginia" title="Confederate government of West Virginia">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Confederate States"><img alt="Map of the Confederate States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/175px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/263px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/350px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="572" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">Governments in exile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a> June 20, 1863.</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Organized January 18, 1862.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Jefferson_Davis_(1861–1865)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CSCabinet" title="Template:CSCabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CSCabinet" title="Template talk:CSCabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CSCabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CSCabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Jefferson_Davis_(1861–1865)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Cabinet of the Confederate States of America">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> (1861–1865)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Vice President of the Confederate States of America">Vice-President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Alexander H. Stephens</a> (1861–65)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States"><img alt="Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg/90px-President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg/135px-President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg/180px-President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="2220" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_State" title="Confederate States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Toombs" title="Robert Toombs">Robert Toombs</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a> (1861–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a> (1862–65)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="Confederate States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">C. G. Memminger</a> (1861–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Trenholm" title="George Trenholm">G. A. Trenholm</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reagan" title="John H. Reagan">John H. Reagan</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War" title="Confederate States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Pope_Walker" title="LeRoy Pope Walker">Leroy P. Walker</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a> (1861–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Randolph" title="George W. Randolph">George W. Randolph</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">James A. Seddon</a> (1862–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="Confederate States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Stephen R. Mallory</a> (1861–65)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Confederate_Post_Office" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">Postmaster-General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reagan" title="John H. Reagan">John H. Reagan</a> (1861–65)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Attorney_General" title="Confederate States Attorney General">Attorney-General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bragg" title="Thomas Bragg">Thomas Bragg</a> (1861–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Watts" title="Thomas H. Watts">Thomas H. Watts</a> (1862–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Davis_(American_politician)" title="George Davis (American politician)">George Davis</a> (1864–65)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Confederate_States_senators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C.S._senators" title="Template:C.S. senators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C.S._senators" title="Template talk:C.S. senators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C.S._senators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C.S. senators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Confederate_States_senators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_States_senators" title="List of Confederate States senators">Confederate States senators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_McNair_Baker" title="James McNair Baker">Baker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Fla.</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bullock_Clark" title="John Bullock Clark">Clark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Mo.</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Claiborne_Clay" title="Clement Claiborne Clay">Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Ala.</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Davis_(American_politician)" title="George Davis (American politician)">Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">N.C.</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">Graham</a> (N.C.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Herschel Vespasian Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Ga.</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ward_Johnson" title="Robert Ward Johnson">R. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Ark.</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Lewis_Sr." title="John Wood Lewis Sr.">Lewis</a> (Ga.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Phelan_Sr." title="James Phelan Sr.">Phelan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Miss.</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Godwin_Reade" title="Edwin Godwin Reade">Reade</a> (N.C.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simms" title="William E. Simms">Simms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Ky.</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_Vest" title="George Graham Vest">Vest</a> (Mo.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilde_Walker" title="Richard Wilde Walker">Walker</a> (Ala.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Clark_Watson" title="John William Clark Watson">Watson</a> (Miss.)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the Confederate States"><img alt="Seal of the Confederate States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_Confederate_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodward_Barnwell" title="Robert Woodward Barnwell">Barnwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">S.C.</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Brown" title="Albert G. Brown">Brown</a> (Miss.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allen_T._Caperton" title="Allen T. Caperton">Caperton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Va.</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Theophilus_Dortch" title="William Theophilus Dortch">Dortch</a> (N.C.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_Henry_Sr." title="Gustavus Adolphus Henry Sr.">Henry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tenn.</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waldo_P._Johnson" title="Waldo P. Johnson">W. Johnson</a> (Mo.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Maxwell" title="Augustus Maxwell">Maxwell</a> (Fla.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ludwell_Yates_Peyton" title="Robert Ludwell Yates Peyton">Peyton</a> (Mo.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ballard_Preston" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ballard Preston">Preston</a> (Va.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jenkins_Semmes" title="Thomas Jenkins Semmes">Semmes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">La.</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Wigfall" title="Louis Wigfall">Wigfall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Tex.</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cornelius_Burnett" title="Henry Cornelius Burnett">Burnett</a> (Ky.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Hill_Garland" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Hill Garland">Garland</a> (Ark.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Landon_Carter_Haynes,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Landon Carter Haynes, Sr.">Haynes</a> (Tenn.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harvey_Hill" title="Benjamin Harvey Hill">Hill</a> (Ga.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a> (Va.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jemison_Jr." title="Robert Jemison Jr.">Jemison</a> (Ala.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Mitchel" title="Charles B. Mitchel">Mitchel</a> (Ark.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Simpson_Oldham_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Simpson Oldham Sr.">Oldham</a> (Tex.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (S.C.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sparrow" title="Edward Sparrow">Sparrow</a> (La.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lowndes_Yancey" title="William Lowndes Yancey">Yancey</a> (Ala.)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Confederate_States_of_America_senators" title="Category:Confederate States of America senators">Category</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Confederate_States_Senators" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Confederate States Senators">Commons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_contemporary_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_United_States" title="Template:Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_contemporary_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states" title="List of historical unrecognized states">unrecognized states</a> within the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Kingdoms and Provinces of New Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a>, 1565–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1598–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Tejas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>, 1776–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">Florida Oriental</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Florida Occidental</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a>, 1769–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1804–1821</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watauga_Association" title="Watauga Association">Republic of Watauga</a> (1772–1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a> (1775–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">United States of America</a> (1776–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont Republic</a> (1777–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a> (1784–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Oconee_Republic" title="Trans-Oconee Republic">Trans-Oconee Republic</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a> (1795–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Muskogee" title="State of Muskogee">State of Muskogee</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Florida" title="Republic of West Florida">Republic of West Florida</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_East_Florida" title="Republic of East Florida">Republic of East Florida</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guti%C3%A9rrez%E2%80%93Magee_Expedition" title="Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition">First Republic of Texas</a> (1812–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Floridas" title="Republic of the Floridas">Republic of the Floridas</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Expedition" title="Long Expedition">Second Republic of Texas</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Mexico" title="Provisional Government of Mexico">Provisional Government of Mexico</a> (1823–1824) <ul><li>1835–1846; <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a>, 1821–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1821–1836</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1821–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_de_Occidente" title="Estado de Occidente">Sonora y Sinaloa</a>, 1824–1830</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a>, 1824–1835</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, 1836–1846</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredonian_Rebellion" title="Fredonian Rebellion">Republic of Fredonia</a> (1826–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Madawaska" title="Republic of Madawaska">Republic of Madawaska</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Indian_Stream" title="Republic of Indian Stream">Republic of Indian Stream</a> (1832–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (1834–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> (1836–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande" title="Republic of the Rio Grande">Republic of the Rio Grande</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Oregon" title="Provisional Government of Oregon">Provisional Government of Oregon</a> (1841–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republic" title="California Republic">California Republic</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_and_Ready,_California" title="Rough and Ready, California">The Great Republic of Rough and Ready</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)">The Kingdom of Beaver Island</a> (1850–1856)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confederate States of America</a> <ul><li>1861–1865; <a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_West_Virginia" title="Confederate government of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_County,_Mississippi" title="Jones County, Mississippi">Free State of Jones</a> (1863–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government of Hawaii</a> (1893–1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1894–1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-text-bottom noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/24px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/32px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Territories of the United States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secession_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Secession in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Secession in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Secession in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secession_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Independence_Party" title="Alaskan Independence Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_separatism" title="Black separatism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_and_secession_in_California" title="Partition and secession in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_movement" title="Cascadia movement">Cascadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Confederate States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakotah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territorial_Imperative" title="Northwest Territorial Imperative">Northwest Territorial Imperative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confederate States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_secession" title="Arkansas secession">Arkansas secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_secession" title="Louisiana secession">Louisiana secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Secession_Ordinance" title="Mississippi Secession Ordinance">Mississippi Secession Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_secession" title="Missouri secession">Missouri secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Secession_Convention_of_1861" title="Virginia Secession Convention of 1861">Virginia Secession Convention of 1861</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_U.S._state_secession_petitions" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 U.S. state secession petitions">2012 U.S. state secession petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_partition_proposals_in_the_United_States" title="List of state partition proposals in the United States">List of state partition proposals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81931#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81931#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81931#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/149514026">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp6jP6PQk66hgv7xGyh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4078674-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79063906">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Konfederované státy americké"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge997476&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwzmp11zdhf23">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564353905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/803385">Trove</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/803384">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027380211">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046706">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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