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<li id="toc-Society_of_Berbice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_of_Berbice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Society of Berbice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_of_Berbice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_Uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_Uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Slave Uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_Uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_by_Britain_and_subsequent_merging_into_British_Guiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_by_Britain_and_subsequent_merging_into_British_Guiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Capture by Britain and subsequent merging into British Guiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_by_Britain_and_subsequent_merging_into_British_Guiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dutch era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commander_of_Berbice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commander_of_Berbice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Commander of Berbice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commander_of_Berbice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors_of_Berbice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors_of_Berbice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Governors of Berbice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors_of_Berbice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>British era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lieutenant_Governor_of_Berbice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lieutenant_Governor_of_Berbice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Lieutenant Governor of Berbice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lieutenant_Governor_of_Berbice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Berbice" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berbice" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Berbice" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Berbice" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Berbice" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Berbice" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Berbice" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Бербис (колония) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бербис (колония)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbice_(Koloni)" title="Berbice (Koloni) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Berbice (Koloni)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbis_(kolonija)" title="Berbis (kolonija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Berbis (kolonija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Berbice" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Бербіс (колонія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бербіс (колонія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="بربیس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بربیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q675322#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="View the content page [c]" 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id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berbice&params=6.2337_N_57.5430_W_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°14′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">57°32′35″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.2337°N 57.5430°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.2337; -57.5430</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1627–1815 Dutch colony in South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kolonie Berbice <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1627–1803)</span></span><br />Colony of Berbice <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1831)</span></span><br />County of Berbice <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1838–1958)</span></span></div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name"><i>Berbice</i></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1627–1831<br />1838–1958</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> </div> <div>Flag (1627–1792) <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Flag</a> (1803–1831)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbice_in_1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berbice around 1780."><img alt="Berbice around 1780." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Berbice_in_1780.jpg/250px-Berbice_in_1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Berbice_in_1780.jpg/375px-Berbice_in_1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Berbice_in_1780.jpg/500px-Berbice_in_1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10242" data-file-height="6716" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Berbice around 1780.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Colony of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (1627–1792)</li><li>Dutch colony (1792–1815)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> occupation (1712–1714; 1782–1783)</li><li>British occupation (1781–1782; 1796–1802; 1803–1815)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a></i> colony of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> (1803–1815)</li><li>Colony of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> (1815–1831)</li><li>County of <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> (1838–1958)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Nassau_(Guyana)" title="Fort Nassau (Guyana)">Fort Nassau</a> (1627–1785)<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam,_Guyana" title="New Amsterdam, Guyana">Fort Sint Andries</a> (1785–1815)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbice_Creole_Dutch" title="Berbice Creole Dutch">Berbice Creole Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Creole" title="Guyanese Creole">Guyanese Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani#Guyanese_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Guyanese Hindustani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani#Nickerian-Berbician_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kap%C3%B3ng_language" title="Kapóng language">Akawaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macushi_language" title="Macushi language">Macushi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waiwai_language" title="Waiwai language">Waiwai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patamona_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Patamona language">Patamona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warrau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wapishana_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapishana people">Wapishana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Arekuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous religions</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing company</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1627–1712 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_van_Peere" title="Abraham van Peere">Van Peere family</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1714–1815 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Berbice" title="Society of Berbice">Society of Berbice</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1627 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Abraham van Peere</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1789–1802 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Abraham Jacob van Imbijze van Batenburg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established as a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> colony </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1627</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 1712–24 October 1714</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Berbice" title="Society of Berbice">Society of Berbice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1720–1821</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Essequibo_and_Demerara_(1781)" title="Raid on Essequibo and Demerara (1781)">Raid on Essequibo and Demerara</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24–27 February 1781</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Demerara_and_Essequibo" title="Capture of Demerara and Essequibo">Capture of Demerara and Essequibo</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 January 1782</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Peace of Paris</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1783</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Colony of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1792</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 March 1802</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Berbice merges with <a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Demerara-Essequibo</a> to become <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 July 1831</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• County of Berbice </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1838</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Merged into the new <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Guyana" title="Regions of Guyana">regions</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1958</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyanese_dollar" title="Guyanese dollar">British Guiana dollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies_dollar" title="British West Indies dollar">British West Indies dollar</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Guyana" title="Indigenous peoples in Guyana">Indigenous peoples in Guyana</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281906%E2%80%931919%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281906%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281906%E2%80%931919%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281906%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281906%E2%80%931919%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281906%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After 1803 it was a <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> Dutch colony but was a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> British colony.<br /><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> (1792–1795)<br /><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic/Commonwealth</a> (1795–1806)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a> (1806–1810)<br /><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> (1810–1813)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands</a> (1813–1815)<br /><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (1815)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> (1781–1800)<br /><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> (1800–1815)</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Berbice</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a region along the <a href="/wiki/Berbice_River" title="Berbice River">Berbice River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, which was between 1627 and 1792 a colony of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> and between 1792 and 1815 a colony of the Dutch state. After having been ceded to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> in the latter year, it was merged with <a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Demerara-Essequibo</a> to form the colony of <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> in 1831. It became a <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a> of British Guiana in 1838 till 1958. In 1966, British Guiana gained independence as <a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> and in 1970 it became a republic as the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Republic_of_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative Republic of Guyana">Co-operative Republic of Guyana</a>. </p><p>After being a hereditary fief in the possession of the Van Peere family, the colony was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Berbice" title="Society of Berbice">Society of Berbice</a> in the second half of the colonial period, akin to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Dutch_colony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suriname (Dutch colony)">colony of Suriname</a>, which was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Suriname" title="Society of Suriname">Society of Suriname</a>. The capital of Berbice was at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nassau_(Guyana)" title="Fort Nassau (Guyana)">Fort Nassau</a> until 1790. In that year, the town of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam,_Guyana" title="New Amsterdam, Guyana">New Amsterdam</a>, which grew around <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sint_Andries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Sint Andries">Fort Sint Andries</a>, was made the new capital of the colony. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbice_-NG-477.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Berbice_-NG-477.jpg/220px-Berbice_-NG-477.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Berbice_-NG-477.jpg/330px-Berbice_-NG-477.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Berbice_-NG-477.jpg/440px-Berbice_-NG-477.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7986" data-file-height="5626" /></a><figcaption>Map of Berbice around 1720.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landkaart_van_de_Volkplantingen_Suriname_en_Berbice_(1767).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Landkaart_van_de_Volkplantingen_Suriname_en_Berbice_%281767%29.jpg/220px-Landkaart_van_de_Volkplantingen_Suriname_en_Berbice_%281767%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Landkaart_van_de_Volkplantingen_Suriname_en_Berbice_%281767%29.jpg/330px-Landkaart_van_de_Volkplantingen_Suriname_en_Berbice_%281767%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Landkaart_van_de_Volkplantingen_Suriname_en_Berbice_%281767%29.jpg/440px-Landkaart_van_de_Volkplantingen_Suriname_en_Berbice_%281767%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4623" /></a><figcaption>Berbice and <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Suriname</a> around 1767.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nieuwe_gemeten_Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_met_der_zelver_Plantagien_en_de_Namen_der_Bezitters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nieuwe_gemeten_Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_met_der_zelver_Plantagien_en_de_Namen_der_Bezitters.jpg/220px-Nieuwe_gemeten_Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_met_der_zelver_Plantagien_en_de_Namen_der_Bezitters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nieuwe_gemeten_Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_met_der_zelver_Plantagien_en_de_Namen_der_Bezitters.jpg/330px-Nieuwe_gemeten_Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_met_der_zelver_Plantagien_en_de_Namen_der_Bezitters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nieuwe_gemeten_Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_met_der_zelver_Plantagien_en_de_Namen_der_Bezitters.jpg/440px-Nieuwe_gemeten_Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_met_der_zelver_Plantagien_en_de_Namen_der_Bezitters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10679" data-file-height="5780" /></a><figcaption>Map of Berbice around 1740.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_gelegen_in_Bats._Guinea_in_America,_tusschen_de_Colonien_van_Demerarie_en_van_Suriname_(NL-HaNA_4.VEL_1577A).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_gelegen_in_Bats._Guinea_in_America%2C_tusschen_de_Colonien_van_Demerarie_en_van_Suriname_%28NL-HaNA_4.VEL_1577A%29.jpg/220px-Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_gelegen_in_Bats._Guinea_in_America%2C_tusschen_de_Colonien_van_Demerarie_en_van_Suriname_%28NL-HaNA_4.VEL_1577A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_gelegen_in_Bats._Guinea_in_America%2C_tusschen_de_Colonien_van_Demerarie_en_van_Suriname_%28NL-HaNA_4.VEL_1577A%29.jpg/330px-Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_gelegen_in_Bats._Guinea_in_America%2C_tusschen_de_Colonien_van_Demerarie_en_van_Suriname_%28NL-HaNA_4.VEL_1577A%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_gelegen_in_Bats._Guinea_in_America%2C_tusschen_de_Colonien_van_Demerarie_en_van_Suriname_%28NL-HaNA_4.VEL_1577A%29.jpg/440px-Kaart_van_de_Colonie_de_Berbice_gelegen_in_Bats._Guinea_in_America%2C_tusschen_de_Colonien_van_Demerarie_en_van_Suriname_%28NL-HaNA_4.VEL_1577A%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10061" data-file-height="7925" /></a><figcaption>Berbice in 1802.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Guyana" title="Category:History of Guyana">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guyana" title="History of Guyana">History of <span class="fn org label">Guyana</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Guyana"><img alt="Coat of arms of Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak peoples">Arawak peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Carib people</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1616–1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berbice</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1627–1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pomeroon_(colony)" title="Pomeroon (colony)">Pomeroon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1650–1689</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1745–1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1814–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1966–1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Republic_of_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative Republic of Guyana">Co-operative Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1970–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/16px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/24px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Guyana" title="Portal:Guyana">Guyana portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Guyana" title="Template:History of Guyana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Guyana" title="Template talk:History of Guyana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Guyana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Guyana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Berbice was settled in 1627 by the businessman <a href="/wiki/Abraham_van_Peere" title="Abraham van Peere">Abraham van Peere</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Vlissingen</a>, under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>. Until 1714, the colony remained the personal possession of Van Peere and his descendants. Little is known about the early years of the colony, other than that it succeeded in repelling an English attack in 1665 in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartsinck293_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartsinck293-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beyerman313_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyerman313-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colony was a family affair who owned all the plantations on the <a href="/wiki/Berbice_River" title="Berbice River">Berbice River</a>, though they did allow a couple of sugar planters to settle on the <a href="/wiki/Canje_River" title="Canje River">Canje River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888155_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888155-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A dispute arose between the Second <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company#New_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>, which was founded to succeed the First Dutch West India Company that went bankrupt in 1674, and the Van Peere family, because the family wanted the colony as an immortal loan as agreed with the first Company.<sup id="cite_ref-archive_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was resolved when on 14 September 1678 a charter was signed which established Berbice as a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> of the Dutch West India Company, in the possession of the Van Peere family.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1712, Berbice was briefly occupied by the French under <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cassard" title="Jacques Cassard">Jacques Cassard</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. The Van Peere family did not want to pay a ransom to the French to free the colony, and in order to not let the colony cede to the French, the brothers Nicolaas and Hendrik van Hoorn, Arnold Dix, Pieter Schuurmans, and Cornelis van Peere, paid the ransom of ƒ180,000 in cash and ƒ120,000 in sugar and enslaved people on 24 October 1714, thereby acquiring the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_of_Berbice">Society of Berbice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Society of Berbice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1720, the five owners<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888392_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888392-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the colony founded the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Berbice" title="Society of Berbice">Society of Berbice</a>, akin to the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Suriname" title="Society of Suriname">Society of Suriname</a> which governed the neighbouring colony, to raise more capital for the colony. The Society was a <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">public company</a> listed on the <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyerman1934313–314_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyerman1934313–314-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years following, Berbice's economic situation improved, consisting of 12 plantations owned by the society, 93 private plantation along the <a href="/wiki/Berbice_River" title="Berbice River">Berbice River</a>, and 20 plantations along the <a href="/wiki/Canje_River" title="Canje River">Canje River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyerman314_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyerman314-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1733, 25 to 30 houses were built around <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nassau_(Guyana)" title="Fort Nassau (Guyana)">Fort Nassau</a> to house the craftsmen. The next year an <a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">inn</a> was added. The village was named New Amsterdam (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i>Nieuw Amsterdam</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888174–175_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888174–175-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1735, a school master was hired to teach the white children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888177_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888177-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were medical doctors stationed in New Amsterdam and Fort Nassau, and six local doctors were assigned to the plantations. <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a> remained a frequent problem in the colony resulting in many deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888189_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888189-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religion in the colony was <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888188_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888188-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1735, a <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a> was installed in Fort Nassau, but after a personal conflict with the governor, he was transferred to Wiruni Creek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888177_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888177-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were not allowed to become planters or have a government function.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888184_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888184-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1738, two missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> had been invited by a planter to teach the people he enslaved. They were treated with suspicion, and received several official warnings. In 1757,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the missionaries left, and joined the congregation at the village of Pilgerhut founded in 1740 outside the plantation area, where they lived with 300 <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888185–186_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888185–186-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colony had peace and trade treaties with the local Amerindians. This colony did not intervene in wars between the tribes, and no Amerindian was allowed to be taken into slavery unless they were sold by the <a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a> or the Arawak and captured from the interior of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888187_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888187-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berbice was supposed to be guarded by 60 soldiers in Fort Nassau, and another 20 to 30 soldiers in other locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888174_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888174-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when not under attack, wars often caused supply problems. In 1670s, the colony had not been supplied for 17 months,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888151_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a> as during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> could not prevent supply shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-causes_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-causes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_Uprising">Slave Uprising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slave Uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berbice_Slave_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Berbice Slave Uprising">Berbice Slave Uprising</a></div> <p>The relatively sound economic situation of the colony was dealt a severe blow when a <a href="/wiki/Berbice_Slave_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Berbice Slave Uprising">slave uprising broke out</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Coffy_(person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffy (person)">Coffy</a> in February 1763.<sup id="cite_ref-slavenhandel_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slavenhandel-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enslaved people captured the south of the colony while the whites, who were severely outnumbered, tried to hang on the north. The uprising went on until well into 1764, with Coffy naming himself governor of Berbice. Only with the use of brute force and military aid by neighbouring colonies and the Netherlands was governor <a href="/wiki/Wolfert_Simon_van_Hoogenheim" title="Wolfert Simon van Hoogenheim">Wolfert Simon van Hoogenheim</a> able to finally suppress the uprising, and restore the colony to Dutch rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyerman314_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyerman314-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKars201639–69_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKars201639–69-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The uprising led to a steep population decline,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770538_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770538-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abandonment and destruction of many plantations, and serious financial problems for the Society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888256_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888256-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fort Nassau had been set on fire to prevent it falling into enemy hands.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1785 the village was abandoned in favour of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sint_Andries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Sint Andries">Fort Sint Andries</a>, situated more downstream, at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Canje_River" title="Canje River">Canje River</a>. The new village was again named <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam,_Guyana" title="New Amsterdam, Guyana">New Amsterdam</a>, and is still known by that name in contemporary Guyana.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_by_Britain_and_subsequent_merging_into_British_Guiana">Capture by Britain and subsequent merging into British Guiana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Capture by Britain and subsequent merging into British Guiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 February 1781, British forces occupied Berbice and neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a>, because 34 out of 93 plantations in Berbice were under British ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1956Chap._II_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1956Chap._II-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1782, the colonies were <a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Demerara_and_Essequibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Demerara and Essequibo">recaptured by the French</a>, who were allied with the Dutch, and who subsequently restored the colonies to Dutch rule with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)#Treaty_with_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris of 1783</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colony was on 22 April 1796 again captured by Britain, however this time without a fight. A deal was struck with the colony: all laws and customs could remain, and the citizens were equal to British citizens. Any government official who swore loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/British_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British crown">British crown</a> could remain in function.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Jacob_van_Imbijze_van_Batenburg" title="Abraham Jacob van Imbijze van Batenburg">Abraham van Batenburg</a> decided to remain governor. Many plantation owners from <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> settled in the colony, doubling the slave population.<sup id="cite_ref-loyalty_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loyalty-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British now remained in possession of the colony until 27 March 1802, when Berbice was restored to the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomburgk184086_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomburgk184086-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1803, there was a <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> of soldiers who complained about the rations. They occupied Fort Sint Andries, and raised the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> with a piece of meat on top. The remaining soldiers aided by Suriname and the Amerindians put down the revolt, and executed five soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888283–284_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888283–284-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1803 the British occupied the territory again, this time for good,<sup id="cite_ref-guyanaorg_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guyanaorg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once again without a fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888284_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888284-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham van Batenburg, who had been exiled to Europe in 1803, returned for his second term as governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888286_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888286-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a>, the colony was formally ceded to the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomburgk184086_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomburgk184086-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the ratification of this treaty by the Netherlands on 20 November 1815, all Dutch legal claims to the colony were rescinded.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plantations and the enslaved people of the Society of Berbice remained under their ownership,<sup id="cite_ref-archive_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they had already made a decision to sell their possessions in 1795,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they closed their offices in 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-archive_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1812, the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a> had been merged into the colony of <a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Demerara-Essequibo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomburgk184086_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomburgk184086-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the reforms of the newly acquired colonies on the South American mainland, the British merged Berbice with <a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Demerara-Essequibo</a> on 21 July 1831, forming the new <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guyanaorg_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guyanaorg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1838, Berbice was made one of the three counties of Guiana, the other two being Demerara and Essequibo.<sup id="cite_ref-Statoids_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statoids-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, the county was abolished when Guiana was subdivided into districts.<sup id="cite_ref-Statoids_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statoids-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical Berbice was split in 1958<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to make new <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Guyana" title="Regions of Guyana">Guyanese administrative regions</a> and the name is preserved in the regions of <a href="/wiki/East_Berbice-Corentyne" title="East Berbice-Corentyne">East Berbice-Corentyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahaica-Berbice" title="Mahaica-Berbice">Mahaica-Berbice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Demerara-Berbice" title="Upper Demerara-Berbice">Upper Demerara-Berbice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Statoids_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statoids-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Berbice_Creole_Dutch" title="Berbice Creole Dutch">Berbice Creole Dutch</a>, a Dutch creole language based on the lexicon and grammar of the West African language <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijo</a>, was spoken until well into the 20th century. In 2005, the last known speaker died. The language was declared extinct in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_era">Dutch era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dutch era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commander_of_Berbice">Commander of Berbice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commander of Berbice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthijs_Bergenaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthijs Bergenaar (page does not exist)">Matthijs Bergenaar</a> (1666–1671)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Marinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelis Marinus (page does not exist)">Cornelis Marinus</a> (1671–1683)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon_Bourse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gideon Bourse (page does not exist)">Gideon Bourse</a> (1683–1684)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Coudrie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucas Coudrie (page does not exist)">Lucas Coudrie</a> (1684–1687)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthijs_de_Feer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthijs de Feer (page does not exist)">Matthijs de Feer</a> (1687–1712)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_de_Waterman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven de Waterman (page does not exist)">Steven de Waterman</a> (1712–1714)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Tierens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Tierens (page does not exist)">Anthony Tierens</a> (1714–1733)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governors_of_Berbice">Governors of Berbice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Governors of Berbice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhardt_Waterman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhardt Waterman (page does not exist)">Bernhardt Waterman</a> (1733–1740)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770520_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770520-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Andries_Lossner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Andries Lossner (page does not exist)">Jan Andries Lossner</a> (1740–1749)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770520_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770520-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Frederik_Colier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Frederik Colier (page does not exist)">Jan Frederik Colier</a> (1749–1755)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770520_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770520-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Jan_van_Rijswijck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Jan van Rijswijck (page does not exist)">Hendrik Jan van Rijswijck</a> (1755–1759)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770520_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770520-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfert_Simon_van_Hoogenheim" title="Wolfert Simon van Hoogenheim">Wolfert Simon van Hoogenheim</a> (1760–1764)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770520_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770520-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Heijlinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Heijlinger (page does not exist)">Johan Heijlinger</a> (1765–1767)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770520_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770520-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hendrik_de_la_Sabloniere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Hendrik de la Sabloniere (page does not exist)">Stephen Hendrik de la Sabloniere</a> (1768–1773)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Christoffel_de_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Christoffel de Winter (page does not exist)">Johan Christoffel de Winter</a> (1773–1774)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Kaecks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Kaecks (page does not exist)">Isaac Kaecks</a> (1774–1777)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Hendrik_Koppiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Hendrik Koppiers (page does not exist)">Peter Hendrik Koppiers</a> (first term) (1778–27 February 1781)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Kingston_(governor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Kingston (governor) (page does not exist)">Robert Kingston</a> (27 February 1781 – 1782)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Antoine_Dazemard_de_Lusignan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Antoine Dazemard de Lusignan (page does not exist)">Louis Antoine Dazemard de Lusignan</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Guy_Simon_de_Co%C3%ABtnempren" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Guy Simon de Coëtnempren">Armand Guy Simon de Coëtnempren</a>, Count of Kersaint (1782)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Manganon_de_la_Perri%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Manganon de la Perrière (page does not exist)">Georges Manganon de la Perrière</a> (1783–1784)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Hendrik_Koppiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Hendrik Koppiers (page does not exist)">Peter Hendrik Koppiers</a> (second term) (1784–1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Jacob_van_Imbijze_van_Batenburg" title="Abraham Jacob van Imbijze van Batenburg">Abraham Jacob van Imbijze van Batenburg</a> (first term, acting until 1794) (1789–1796)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._C._W._Herlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. C. W. Herlin (page does not exist)">J. C. W. Herlin</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=G._Kobus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. Kobus (page does not exist)">G. Kobus</a> (acting) (27 March 1802 – September 1803)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_era">British era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: British era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lieutenant_Governor_of_Berbice">Lieutenant Governor of Berbice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lieutenant Governor of Berbice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abraham Jacob van Imbijze van Batenburg (1796–1802)<sup id="cite_ref-loyalty_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loyalty-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Nicholson_(British_Army_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Nicholson (British Army officer) (page does not exist)">Robert Nicholson</a> (1803–1804)<sup id="cite_ref-empire_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empire-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Abraham Jacob van Imbijze van Batenburg (second term) (June 1804 – 1805)<sup id="cite_ref-empire_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empire-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Brigadier-General <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Montgomerie_(British_Army_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Montgomerie (British Army officer) (page does not exist)">James Montgomerie</a> (1805–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Bentinck" title="Henry William Bentinck">Henry William Bentinck</a> (1806–1807)</li> <li>Brigadier-General Robert Nicholson (1807–1808)</li> <li>Major-General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Dalrymple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Dalrymple (page does not exist)">Samuel Dalrymple</a> (1808–1809)</li> <li>Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Ross_(British_Army_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Ross (British Army officer) (page does not exist)">Andrew Ross</a> (1808–1809)</li> <li>Henry William Bentinck (1809–1810)</li> <li>Major-General Samuel Dalrymple (1810)</li> <li>Henry William Bentinck (1810–1812)</li> <li>Major-General <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lyle_Carmichael" title="Hugh Lyle Carmichael">Hugh Lyle Carmichael</a> (1812–1813)</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Codd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Codd (page does not exist)">Edward Codd</a> (1813)</li> <li>Major-General <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Murray_(British_Army_officer,_born_1777)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Murray (British Army officer, born 1777) (page does not exist)">John Murray</a> (1813–1815)</li> <li>Henry William Bentinck (1814–1815)</li> <li>Colonel Edward Codd (1815)</li> <li>Henry William Bentinck (1815–1820)</li> <li>Major-General John Murray (1815–1824)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Beard_(lieutenant_governor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Beard (lieutenant governor) (page does not exist)">Henry Beard</a> (1821–21 July 1831)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheddi_Jagan" title="Cheddi Jagan">Cheddi Jagan</a> (1918–1997), <i><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a></i> and former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Guyana" title="President of Guyana">President of Guyana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/64px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Guyana" title="Portal:Guyana">Guyana portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guyana" title="History of Guyana">History of Guyana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hartsinck293-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hartsinck293_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartsinck1770">Hartsinck 1770</a>, p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyerman313-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beyerman313_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeyerman1934">Beyerman 1934</a>, p. 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888155-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888155_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nationaal_Archief" title="Nationaal Archief">Dutch National Archive</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120908192555/http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/webviews/page.webview?eadid=NL-HaNA_1.05.05&pageid=N1009E">Inventaris van het archief van de Sociëteit van Berbice, (1681) 1720–1795 (1800)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartsinck1770">Hartsinck 1770</a>, pp. 294–298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartsinck1770">Hartsinck 1770</a>, pp. 299–304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888392-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888392_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, p. 392:Both brothers shared a quarter and therefore could only cast one vote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyerman1934313–314-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyerman1934313–314_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeyerman1934">Beyerman 1934</a>, pp. 313–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyerman314-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beyerman314_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beyerman314_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeyerman1934">Beyerman 1934</a>, p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888174–175-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888174–175_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888177-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888177_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888177_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888189-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888189_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888188-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888188_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888184-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888184_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFH.G._Steinberg1933" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">H.G. Steinberg (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00076952/00001/89x"><i>Ons Suriname de Zending der Evangelische Broedergemeente in Nederlandsch Guyana</i></a> (in Dutch). p. 71<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 20 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factpage.glsc.gov.gy/admin-regions-detailed/">"ADMIN REGIONS DETAILED – GUYANA LANDS AND SURVEYS COMMISSION'S FACT PAGE ON GUYANA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00099461/00017/323j">"De Nederlandsche Kolonie Berbice in 1771"</a>. <i>Nieuwe West-Indische Gids</i> (in Dutch). <b>15</b> (1): 313–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134360-90001004">10.1163/22134360-90001004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nieuwe+West-Indische+Gids&rft.atitle=De+Nederlandsche+Kolonie+Berbice+in+1771&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=313-317&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134360-90001004&rft.aulast=Beyerman&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FUF00099461%2F00017%2F323j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdler2001" class="citation cs2">Edler, F. (2001) [1911], <i>The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution</i>, Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89875-269-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89875-269-8"><bdi>0-89875-269-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic+and+The+American+Revolution&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-89875-269-8&rft.aulast=Edler&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartsinck1770" class="citation cs2">Hartsinck, J.J. (1770), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/hart038besc01_01/hart038besc01_01_0025.php"><i>Beschryving van Guiana, of de wilde kust in Zuid-America</i></a>, Amsterdam: Gerrit Tielenburg</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beschryving+van+Guiana%2C+of+de+wilde+kust+in+Zuid-America&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Gerrit+Tielenburg&rft.date=1770&rft.aulast=Hartsinck&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2Fhart038besc01_01%2Fhart038besc01_01_0025.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKars2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kars, Marjoleine (Feb 2016). "Dodging Rebellion: Politics and Gender in the Berbice Slave Uprising of 1763". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="American Historical Review">American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>121</b> (1): 39–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F121.1.39">10.1093/ahr/121.1.39</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Dodging+Rebellion%3A+Politics+and+Gender+in+the+Berbice+Slave+Uprising+of+1763&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-69&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2F121.1.39&rft.aulast=Kars&rft.aufirst=Marjoleine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetscher1888" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Netscher, Pieter Marinus (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geschiedenisvan00netsgoog"><i>Geschiedenis van de koloniën Essequebo, Demerary en Berbice, van de vestiging der Nederlanders aldaar tot op onzen tijd</i></a> (in Dutch). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+van+de+koloni%C3%ABn+Essequebo%2C+Demerary+en+Berbice%2C+van+de+vestiging+der+Nederlanders+aldaar+tot+op+onzen+tijd&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Netscher&rft.aufirst=Pieter+Marinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeschiedenisvan00netsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchomburgk1840" class="citation book cs1">Schomburgk, Sir Robert H. (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbUNAAAAQAAJ"><i>A Description of British Guiana, Geographical and Statistical: Exhibiting Its Resources and Capabilities</i></a>. London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714619491" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714619491"><bdi>978-0714619491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Description+of+British+Guiana%2C+Geographical+and+Statistical%3A+Exhibiting+Its+Resources+and+Capabilities&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall+and+Co&rft.date=1840&rft.isbn=978-0714619491&rft.aulast=Schomburgk&rft.aufirst=Sir+Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsbUNAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1956" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Raymond (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108073515/http://home.uchicago.edu/~rts1/chapter_iii.htm">"History: British Rule Up To 1928"</a>. <i>The Negro Family in British Guiana</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415863295" title="Special:BookSources/0415863295"><bdi>0415863295</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.uchicago.edu/~rts1/chapter_iii.htm">the original</a> on 2015-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History%3A+British+Rule+Up+To+1928&rft.btitle=The+Negro+Family+in+British+Guiana&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Limited&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=0415863295&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.uchicago.edu%2F~rts1%2Fchapter_iii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbice" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbice&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11334/">Map of the Colonies of Suriname and Berbice</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch_colonial_empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_colonies" title="Template:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_colonies" title="Template talk:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_colonial_empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_(1602–1798)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (1602–1798)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorate General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Ambon" title="Governorate of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Governorate of the Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Celebes" title="Dutch Celebes">Celebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands#Dutch" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semarang#History" title="Semarang">Northeast coast of Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">West coast of Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cheribon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Malang" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Malang">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahyangan" title="Parahyangan">Preanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak, Indonesia">Pontianak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opperhoofd" title="Opperhoofd">Opperhoofd</a> settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mauritius" title="Dutch Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom#Contacts_with_the_West" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Vietnam (1637–1643)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company_(1621–1792)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (1621–1792)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies in the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berbice</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_(Dutch_colony)" title="Cayenne (Dutch colony)">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeroon_(colony)" title="Pomeroon (colony)">Pomeroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSS_islands" title="SSS islands">Sint Eustatius and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trading posts in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Loango-Angola" title="Dutch Loango-Angola">Loango-Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_(Dutch_West_India_Company)" title="Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Slave Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Berbice" title="Society of Berbice">Society of Berbice</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Suriname" title="Society of Suriname">Society of Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Settlements_of_the_Noordsche_Compagnie_(1614–1642)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Settlements of the <a href="/wiki/Noordsche_Compagnie" title="Noordsche Compagnie">Noordsche Compagnie</a> (1614–1642)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Settlements" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeerenburg" title="Smeerenburg">Smeerenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_(1815–1975)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (1815–1975)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1825</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1853</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">constituent countries</a> of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; <a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a> gained <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">full independence</a> in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors,_civil_commissioners_and_administrators_of_British_dependencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_dependencies_governors" title="Template:British dependencies governors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_dependencies_governors" title="Template talk:British dependencies governors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_dependencies_governors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British dependencies governors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors,_civil_commissioners_and_administrators_of_British_dependencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_viceregal_representatives_of_The_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current viceregal representatives of The Crown">Governors, civil commissioners and administrators of British dependencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown<br />Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey">Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man">Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant Governor of Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government,_1901-1952).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/100px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/150px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/200px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas<br />territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Anguilla" title="Governor of Anguilla">Governor of Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ascension" title="Governor of Ascension">Governor of Ascension (Administrator of Ascension)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor of Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_the_British_Antarctic_Territory" title="Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory">Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory">Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Governor of the Virgin Islands">Governor of the Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Governor of the Cayman Islands">Governor of the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="List of governors of the Falkland Islands">Governor of the Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montserrat" title="Governor of Montserrat">Governor of Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Pitcairn" title="Governor of Pitcairn">Governor of Pitcairn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Administrator of the Pitcairn Islands">Administrator of the Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena" title="Governor of Saint Helena">Governor of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Governor of Tristan da Cunha">Governor of Tristan da Cunha (Administrator of Tristan da Cunha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Africa)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Mauritius" title="Governor of British Mauritius">Governor of British Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of British Cameroons">Governor of British Cameroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_the_Gambia" title="List of colonial governors of the Gambia">Governor of the Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gold_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Gold Coast">Governor of Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Lieutenant Governor of Griqualand West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Kenya">Governor of Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Lagos_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Lagos Colony">Governor of Lagos Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Northern Rhodesia">Governor of Northern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nyasaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nyasaland">Governor of Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Southern Rhodesia">Governor of Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nigeria">Governor of Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Senegal">Governor of Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Seychelles">Governor of the Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Sierra Leone">Governor of Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_South_Africa" title="Governor-General of South Africa">Governor-General of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Southern_Africa" title="High Commissioner for Southern Africa">High Commissioner for Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_British_South_African_colonies" title="List of governors of British South African colonies">Governors of British South African colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of British Somaliland">Governor of British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tanganyika" title="List of governors of Tanganyika">Governor of Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uganda" title="List of governors of Uganda">Governor of Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_Zanzibar" title="List of British representatives in Zanzibar">Resident in Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Americas)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Bahamas" title="List of governors of the Bahamas">Governor of the Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Barbados">Governor of Barbados</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Grenada">Lieutenant Governor of Grenada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lieutenant-Governor of Berbice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of British Guiana">Governor of British Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of British Honduras">Governor of British Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Cuba">Governor of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Dominica" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of Dominica">Governor of Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Lieutenant-Governor of Demerara-Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Grenada#British_governors_of_Grenada_(1762–1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial governors of Grenada">Governor of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Jamaica">Governor of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Leeward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Leeward Islands">Governor of the Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of St. Lucia">Governor of St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_St._Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of St. Vincent">Governor of St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Trinidad and Tobago">Governor of Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Tobago">Lieutenant governors of Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Trinidad">Governor of Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor of Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of British Columbia">Governor of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of New Brunswick">Governor of New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">Governor of Nova-Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Prince_Edward_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Prince Edward Island">Governor of Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec#Lieutenant_Governors_of_the_Province_of_Quebec,_1760–1791" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">Lieutenant Governor of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Christopher,_Nevis_and_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla">Governor of Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-in-Chief_of_the_Windward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands">Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_West_Indies_Federation" title="Governor-General of the West Indies Federation">Governor-General of the West Indies Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Connecticut" title="List of colonial governors of Connecticut">Governor of Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania">Governor of Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Florida" title="List of colonial governors of Florida">Governor of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Georgia" title="List of colonial governors of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Maryland" title="List of colonial governors of Maryland">Governor of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Massachusetts" title="List of colonial governors of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts-Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Hampshire" title="List of colonial governors of New Hampshire">Governor of New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of colonial governors of New Jersey">Governor of New-Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Governor_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Governor of New York">Governor of New-York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North-Carolina_(1712%E2%80%931776)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of North-Carolina (1712–1776)">Governor of North-Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania">Governor of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="List of colonial governors of Rhode Island">Governor of Rhode-island and Providence Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of colonial governors of South Carolina">Governor of South-Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Asia)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_colonial_administrators_of_Aden" title="List of British colonial administrators of Aden">Governor of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Burma" title="List of colonial governors of Burma">Governor of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_British_Ceylon" title="Governors of British Ceylon">Governor of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom for Malaya">High Commissioner for the Federated Malay States</a> <ul><li>Senior British representatives in the constituent protected states</li> <li>Senior British representatives in the neighbouring Malayan protected states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="General Adviser to the Government of Johore">General Adviser to the Government of Johore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Sultan_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah">Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Kelantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser to the Government of Kelantan">Adviser to the Government of Kelantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser to the Government of Perlis">Adviser to the Government of Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser,_Trengganu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser, Trengganu">Adviser, Trengganu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_India" title="List of governors-general of India">Viceroy and Governor-General of India</a> <ul><li>Heads of the provinces of British India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_colonial_administrators_of_Aden" title="List of British colonial administrators of Aden">Governor of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bengal_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bengal Presidency">Governor of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bombay_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bombay Presidency">Governor of Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_Governors_and_Presidents_of_Madras_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras Presidency">Governor of Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commissioners_and_governors_of_Sind_in_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of commissioners and governors of Sind in British India">Governor of Sindh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Senior British representatives in neighbouring protected states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_of_Gwalior" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident of Gwalior">Resident of Gwalior</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq#British_High_Commissioners_to_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">High Commissioner for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Labuan" title="Governor of Labuan">Governor of Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_Muscat_and_Oman" title="List of British representatives in Muscat and Oman">Representative in Muscat and Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner for Malaya">High Commissioner for Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Malayan_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Malayan Union">Governor of the Malayan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Borneo" title="Governor of North Borneo">Governor of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_resident_ministers_in_Nepal" title="List of British resident ministers in Nepal">Resident Minister in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Penang">Governor of Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_the_Raj_of_Sarawak" title="List of British representatives in the Raj of Sarawak">Representative in the Raj of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak#Administration" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Governor of the Crown Colony of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Singapore" title="List of governors of Singapore">Governor of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_the_Trucial_States" title="List of British representatives in the Trucial States">Representative in the Trucial States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Europe)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Cyprus" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of British Cyprus">Governor of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Lieutenant Governor of Heligoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Ionian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands">High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Isle of Wight">Governor of the Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_commissioners_of_Malta" title="List of civil commissioners of Malta">Civil Commissioner of Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Malta">Governor of Malta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Minorca">Governor of Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Governor of Northern Ireland">Governor of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Oceania)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Fiji" title="Governor of Fiji">Governor of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand" title="List of governors-general of New Zealand">Governor-General of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Governor-General of Papua New Guinea">Governor-General of Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resident_commissioners_and_governors_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="List of resident commissioners and governors of the Solomon Islands">Governor of the Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_consuls_in_Tonga" title="List of British consuls in Tonga">Consul in Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_the_Western_Pacific" title="High Commissioner for the Western Pacific">High Commissioner for the Western Pacific</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="former(Australia)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Australia)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Resident_of_Central_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Resident of Central Australia">Government Resident of Central Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Resident_of_North_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Resident of North Australia">Government Resident of North Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland" title="Governor of Queensland">Governor of Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tasmania" title="Governor of Tasmania">Governor of Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria" title="Governor of Victoria">Governor of Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia" title="Governor of Western Australia">Governor of Western Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_Swan_River_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony">Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Viceroys_of_the_British_monarch" title="Category:Viceroys of the British monarch">category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berbice&params=6.2337_N_57.5430_W_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°14′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">57°32′35″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.2337°N 57.5430°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.2337; -57.5430</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675322#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675322#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675322#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268417032">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrmcCfbTyFFtkv8QWhbVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4495090-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061015">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548188905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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