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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Margherita Aldobrandini</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Маргерита Алдобрандини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маргерита Алдобрандини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Aldobrandini" title="Margherita Aldobrandini – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Margherita Aldobrandini" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarida_Aldobrandini" title="Margarida Aldobrandini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Margarida Aldobrandini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%C3%A9ta_Aldobrandini" title="Markéta Aldobrandini – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Markéta Aldobrandini" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Aldobrandini" title="Margherita Aldobrandini – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Margherita Aldobrandini" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Aldobrandini" title="Margarita Aldobrandini – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Margarita Aldobrandini" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Aldobrandini" title="Marguerite Aldobrandini – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marguerite Aldobrandini" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Aldobrandini" title="Margherita Aldobrandini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Margherita Aldobrandini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მარგერიტა ალდობრანდინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარგერიტა ალდობრანდინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B" title="マルゲリータ・アルドブランディーニ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルゲリータ・アルドブランディーニ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Aldobrandini" title="Małgorzata Aldobrandini – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Małgorzata Aldobrandini" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarida_Aldobrandini" title="Margarida Aldobrandini – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Margarida Aldobrandini" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Aldobrandini" title="Margarita Aldobrandini – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Margarita Aldobrandini" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Альдобрандини, Маргарита – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альдобрандини, Маргарита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareta_Aldobrandini" title="Margareta Aldobrandini – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Margareta Aldobrandini" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1100436#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Duchess consort of Parma and Piacenza</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Margherita Aldobrandini</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Margarita_Aldobrandini,_Duchess_of_Parma_by_Bartolome_Gonzalez,_held_in_the_Hermitage_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Margarita_Aldobrandini%2C_Duchess_of_Parma_by_Bartolome_Gonzalez%2C_held_in_the_Hermitage_collection.jpg/220px-Margarita_Aldobrandini%2C_Duchess_of_Parma_by_Bartolome_Gonzalez%2C_held_in_the_Hermitage_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Margarita_Aldobrandini%2C_Duchess_of_Parma_by_Bartolome_Gonzalez%2C_held_in_the_Hermitage_collection.jpg/330px-Margarita_Aldobrandini%2C_Duchess_of_Parma_by_Bartolome_Gonzalez%2C_held_in_the_Hermitage_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Margarita_Aldobrandini%2C_Duchess_of_Parma_by_Bartolome_Gonzalez%2C_held_in_the_Hermitage_collection.jpg/440px-Margarita_Aldobrandini%2C_Duchess_of_Parma_by_Bartolome_Gonzalez%2C_held_in_the_Hermitage_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1472" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_Serrano" title="Bartolomé González y Serrano">Bartolomé González y Serrano</a>, ca. 1610. Currently at <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parmese_consorts" title="List of Parmese consorts">Duchess consort of Parma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">7 May 1600 – 5 March 1622</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Regent of Parma and Piacenza</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">21 February 1626 – 28 April 1628</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1588-03-29</span>)</span>29 March 1588<br /><a href="/wiki/Capodimonte,_Lazio" title="Capodimonte, Lazio">Capodimonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 August 1646<span style="display:none">(1646-08-09)</span> (aged 58)<br /><a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ranuccio_I_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1600; died 1622)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Alessandro Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma and Piacenza<br /><a href="/wiki/Odoardo_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma">Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maria_Caterina_Farnese" title="Maria Caterina Farnese">Maria Caterina Farnese, Duchess consort of Modena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vittoria_Farnese_d%27Este" class="mw-redirect" title="Vittoria Farnese d'Este">Vittoria Farnese, Duchess consort of Modena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Farnese" title="Francesco Maria Farnese">Francesco Maria Farnese, Cardinal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Noble family</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aldobrandini_family" title="Aldobrandini family">Aldobrandini</a> (by birth) <br /> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Farnese" title="House of Farnese">Farnese</a> (by marriage)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Giovanni Francesco Aldobrandini</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Olimpia Aldobrandini</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Margherita Aldobrandini</b> (29 March 1588 — 9 August 1646), was an Italian noblewoman member of the <a href="/wiki/Aldobrandini_family" title="Aldobrandini family">Aldobrandini family</a> and by marriage <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parmese_consorts" title="List of Parmese consorts">Duchess consort of Parma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> during 1600–1622. She was also Regent of both Duchies during 1626–1628 on behalf of her minor son. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margherita_Aldobrandini&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_early_years">Family and early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margherita_Aldobrandini&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in the castle of <a href="/wiki/Capodimonte,_Lazio" title="Capodimonte, Lazio">Capodimonte</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a> on 29 March 1588, Margherita was the eldest child and daughter of Gianfrancesco Aldobrandini and Olimpia Aldobrandini,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> niece of Cardinal Ippolito Aldobrandini, who became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Pope Clement VIII</a> in 1592.<sup id="cite_ref-Lupis_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lupis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1593, at the invitation of her uncle, the pontiff, Margherita's parents moved to Rome. The Pope wanted to strengthen the position of the Aldobrandini family in the Papal States and provided patronage to his relatives. Margherita's father enjoyed special confidence in the pontiff, who bestowed on him the titles of Count of Sarsina and Meldola (later elevated to the rank of Prince in 1597), and her mother was his favorite niece. The pontiff also patronized the children of the spouses: he elevated their eldest son Salvestro to the rank of Cardinal, and for the eldest daughters Margherita and Elena began to look husbands of sovereign houses.<sup id="cite_ref-teodori_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teodori-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As suitors for Margherita, the Pope considered the candidacies of princes from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Houses of Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">Medici</a>, and even King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>. However, the candidates were not interested in the proposal. From 1598, the Pope began negotiations for the marriage of Margherita with <a href="/wiki/Ranuccio_I_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Piacenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Piacenza">Piacenza</a>. This marriage was supposed to stabilize the relationship between the Houses of Aldobrandini and Farnese and lead to a political alliance between the Holy See and the Duchy of Parma. In the course of lengthy and difficult negotiations, the parties came to an agreement on the amount of the bride's dowry, most of which was paid from the treasury of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. The marriage agreement was signed in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> with the active participation of Spanish diplomats and Cardinals <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Aldobrandini" title="Pietro Aldobrandini">Pietro Aldobrandini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odoardo_Farnese_(cardinal)" title="Odoardo Farnese (cardinal)">Odoardo Farnese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-teodori_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teodori-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duchess_of_Parma">Duchess of Parma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margherita_Aldobrandini&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Duchess of Parma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 May 1600 in Rome, Pope Clement VIII celebrated the marriage between Duke Ranuccio I Farnese and Margherita Aldobrandini. At the request of the Pope, the wedding took place without any special celebrations, but this event in an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> form was reflected in the art and literature of that time. The union of a 30-year-old groom and an 11-year-old bride was glorified by contemporary poets in <a href="/wiki/Epithalamium" title="Epithalamium">epithals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">madrigals</a>. It is believed that the wedding of the Duke and the grand-niece of the Pope inspired the cycle of <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Loves_of_the_Gods" title="The Loves of the Gods">The Loves of the Gods</a></i>, a work of the Bolognese artist <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a> and his studio, which is located in the west wing of the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a> in Rome. On 4 June, together with her husband, Margherita left Rome for <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, accompanied by armed guards and a cortege from the Parma nobility. On the way, the newlyweds visited Vittoria Farnese, Duchess consort of Urbino, the paternal aunt of Margherita's husband. On 1 July they arrived in the Duchy of Parma. The young Duchess spent the summer at the Castello di Torrechiara, awaiting the completion of renovations at the Ducal Palace in Parma. In early October, her solemn entry into the capital of the Duchy took place.<sup id="cite_ref-teodori_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teodori-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Duchess couldn't get pregnant for a long time; she had several miscarriages and the first two children she gave birth to in the first ten years of her marriage, in 1602 and 1603, only lived for a few hours. Margherita's relatives knew about her gynecological problems before her marriage; in addition, she underwent several operations. The question of the probable infertility of the then bride of the Duke of Parma was also known by his younger brother Cardinal Odoardo Farnese, who, nevertheless, didn't inform the groom. Historians believe that the Cardinal hoped in this way to be the successor of the Ducal throne of Parma after the death of his childless older brother; but in 1605, Duke Ranuccio I legitimized his illegitimate son <a href="/wiki/Ottavio_Farnese_(1598%E2%80%931643)" title="Ottavio Farnese (1598–1643)">Ottavio Farnese</a>, whom, much to Margherita's chagrin, he took to the Ducal Palace and began to train and educate him as his heir.<sup id="cite_ref-teodori_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teodori-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The superstitious Duke Ranuccio I, who believed in the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, convinced himself that he was the victim of someone's curse. After trying all medical methods, he turned to <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrologers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcists</a>, began to fast and generously give alms. Finally, he ordered the initiation of an investigation into the witchcraft case, which established that his wife had been damaged by the Duke's former mistresses, the beautiful noblewoman <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Colla" title="Claudia Colla">Claudia Colla</a> and her mother Elena, nicknamed "the Roman Woman" (<i>le Romane</i>). The women were convicted and imprisoned in the Rocchetta prison.<sup id="cite_ref-teodori_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teodori-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1610, Margherita finally gave birth a child who survived, a son, named Alessandro after his paternal grandfather, and who momentarily raised the hopes of the court. But soon became clear that the child was deaf and, as a result, dumb. After numerous attempts to correct the boy's condition, in 1618 his inability to govern the state was officially declared; the heir of the Ducal throne of Parma was the second surviving son, Odoardo, born in 1612. Following Alessandro and Odoardo's births, the gynecological problems of Margherita apparently became resolved: between 1613 and 1620, she gave birth five more children, three of whom survived infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-teodori_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teodori-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some researchers, she passed the hereditary obesity to the later representatives of the House of Farnese.<sup id="cite_ref-gazzettadiparma_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazzettadiparma-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the delight of Margherita, the illegitimate Ottavio Farnese was removed from court; unsatisfied with the loss of his position of heir, he became a member of a conspiracy against his father, which was revealed, after which he was also imprisoned in the Rocchetta prison until his death. </p><p>Like most political marriages in the House of Farnese House, Margherita's union was unhappy. The interests of the relatives of the Duchess and her husband often overlapped, which led to conflicts between them. The hot-tempered and cruel Duke Ranuccio I did not change his love habits: Margherita had to be patient with the Duke's promiscuous relationships with other women.<sup id="cite_ref-gazzettadiparma_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazzettadiparma-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to contemporaries, the Duchess had a meek character. She was a pious woman, helped the poor and the sick, patronized the monks, especially the <a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a>, whom in 1629 she helped to settle down at the Church of St. Christina in Parma. Margherita loved art and poetry, patronized the poet Claudio Achillini, whom she helped to take a chair at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Parma" title="University of Parma">University of Parma</a>. Only once during the years of marriage did the Duchess travel with her husband outside Parma: in 1620, they paid an official visit to <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, where they attended the unveiling of the equestrian monuments of the Duke and his father Alessandro Farnese.<sup id="cite_ref-teodori_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teodori-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regent_of_Parma">Regent of Parma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margherita_Aldobrandini&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regent of Parma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Duke Rannucio I died on 5 March 1622.<sup id="cite_ref-teodori_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teodori-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His younger brother, Cardinal Odoardo, acted as Regent of the Duchy of Parma on behalf of his 10-years-old nephew and new Duke <a href="/wiki/Odoardo_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma">Odoardo</a>. The Cardinal's death in February 1626 allowed Margherita, now Dowager Duchess, to become in the new Regent for her son. Her 2-years regency occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>; she managed to maintain stability in the Duchy, observing neutrality. In the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Mantuan_Succession" title="War of the Mantuan Succession">War of the Mantuan Succession</a> she supported <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua" title="Charles I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua">Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers</a>, who became in the next Duke of Mantua and Montferrato.<sup id="cite_ref-teodori_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teodori-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1628 Duke Odoardo Farnese attained his majority, and Margherita resigned to her functions as Regent. In October of the same year, the Duke married <a href="/wiki/Margherita_de%27_Medici" title="Margherita de' Medici">Margherita de' Medici</a>. Back in 1620, Duke Ranuccio I agreed on the marriage of his heir to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cristina_de%27_Medici" title="Maria Cristina de' Medici">Maria Cristina de' Medici</a>, the eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_II_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a>, but because of Maria Cristina's health problems (she was born with a deformity and was possibly mentally disabled) in February 1627 was decided that the Grand Duke's second daughter Margherita de' Medici became in the new bride and eventually Duchess consort of Parma.<sup id="cite_ref-teodori_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teodori-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little is known of the Dowager Duchess after the end of her regency; the only certainty is that she lived at the court of her son. Margherita Aldobrandini died in Parma on 9 August 1646; her son Duke Odoardo died a few weeks later, on 11 September.<sup id="cite_ref-teodori_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teodori-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margherita_Aldobrandini&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Margherita and Ranuccio I had nine children:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Alessandro Francesco Maria Farnese (8 August 1602), Hereditary Prince of Parma and Piacenza, died at birth.</li> <li>Maria Farnese (5 September 1603), died at birth.</li> <li>Alessandro Farnese (5 September 1610 – 24 July 1630), Hereditary Prince of Parma and Piacenza, deaf and dumb from the birth, excluded from the succession.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoardo_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma">Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma</a> (28 April 1612 – 11 September 1646), married <a href="/wiki/Margherita_de%27_Medici" title="Margherita de' Medici">Margherita de' Medici</a> and had issue.</li> <li>Orazio Farnese (7 July 1613 – 28 February 1614), died in infancy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Caterina_Farnese" title="Maria Caterina Farnese">Maria Caterina Farnese</a> (18 February 1615 – 25 July 1646), married <a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena">Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena</a> and had issue.</li> <li>Maria Farnese (29 April 1618), died at birth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittoria_Farnese_d%27Este" class="mw-redirect" title="Vittoria Farnese d'Este">Vittoria Farnese</a> (29 April 1618 – 10 Aug 1649), married <a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena">Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena</a> and had issue.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Farnese" title="Francesco Maria Farnese">Francesco Maria Farnese</a> (19 August 1620 – 13 July 1647), Cardinal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margherita_Aldobrandini&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margherita's parents were distant cousins, both members of the Aldobrandini family: Gianfrancesco was a descendant of Jacopo Aldobrandini (born ca. 1388), <i>Priori di Libert</i>à during 1431–1437, while Olimpia was a descendant of Jacopo's older brother Aldobrandino Aldobrandini (died 1453), also <i>Priori di Libertà</i> in 1417 and Gonfaloniere di Giustizia della Repubblica di Firenze in 1434.<sup id="cite_ref-Lupis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lupis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margherita_Aldobrandini&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lupis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lupis_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lupis_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLupis_Macedonio,_Marco" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lupis Macedonio, Marco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letteraa/aldobrandini/ALDOBRANDINI03.htm">"ALDOBRANDINI — Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Mediterranea"</a> (in Italian). www.genmarenostrum.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MARGHERITA+Aldobrandini%2C+duchessa+di+Parma+e+Piacenza+%E2%80%94+Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani%3A+Volume+70+%282008%29&rft.pub=www.treccani.it&rft.au=Raissa%2C+Teodori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmargherita-aldobrandini-duchessa-di-parma-e-piacenza_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargherita+Aldobrandini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campari, Francesco Luigi. Un processo di streghe in Piacenza (1611-1615), in: <i>Bollettino Storico Piacentino</i>, I, 1906, p. 70–75. Sur le procès en sorcellerie de Claudia Colla.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazzettadiparma-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazzettadiparma_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazzettadiparma_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfieri,_Luigi" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alfieri, Luigi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405235109/http://www.gazzettadiparma.it/news/storia-di-parma/146020/Parma--la-vita-e-gli.html">"Ranuccio I: le luci, le ombre — Storia della città dal Mille al Millenovecento: Parma. La vita e gli amori"</a> (in Italian). www.gazzettadiparma.it. 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ducal_consorts_of_Parma" title="Template:Ducal consorts of Parma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ducal_consorts_of_Parma" title="Template talk:Ducal consorts of Parma"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Yolande_of_Savoy" title="Princess Margaret Yolande of Savoy">Princess Margherita Violante of Savoy</a> <i>(1660–1663)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_d%27Este,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Isabella d'Este, Duchess of Parma">Isabella d'Este</a> <i>(1664–1666)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_d%27Este" title="Maria d'Este">Maria d'Este</a> <i>(1668–1686)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countess_Palatine_Dorothea_Sophie_of_Neuburg" title="Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg">Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg</a> <i>(1695–1727)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrichetta_d%27Este" title="Enrichetta d'Este">Enrichetta d'Este</a> <i>(1727–1731)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> <i>(1735–1740)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Louise Élisabeth of France</a> <i>(1748–1759)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma">Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria</a> <i>(1769–1802)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy_(1803%E2%80%931879)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Teresa of Savoy (1803–1879)">Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy</a> <i>(1847–1849)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_d%27Artois" title="Princess Louise d'Artois">Princess Louise of Artois</a> <i>(1849–1854)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Pia_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Princess Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies</a>* <i>(1869–1882)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Ant%C3%B3nia_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal">Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal</a>* <i>(1884–1907)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_Bourbon-Busset" title="Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset">Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset</a>* <i>(1974–1977)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Irene_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Irene of the Netherlands">Princess Irene of the Netherlands</a>* <i>(1977–1981)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Annemarie, Duchess of Parma">Annemarie Gualthérie van Weezel</a>* <i>(2010–)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* <i>denotes titular Duchess</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1100436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1100436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1100436#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078729011">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12280939">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1953387/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbM8XQWXv6BHgFbJfv8md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131913883">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009167036">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aldobrandini, Margherita"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MUSV000933">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhjczm53rn9vq">Sweden</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="MARGHERITA Aldobrandini, duchessa di Parma e Piacenza"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/margherita-aldobrandini-duchessa-di-parma-e-piacenza_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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