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id="toc-Dynamics_within_and_between_the_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Current research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empirical_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empirical_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Empirical assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empirical_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogukonnatunnetus" title="Kogukonnatunnetus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kogukonnatunnetus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasa_kemasyarakatan" title="Rasa kemasyarakatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rasa kemasyarakatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhteis%C3%B6llisyys" title="Yhteisöllisyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhteisöllisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Community" title="Category:Community">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccf;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">Community</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg/100px-Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg/150px-Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg/200px-Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Academic studies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">Social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">Community practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_studies" title="Internet studies">Internet studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Sociocultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Key concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_engagement" title="Community engagement">Community engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_education" title="Community education">Community education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_cohesion" title="Community cohesion">Community cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_interest" title="Community of interest">Community of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">Community practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_place" title="Community of place">Community of place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">Community service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_politics" title="Community politics">Community politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">Group cohesiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (sociology)">Group (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_dynamics" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosocial_behavior" title="Prosocial behavior">Prosocial behavior</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sense of community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-group_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-group communication">Small-group communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_death" title="Social death">Social death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity (sociology)">Solidarity (sociology)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/Community_development" title="Community development">Community development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_management" title="Community-based management">Community-based management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_building" title="Community building">Community building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_development_planning" title="Community development planning">Community development planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">Community organizing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_community" title="Outline of community">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Community_building" title="Category:Community building">Category:Community building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Community_development" title="Category:Community development">Category:Community development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Localism_(politics)" title="Category:Localism (politics)">Category:Localism (politics)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community" title="Template:Community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community" title="Template talk:Community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sense of community</b> (or <b>psychological sense of community</b>) is a concept in <a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">community psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social psychology (psychology)">social psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">community social work</a>, as well as in several other research disciplines, such as <a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban sociology</a>. It focuses on the <i>experience</i> of community rather than its structure, formation, setting, or other features. The latter is the province of <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> or community services administration which needs to understand how structures influence this feeling and psychological sense of community. <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">Sociologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social psychologist">social psychologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a>, and others have theorized about and carried out <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">empirical research</a> on community, but the <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> approach asks questions about the individual's <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">understanding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">attitudes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">feelings</a>, etc. about community and his or her relationship to it and to others' participation—indeed to the complete, multifaceted community experience. </p><p>In his seminal 1974 book, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Seymour_B._Sarason" class="mw-redirect" title="Seymour B. Sarason">Seymour B. Sarason</a> proposed that psychological sense of community become the conceptual center for the psychology of <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>, asserting that it "is one of the major bases for self-definition."<sup id="cite_ref-Sarason1974_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarason1974-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1986 it was regarded as a central overarching concept for <a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">community psychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarason1986_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarason1986-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChavisPretty_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChavisPretty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the theoretical concept entered the other applied academic disciplines as part of "communities for all" initiatives in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Magrab_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magrab-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among theories of sense of community proposed by <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a>, McMillan's & Chavis's<sup id="cite_ref-McMillanChavis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMillanChavis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is by far the most influential, and is the starting point for most of the recent research in the field. It is discussed in detail below. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_of_community&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Sarason, psychological sense of community is "the <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> of similarity to others, an acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Interdependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdependence">interdependence</a> with others, a willingness to maintain this interdependence by giving to or doing for others what one expects from them, and the feeling that one is part of a larger dependable and stable structure".<sup id="cite_ref-Sarason1974_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarason1974-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 157">: 157 </span></sup> </p><p>McMillan & Chavis define a sense of community as "a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members' needs will be met through their <a href="/wiki/Personal_commitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal commitment">commitment</a> to be together."<sup id="cite_ref-McMillanChavis_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMillanChavis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>J.R. Gusfield identified two dimensions of community: territorial and relational.<sup id="cite_ref-Gusfield_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gusfield-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relational dimension of community has to do with the nature and quality of relationships in that community, and some communities may even have no discernible territorial demarcation, as in the case of a community of scholars working in a particular specialty, who have some kind of contact and quality of relationship, but may live and work in disparate locations, perhaps even throughout the world. Other communities may seem to be defined primarily according to territory, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">neighbourhoods</a> or <a href="/wiki/Local_community" title="Local community">local communities</a>, but even in such cases, proximity or shared territory cannot by itself constitute a community; the relational dimension is also essential. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a> of their urban neighbourhoods <a href="/wiki/Questionnaire" title="Questionnaire">questionnaire</a> yielded two distinct factors that Riger and Lavrakas characterized as "social bonding" and "physical rootedness", very similar to the two dimensions proposed by Gusfield.<sup id="cite_ref-RigerLavrakas_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RigerLavrakas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early work on psychological sense of community was based on neighborhoods as the referent, and found a relationship between psychological sense of community and greater participation,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> perceived safety,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> ability to function competently in the community,<sup id="cite_ref-Glynn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glynn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> social bonding,<sup id="cite_ref-RigerLavrakas_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RigerLavrakas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> social fabric (strengths of <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal relationship</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> greater sense of purpose and perceived control,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and greater civic contributions (<a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">charitable contributions</a> and civic involvement).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These initial studies lacked a clearly articulated <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">conceptual framework</a>, however, and none of the measures developed were based on a <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_definition" title="Theoretical definition">theoretical definition</a> of psychological sense of community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_theoretical_foundation:_McMillan_and_Chavis">Primary theoretical foundation: McMillan and Chavis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_of_community&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Primary theoretical foundation: McMillan and Chavis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McMillan & Chavis's theory (and instrument)<sup id="cite_ref-McMillanChavis_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMillanChavis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the most broadly validated and widely utilized in this area in the psychological literature. They prefer the abbreviated label "sense of community", and propose that sense of community is composed of four elements: </p> <dl><dt>Membership</dt> <dd>Membership includes five attributes:</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"> <ol><li>boundaries</li> <li>emotional safety</li> <li>a sense of belonging and identification</li> <li>personal investment</li> <li>a common symbol system</li></ol></div> <dl><dt>Influence</dt> <dd>Influence works both ways: members need to feel that they have some influence in the group, and some influence by the group on its members is needed for group cohesion. Recent research<sup id="cite_ref-Chigbu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chigbu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on rural and urban communities have found that <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">sense of community is a major factor</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="if influence is one of four elements of sense of community, isn't the assertion that sense of community is a major factor on influence just circular? (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Integration and fulfillment of needs</dt> <dd>Members feel rewarded in some way for their participation in the community.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Shared emotional connection</dt> <dd>The "definitive element for true community",<sup id="cite_ref-McMillanChavis_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMillanChavis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> it includes shared history and shared participation (or at least identification with the history).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamics_within_and_between_the_elements">Dynamics within and between the elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_of_community&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dynamics within and between the elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McMillan & Chavis give the following example to illustrate the dynamics within and between these four elements:<sup id="cite_ref-McMillanChavis_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMillanChavis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Someone puts an announcement on the dormitory bulletin board about the formation of an intramural dormitory basketball team. People attend the organizational meeting as strangers out of their individual needs (integration and fulfillment of needs). The team is bound by place of residence (membership boundaries are set) and spends time together in practice (the contact hypothesis). They play a game and win (successful shared valent event). While playing, members exert energy on behalf of the team (personal investment in the group). As the team continues to win, team members become recognized and congratulated (gaining honor and status for being members). Someone suggests that they all buy matching shirts and shoes (common symbols) and they do so (influence).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_research">Current research</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_of_community&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their 2002 study of a <a href="/wiki/Community_of_interest" title="Community of interest">community of interest</a>, specifically the science fiction fandom community, Obst, Zinkiewicz, and Smith suggest Conscious Identification as the fifth dimension.<sup id="cite_ref-Obst_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obst-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empirical_assessment">Empirical assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_of_community&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Empirical assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chavis et al.'s <b>Sense of Community Index</b> (<b>SCI</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-ChipuerPretty_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChipuerPretty-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LongPerkins_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LongPerkins-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally designed primarily in reference to neighborhoods, can be adapted to study other communities as well, including the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Workplace" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Workplace">workplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confessional_community" title="Confessional community">religious communities</a>, communities of interest, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_of_community&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a> – Sociological term for "normlessness" (<i>The Division of Labor in Society</i>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a> – human emotional need to be an accepted member of a group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a> – Political philosophy (<i>The Spirit of Community</i>, <a href="/wiki/Amitai_Etzioni" title="Amitai Etzioni">Amitai Etzioni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">Community practice</a> (<i>Social Work</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entitativity" title="Entitativity">Entitativity</a> – the perception of a social unit as a "group"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft">Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft</a> – Types of social ties by Ferdinand Tönnies (<i>Community and Society</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Ferdinand Tönnies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">Group cohesiveness</a> – the strength of bonds linking members of a social group to one another and to the group as a whole</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagined communities">Imagined communities</a> – Nation as a socially constructed community<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a>, a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest network">Interest network</a> – Type of affinity group<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_participation" title="Online participation">Online participation</a> – Extent to which the web encourages the people to share in organizational decision-making</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a> – the process during which newcomers are incorporated into the social structure of the host society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_solidarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social solidarity">Social solidarity</a> – Unity of feeling or action on a common interest<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_of_community&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sarason1974-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarason1974_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarason1974_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSarason1974" class="citation book cs1">Sarason, S.B. (1974). <i>The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology</i>. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+psychological+sense+of+community%3A+Prospects+for+a+community+psychology&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Jossey-Bass&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Sarason&rft.aufirst=S.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense+of+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarason1986-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarason1986_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarason1986" class="citation journal cs1">Sarason, S.B. (1986). "Commentary: The emergence of a conceptual center". <i>Journal of Community Psychology</i>. <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">405–</span>407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1520-6629%28198610%2914%3A4%3C405%3A%3AAID-JCOP2290140409%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8">10.1002/1520-6629(198610)14:4<405::AID-JCOP2290140409>3.0.CO;2-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Community+Psychology&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+The+emergence+of+a+conceptual+center&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E407&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1520-6629%28198610%2914%3A4%3C405%3A%3AAID-JCOP2290140409%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8&rft.aulast=Sarason&rft.aufirst=S.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense+of+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChavisPretty-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChavisPretty_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavisPretty1999" class="citation journal cs1">Chavis, D.M.; Pretty, G. (1999). "Sense of community: Advances in measurement and application". <i>Journal of Community Psychology</i>. <b>27</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">635–</span>642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-6629%28199911%2927%3A6%3C635%3A%3AAID-JCOP1%3E3.0.CO%3B2-F">10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199911)27:6<635::AID-JCOP1>3.0.CO;2-F</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Community+Psychology&rft.atitle=Sense+of+community%3A+Advances+in+measurement+and+application&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E642&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-6629%28199911%2927%3A6%3C635%3A%3AAID-JCOP1%3E3.0.CO%3B2-F&rft.aulast=Chavis&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rft.au=Pretty%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense+of+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magrab-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magrab_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagrab1999" class="citation book cs1">Magrab, P. (1999). "The meaning of community". In Roberts, R.N.; Magrab, P.R. (eds.). <i>Where Children Live: Solutions for Serving Young Children and their Families</i>. Stamford, Ct.: Ablex Publishing Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+meaning+of+community&rft.btitle=Where+Children+Live%3A+Solutions+for+Serving+Young+Children+and+their+Families&rft.place=Stamford%2C+Ct.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Ablex+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Magrab&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense+of+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMillanChavis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McMillanChavis_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMillanChavis_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMillanChavis_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMillanChavis_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMillanChavis_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillanChavis1986" class="citation journal cs1">McMillan, D.W.; Chavis, D.M. (1986). "Sense of community: A definition and theory". <i>Journal of Community Psychology</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1520-6629%28198601%2914%3A1%3C6%3A%3AAID-JCOP2290140103%3E3.0.CO%3B2-I">10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14729262">14729262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Community+Psychology&rft.atitle=Sense+of+community%3A+A+definition+and+theory&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1520-6629%28198601%2914%3A1%3C6%3A%3AAID-JCOP2290140103%3E3.0.CO%3B2-I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14729262%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=D.W.&rft.au=Chavis%2C+D.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense+of+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gusfield-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gusfield_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGusfield1975" class="citation book cs1">Gusfield, J.R. (1975). <i>The community: A critical response</i>. New York: Harper Colophon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+community%3A+A+critical+response&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Colophon.&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Gusfield&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense+of+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RigerLavrakas-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RigerLavrakas_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RigerLavrakas_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigerLavrakas1981" class="citation journal cs1">Riger, S.; Lavrakas, P. (1981). "Community ties patterns of attachment and social interaction in urban neighborhoods". <i>American Journal of Community Psychology</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">55–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00896360">10.1007/BF00896360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144882700">144882700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Community+Psychology&rft.atitle=Community+ties+patterns+of+attachment+and+social+interaction+in+urban+neighborhoods&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00896360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144882700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Riger&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Lavrakas%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense+of+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;">Hunter, 1975<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;">Wandersman & Giamartino, 1980<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doolittle & McDonald, 1978<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glynn-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glynn_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlynn1981" class="citation journal cs1">Glynn, T.J. (1981). 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(July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bachrach & Zautra, 1985<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson & Cotter, 1986<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chigbu-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chigbu_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChigbu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chigbu, U.E. (2013). 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"Commentary: The emergence of a conceptual center". <i>Journal of Community Psychology</i>. <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">405–</span>407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1520-6629%28198610%2914%3A4%3C405%3A%3AAID-JCOP2290140409%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8">10.1002/1520-6629(198610)14:4<405::AID-JCOP2290140409>3.0.CO;2-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Community+Psychology&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+The+emergence+of+a+conceptual+center&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E407&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1520-6629%28198610%2914%3A4%3C405%3A%3AAID-JCOP2290140409%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8&rft.aulast=Sarason&rft.aufirst=S.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense+of+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wright, S. P. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wright-house.com/psychology/Stephen_Wright_dissertation.pdf"><i>Exploring Psychological Sense of Community in Living-Learning Programs.</i></a> Doctoral Dissertation. University of Maryland.</li> <li>Farahani, L. M., & Lozanovska, M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leila_Mahmoudi_Farahani/publication/269114334_A_framework_for_exploring_the_sense_of_community_and_social_life_in_residential_environments/links/548282560cf2f5dd63a89b1c.pdf">A framework for exploring the sense of community and social life in residential environments</a>. International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 8(3), 223-237.</li> <li>Mahmoudi Farahani, L. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14036096.2016.1155480">The value of the sense of community and neighbouring</a>. Housing, Theory and Society, 33(3), 357-376.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_of_community&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wright-house.com/psychology/sense-of-community.html">Psychological Sense of Community: Theory of McMillan & Chavis (1986)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virtues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virtues" title="Template:Virtues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues" title="Template talk:Virtues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virtues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></i></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td 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