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id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Colonial United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Modern day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_Of_Weaving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_Of_Weaving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types Of Weaving</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_Of_Weaving-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types Of Weaving subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_Of_Weaving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hand_loom_weavers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand_loom_weavers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hand loom weavers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand_loom_weavers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_loom_weavers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_loom_weavers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Power loom weavers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_loom_weavers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craft_weavers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craft_weavers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Craft weavers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Craft_weavers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Indigenous cultures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indigenous_cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indigenous cultures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amazon_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amazon_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Amazon cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amazon_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Computer science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gender politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gender_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gender politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gender_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Women's work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_in_the_mainstream_art_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_in_the_mainstream_art_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Reception in the mainstream art world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_in_the_mainstream_art_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Weaving</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weef" title="Weef – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Weef" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%BD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%93" title="ሽመና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሽመና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AC" title="نسج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نسج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82" title="توخوجولوق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توخوجولوق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="তাঁতে কাপড় বোনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাঁতে কাপড় বোনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D2%A1%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Туҡыусылыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Туҡыусылыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ткацтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ткацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ткацтва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ткацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghabol" title="Paghabol – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Paghabol" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тъкане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тъкане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwiaderezh" title="Gwiaderezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwiaderezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teixidura" title="Teixidura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teixidura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tkan%C3%AD" title="Tkaní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tkaní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6vning" title="Vævning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vævning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weben" title="Weben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%B3%C3%B3h" title="Atłʼóóh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Atłʼóóh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudumine" title="Kudumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kudumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesd%C3%BBra" title="Tesdûra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tesdûra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejedur%C3%ADa" title="Tejeduría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tejeduría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksado" title="Teksado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teksado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="نساجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نساجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissage" title="Tissage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tissage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADod%C3%B3ireacht" title="Fíodóireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fíodóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breabadair" title="Breabadair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Breabadair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecemento" title="Tecemento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tecemento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%81%EC%A1%B0" title="직조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="직조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C6%99a" title="Saƙa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Saƙa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մանածագործություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանածագործություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97)" title="बुनाई (वीविंग) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बुनाई (वीविंग)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menenun" title="Menenun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menenun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vefna%C3%B0ur_(a%C3%B0fer%C3%B0)" title="Vefnaður (aðferð) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vefnaður (aðferð)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tessitura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%94" title="אריגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenun" title="Tenun – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tenun" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ನೆಯ್ಗೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೆಯ್ಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufumaji" title="Ufumaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufumaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83" title="Токуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Токуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B3" title="ການຕ່ຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຕ່ຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C5%A1ana" title="Aušana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aušana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiewen" title="Wiewen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wiewen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audimas" title="Audimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Audimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waeve" title="Waeve – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waeve" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6v%C3%A9s" title="Szövés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szövés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Ткаење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ткаење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanenomana" title="Fanenomana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanenomana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penenunan" title="Penenunan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penenunan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weven" title="Weven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veving" title="Veving – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Veving" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veving" title="Veving – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Veving" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%CA%BBquvchilik" title="Toʻquvchilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toʻquvchilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissage" title="Tissage – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tissage" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tkactwo" title="Tkactwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tkactwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecelagem" title="Tecelagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tecelagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aes%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Țesătură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țesătură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaq" title="Awaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Awaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ткачество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ткачество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tminun" title="Tminun – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Tminun" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Weaving" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tkalstvo" title="Tkalstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tkalstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Ткање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ткање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tkanje" title="Tkanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tkanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudonta" title="Kudonta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kudonta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4vning" title="Vävning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vävning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நெசவுத் தொழில்நுட்பம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெசவுத் தொழில்நுட்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Бизәкләп туку – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бизәкләп туку" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A4" title="చేనేత – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చేనేత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="การทอผ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทอผ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokuma" title="Dokuma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dokuma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ткацтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ткацтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%87t" title="Dệt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dệt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B9%94" title="織 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="織" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E7%BB%87" title="梭织 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="梭织" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E7%B9%94" title="梭織 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="梭織" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E7%BB%87" title="梭织 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="梭织" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192296#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about textile weaving. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Weaving_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Weaving (disambiguation)">Weaving (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warp_and_weft_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Warp_and_weft_2.jpg/250px-Warp_and_weft_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Warp_and_weft_2.jpg/330px-Warp_and_weft_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Warp_and_weft_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Warp and weft in <a href="/wiki/Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">plain weaving</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satin_weave_in_silk_90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Satin_weave_in_silk_90.jpg/220px-Satin_weave_in_silk_90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Satin_weave_in_silk_90.jpg/330px-Satin_weave_in_silk_90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Satin_weave_in_silk_90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Satin_weave" class="mw-redirect" title="Satin weave">satin weave</a>, common for <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, in which each warp thread floats over 15 weft threads</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twill_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Twill_structure.png/175px-Twill_structure.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Twill_structure.png/263px-Twill_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Twill_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>A 3/1 <a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">twill</a>, as used in <a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">denim</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Weaving</b> is a method of <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> production in which two distinct sets of <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarns or threads</a> are interlaced at right angles to form a <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a>. Other methods are <a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">knitting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">crocheting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">braiding or plaiting</a>. The longitudinal threads are called the <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a> and the lateral threads are the <a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a>, woof, or filling. The method in which these threads are interwoven affects the characteristics of the cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier197492_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier197492-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloth is usually woven on a <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a>, a device that holds warp threads in place while filling threads are woven through them. A fabric band that meets this definition of cloth (warp threads with a weft thread winding between) can also be made using other methods, including <a href="/wiki/Tablet_weaving" title="Tablet weaving">tablet weaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Back_strap_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Back strap loom">back strap loom</a>, or other techniques that can be done without looms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley1914_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley1914-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The way the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is called the weave. The majority of woven products are created with one of three basic weaves: <a href="/wiki/Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">plain weave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satin_weave" class="mw-redirect" title="Satin weave">satin weave</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Twill_weave" class="mw-redirect" title="Twill weave">twill weave</a>. Woven cloth can be plain or classic (in one colour or a simple pattern), or can be woven in decorative or artistic design. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_and_terminology">Process and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">Loom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">Power loom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Security_Guard_Weaving_-_Old_City_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_(12850517463).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Security_Guard_Weaving_-_Old_City_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812850517463%29.jpg/220px-Security_Guard_Weaving_-_Old_City_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812850517463%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Security_Guard_Weaving_-_Old_City_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812850517463%29.jpg/330px-Security_Guard_Weaving_-_Old_City_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812850517463%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Security_Guard_Weaving_-_Old_City_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812850517463%29.jpg/440px-Security_Guard_Weaving_-_Old_City_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812850517463%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Ansar" title="Bangladesh Ansar">Bangladesh Ansar</a> officer weaving on duty.</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, weaving involves using a <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a> to interlace two sets of threads at <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">right angles</a> to each other: the <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a> which runs longitudinally and the <a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a> (older <i>woof</i>) that crosses it. (<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Weft</i></span> is an <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word meaning "that which is woven"; compare <i>leave</i> and <i>left</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) One warp thread is called an <i>end</i> and one weft thread is called a <i>pick</i>. The warp threads are held taut and in <a href="/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)" title="Parallel (geometry)">parallel</a> to each other, typically in a loom. There are many types of looms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1974102_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1974102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weaving can be summarized as a repetition of these three actions, also called the <i>primary motions of the loom</i>. </p> <ul><li>Shedding: where the warp threads (ends) are separated by raising or lowering heald frames (<a href="/wiki/Heddle" title="Heddle">heddles</a>) to form a clear space, referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Shed_(weaving)" title="Shed (weaving)">shed</a> where the pick can pass</li> <li>Picking: where the weft or pick is propelled across the loom by hand, an air-jet, a rapier or a <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(weaving)" title="Shuttle (weaving)">shuttle</a></li> <li>Beating-up or battening: where the weft is pushed up against the fell of the cloth by the <a href="/wiki/Reed_(weaving)" title="Reed (weaving)">reed</a><sup id="cite_ref-Collier104_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier104-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The warp is divided into two overlapping groups, or lines (most often adjacent threads belonging to the opposite group) that run in two planes, one above another, so the shuttle can be passed between them in a straight motion. Then, the upper group is lowered by the loom mechanism, and the lower group is raised (shedding), allowing the shuttle to pass in the opposite direction, also in a straight motion. Repeating these actions forms a fabric mesh but without beating-up, the final distance between the adjacent wefts would be irregular and far too large. </p><p>The <i>secondary motions of the loom</i> are the: </p> <ul><li>Let off motion: where the warp is let off the warp beam at a regulated speed to make the filling even and of the required design</li> <li>Take up motion: takes up the woven fabric in a regulated manner so that the density of filling is maintained</li></ul> <p>The <i>tertiary motions of the loom</i> are the stop motions: to stop the loom in the event of a thread break. The two main stop motions are the </p> <ul><li>Warp stop motion</li> <li>Weft stop motion</li></ul> <p>The principal parts of a loom are the frame, the warp-beam or weavers beam, the cloth-roll (apron bar), the heddles, and their mounting, the <a href="/wiki/Reed_(weaving)" title="Reed (weaving)">reed</a>. The warp-beam is a wooden or metal cylinder on the back of the loom on which the warp is delivered. The threads of the warp extend in parallel order from the warp-beam to the front of the loom where they are attached to the cloth-roll. Each thread or group of threads of the warp passes through an opening (eye) in a heddle. The warp threads are separated by the heddles into two or more groups, each controlled and automatically drawn up and down by the motion of the heddles. In the case of small patterns the movement of the heddles is controlled by "cams" which move up the heddles by means of a frame called a harness; in larger patterns the heddles are controlled by a dobby mechanism, where the healds are raised according to pegs inserted into a revolving drum. Where a complex design is required, the healds are raised by harness cords attached to a Jacquard machine. Every time the harness (the heddles) moves up or down, an opening (<a href="/wiki/Shed_(weaving)" title="Shed (weaving)">shed</a>) is made between the threads of warp, through which the pick is inserted. Traditionally the weft thread is inserted by a shuttle.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier104_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier104-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley191454_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley191454-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a conventional loom, continuous weft thread is carried on a <a href="/wiki/Pirn" title="Pirn">pirn</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(weaving)" title="Shuttle (weaving)">shuttle</a> that passes through the shed. A handloom weaver could propel the shuttle by throwing it from side to side with the aid of a picking stick. The "picking" on a <a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">power loom</a> is done by rapidly hitting the shuttle from each side using an overpick or underpick mechanism controlled by cams 80–250 times a minute.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier104_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier104-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a pirn is depleted, it is ejected from the shuttle and replaced with the next pirn held in a battery attached to the loom. Multiple shuttle boxes allow more than one shuttle to be used. Each can carry a different colour which allows banding across the loom. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weaving_Pattern_Cards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Weaving_Pattern_Cards.jpg/220px-Weaving_Pattern_Cards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Weaving_Pattern_Cards.jpg/330px-Weaving_Pattern_Cards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Weaving_Pattern_Cards.jpg/440px-Weaving_Pattern_Cards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Weaving pattern cards used by Skye Weavers, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Isle of Skye</a>, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p>The rapier-type weaving machines do not have shuttles, they propel cut lengths of weft by means of small grippers or rapiers that pick up the filling thread and carry it halfway across the loom where another rapier picks it up and pulls it the rest of the way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1974110_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1974110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some carry the filling yarns across the loom at rates in excess of 2,000 metres per minute. Manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Picanol" title="Picanol">Picanol</a> have reduced the mechanical adjustments to a minimum, and control all the functions through a computer with a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a>. Other types use compressed air to insert the pick. They are all fast, versatile and quiet.<sup id="cite_ref-CFF_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The warp is <a href="/wiki/Sizing#Textile_warp_sizing" title="Sizing">sized</a> in a starch mixture for smoother running. The loom warped (loomed or dressed) by passing the sized warp threads through two or more <a href="/wiki/Heddle" title="Heddle">heddles</a> attached to harnesses. The power weavers loom is warped by separate workers. Most looms used for industrial purposes have a machine that ties new warps threads to the waste of previously used warps threads, while still on the loom, then an operator rolls the old and new threads back on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warp_beam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warp beam (page does not exist)">warp beam</a>. The harnesses are controlled by cams, dobbies or a Jacquard head. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twill_weave.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Twill_weave.png/220px-Twill_weave.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Twill_weave.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A 3/1 twill weave, as used in denim</figcaption></figure> <p>The raising and lowering sequence of warp threads in various sequences gives rise to many possible weave structures: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">Plain weave</a>: plain, and hopsacks, <a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">poplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">taffeta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Collier114_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier114-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> poult-de-soie, <a href="/wiki/Pibiones" title="Pibiones">pibiones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">grosgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill_weave" class="mw-redirect" title="Twill weave">Twill weave</a>: these are described by weft float followed by warp float, arranged to give diagonal pattern; examples are 2/1 twill, 3/3 twill, or 1/2 twill. These are softer fabrics than plain weaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1974115_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1974115-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin_weave" class="mw-redirect" title="Satin weave">Satin weave</a>: <a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">satins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">sateens</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1974116_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1974116-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Complex computer-generated interlacings, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacquard_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard</a> fabric</li> <li>Pile <a href="/wiki/List_of_fabrics" title="List of fabrics">fabrics</a>: fabrics with a surface of cut threads (a <i>pile</i>), such as <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">velveteens</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1974116_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1974116-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selvage" title="Selvage">Selvage</a> refers to the fabric's edge, which may be marked with the manufacturer's detail. It is a narrow edge of a woven fabric parallel to its length.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrum_(textiles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrum (textiles)">Thrums</a> are the remainder yarns for tying on the loom. The portion that is not weavable warp. It is also called loom waste.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Both warp and weft can be visible in the final product. By spacing the warp more closely, it can completely cover the weft that binds it, giving a <i>warp faced</i> textile such as rep weave.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier114_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier114-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, if the warp is spread out, the weft can slide down and completely cover the warp, giving a <i>weft faced</i> textile, such as a <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> rug. There are a variety of loom styles for hand weaving and tapestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier114_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier114-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_weaving_in_Beni_Hassan_tomb_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Women_weaving_in_Beni_Hassan_tomb_%28%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg/250px-Women_weaving_in_Beni_Hassan_tomb_%28%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Women_weaving_in_Beni_Hassan_tomb_%28%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg/255px-Women_weaving_in_Beni_Hassan_tomb_%28%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Women_weaving_in_Beni_Hassan_tomb_%28%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Weaving in ancient Egypt</figcaption></figure> <p>There are some indications that weaving was already known in the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> Era, as early as 27,000 years ago. An indistinct textile impression has been found at the <a href="/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolní Věstonice (archaeology)">Dolní Věstonice</a> site.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the find, the weavers of the Upper Palaeolithic were manufacturing a variety of cordage types, produced plaited basketry and sophisticated twined and plain woven cloth. The artifacts include imprints in clay and burned remnants of cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known textiles found in the Americas are remnants of six finely woven textiles and cordage found in <a href="/wiki/Guitarrero_Cave" title="Guitarrero Cave">Guitarrero Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. The weavings, made from plant fibres, are dated between 10,100 and 9080 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013 a piece of cloth woven from hemp was found in burial F. 7121 at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> site,<sup id="cite_ref-2013_Season_Review_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_Season_Review-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested to be from around 7000 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further finds come from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> civilisation preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">pile dwellings</a> in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another extant fragment from the Neolithic was found in <a href="/wiki/Fayum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayum">Fayum</a>, at a site dated to about 5000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fragment is woven at about 12 threads by 9 threads per centimetre in a plain weave. <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> was the predominant fibre in Egypt at this time (3600 BCE) and had continued popularity in the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile Valley</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> became the primary fibre used in other cultures around 2000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest-known weavings in North America come from the <a href="/wiki/Windover_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Windover Archaeological Site">Windover Archaeological Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. Dating from 4900 to 6500 BCE and made from plant fibres, the Windover <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> produced "finely crafted" twined and <a href="/wiki/Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">plain weave</a> textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eighty-seven pieces of fabric were found associated with 37 burials. Researchers have identified seven different weaves in the fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One kind of fabric had 26 strands per inch (10 strands per centimetre). There were also weaves using two-strand and three-strand <a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">wefts</a>. A round bag made from <a href="/wiki/Twine" title="Twine">twine</a> was found, as well as <a href="/wiki/Matting" class="mw-redirect" title="Matting">matting</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> was probably made from palm leaves. <a href="/wiki/Sabal_palmetto" title="Sabal palmetto">Cabbage palm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Saw palmetto">saw palmetto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabal_etonia" title="Sabal etonia">scrub palmetto</a> are all common in the area, and would have been so 8,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence of weaving as a commercial household industry in the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> has been found at the <a href="/wiki/Olynthus" title="Olynthus">Olynthus</a> site. When the city was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a> in 348 BCE, artifacts were preserved in the houses. Loomweights were found in many houses, enough to produce cloth to meet the needs of the household, but some of the houses contained more loomweights, enough for commercial production, and one of the houses was adjacent to the <i><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a></i> and contained three shops where many coins were found. It is probable that such homes were engaged in commercial textile manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weaving was known in all the great civilisations, but no clear line of causality has been established. Early looms required two people to create the shed and one person to pass through the filling. Early looms wove a fixed length of cloth, but later ones allowed warp to be wound out as the fell progressed. Weaving became simpler when the warp was <a href="/wiki/Sizing#Textile_warp_sizing" title="Sizing">sized</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the 4th century BCE , the cultivation of cotton and the knowledge of its spinning and weaving in <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a> reached a high level. Export of textiles was one of the main sources of wealth for <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumite</a> King <a href="/wiki/Ezana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezana">Ezana</a> boasted in his inscription that he destroyed large cotton plantations in Meroë during his conquest of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Textile_arts_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile arts of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Textile arts of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andean_textiles" title="Andean textiles">Andean textiles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tzutujil.weaving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tzutujil.weaving.jpg/220px-Tzutujil.weaving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tzutujil.weaving.jpg/330px-Tzutujil.weaving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tzutujil.weaving.jpg/440px-Tzutujil.weaving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>An indigenous woman of the Maya Tzutujil culture weaves using a back-strap loom.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andean_Weaving_Museum_of_Anthropology_UBC_Vancouver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Andean_Weaving_Museum_of_Anthropology_UBC_Vancouver.jpg/220px-Andean_Weaving_Museum_of_Anthropology_UBC_Vancouver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Andean_Weaving_Museum_of_Anthropology_UBC_Vancouver.jpg/330px-Andean_Weaving_Museum_of_Anthropology_UBC_Vancouver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Andean_Weaving_Museum_of_Anthropology_UBC_Vancouver.jpg/440px-Andean_Weaving_Museum_of_Anthropology_UBC_Vancouver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Example of weaving characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tejedora_de_fibras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tejedora_de_fibras.jpg/250px-Tejedora_de_fibras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tejedora_de_fibras.jpg/330px-Tejedora_de_fibras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tejedora_de_fibras.jpg/500px-Tejedora_de_fibras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Natural fiber weaver in <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Americas">Indigenous people of the Americas</a> wove textiles of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> throughout tropical and subtropical America and in the South American <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> of wool from <a href="/wiki/Camelids" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelids">camelids</a>, primarily domesticated <a href="/wiki/Llamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Llamas">llamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpacas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpacas">alpacas</a>. Cotton and the camelids were both domesticated by about 4,000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American weavers are "credited with independently inventing nearly every non-mechanized technique known today."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> of the Andes, both men and women produced textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women mostly did their weaving using <a href="/wiki/Backstrap_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Backstrap loom">backstrap looms</a> to make small pieces of cloth and vertical frame and single-<a href="/wiki/Heddle" title="Heddle">heddle</a> looms for larger pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men used upright looms. The Inca elite valued <i><a href="/wiki/Cumbi" title="Cumbi">cumbi</a></i>, which was a fine tapestry-woven textile produced on upright looms. The elite often offered <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">cumbi</i></span> as gifts of reciprocity to lords (other elite) in the Empire. In regions under direct control of the Inca, special artisans produced <i>cumbi</i> for the elite. Women who created <i>cumbi</i> in these regions were called <i>acllas</i> or <i>mamaconas</i> and men were called <i>cumbicamayos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andean textile weavings were of practical, symbolic, religious, and ceremonial importance and used as currency, tribute, and as a determinant of social class and rank. Sixteenth-century Spanish colonists were impressed by both the quality and quantity of textiles produced by the Inca Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the techniques and designs are still in use in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas European cloth-making generally created ornamentation through "suprastructural" means—by adding embroidery, ribbons, brocade, dyeing, and other elements onto the finished woven textile—pre-Columbian Andean weavers created elaborate cloth by focusing on "structural" designs involving manipulation of the warp and weft of the fabric itself. Andeans used "tapestry techniques; double-, triple- and quadruple-cloth techniques; gauze weaves; warp-patterned weaves; discontinuous warp or scaffold weaves; and plain weaves" among many other techniques, in addition to the suprastructural techniques listed above.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Filial_Piety.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Filial_Piety.jpg/250px-Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Filial_Piety.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Filial_Piety.jpg/330px-Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Filial_Piety.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Filial_Piety.jpg/500px-Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Filial_Piety.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>A woman weaving. <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Ukiyo-e</a> woodblock print by <a href="/wiki/Toyohara_Chikanobu" title="Toyohara Chikanobu">Yōshū Chikanobu</a>, 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>The weaving of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> from silkworm cocoons has been known in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> since about 3500 BCE. Silk that was intricately woven and dyed, showing a well developed craft, has been found in a Chinese tomb dating back to 2700 BCE. </p><p>Silk weaving in China was an intricate process that was very involved. Men and women, usually from the same family, had their own roles in the weaving process. The actual work of weaving was done by both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeng2001461_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeng2001461-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were often weavers since it was a way they could contribute to the household income while staying at home.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothschild2015_p27_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothschild2015_p27-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women would usually weave simpler designs within the household while men would be in charge of the weaving of more intricate and complex pieces of clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a> and weaving emphasized the idea that men and women should work together instead of women being subordinate to men. Weaving became an integral part of Chinese women's social identity. Several rituals and myths were associated with the promotion of silk weaving, especially as a symbol of female power. Weaving contributed to the balance between men and women's economic contributions and had many economic benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothschild2015_p27_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothschild2015_p27-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi1981135_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi1981135-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were many paths into the occupation of weaver. Women usually married into the occupation, belonged to a family of weavers and or lived in a location that had ample weather conditions that allowed for the process of silk weaving. Weavers usually belonged to the peasant class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeng2001407–409_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeng2001407–409-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silk weaving became a specialized job requiring specific technology and equipment that was completed domestically within households.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi1981131_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi1981131-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most of the silk weaving was done within the confines of the home and family, there were some <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">specialized workshops</a> that hired skilled silk weavers as well. These workshops took care of the weaving process, although the raising of the silkworms and reeling of the silk remained work for peasant families. The silk that was woven in workshops rather than homes were of higher quality, since the workshop could afford to hire the best weavers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These weavers were usually men who operated more complicated looms, such as the wooden draw-loom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi198127_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi198127-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This created a competitive market of silk weavers. </p><p>The quality and ease of the weaving process depended on the silk that was produced by the silk worms. The easiest silk to work with came from breeds of silk worms that spun their <a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoons</a> so that it could be unwound in one long strand.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reeling, or unwinding of silk worm cocoons is started by placing the cocoons in boiling water in order to break apart the silk filaments as well as kill the silk worm <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupae</a>. Women would then find the end of the strands of silk by sticking their hand into the boiling water. Usually this task was done by girls aged eight to twelve, while the more complex jobs were given to older women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi198129_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi198129-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would then create a silk thread, which could vary in thickness and strength from the unwound cocoons.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the reeling of the silk, the silk would be dyed before the weaving process began. There were many different looms and tools for weaving. For high quality and intricate designs, a wooden <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">draw-loom</a> or pattern loom was used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi198127_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi198127-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This loom would require two or three weavers and was usually operated by men. There were also other smaller looms, such as the waist loom, that could be operated by a single woman and were usually used domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi198127_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi198127-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> and silk weaving spread to Korea by 200 BCE, to <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> by 50 CE, and to Japan by about 300 CE. </p><p>The pit-treadle loom may have originated in India though most authorities establish the invention in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Broudy1979_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broudy1979-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">Pedals</a> were added to operate <a href="/wiki/Heddle#Single_and_double_heddle_looms" title="Heddle">heddles</a>. By the Middle Ages such devices also appeared in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, Sudan, Egypt and possibly the Arabian Peninsula, where "the operator sat with his feet in a pit below a fairly low-slung loom". In 700 CE, horizontal looms and vertical looms could be found in many parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. In Africa, the rich dressed in cotton while the poorer wore wool.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacey_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacey-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 12th century it had come to Europe either from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish Spain</a> where the mechanism was raised higher above the ground on a more substantial frame.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacey_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacey-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins2003_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins2003-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Equipment for unraveling silk cocoons. Khotan"><img alt="Equipment for unraveling silk cocoons. Khotan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg/120px-Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg/180px-Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg/240px-Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Equipment for unraveling silk cocoons. <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_weaving_silk._Kashgar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Women weaving silk. Kashgar"><img alt="Women weaving silk. Kashgar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Women_weaving_silk._Kashgar.jpg/120px-Women_weaving_silk._Kashgar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Women_weaving_silk._Kashgar.jpg/180px-Women_weaving_silk._Kashgar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Women_weaving_silk._Kashgar.jpg/240px-Women_weaving_silk._Kashgar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Women weaving silk. <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Viet_Nam_%E2%80%93_The_Colors_of_Traditional_Brocade_and_Silk_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A traditional Vietnamese brocade and silk products weaver using a handloom"><img alt="A traditional Vietnamese brocade and silk products weaver using a handloom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Viet_Nam_%E2%80%93_The_Colors_of_Traditional_Brocade_and_Silk_3.jpg/120px-Viet_Nam_%E2%80%93_The_Colors_of_Traditional_Brocade_and_Silk_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Viet_Nam_%E2%80%93_The_Colors_of_Traditional_Brocade_and_Silk_3.jpg/180px-Viet_Nam_%E2%80%93_The_Colors_of_Traditional_Brocade_and_Silk_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Viet_Nam_%E2%80%93_The_Colors_of_Traditional_Brocade_and_Silk_3.jpg/240px-Viet_Nam_%E2%80%93_The_Colors_of_Traditional_Brocade_and_Silk_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A traditional Vietnamese brocade and silk products weaver using a handloom</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, numerous pre-colonial weaving traditions exist among different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of the Philippines">ethnic groups</a>. They used various plant fibers, mainly <a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">abacá</a> or <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, but also including <a href="/wiki/Gossypium_arboreum" title="Gossypium arboreum">tree cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buri_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Buri palm">buri palm</a> (locally known as <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">buntal</i></span>) and other palms, various grasses (like <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">amumuting</i></span> and <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">tikog</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">barkcloth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tatler_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tatler-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wise_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wise-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest evidence of weaving traditions are <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> stone tools used for preparing barkcloth found in archeological sites in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Sagung Cave</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Arku Cave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1ablanca,_Cagayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peñablanca, Cagayan">Peñablanca, Cagayan</a>. The latter has been dated to around 1255–605 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-natmus_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natmus-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other countries in Southeast Asia have their own extensive history of weaving traditions. Weaving was introduced to Southeast Asia at the same time rice agriculture was introduced from China.<sup id="cite_ref-Novellino_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novellino-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it was introduced alongside rice farming, weaving is more popular in communities where rice is being farmed as compared to communities that rely on hunting, gathering, and animal farming.<sup id="cite_ref-Novellino_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novellino-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each country has its own distinctive weaving traditions or has absorbed weaving traditions from their neighboring countries. The most common material used for weaving is cotton that is interwoven with threads made of different materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Novellino_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novellino-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brunei is famous for its Jong Sarat, a cloth usually used in traditional weddings, uses silver and gold threads interwoven usually with cotton threads. Similarly, Indonesia has the Songket, also used in traditional weddings, which also utilizes gold and silver wrapped thread to create elaborate designs on their weaved textiles. On the other hand, Cambodia has the Ikat, which utilizes the method of dyeing thunks of thread tied with fiber to create patterns while weaving. In addition to using threads, weavers of Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam combine silk and other fibers with cotton for weaving. While in Laos, natural materials are used, like roots, tree bark, leaves, flowers, and seeds, but for dyeing the textile that has been already weaved.<sup id="cite_ref-SouteastAsia_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouteastAsia-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These countries in Southeast Asia have more weaving traditions but these techniques are the popular ones. </p><p>To create threads of cotton for weaving, spindle whorls were commonly used in Southeast Asia. It is made from either clay, stone or wood and has a variety of appearances regarding its shape and size. Spindle whorls were said to emerge in Southeast Asia along with expansion of rice agriculture from Yangtse, China. Additionally, its increasing appearance in certain regions of Southeast Asia back then may be also a sign of the enlargement of cotton thread and textile production. Due to its low cost and portability because of its small size, it was favored among rural weaving communities in countries of Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weaved textiles in Southeast Asia are mostly made with looms. The foot brace loom is the earliest loom introduced to Southeast Asia from China, having its first appearance in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, it was only used in certain areas of Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia, and Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-lovms_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lovms-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another loom that is widely used across Southeast Asia is the ground level body tension loom, also known as the belt loom, as a part of it needs to be attached to a belt-like strap on the weaver’s waist to control and hold the tension of the warped threads.<sup id="cite_ref-Novellino_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novellino-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually operated at the ground level and the weaver is able to control the threads by leaning backwards and forward. The body tension loom was developed from the foot-brace loom to eventually accommodate weaving of larger and wider cloth types.<sup id="cite_ref-lovms_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lovms-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pi%C3%B1a-Seda-_Pineapple_and_Silk_Cloths_from_the_Philippines_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary Philippines weaver demonstrating pineapple-plant fiber and silk cloths being woven in a traditional loom."><img alt="Contemporary Philippines weaver demonstrating pineapple-plant fiber and silk cloths being woven in a traditional loom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pi%C3%B1a-Seda-_Pineapple_and_Silk_Cloths_from_the_Philippines_13.jpg/120px-Pi%C3%B1a-Seda-_Pineapple_and_Silk_Cloths_from_the_Philippines_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pi%C3%B1a-Seda-_Pineapple_and_Silk_Cloths_from_the_Philippines_13.jpg/250px-Pi%C3%B1a-Seda-_Pineapple_and_Silk_Cloths_from_the_Philippines_13.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Contemporary Philippines weaver demonstrating pineapple-plant fiber and silk cloths being woven in a traditional loom.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pi%C3%B1a-Seda-_Pineapple_and_Silk_Cloths_from_the_Philippines_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pineapple-plant fiber and silk threads being woven in a traditional loom."><img alt="Pineapple-plant fiber and silk threads being woven in a traditional loom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pi%C3%B1a-Seda-_Pineapple_and_Silk_Cloths_from_the_Philippines_12.jpg/120px-Pi%C3%B1a-Seda-_Pineapple_and_Silk_Cloths_from_the_Philippines_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pi%C3%B1a-Seda-_Pineapple_and_Silk_Cloths_from_the_Philippines_12.jpg/180px-Pi%C3%B1a-Seda-_Pineapple_and_Silk_Cloths_from_the_Philippines_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pi%C3%B1a-Seda-_Pineapple_and_Silk_Cloths_from_the_Philippines_12.jpg/240px-Pi%C3%B1a-Seda-_Pineapple_and_Silk_Cloths_from_the_Philippines_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pineapple-plant fiber and silk threads being woven in a traditional loom.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_(Philippines;_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation)_(40246611432).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="T'nalak cloth by T'boli dream weavers. Like most indigenous pre-colonial Filipino textiles, they were typically made from abacá fibers."><img alt="T'nalak cloth by T'boli dream weavers. Like most indigenous pre-colonial Filipino textiles, they were typically made from abacá fibers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Philippines%3B_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation%29_%2840246611432%29.jpg/120px-USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Philippines%3B_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation%29_%2840246611432%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Philippines%3B_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation%29_%2840246611432%29.jpg/180px-USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Philippines%3B_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation%29_%2840246611432%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Philippines%3B_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation%29_%2840246611432%29.jpg/240px-USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Philippines%3B_Kalahan_Educational_Foundation%29_%2840246611432%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/T%27nalak" title="T'nalak">T'nalak</a></i> cloth by <a href="/wiki/T%27boli_people" class="mw-redirect" title="T'boli people">T'boli</a> dream weavers. Like most indigenous pre-colonial Filipino textiles, they were typically made from <a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">abacá</a> fibers.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mendel_I_004_v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mendel_I_004_v.jpg/250px-Mendel_I_004_v.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mendel_I_004_v.jpg/330px-Mendel_I_004_v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mendel_I_004_v.jpg/500px-Mendel_I_004_v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Weaver, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nürnberg">Nürnberg</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1425</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The predominant <a href="/wiki/Fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre">fibre</a> in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Period">medieval period</a> was <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">nettlecloth</a> for the lower classes. <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in the 9th century. When Sicily was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, they took the technology to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and then the rest of Europe. <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a> fabric production was reintroduced towards the end of this period and the more sophisticated silk weaving techniques were applied to the other staples.<sup id="cite_ref-pabacker_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pabacker-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The weaver worked at home and marketed his cloth at <a href="/wiki/Trade_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade fair">fairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pabacker_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pabacker-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warp-weighted_loom" title="Warp-weighted loom">Warp-weighted looms</a> were commonplace in Europe before the introduction of horizontal looms in the 10th and 11th centuries. Weaving became an urban craft and to regulate their trade, craftsmen applied to establish a <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a>. These initially were <a href="/wiki/Merchant_guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant guild">merchant guilds</a>, but developed into separate <a href="/wiki/Trade_guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade guild">trade guilds</a> for each skill. The cloth merchant who was a member of a city's weavers guild was allowed to sell cloth; he acted as a middleman between the tradesmen weavers and the purchaser. The trade guilds controlled quality and the training needed before an artisan could call himself a weaver.<sup id="cite_ref-pabacker_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pabacker-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 13th century, an organisational change took place, and a system of <a href="/wiki/Putting-out_system" title="Putting-out system">putting out</a> was introduced. The cloth merchant purchased the wool and provided it to the weaver, who sold his produce back to the merchant. The <a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">merchant</a> controlled the rates of pay and economically dominated the cloth industry.<sup id="cite_ref-pabacker_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pabacker-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The merchants' prosperity is reflected in the wool towns of eastern England; <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lavenham" title="Lavenham">Lavenham</a> being good examples. Wool was a political issue.<sup id="cite_ref-BHO_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHO-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supply of thread has always limited the output of a weaver. About that time, the spindle method of spinning was replaced by the great wheel and soon after the treadle-driven <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a>. The loom remained the same but with the increased volume of thread it could be operated continuously.<sup id="cite_ref-pabacker_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pabacker-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 14th century saw considerable flux in population. The 13th century had been a period of relative peace; Europe became overpopulated. Poor weather led to a series of poor harvests and starvation. There was great loss of life in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a>. Then in 1346, Europe was struck with the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> and the population was reduced by up to a half. Arable land was labour-intensive and sufficient workers no longer could be found. Land prices dropped, and land was sold and put to sheep pasture. Traders from <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> bought the wool, then sheep-owning landlords started to weave wool outside the jurisdiction of the city and trade guilds. The weavers started by working in their own homes then production was moved into purpose-built buildings. The working hours and the amount of work were regulated. The putting-out system had been replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Factory_system" title="Factory system">factory system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pabacker_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pabacker-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The migration of the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot_Weavers" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot Weavers">Huguenot Weavers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinists</a> fleeing from religious persecution in mainland Europe, to Britain around the time of <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Revocation of the Edict of Nantes">1685</a> challenged the English weavers of cotton, woollen and worsted cloth, who subsequently learned the Huguenots' superior techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Hug_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hug-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_United_States">Colonial United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colonial United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial America</a> relied heavily on <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> for manufactured goods of all kinds. British policy was to encourage the production of raw materials in colonies and discourage manufacturing. The <a href="/wiki/Wool_Act_1699" class="mw-redirect" title="Wool Act 1699">Wool Act 1699</a> restricted the export of colonial wool.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many people wove cloth from locally produced fibres. The colonists also used wool, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> (linen) for weaving, though <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> could be made into serviceable canvas and heavy cloth. They could get one cotton crop each year; until the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gin</a> it was a labour-intensive process to separate the seeds from the fibres. Functional tape, bands, straps, and fringe were woven on box and paddle looms.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A plain weave was preferred as the added skill and time required to make more complex weaves kept them from common use. Sometimes designs were woven into the fabric but most were added after weaving using wood block prints or embroidery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weaving_shed-Marsden.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Weaving_shed-Marsden.png/220px-Weaving_shed-Marsden.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Weaving_shed-Marsden.png/330px-Weaving_shed-Marsden.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Weaving_shed-Marsden.png/440px-Weaving_shed-Marsden.png 2x" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>By 1892, most cotton weaving was done in similar weaving sheds, powered by steam.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, weaving was a manual craft and wool was the principal staple. In the great wool districts a form of factory system had been introduced but in the uplands weavers worked from home on a <a href="/wiki/Putting-out_system" title="Putting-out system">putting-out system</a>. The wooden looms of that time might be broad or narrow; broad looms were those too wide for the weaver to pass the shuttle through the shed, so that the weaver needed an expensive assistant (often an <a href="/wiki/Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">apprentice</a>). This ceased to be necessary after <a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)" title="John Kay (flying shuttle)">John Kay</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Flying_shuttle" title="Flying shuttle">flying shuttle</a> in 1733. The shuttle and the picking stick sped up the process of weaving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuest18238_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuest18238-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was thus a shortage of thread or a surplus of weaving capacity. The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a> in June 1761 allowed cotton to be brought into Manchester, an area rich in fast flowing streams that could be used to power machinery. Spinning was the first to be mechanised (<a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">spinning jenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">spinning mule</a>), and this led to limitless thread for the weaver. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Cartwright" title="Edmund Cartwright">Edmund Cartwright</a> first proposed building a weaving machine that would function similar to recently developed cotton-spinning mills in 1784, drawing scorn from critics who said the weaving process was too nuanced to automate.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He built a factory at <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> and obtained a series of patents between 1785 and 1792. In 1788, his brother Major <a href="/wiki/John_Cartwright_(political_reformer)" title="John Cartwright (political reformer)">John Cartwight</a> built Revolution Mill at <a href="/wiki/Retford" title="Retford">Retford</a> (named for the centenary of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>). In 1791, he licensed his loom to the Grimshaw brothers of <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, but their Knott Mill burnt down the following year (possibly a case of arson). Edmund Cartwight was granted a reward of £10,000 by <a href="/wiki/UK_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Parliament">Parliament</a> for his efforts in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, success in power-weaving also required improvements by others, including H. Horrocks of <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>. Only during the two decades after about 1805, did <a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">power-weaving</a> take hold. At that time there were 250,000 hand weavers in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins1993_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmins1993-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Textile manufacture was one of the leading sectors in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, but weaving was a comparatively late sector to be mechanised. The loom became semi-automatic in 1842 with Kenworthy and Bulloughs <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Loom" title="Lancashire Loom">Lancashire Loom</a>. The various innovations took weaving from a home-based <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisan</a> activity (labour-intensive and man-powered) to <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam</a> driven <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factories</a> process. A large metal manufacturing industry grew to produce the looms, firms such as <a href="/wiki/Howard_%26_Bullough" title="Howard & Bullough">Howard & Bullough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Accrington" title="Accrington">Accrington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tweedales_and_Smalley" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweedales and Smalley">Tweedales and Smalley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platt_Brothers" title="Platt Brothers">Platt Brothers</a>. Most power weaving took place in weaving sheds, in small <a href="/wiki/Mill_town" title="Mill town">towns</a> circling <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> away from the cotton spinning area. The earlier combination mills where spinning and weaving took place in adjacent buildings became rarer. Wool and <a href="/wiki/Worsted" title="Worsted">worsted</a> weaving took place in <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a> and particular <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, here there were large factories such as Lister's or Drummond's, where all the processes took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellerby200517_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellerby200517-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both men and women with weaving skills emigrated, and took the knowledge to their new homes in New England, to places like <a href="/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island" title="Pawtucket, Rhode Island">Pawtucket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a>. </p><p>Woven '<a href="/wiki/Greige_goods" title="Greige goods">grey cloth</a>' was then sent to the finishers where it was bleached, dyed and printed. <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> were originally used, with <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic dye">synthetic dyes</a> coming in the second half of the 19th century. A demand for new dyes followed the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Mauveine" title="Mauveine">mauveine</a> in 1856, and its popularity in fashion. Researchers continued to explore the chemical potential of <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a> waste from the growing number of <a href="/wiki/Gasworks" title="Gasworks">gas works</a> in Britain and Europe, creating an entirely new sector in the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry#Expansion_and_maturation" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invention in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jacquard_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard loom</a>, patented in 1804, enabled complicated patterned cloths to be woven, by using punched cards to determine which threads of coloured yarn should appear on the upper side of the cloth. The jacquard allowed individual control of each warp thread, row by row without repeating, so very complex patterns were suddenly feasible. Samples exist showing calligraphy, and woven copies of engravings. Jacquards could be attached to handlooms or powerlooms.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A distinction can be made between the role and lifestyle and status of a handloom weaver, and that of the power loom weaver and craft weaver. The perceived threat of the power loom led to disquiet and industrial unrest. Well known protests movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartists</a> had handloom weavers amongst their leaders. In the early 19th-century power weaving became viable. Richard Guest in 1823 made a comparison of the productivity of power and handloom weavers: </p> <blockquote><p>A very good Hand Weaver, a man twenty-five or thirty years of age, will weave two pieces of nine-eighths shirting per week, each twenty-four yards long, and containing one hundred and five shoots of weft in an inch, the reed of the cloth being a forty-four, Bolton count, and the warp and weft forty hanks to the pound, A Steam Loom Weaver, fifteen years of age, will in the same time weave seven similar pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuest182347_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuest182347-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He then speculates about the wider economics of using power loom weavers: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg/250px-Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg/330px-Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg/500px-Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>Women featured weaving at power looms in 1835.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>...it may very safely be said, that the work is done in a Steam Factory containing two hundred Looms, would, if done by hand Weavers, find employment and support for a population of more than two thousand persons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuest182348_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuest182348-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>With the Industrial Revolution came a growth in opportunity for women to work within textile factories. However, in spite of their gender, their work was perceived to have a lower social and economic value than work done by their male counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_day">Modern day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Webereiklasse_Webmeister_Kurt_Wanke,_Bauhaus_Dessau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Webereiklasse_Webmeister_Kurt_Wanke%2C_Bauhaus_Dessau.jpg/220px-Webereiklasse_Webmeister_Kurt_Wanke%2C_Bauhaus_Dessau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Webereiklasse_Webmeister_Kurt_Wanke%2C_Bauhaus_Dessau.jpg/330px-Webereiklasse_Webmeister_Kurt_Wanke%2C_Bauhaus_Dessau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Webereiklasse_Webmeister_Kurt_Wanke%2C_Bauhaus_Dessau.jpg/440px-Webereiklasse_Webmeister_Kurt_Wanke%2C_Bauhaus_Dessau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>Weavers of the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> workshop in a photo taken by Lux Feininger.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1920s the weaving workshop of the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> design school in Germany aimed to raise weaving, previously seen as a craft, to a fine art, and also to investigate the industrial requirements of modern weaving and fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Gunta_St%C3%B6lzl" title="Gunta Stölzl">Gunta Stölzl</a>, the workshop experimented with unorthodox materials, including cellophane, fibreglass, and metal.<sup id="cite_ref-met_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From expressionist tapestries to the development of soundproofing and light-reflective fabric, the workshop's innovative approach instigated a modernist theory of weaving.<sup id="cite_ref-met_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Bauhaus student and teacher <a href="/wiki/Anni_Albers" title="Anni Albers">Anni Albers</a> published the seminal 20th-century text <i>On Weaving</i> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notables from the Bauhaus weaving workshop include <a href="/wiki/Otti_Berger" title="Otti Berger">Otti Berger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaretha_Reichardt" title="Margaretha Reichardt">Margaretha Reichardt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benita_Koch-Otte" title="Benita Koch-Otte">Benita Koch-Otte</a>. </p><p>In the Bauhaus, the weaving workshop was considered "the women's department", and many women were forced to join against wishes to study another art form.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some weavers, like <a href="/wiki/Helene_Nonn%C3%A9-Schmidt" title="Helene Nonné-Schmidt">Helene Nonné-Schmidt</a> believed that women were made to weave because they could only produce work in 2-D. She thought women lacked the spatial imagination and genius men had to work in other mediums.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hand weaving of <a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian carpets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilims</a> has been an important element of the tribal crafts of many of the subregions of modern day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Examples of carpet types are the <a href="/wiki/Kerman_carpet" title="Kerman carpet">Lavar Kerman</a> carpet from <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seraband_rug" title="Seraband rug">Seraband rug</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arāk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Southeast Asia, some communities are working to revive weaving traditions as a way to address poverty, improve living conditions, support local communities, and to promote environmental sustainability. Several initiatives have been established to support this effort, such as the Maybank Women Eco-Weavers program by the Maybank Foundation which currently operates in Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia and Indonesia. This program helps create opportunities for women weavers throughout the Southeast Asia region to improve their livelihoods and to give them financial independence.<sup id="cite_ref-maybankk_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maybankk-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, similar programs exist in Taiwan and in the Philippines. In Taiwan, The Lihang Studio and S’uraw Education was founded by Yuma Taru to revive the Atayal weaving culture and to promote indigenous education in weaving and dyeing. In the Philippines, the Kyyangan Weavers Association was established in the Ifugao Province as a way to conserve and promote the Ifugao weaving culture and other traditional practices. Also, this association collaborates with academic institutions, government agencies and other non-government organizations on research and product development to be able to offer economic opportunities for communities.<sup id="cite_ref-TaiInsight_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaiInsight-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_Of_Weaving">Types Of Weaving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types Of Weaving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hand_loom_weavers">Hand loom weavers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hand loom weavers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Handloom weaving was done by both genders but men outnumbered women partially due to the strength needed to batten.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreethy200562_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreethy200562-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They worked from home sometimes in a well-lit attic room. The women of the house would spin the thread they needed, and attend to finishing. Later women took to weaving, they obtained their thread from the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">spinning mill</a>, and working as <a href="/wiki/Outworker" class="mw-redirect" title="Outworker">outworkers</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Piecework" class="mw-redirect" title="Piecework">piecework</a> contract. Over time competition from the power looms drove down the piece rate and they existed in increasing poverty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_loom_weavers">Power loom weavers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Power loom weavers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Queen_Street_Mill" title="Queen Street Mill">Queen Street Mill</a></div> <p>Power loom workers were usually girls and young women. They had the security of fixed hours, and except in times of hardship, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton famine">cotton famine</a>, regular income. They were paid a wage and a piece work bonus. Even when working in a combined mill, weavers stuck together and enjoyed a tight-knit community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellerby200524_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellerby200524-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women usually minded the four machines and kept the looms oiled and clean. They were assisted by 'little tenters', children on a fixed wage who ran errands and did small tasks. They learnt the job of the weaver by watching.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreethy200562_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreethy200562-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often they would be <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1870" class="mw-redirect" title="Education Act 1870">half timers</a>, carrying a green card which teacher and overlookers would sign to say they had turned up at the mill in the morning and the afternoon at the school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreethy200586_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreethy200586-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At fourteen or so they come full-time into the mill, and started by sharing looms with an experienced worker where it was important to learn quickly as they would both be on piece work.Serious problems with the loom were left to the <a href="/wiki/Tackler" title="Tackler">tackler</a> to sort out. He would inevitably be a man, as were usually the overlookers. The mill had its health and safety issues, there was a reason why the women tied their hair back with scarves. Inhaling cotton dust caused lung problems, and the noise was causing total hearing loss. Weavers would <a href="/wiki/Mee-mawing" title="Mee-mawing">mee-maw</a> as normal conversation was impossible. Weavers used to 'kiss the shuttle', that is, suck thread through the eye of the shuttle. This left a foul taste in the mouth due to the oil, which was also <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreethy2005121_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreethy2005121-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Craft_weavers">Craft weavers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Craft weavers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weavers_Loom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Weavers_Loom.jpg/250px-Weavers_Loom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Weavers_Loom.jpg/330px-Weavers_Loom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Weavers_Loom.jpg/500px-Weavers_Loom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Pedal powered loom used by Skye Weavers, Isle of Skye, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts Movement">Arts and Crafts</a> was an international design philosophy that originated in England<sup id="cite_ref-triggs_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triggs-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and flourished between 1860 and 1910 (especially the second half of that period), continuing its influence until the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instigated by the artist and writer <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> (1834–1896) during the 1860s<sup id="cite_ref-triggs_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triggs-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inspired by the writings of <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> (1819–1900), it had its earliest and most complete development in the British Isles<sup id="cite_ref-grove_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but spread to Europe and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was largely a reaction against mechanisation and the philosophy advocated of traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and often medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration. Handweaving was highly regarded and taken up as a <a href="/wiki/Decorative_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorative art">decorative art</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_cultures">Indigenous cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indigenous cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo weaving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg/170px-Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg/255px-Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg/340px-Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3315" data-file-height="4028" /></a><figcaption>Weaving a traditional <a href="/wiki/Navajo_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo rug">Navajo rug</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Textile weaving, using <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> dyed with pigments, was a dominant craft among pre-<a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonization</a> tribes of the American southwest, including various <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a> peoples, the <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ute_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Tribe">Ute</a> tribes. The first Spaniards to visit the region wrote about seeing <a href="/wiki/Navajo_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo rug">Navajo blankets</a>. With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Navajo-Churro_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo-Churro sheep">Navajo-Churro sheep</a>, the resulting woolen products have become very well known. By the 18th century the Navajo had begun to import yarn with their <a href="/wiki/Favorite_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Favorite color">favorite color</a>, Bayeta red. Using an upright loom, the Navajo wove blankets worn as garments and then rugs after the 1880s for trade. Navajo traded for commercial wool, such as Germantown, imported from Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the influence of European-American settlers at trading posts, Navajos created new and distinct styles, including "Two Gray Hills" (predominantly black and white, with traditional patterns), "Teec Nos Pos" (colorful, with very extensive patterns), "Ganado" (founded by <a href="/wiki/Don_Lorenzo_Hubbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Lorenzo Hubbell">Don Lorenzo Hubbell</a>), red dominated patterns with black and white, "Crystal" (founded by J. B. Moore), "Oriental" and <a href="/wiki/Persian_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian rug">Persian</a> styles (almost always with natural dyes), "Wide Ruins," "Chinlee," banded geometric patterns, "Klagetoh," diamond type patterns, "Red <a href="/wiki/Mesa" title="Mesa">Mesa</a>" and bold diamond patterns. Many of these patterns exhibit a fourfold symmetry, which is thought to embody traditional ideas about harmony, or <i>hózhó</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amazon_cultures">Amazon cultures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Amazon cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the indigenous people of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> densely woven <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bast_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bast (biology)">bast</a> mosquito netting, or tents, were utilized by the <a href="/wiki/Panoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoan">Panoans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinambá</a>, Western <a href="/wiki/Tucano,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucano, Brazil">Tucano</a>, Yameo, Záparoans, and perhaps by the indigenous peoples of the central <a href="/wiki/Huallaga_River" title="Huallaga River">Huallaga River</a> basin (Steward 1963:520). Aguaje palm-bast (Mauritia flexuosa, Mauritia minor, or swamp palm) and the frond spears of the Chambira palm (<a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_chambira" title="Astrocaryum chambira">Astrocaryum chambira</a>, A.munbaca, A.tucuma, also known as Cumare or Tucum) have been used for centuries by the <a href="/wiki/Urarina" title="Urarina">Urarina</a> of the Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon</a> to make cordage, net-bags <a href="/wiki/Hammock" title="Hammock">hammocks</a>, and to weave <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabric</a>. Among the <a href="/wiki/Urarina" title="Urarina">Urarina</a>, the production of woven palm-fiber goods is imbued with varying degrees of an aesthetic attitude, which draws its authentication from referencing the Urarina's primordial past.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urarina mythology attests to the centrality of weaving and its role in engendering Urarina society. The post-<a href="/wiki/Diluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Diluvial">diluvial</a> <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a> accords women's weaving knowledge a pivotal role in Urarina social reproduction. <sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though palm-fiber cloth is regularly removed from circulation through <a href="/wiki/Mortuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortuary">mortuary</a> rites, Urarina palm-fiber wealth is neither completely <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Inalienable right">inalienable</a>, nor <a href="/wiki/Fungibility" title="Fungibility">fungible</a> since it is a fundamental medium for the expression of labor and exchange. The circulation of palm-fiber wealth stabilizes a host of social relationships, ranging from marriage and fictive <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> (<i>compadrazco</i>, spiritual compeership) to perpetuating relationships with the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_science">Computer science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Computer science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">Parallel Thread Execution</a> ISA derives some terminology (specifically the term Warp to refer to a group of concurrent processing threads) from historical weaving traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_politics">Gender politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gender politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_work"><span id="Women.27s_work"></span>Women's work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Women's work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_work" title="Women's work">Women's work</a></div> <p>Weaving is a practice that is typically considered to be "women's work", either part of their employment, cultural practices, or leisure.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The categorization of weaving as women's work has bled into many fields, from art history, anthropology, sociology, and even psychology. While claiming that women had not contributed much to civilization's history, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> wrote that "one technique which they may have invented [is] that of plaiting and weaving."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women's work is often not recorded as a central activity to building Western history and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, some anthropologists argue that textile production facilitated societal establishment and growth, therefore women were integral to perpetuating communities.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To record their stories, beliefs, and symbols important to their culture, women engaged in weaving, <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidering</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Fiber_art" title="Fiber art">fiber practices</a>. These practices have existed for centuries documented through art history, myth, and oral history and are still practiced today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception_in_the_mainstream_art_world">Reception in the mainstream art world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reception in the mainstream art world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weaving is often classified as "<a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a>" alongside other art forms like ceramics, embroidery, <a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">basket weaving</a>, and more. Historically, there has been a hierarchy between artists who were considered "<a href="/wiki/Craftspeople" class="mw-redirect" title="Craftspeople">craftspeople</a>" and artists who worked in traditional mediums of painting and sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional artists wanted to keep artisans in the minority<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, so there was little reception for arts that were considered craft. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Anni_Albers_show_at_Tate_Modern_is_astonishing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Anni_Albers_show_at_Tate_Modern_is_astonishing.jpg/250px-The_Anni_Albers_show_at_Tate_Modern_is_astonishing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Anni_Albers_show_at_Tate_Modern_is_astonishing.jpg/330px-The_Anni_Albers_show_at_Tate_Modern_is_astonishing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Anni_Albers_show_at_Tate_Modern_is_astonishing.jpg/500px-The_Anni_Albers_show_at_Tate_Modern_is_astonishing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Photo of weavings exhibited in Anni Albers' retrospective at Tate Modern in 2018.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1939, art critic <a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Clement Greenberg</a> wrote "<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" where he presented his ideas about "high" and "low" art. His definition of "low" art was likely informed by years of theory against decoration and ornamentation, which was correlated with femininity in the early 1900s by critics like <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Adolf Loos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Scheffler" title="Karl Scheffler">Karl Scheffler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Greenberg never explicitly says the word "craft", many scholars postulate that this is one of the origins of Western opposition to weaving, and more largely art that is considered craft.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only recently has the art world begun to recognize weaving as an art form and to exhibit woven articles as art objects. Exhibitions of large scope have been organized to affirm the importance of textiles in the art historical canon, such as the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Los_Angeles" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles">Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles</a>' With Pleasure: Pattern and Decoration in American Art 1972–1985.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women weavers, like <a href="/wiki/Anni_Albers" title="Anni Albers">Anni Albers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenore_Tawney" title="Lenore Tawney">Lenore Tawney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Abakanowicz" title="Magdalena Abakanowicz">Magdalena Abakanowicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_de_Amaral" title="Olga de Amaral">Olga de Amaral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Hicks" title="Sheila Hicks">Sheila Hicks</a>, are now the subject of exhibitions and major retrospectives across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/40px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/60px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/120px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="490" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_art" title="Fiber art">Fiber art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Basket weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_weave" title="Persian weave">Persian weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petate" title="Petate">Petate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacturing terminology">Textile manufacturing terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaving (mythology)">Weaving (mythology)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">deriving from an obsolete <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a> of <i>weave</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, see "weft" and "weave".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier197492-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier197492_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1974">Collier 1974</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley1914-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley1914_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooley1914">Dooley 1914</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1974102-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1974102_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1974">Collier 1974</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collier104-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collier104_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier104_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier104_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1974">Collier 1974</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley191454-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley191454_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooley1914">Dooley 1914</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1974110-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1974110_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1974">Collier 1974</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFF-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CFF_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icac.org/delegates/sc_notices/sc_meeting_506/Cotton-From-Field-to-Fabric.pdf">"Cotton: From Field to Fabric"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Memphis, Tennessee: Cotton Counts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cotton%3A+From+Field+to+Fabric&rft.place=Memphis%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Cotton+Counts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icac.org%2Fdelegates%2Fsc_notices%2Fsc_meeting_506%2FCotton-From-Field-to-Fabric.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collier114-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collier114_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier114_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier114_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1974">Collier 1974</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1974115-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1974115_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1974">Collier 1974</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1974116-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1974116_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1974116_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1974">Collier 1974</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cloakmaker.com/fabric_glossary.html#M">"Fabric Glossary - Cloak & Dagger Creations"</a>. <i>www.cloakmaker.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cloakmaker.com&rft.atitle=Fabric+Glossary+-+Cloak+%26+Dagger+Creations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cloakmaker.com%2Ffabric_glossary.html%23M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcClintock1881" class="citation book cs1">McClintock, John (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5DUtAAAAYAAJ&q=Thrums+in+weaving+are+threads&pg=PA896"><i>Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature</i></a>. Harper. p. 896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopaedia+of+Biblical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Literature&rft.pages=896&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5DUtAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DThrums%2Bin%2Bweaving%2Bare%2Bthreads%26pg%3DPA896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1893" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Joseph (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c2kTAwAAQBAJ&q=Thrums+the+name+of+the+end+pieces+of+thread+in+a+weaving&pg=PA123"><i>The English dialect dictionary</i></a>. 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(1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22161">"Industries: Silk-weaving"</a>. <i>A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 2: General; Ashford, East Bedfont with Hatton, Feltham, Hampton with Hampton Wick, Hanworth, Laleham, Littleton</i>. Institute of Historical Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Middlesex%3A+Volume+2%3A+General%3B+Ashford%2C+East+Bedfont+with+Hatton%2C+Feltham%2C+Hampton+with+Hampton+Wick%2C+Hanworth%2C+Laleham%2C+Littleton&rft.atitle=Industries%3A+Silk-weaving&rft.date=1911&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D22161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=46972">"An Act for continuing severall Laws therein mentioned, and for explaining the Act intituled An Act to prevent the Exportation of Wooll out of the Kingdoms of Ireland and England into Forreigne Parts and for the Incouragement of the Woollen Manufactures in the Kingdom of England"</a>. <i>Statutes of the Realm, 1695–1701, vol. 7</i>. 1820. pp. <span class="nowrap">600–</span>02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.moca.org&rft.atitle=With+Pleasure%3A+Pattern+and+Decoration+in+American+Art+1972%E2%80%931985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moca.org%2Fexhibition%2Fwith-pleasure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTate" class="citation web cs1">Tate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/anni-albers">"Anni Albers | Tate Modern"</a>. <i>Tate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tate&rft.atitle=Anni+Albers+%7C+Tate+Modern&rft.au=Tate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Ftate-modern%2Fanni-albers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGipson2022" class="citation book cs1">Gipson, Ferren (2022). <i>Women's work: from feminine arts to feminist art</i>. London: Frances Lincoln. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-6465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-6465-6"><bdi>978-0-7112-6465-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+work%3A+from+feminine+arts+to+feminist+art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-6465-6&rft.aulast=Gipson&rft.aufirst=Ferren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBacker2005" class="citation book cs1">Backer, Patricia (10 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150304180952/http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/history/middle.htm#Weaving%20and%20the%20Textile%20Industry"><i>Technology in the Middle Ages, History of Technology</i></a>. Technology and Civilization (Tech 198). San Jose, California, USA: San Jose State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/history/middle.htm#Weaving%20and%20the%20Textile%20Industry">the original</a> on 4 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+History+of+Technology&rft.place=San+Jose%2C+California%2C+USA&rft.series=Technology+and+Civilization+%28Tech+198%29&rft.pub=San+Jose+State+University&rft.date=2005-06-10&rft.aulast=Backer&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engr.sjsu.edu%2Fpabacker%2Fhistory%2Fmiddle.htm%23Weaving%2520and%2520the%2520Textile%2520Industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellerby2005" class="citation book cs1">Bellerby, Rachel (2005). <i>Chasing the Sixpence: The lives of Bradford Mill Folk</i>. Ayr: Fort Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9547431-8-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9547431-8-0"><bdi>0-9547431-8-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chasing+the+Sixpence%3A+The+lives+of+Bradford+Mill+Folk&rft.place=Ayr&rft.pub=Fort+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9547431-8-0&rft.aulast=Bellerby&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollier1974" class="citation cs2">Collier, Ann M (1974), <i>A Handbook of Textiles</i>, Pergamon Press, p. 258, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-018057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-018057-4"><bdi>0-08-018057-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Textiles&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-08-018057-4&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Ann+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDooley1914" class="citation book cs1">Dooley, William H. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24077"><i>Textiles</i></a> (Project Gutenberg ed.). Boston, USA: D.C. Heath and Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles&rft.place=Boston%2C+USA&rft.edition=Project+Gutenberg&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath+and+Co.&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F24077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeng2001" class="citation journal cs1">Feng, Menglong (November 2001). "<i>Stories Old and New</i>. By Feng Menglong, translated by Shuhui Yang and Yunqin Yang. pp. 794, 10 illus. from the 1620 edition. Seattle, University of Washington Press, 2000". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>11</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">407–</span>409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1356186301380343">10.1017/s1356186301380343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162905651">162905651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Stories+Old+and+New.+By+Feng+Menglong%2C+translated+by+Shuhui+Yang+and+Yunqin+Yang.+pp.+794%2C+10+illus.+from+the+1620+edition.+Seattle%2C+University+of+Washington+Press%2C+2000&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E409&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162905651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1356186301380343&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Menglong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreethy2005" class="citation book cs1">Freethy, Ron (2005). <i>Memories of the Lancashire Cotton Mills</i>. Aspects of Local History. Newbury, Berkshire: Countryside Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84674-104-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84674-104-3"><bdi>978-1-84674-104-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+of+the+Lancashire+Cotton+Mills&rft.place=Newbury%2C+Berkshire&rft.series=Aspects+of+Local+History&rft.pub=Countryside+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84674-104-3&rft.aulast=Freethy&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuest1823" class="citation book cs1">Guest, Richard (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/richard-guest/a-compendious-history-of-the-cotton-manufacture--with-a-disproval-of-the-claim--seu/1-a-compendious-history-of-the-cotton-manufacture--with-a-disproval-of-the-claim--seu.shtml"><i>A compendious history of the cotton-manufacture</i></a>. Manchester: Author, Printed by Joseph Pratt, Chapel Walks<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+compendious+history+of+the+cotton-manufacture&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Author%2C+Printed+by+Joseph+Pratt%2C+Chapel+Walks&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Guest&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebooksread.com%2Fauthors-eng%2Frichard-guest%2Fa-compendious-history-of-the-cotton-manufacture--with-a-disproval-of-the-claim--seu%2F1-a-compendious-history-of-the-cotton-manufacture--with-a-disproval-of-the-claim--seu.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLi1981" class="citation book cs1">Li, Lillian M. (1981). <i>China's silk trade: traditional industry in the modern world, 1842–1937</i>. Vol. 97 (1st ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1tfjb18">10.2307/j.ctt1tfjb18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-11962-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-11962-8"><bdi>978-0-674-11962-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1tfjb18">j.ctt1tfjb18</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/576853423">576853423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+silk+trade%3A+traditional+industry+in+the+modern+world%2C+1842%E2%80%931937&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Council+on+East+Asian+Studies%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F576853423&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1tfjb18%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1tfjb18&rft.isbn=978-0-674-11962-8&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Lillian+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimmins1993" class="citation book cs1">Timmins, Geoffrey (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhoNAQAAIAAJ&q=Timmins+Last+Shift&pg=PA264"><i>The last shift: the decline of handloom weaving in nineteenth-century Lancashire</i></a>. Manchester University Press ND. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3725-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-3725-5"><bdi>0-7190-3725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+shift%3A+the+decline+of+handloom+weaving+in+nineteenth-century+Lancashire&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press+ND&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7190-3725-5&rft.aulast=Timmins&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhoNAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DTimmins%2BLast%2BShift%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>This article incorporates text from</i> Textiles <i>by William H. Dooley, Boston, D.C. Heath and Co., 1914, a volume in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> and available online from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24077">Project Gutenberg</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weaving&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Weaving" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Weaving">Weaving</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCole1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cole, Alan Summerly (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weaving"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Weaving">"Weaving" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">440–</span>455.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weaving&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E440-%3C%2Fspan%3E455&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Alan+Summerly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeaving" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/weavedocs.html">Resource collection</a> An on-line repository of articles (4720), books (459), illustrations (271), patents (398) and periodicals (1322) relating to weaving.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/weaving-linen">British Pathé Weaving Linen 1940-1949</a> Educational film</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/289">Illustrated Guide of Tilling and Weaving: Rural Life in China</a> from 1696</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lancashire_cotton185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lancashire_cotton" title="Template:Lancashire cotton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lancashire_cotton" title="Template talk:Lancashire cotton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire_cotton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire cotton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lancashire_cotton185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bellhouse" title="David Bellhouse">David Bellhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_Gass_%26_Hope" title="Bradshaw Gass & Hope">Bradshaw Gass & Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Whittaker_Dixon" title="Frederick Whittaker Dixon">F.W. Dixon & Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Potts_(architect)" title="Edward Potts (architect)">Edward Potts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stott" title="Stott">Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stott_and_Sons" title="Stott and Sons">Stott and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney_Stott" title="Philip Sidney Stott">Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/80px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/120px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/160px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine makers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Adamson" title="Daniel Adamson">Daniel Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashton_Frost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashton Frost (page does not exist)">Ashton Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashworth_%26_Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashworth & Parker (page does not exist)">Ashworth & Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bateman_%26_Sherratt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bateman & Sherratt (page does not exist)">Bateman & Sherratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulton_and_Watt" title="Boulton and Watt">Boulton & Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browett,_Lindley_%26_Co" title="Browett, Lindley & Co">Browett, Lindley & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckley_%26_Taylor" title="Buckley & Taylor">Buckley & Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carels_Fr%C3%A8res" title="Carels Frères">Carels Frères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Goodfellow_%26_Co._Ltd" title="Clayton, Goodfellow & Co. Ltd">Clayton, Goodfellow & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earnshaw_%26_Holt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earnshaw & Holt (page does not exist)">Earnshaw & Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn_%26_Sons" title="William Fairbairn & Sons">Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_%26_J_Galloway_%26_Sons" title="W & J Galloway & Sons">W & J Galloway & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Goodfellow_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Goodfellow (engineer) (page does not exist)">Benjamin Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Hick_and_Sons" title="B. Hick and Sons">B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Musgrave_%26_Sons" title="John Musgrave & Sons">John Musgrave & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McNaught_(Rochdale)" title="William McNaught (Rochdale)">J & W McNaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrie_of_Rochdale" title="Petrie of Rochdale">Petrie of Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roberts_%26_Co_of_Nelson" title="William Roberts & Co of Nelson">William Roberts & Co of Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Saxon_%26_Co" title="George Saxon & Co">George Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_%26_Hodgson_Ltd" title="Scott & Hodgson Ltd">Scott & Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmson_%26_Thompson" title="Urmson & Thompson">Urmson & Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yates_and_Thom" title="Yates and Thom">Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willans_%26_Robinson" title="Willans & Robinson">Willans & Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_%26_E_Wood" title="J & E Wood">J & E Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolstenhulmes_%26_Rye" title="Woolstenhulmes & Rye">Woolstenhulmes & Rye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery makers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_%26_Doxey" title="Brooks & Doxey">Brooks & Doxey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth_%26_Dickinson" title="Butterworth & Dickinson">Butterworth & Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Curtis_(mayor)" title="Matthew Curtis (mayor)">Curtis, Parr & Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobson_%26_Barlow" title="Dobson & Barlow">Dobson & Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hetherington_%26_Sons" title="John Hetherington & Sons">John Hetherington & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hibbert_(manufacturer)" title="Joseph Hibbert (manufacturer)">Joseph Hibbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pilling_and_Sons" title="John Pilling and Sons">John Pilling and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harling_%26_Todd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harling & Todd (page does not exist)">Harling & Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_%26_Bullough" title="Howard & Bullough">Howard & Bullough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo._Hattersley" title="Geo. Hattersley">Geo. Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Lees" title="Asa Lees">Asa Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mather_%26_Platt" title="Mather & Platt">Mather & Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Curtis_(mayor)" title="Matthew Curtis (mayor)">Parr, Curtis & Madely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">British Northrop Loom Co</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberton_%26_Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberton & Co (page does not exist)">Pemberton & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Brothers" title="Platt Brothers">Platt Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor,_Lang_%26_Co" title="Taylor, Lang & Co">Taylor, Lang & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_Machinery_Makers_Ltd" title="Textile Machinery Makers Ltd">Textile Machinery Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweedales_%26_Smalley" title="Tweedales & Smalley">Tweedales & Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Wildman_%26_Sons" title="T. Wildman & Sons">T. Wildman & Sons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mill owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elkanah_Armitage" title="Elkanah Armitage">Elkanah Armitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ashworth_(nonconformist)" title="Henry Ashworth (nonconformist)">Henry Ashworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Birley" title="Hugh Birley">Hugh Birley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hornby_Birley" title="Hugh Hornby Birley">Hugh Hornby Birley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brotherton" title="Joseph Brotherton">Joseph Brotherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burton_(millowner)" title="James Burton (millowner)">James Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drinkwater" title="Peter Drinkwater">Peter Drinkwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Eckersley" title="Nathaniel Eckersley">Nathaniel Eckersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fielden" title="John Fielden">John Fielden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gray_(Conservative_politician)" title="William Gray (Conservative politician)">William Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Greg" title="Hannah Greg">Hannah Greg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Greg" title="Samuel Greg">Samuel Greg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haworth_Ltd" title="Richard Haworth Ltd">Richard Howarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Houldsworth" title="William Houldsworth">William Houldsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_(manufacturer)" title="John Kennedy (manufacturer)">John Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Lee" title="George Augustus Lee">George Augustus Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Macintosh" title="Charles Macintosh">Charles Macintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mason" title="Hugh Mason">Hugh Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oldknow" title="Samuel Oldknow">Samuel Oldknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet">Robert Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rylands" title="John Rylands">John Rylands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whitehead_and_Brothers" title="Thomas Whitehead and Brothers">Thomas Whitehead and Brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limited companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldham_Limiteds" title="Oldham Limiteds">Oldham Limiteds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Spinners_and_Doublers" title="Fine Spinners and Doublers">Fine Spinners and Doublers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Cotton_Corporation" title="Lancashire Cotton Corporation">Lancashire Cotton Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagley_%26_Wright" title="Bagley & Wright">Bagley & Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Egyptian_Mills" title="Combined Egyptian Mills">Combined Egyptian Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burton_%26_Sons" title="James Burton & Sons">James Burton & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgamated_Cotton_Mills_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust (page does not exist)">Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton-spinning_machinery" title="Cotton-spinning machinery">Cotton-spinning machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DREF_friction_spinning" title="DREF friction spinning">DREF friction spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ring_spinning" title="Magnetic ring spinning">Magnetic ring spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-end_spinning" title="Open-end spinning">Open-end spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_spinning" title="Ring spinning">Ring spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_frame" title="Spinning frame">Spinning frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">Spinning jenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">Spinning mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">Carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steaming_process_in_Lancashire_cotton_mills" title="Steaming process in Lancashire cotton mills">Steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_frame" title="Water frame">Water frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Loom" title="Roberts Loom">Roberts Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Loom" title="Lancashire Loom">Lancashire Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">Northrop Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-jet_loom" title="Air-jet loom">Air-jet loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapier_loom" title="Rapier loom">Rapier loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandy_loom" title="Dandy loom">Dandy loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancashire boiler">Lancashire boiler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Beamers,_Twisters_and_Drawers_(Hand_and_Machine)" title="Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)">Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Operative_Cotton_Spinners" title="Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners">Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Textile_Warehousemen%27s_Association" title="Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association">Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Textile_Workers%27_Union" title="Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union">Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Weavers%27_Association" title="Amalgamated Weavers' Association">Amalgamated Weavers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardroom_Amalgamation" title="Cardroom Amalgamation">Cardroom Amalgamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Warp_Dressers%27_Association" title="General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association">General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Loom_Overlookers" title="General Union of Loom Overlookers">General Union of Loom Overlookers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Amalgamated_Tape_Sizers%27_Friendly_Society" title="Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society">Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lancashire_Amalgamated_Weavers%27_Association" title="North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association">North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Counties_Textile_Trades_Federation" title="Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation">Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Textile_Institute" title="The Textile Institute">The Textile Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Textile_Factory_Workers%27_Association" title="United Textile Factory Workers' Association">United Textile Factory Workers' Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employment practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/More_looms" title="More looms">More looms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_the_shuttle" title="Kissing the shuttle">Kissing the shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_spinners%27_cancer" title="Mule spinners' cancer">Mule spinners' cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece-rate_list" title="Piece-rate list">Piece-rate list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_owned_by_the_Lancashire_Cotton_Corporation_Limited" title="List of mills owned by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation Limited">LCC mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Bolton" title="List of mills in Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Bury" title="List of mills in Bury">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textile_mills_in_Cheshire" title="List of textile mills in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Derbyshire" title="List of mills in Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Lancashire" title="List of mills in Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Manchester" title="List of mills in Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_the_Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="List of mills in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Oldham (borough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Preston" title="List of mills in Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Rochdale" title="List of mills in Rochdale">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Salford" title="List of mills in Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Stockport" title="List of mills in Stockport">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Tameside" title="List of mills in Tameside">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Wigan" title="List of mills in Wigan">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cotton_mills_in_Yorkshire" title="List of cotton mills in Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Shed" title="Bancroft Shed">Bancroft Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmshore_Mills_Textile_Museum" title="Helmshore Mills Textile Museum">Helmshore Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Street_Mill" title="Queen Street Mill">Queen Street Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weavers%27_Triangle" title="Weavers' Triangle">Weavers' Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry_Bank_Mill" title="Quarry Bank Mill">Quarry Bank Mill, Styal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Crompton" title="Samuel Crompton">Samuel Crompton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Foxcroft" title="Peter Foxcroft">Peter Foxcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hargreaves" title="James Hargreaves">James Hargreaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Highs" title="Thomas Highs">Thomas Highs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)" title="John Kay (flying shuttle)">John Kay (flying shuttle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(spinning_frame)" title="John Kay (spinning frame)">John Kay (spinning frame)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Decorative_arts_and_handicraft200" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decorative_arts" title="Template:Decorative arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decorative_arts" title="Template talk:Decorative arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decorative_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decorative arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decorative_arts_and_handicraft200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">Decorative arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_decorative_arts" title="History of decorative arts">History</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Banner-making" title="Banner-making">Banner-making</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">Crocheting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cross-stitch" title="Cross-stitch">Cross-stitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friendship_bracelet" title="Friendship bracelet">Friendship bracelet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace-making</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucet" title="Lucet">Lucet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">Macrame</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">Millinery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Needlepoint" title="Needlepoint">Needlepoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">Needlework</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">Patchwork</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Ribbon embroidery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Carpet</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rug_hooking" title="Rug hooking">Rug hooking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rug_making" title="Rug making">Rug making</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Shoemaking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/String_art" title="String art">String art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">Tapestry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">Tatting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weaving</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Altered_book" title="Altered book">Altered book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cardmaking" title="Cardmaking">Cardmaking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cast_paper" title="Cast paper">Cast paper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decoupage" title="Decoupage">Decoupage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papier_coll%C3%A9" title="Papier collé">Papier collé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">Photomontage</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decal" title="Decal">Decal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iris_folding" title="Iris folding">Iris folding</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kamikiri_(papercutting)" title="Kamikiri (papercutting)">Kamikiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kirigami" title="Kirigami">Kirigami</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moneygami" title="Moneygami">Moneygami</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">Embossing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Marbling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paper_model" title="Paper model">Papercraft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papercutting" title="Papercutting">Papercutting</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting" title="Chinese paper cutting">Chinese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_paper_cutting" title="Jewish paper cutting">Jewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vytynanky_(Wycinanki)" title="Vytynanky (Wycinanki)">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paper_toys" title="Paper toys">Paper toys</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">Pop-up book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">Quilling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scrapbooking" title="Scrapbooking">Scrapbooking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">Stamping</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bentwood" title="Bentwood">Bentwood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Wood burning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bone_china" title="Bone china">Bone china</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">Earthenware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">Stoneware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">Tile</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cameo_glass" title="Cameo glass">Cameo glass</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chip_work" title="Chip work">Chip work</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glass_etching" title="Glass etching">Glass etching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_glassware" title="List of glassware">Glassware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andiron" title="Andiron">Andiron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_in_bronze_and_brass" title="Art in bronze and brass">Bronze and brass</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_milling" title="Chemical milling">Chemical milling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enamel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">Etching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">Ironwork</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balloon_modelling" title="Balloon modelling">Balloon modelling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bone_carving" title="Bone carving">Bone carving</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Doll" title="Doll">Doll making</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dollhouse" title="Dollhouse">Dollhouse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">Egg decorating</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraved gems</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faux_painting" title="Faux painting">Faux painting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">Grotesque</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">Inro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lath_art" title="Lath art">Lath art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">Leatherworking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">Miniatures</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glass_mosaic" title="Glass mosaic">Glass</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Micromosaic" title="Micromosaic">Micromosaic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">Netsuke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pargeting" title="Pargeting">Pargeting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">Pietra dura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_press" title="Private press">Private press</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oshibana" title="Oshibana">Oshibana, pressed flower craft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scrimshaw" title="Scrimshaw">Scrimshaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Straw_marquetry" title="Straw marquetry">Straw marquetry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wall_decal" title="Wall decal">Wall decal</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Regional_or_Historical22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional or Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art" title="Mexican handcrafts and folk art">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decorative_painting_in_H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Decorative painting in Hälsingland">Painting in Hälsingland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fabric391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile" title="Template:Textile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile" title="Template talk:Textile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fabric391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">Woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles" title="Abacá">Abacá cloth</a> (Medriñaque)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aertex" title="Aertex">Aertex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armazine" title="Armazine">Armazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk" title="Almerían silk">Almerían silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barathea" title="Barathea">Barathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiste">Batiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_cord" title="Bedford cord">Bedford cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaline" title="Bengaline">Bengaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombazine" title="Bombazine">Bombazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)" title="Brilliantine (fabric)">Brilliantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">Broadcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fabric" title="Hessian fabric">Burlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Cloth" title="Byrd Cloth">Byrd Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_change" title="C change">C change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Cambric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Capilene">Capilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challis_(fabric)" title="Challis (fabric)">Challis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">Charmeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecloth" title="Cheesecloth">Cheesecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">Chiffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">Chintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9" title="Cloqué">Cloqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">Cloth of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_duck" title="Cotton duck">Cotton duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutil" title="Coutil">Coutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretonne" title="Cretonne">Cretonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimity" title="Dimity">Dimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_tweed" title="Donegal tweed">Donegal tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornix" title="Dornix">Dornix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlas" title="Dowlas">Dowlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_(fabric)" title="Drill (fabric)">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugget" title="Drugget">Drugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolienne" title="Eolienne">Eolienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">Flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulard" title="Foulard">Foulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">Gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazar" title="Gazar">Gazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)" title="Georgette (fabric)">Georgette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalamkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalamkar">Ghalamkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingham" title="Gingham">Gingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)" title="Grenadine (cloth)">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenfell Cloth">Grenfell Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">Grosgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">Habutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haircloth" title="Haircloth">Haircloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_tweed" title="Harris tweed">Harris tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himroo" title="Himroo">Himroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodden" title="Hodden">Hodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerseymere" title="Kerseymere">Kerseymere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khādī">Khādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">Khaki drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)" title="Lamé (fabric)">Lamé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_cloth" title="Lawn cloth">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsey-woolsey" title="Linsey-woolsey">Linsey-woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loden_cape" title="Loden cape">Loden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcloth" title="Longcloth">Longcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth" title="Mackinaw cloth">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapollam" title="Madapollam">Madapollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_(cloth)" title="Madras (cloth)">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">Moleskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainsook" title="Nainsook">Nainsook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankeen" title="Nankeen">Nankeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">Oilskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organdy" title="Organdy">Organdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">Organza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnaburg" title="Osnaburg">Osnaburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)" title="Ottoman (textile)">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduasoy" title="Paduasoy">Paduasoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">Percale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetuana" title="Perpetuana">Perpetuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongee" title="Pongee">Pongee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">Poplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakematiz" title="Rakematiz">Rakematiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayadillo" title="Rayadillo">Rayadillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep_(fabric)" title="Rep (fabric)">Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripstop" title="Ripstop">Ripstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_cord" title="Russell cord">Russell cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Nishiki" title="Saga Nishiki">Saga Nishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samite" title="Samite">Samite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">Sateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saye" title="Saye">Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seerhand_muslin" title="Seerhand muslin">Seerhand muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">Seersucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendal" title="Sendal">Sendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_(fabric)" title="Serge (fabric)">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">Scrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)" title="Stuff (cloth)">Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">Taffeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tais" title="Tais">Tais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticking" title="Ticking">Ticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toile" title="Toile">Toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucuyo" title="Tucuyo">Tucuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Vegetable flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventile" title="Ventile">Ventile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester" title="Vinyl coated polyester">Vinyl coated polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viyella" title="Viyella">Viyella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">Voile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadmal" title="Wadmal">Wadmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_fabric" title="Waffle fabric">Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)" title="Wigan (fabric)">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipcord" title="Whipcord">Whipcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zephyr cloth">Zephyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorbeez" title="Zorbeez">Zorbeez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figured <br />woven</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">Camlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rinzu" title="Rinzu">Rinzu</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baize" title="Baize">Baize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenille_fabric" title="Chenille fabric">Chenille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimplene" title="Crimplene">Crimplene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockado" title="Mockado">Mockado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquette" title="Moquette">Moquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plush" title="Plush">Plush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">Polar fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">Terrycloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF" title="Velours du Kasaï">Velours du Kasaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">Velveteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibeline" title="Zibeline">Zibeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">Knitted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_wool" title="Boiled wool">Boiled wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolmax" title="Coolmax">Coolmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting_machine" title="Knitting machine">Machine knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliskin" title="Milliskin">Milliskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)" title="Jersey (fabric)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">Velour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_(textile)" title="Net (textile)">Netted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulle netting">Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_textile" title="Conductive textile">Conductive textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlexx" title="Darlexx">Darlexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">E-textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fabric" title="Lenticular fabric">Lenticular fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silnylon" title="Silnylon">Silnylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub-tex" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub-tex">Stub-tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SympaTex" class="mw-redirect" title="SympaTex">SympaTex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstopper" title="Windstopper">Windstopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)" title="Argyle (pattern)">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_silk" title="Bizarre silk">Bizarre silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(pattern)" title="Check (pattern)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Chiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_plaid" title="Glen plaid">Glen plaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houndstooth" title="Houndstooth">Houndstooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace" title="Kelsch d'Alsace">Kelsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinstripes" title="Pinstripes">Pinstripes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_dot" title="Polka dot">Polka dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweshwe" title="Shweshwe">Shweshwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan or plaid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)" title="Tattersall (cloth)">Tattersall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Textile fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a> (Manila hemp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a> and<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androsia" title="Androsia">Androsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bingata" title="Bingata">Bingata</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini" title="Bògòlanfini">Bògòlanfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Devoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatsetting" title="Heatsetting">Heatsetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indienne" title="Indienne">Indienne</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerised_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerised cotton">Mercerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">Moire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchmentising" title="Parchmentising">Parchmentising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan printing">Rogan printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">Roller printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenterhook" title="Tenterhook">Tenterhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Warp printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxed_cotton" title="Waxed cotton">Waxed cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles" title="Woodblock printing on textiles">Woodblock printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fabric mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Barbera" title="Carlo Barbera">Carlo Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti" title="Lanificio Fratelli Cerruti">Cerruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormeuil" title="Dormeuil">Dormeuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Thomas" title="E. Thomas">E. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry" title="Holland & Sherry">Holland & Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larusmiani" title="Larusmiani">Larusmiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loro_Piana" title="Loro Piana">Loro Piana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza" title="Fratelli Piacenza"> Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)" title="Reda (fabric mill)">Reda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabal" title="Scabal">Scabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico" title="Vitale Barberis Canonico">Vitale Barberis Canonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegna" title="Zegna">Zegna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulling mill">Pandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sample" title="Textile sample">Swatches and strike-offs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fabric">Synthetic fabric</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Textile_arts205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile_arts" title="Template:Textile arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile_arts" title="Template talk:Textile arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Textile_arts205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">Braid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">Crochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">Macramé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">Needlework</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Layered_textiles" title="Template:Layered textiles">Layering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">Appliqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">Patchwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A5lebinding" title="Nålebinding">Nålebinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plying" title="Plying">Plying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug_making" title="Rug making">Rug making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passementerie" title="Passementerie">Passementerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)" title="Stitch (textile arts)">Stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpackaull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/110px-Alpackaull.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/165px-Alpackaull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/220px-Alpackaull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing and textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quilting" title="History of quilting">Quilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">Silk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_British_Industrial_Revolution" title="Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution">Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing_by_pre-industrial_methods" title="Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods">Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline of clothing and textiles technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional and ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_textiles" title="African textiles">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_textiles" title="Kongo textiles">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuba_textiles" title="Kuba textiles">Kuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft" title="Australian Aboriginal fibrecraft">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li>Burmese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheik" title="Acheik">Acheik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_textile_art" title="Hmong textile art">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Textile arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_textiles" title="Andean textiles">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Mexico" title="Textiles of Mexico">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Oaxaca" title="Textiles of Oaxaca">Oaxacan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_textiles" title="Balinese textiles">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba" title="Textiles of Sumba">Sumba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_fabric_arts" title="Korean fabric arts">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles" title="Māori traditional textiles">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(textile_arts)" title="Blocking (textile arts)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_art" title="Fiber art">Fiber art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art#Wearable_fiber_art" title="Wearable art">wearable fiber art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts" title="Mathematics and fiber arts">Mathematics and fiber arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement" title="Units of textile measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sewing_terms" title="Glossary of sewing terms">Sewing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/15px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/23px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/30px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Braiding26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braiding" title="Template:Braiding"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braiding" title="Template talk:Braiding"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braiding" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braiding"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braiding26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braiding" class="mw-redirect" title="Braiding">Braiding</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braid_group" title="Braid group">Braid group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braid_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Braid theory">Braid theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunnian_link" title="Brunnian link">Brunnian link</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">Braid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braiding_machine" title="Braiding machine">Braiding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope#Braided_rope" title="Rope">Braided rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_weaving" class="mw-redirect" title="3D weaving">3D weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_composites" title="3D composites">3D composites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_braided_fabrics" title="3D braided fabrics">3D braided fabrics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weaving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Weaving97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weaving" title="Template:Weaving"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weaving" title="Template talk:Weaving"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weaving" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weaving"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Weaving97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weaving</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketweave_(weaving)" title="Basketweave (weaving)">Basketweave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woven_coverlet" title="Woven coverlet">Coverlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobby_(cloth)" title="Dobby (cloth)">Dobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_cloth" title="Double cloth">Double weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even-weave" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-weave">Even-weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leno_weave" title="Leno weave">Leno weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_weave" title="Pile weave">Pile weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqu%C3%A9_(weaving)" title="Piqué (weaving)">Piqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">Plain weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_weave" title="Swivel weave">Swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_weaving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Swedish_weaving.jpg/120px-Swedish_weaving.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Swedish_weaving.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_and_weft" title="Warp and weft">Warp and weft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barber-Colman_knotter" title="Barber-Colman knotter">Barber-Colman knotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamer_(occupation)" title="Beamer (occupation)">Beamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">Braid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilkat_weaving" title="Chilkat weaving">Chilkat weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerweaving" title="Fingerweaving">Fingerweaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_shuttle" title="Flying shuttle">Flying shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heddle" title="Heddle">Heddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkle_weaving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkle weaving">Inkle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibiones" title="Pibiones">Pibiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_(weaving)" title="Reed (weaving)"> Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_weaving" title="Salish weaving">Salish weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(weaving)" title="Shed (weaving)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(weaving)" title="Shuttle (weaving)">Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">Sizing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sizing_machine" title="Textile sizing machine">Sizing machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_weaving" title="Tablet weaving">Tablet weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talim_(textiles)" title="Talim (textiles)">Talim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81niko" title="Tāniko">Tāniko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(weaving)" title="Temple (weaving)">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_(construction)" title="Wattle (construction)">Wattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicker" title="Wicker">Wicker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resin_wicker" title="Resin wicker">Resin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">looms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-jet_loom" title="Air-jet loom">Air-jet loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandy_loom" title="Dandy loom">Dandy loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobby_loom" title="Dobby loom">Dobby loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattersley_loom" title="Hattersley loom">Hattersley loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrocks_loom" title="Horrocks loom">Horrocks loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquard_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Loom" title="Lancashire Loom">Lancashire loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">Northrop loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">Power loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapier_loom" title="Rapier loom">Rapier loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Loom" title="Roberts Loom">Roberts loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp-weighted_loom" title="Warp-weighted loom">Warp-weighted loom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weavers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesas" title="Acesas">Acesas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anni_Albers" title="Anni Albers">Anni Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otti_Berger" title="Otti Berger">Otti Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micheline_Beauchemin" title="Micheline Beauchemin">Micheline Beauchemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Brunsson" title="Johanna Brunsson">Johanna Brunsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Dietz" title="Ada Dietz">Ada Dietz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ferguson_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd">Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Forsell" title="Elisabeth Forsell">Elisabeth Forsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Liebes" title="Dorothy Liebes">Dorothy Liebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mairet" title="Ethel Mairet">Ethel Mairet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Elisabet_%C3%96berg" title="Maria Elisabet Öberg">Maria Elisabet Öberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Reich" title="Lilly Reich">Lilly Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaretha_Reichardt" title="Margaretha Reichardt">Margaretha Reichardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rylands" title="John Rylands">John Rylands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Sherman" title="Clara Sherman">Clara Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunta_St%C3%B6lzl" title="Gunta Stölzl">Gunta Stölzl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judocus_de_Vos" title="Judocus de Vos">Judocus de Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaretha_Zetterberg" title="Margaretha Zetterberg">Margaretha Zetterberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employment practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/More_looms" title="More looms">More looms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_the_shuttle" title="Kissing the shuttle">Kissing the shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece-rate_list" title="Piece-rate list">Piece-rate list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Shed" title="Bancroft Shed">Bancroft Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Street_Mill" title="Queen Street Mill">Queen Street Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192296#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1287" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192296#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1287" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192296#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4064881-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933680b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933680b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="tkaní"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137719&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="tkalcovství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph316250&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\W\E\Weaving">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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