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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal_establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Formal establishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_cemeteries_and_memorials_to_the_missing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_cemeteries_and_memorials_to_the_missing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 First cemeteries and memorials to the missing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_cemeteries_and_memorials_to_the_missing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Post–Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_sites_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_sites_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Burial sites and memorials </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Burial_sites_and_memorials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Burial sites and memorials subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Burial_sites_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qualifications_for_inclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications_for_inclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Qualifications for inclusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications_for_inclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architects_and_sculptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architects_and_sculptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Architects and sculptors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architects_and_sculptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemetery_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemetery_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Cemetery design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemetery_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_architectural_design_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_architectural_design_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Common architectural design features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_architectural_design_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross_of_Sacrifice_and_Stone_of_Remembrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross_of_Sacrifice_and_Stone_of_Remembrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Cross of Sacrifice and Stone of Remembrance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross_of_Sacrifice_and_Stone_of_Remembrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headstones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headstones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Headstones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headstones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Horticulture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organisation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organisation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commissioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Commissioners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Functional structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Financing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_projects_and_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_projects_and_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ongoing projects and issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ongoing_projects_and_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ongoing projects and issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_projects_and_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reburials_and_identifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reburials_and_identifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Reburials and identifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reburials_and_identifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vandalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vandalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vandalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vandalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inequalities_in_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inequalities_in_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Inequalities in commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inequalities_in_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AB_%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="هيئة الكومنولث لمقابر الحرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيئة الكومنولث لمقابر الحرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="ועדת חבר העמים לקברי מלחמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ועדת חבר העמים לקברי מלחמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suruhanjaya_Perkuburan_Perang_Komanwel" title="Suruhanjaya Perkuburan Perang Komanwel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Suruhanjaya Perkuburan Perang Komanwel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A" title="コモンウェルス戦争墓地委員会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コモンウェルス戦争墓地委員会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisja_Grob%C3%B3w_Wojennych_Wsp%C3%B3lnoty_Narod%C3%B3w" title="Komisja Grobów Wojennych Wspólnoty Narodów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komisja Grobów Wojennych Wspólnoty Narodów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Комісія з військових могил Співдружності націй – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комісія з військових могил Співдружності націй" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" 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For the secondary school in Hong Kong, see <a href="/wiki/Christian_Alliance_Cheng_Wing_Gee_College" title="Christian Alliance Cheng Wing Gee College">Christian Alliance Cheng Wing Gee College</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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#a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of CWGC of"><img alt="Logo of CWGC of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_logo.svg/200px-Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_logo.svg/300px-Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_logo.svg/400px-Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="200" /></a></div> <div>Logo of CWGC</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maidenhead" title="Maidenhead">Maidenhead</a>, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">Intergovernmental organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statutory_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory authority">commission</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Leaders</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Patron </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">The King</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• President </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">The Princess Royal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Director-General </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Claire_Horton" title="Claire Horton">Claire Horton</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Founded as the Imperial War Graves Commission </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 May 1917 (1917-05-21)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Name changed to Commonwealth War Graves Commission </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 March 1960 (1960-03-28)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/">www.cwgc.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117074#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is an <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">intergovernmental organisation</a> of six independent <a href="/wiki/Member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states">member states</a> whose principal function is to mark, record and maintain the graves and places of commemoration of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> military service members who died in the two World Wars. The commission is also responsible for commemorating Commonwealth civilians who died as a result of enemy action during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300-1">[1]</a> The commission was founded by <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ware" title="Fabian Ware">Sir Fabian Ware</a> and constituted through <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in 1917 as the Imperial War Graves Commission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300-1">[1]</a> The change to the present name took place in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198963-2">[2]</a> The commission, as part of its mandate, is responsible for commemorating all Commonwealth war dead individually and equally. To this end, the war dead are commemorated by a name on a headstone, at an identified site of a burial, or on a memorial. War dead are commemorated uniformly and equally, irrespective of military or civil rank, race or creed. The commission is currently responsible for the continued commemoration of 1.7 million deceased Commonwealth military service members in 153 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Annual_Report20132-3">[3]</a> Since its inception, the commission has constructed approximately 2,500 war cemeteries and numerous memorials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300-1">[1]</a> The commission is currently responsible for the care of war dead at over 23,000 separate burial sites and the maintenance of more than 200 memorials worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198963-2">[2]</a> In addition to commemorating Commonwealth military service members, the commission maintains, under arrangement with applicable governments, over 40,000 non-Commonwealth war graves and over 25,000 non-war military and civilian graves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-fast_facts-4">[4]</a> The commission operates through the continued financial support of the member states: United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and South Africa. The current and first ever Patron of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission is <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The current president of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission is <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First World War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Corps_-_Canadian_war_graves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Six graves marked with white crosses located in a muddy field with trees in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canadian_Corps_-_Canadian_war_graves.jpg/220px-Canadian_Corps_-_Canadian_war_graves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canadian_Corps_-_Canadian_war_graves.jpg/330px-Canadian_Corps_-_Canadian_war_graves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canadian_Corps_-_Canadian_war_graves.jpg/440px-Canadian_Corps_-_Canadian_war_graves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>Canadian war graves near <a href="/wiki/Ypres,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ypres, Belgium">Ypres, Belgium</a>. The crosses identify the graves as those of soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/14th_Battalion,_CEF" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Battalion, CEF">14th Canadian Battalion</a> who were killed over several days in May 1916.</figcaption></figure> At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ware" title="Fabian Ware">Fabian Ware</a>, a director of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Tinto Group">Rio Tinto Company</a>, found that he was too old, at age 45, to join the British Army.<a href="#cite_note-Ware-7">[7]</a> He used the influence of Rio Tinto chairman, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner,_1st_Viscount_Milner" title="Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner">Viscount Milner</a>, to become the commander of a mobile unit of the <a href="/wiki/British_Red_Cross" title="British Red Cross">British Red Cross</a>. He arrived in France in September 1914 and whilst there was struck by the lack of any official mechanism for documenting or marking the location of graves of those who had been killed and felt compelled to create an organisation within the Red Cross for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamp200772-8">[8]</a> In March 1915, with the support of <a href="/wiki/Nevil_Macready" title="Nevil Macready">Nevil Macready</a>, Adjutant-General of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a>, Ware's work was given official recognition and support by the Imperial War Office and the unit was transferred to the British Army as the Graves Registration Commission.<a href="#cite_note-Ware-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamp200772-8">[8]</a> The new Graves Registration Commission had over 31,000 graves of British and Imperial soldiers registered by October 1915 and 50,000 registered by May 1916.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Emden2011149-9">[9]</a> When municipal graveyards began to overfill Ware began negotiations with various local authorities to acquire land for further cemeteries. Ware began with an agreement with France to build joint British and French cemeteries under the understanding that these would be maintained by the French government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201013-10">[10]</a> Ware eventually concluded that it was not prudent to leave the maintenance responsibilities solely to the French government and subsequently arranged for France to purchase the land (under the <a href="/wiki/French_law_of_29_December_1915" title="French law of 29 December 1915">law of 29 December 1915</a>), grant it in perpetuity, and leave the management and maintenance responsibilities to the British. The French government agreed under the condition that cemeteries respected certain dimensions,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> were accessible by public road, were in the vicinity of medical aid stations and were not too close to towns or villages. Similar negotiations began with the Belgian government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201013-10">[10]</a> As reports of the grave registration work became public, the commission began to receive letters of enquiry and requests for photographs of graves from relatives of deceased soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200715-12">[12]</a> By 1917, 17,000 photographs had been dispatched to relatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200715-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In March 1915, the commission, with the support of the Red Cross, began to dispatch photographic prints and cemetery location information in answer to the requests. The Graves Registration Commission became the Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries in the spring of 1916 in recognition of the fact that the scope of work began to extend beyond simple grave registration and began to include responding to enquiries from relatives of those killed. The directorate's work was also extended beyond the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> and into other theatres of war, with units deployed in Greece, Egypt and Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200715-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal_establishment">Formal establishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formal establishment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CWGC_-_Headstone_carving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a man carving the a maple leaf onto a gravestone, in a workshop, with a hammer and chisel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CWGC_-_Headstone_carving.jpg/170px-CWGC_-_Headstone_carving.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CWGC_-_Headstone_carving.jpg/255px-CWGC_-_Headstone_carving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/CWGC_-_Headstone_carving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Carving of headstones by hand would take a week</figcaption></figure> As the war continued, Ware and others became concerned about the fate of the graves in the post-war period. Following a suggestion by the British Army, the government appointed the National Committee for the Care of Soldiers' Graves in January 1916, with <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a> agreeing to serve as president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200715–16-14">[14]</a> The National Committee for the Care of Soldiers' Graves was created with the intention of taking over the work of the Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries after the war. The government felt that it was more appropriate to entrust the work to a specially appointed body rather than to any existing government department.<a href="#cite_note-WO_32/9433-15">[15]</a> By early 1917, a number of members of the committee believed a formal imperial organisation would be needed to care for the graves. With the help of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, Ware submitted a memorandum to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Conference" title="Imperial War Conference">Imperial War Conference</a> in 1917 suggesting that an imperial organisation be constituted.<a href="#cite_note-WO_32/9433-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200716-16">[16]</a> The suggestion was accepted and on 21 May 1917 the Imperial War Graves Commission was established by Royal Charter, with the Prince of Wales serving as president, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_17th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> as chairman and Ware as vice-chairman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200716-16">[16]</a> The commission's undertakings began in earnest at the end of the First World War. Once land for cemeteries and memorials had been guaranteed, the enormous task of recording the details of the dead could begin. By 1918, some 587,000 graves had been identified and a further 559,000 casualties were registered as having no known grave.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The scale, and associated high number of casualties, of the war produced an entirely new attitude towards the commemoration of war dead. Previous to the First World War, individual commemoration of war dead was often on an ad hoc basis and was almost exclusively limited to commissioned officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterJackson2000182-18">[18]</a> However, the war required mobilisation of a significant percentage of the population, either as volunteers or through <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter199880-19">[19]</a> An expectation had consequently arisen that individual soldiers would expect to be commemorated, even if they were low-ranking members of the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittman2011-20">[20]</a> A committee under <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Kenyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Kenyon">Frederic Kenyon</a>, Director of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, presented a report to the Commission in November 1918 detailing how it envisioned the development of the cemeteries.<a href="#cite_note-Kenyon-21">[21]</a> Two key elements of this report were that bodies should not be repatriated and that uniform memorials should be used to avoid class distinctions. Beyond the logistical nightmare of returning home so many corpses, it was felt that repatriation would conflict with the feeling of brotherhood that had developed between serving ranks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth200333-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth200342-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Graves_of_the_Fallen_-_cover_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A wire image of a white Cross of Sacrifice on a background of green with the text "Graves of the Fallen" and "Imperial War Graves Commission"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Graves_of_the_Fallen_-_cover_page.jpg/220px-The_Graves_of_the_Fallen_-_cover_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Graves_of_the_Fallen_-_cover_page.jpg/330px-The_Graves_of_the_Fallen_-_cover_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Graves_of_the_Fallen_-_cover_page.jpg/440px-The_Graves_of_the_Fallen_-_cover_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3305" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption>Cover page of Graves of the Fallen</figcaption></figure> An article in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> on 17 February 1919 by <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> carried the commission's proposal to a wider audience and described what the graves would look like.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScutts2009387-24">[24]</a> The article entitled War Graves: Work of Imperial Commission: Mr. Kipling's Survey was quickly republished as an illustrated booklet, Graves of the Fallen. The illustrated booklet was intended to soften the impact of Kenyon's report as it included illustrations of cemeteries with mature trees and shrubs; contrasting the bleak landscapes depicted in published battlefield photos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraybon200432-25">[25]</a> There was an immediate public outcry following the publication of the reports, particularly with regards to the decision to not repatriate the bodies of the dead. The reports generated considerable discussion in the press which ultimately led to a heated debate in Parliament on 4 May 1920.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraybon200432-25">[25]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Remnant,_1st_Baron_Remnant" title="James Remnant, 1st Baron Remnant">James Remnant</a> started the debate, followed by speeches by <a href="/wiki/William_Burdett-Coutts" title="William Burdett-Coutts">William Burdett-Coutts</a> in favour of the commission's principles and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a> speaking for those desiring repatriation and opposing uniformity of grave markers. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> closed the debate and asked that the issue not proceed to a vote. Remnant withdrew his motion, allowing the commission to carry out its work assured of support for its principles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth200351–55-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_History_p3-28">[28]</a> The 1920 United States Public Law 66-175 ensured American citizens who were killed while in service of a Commonwealth nation were eligible for burial in national cemeteries in the United States <a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> However, the commission made no repatriation policy exception for American citizens and attempts to retrieve loved ones from Commonwealth cemeteries were not supported by the American <a href="/wiki/Graves_Registration_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Graves Registration Service">Graves Registration Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickon2014-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_cemeteries_and_memorials_to_the_missing">First cemeteries and memorials to the missing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First cemeteries and memorials to the missing">edit</a>]</div> In 1918, three of the most eminent architects of their day, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Baker" title="Herbert Baker">Sir Herbert Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Blomfield" title="Reginald Blomfield">Sir Reginald Blomfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Sir Edwin Lutyens</a> were appointed as the organization's initial Principal Architects. Rudyard Kipling was appointed literary advisor for the language used for memorial inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickon201162-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Site_plan_for_the_Forceville_Communal_Cemetery_Extension.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a overhead technical drawing of the site layout which shows approximately 10 rows of burials." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Site_plan_for_the_Forceville_Communal_Cemetery_Extension.jpg/170px-Site_plan_for_the_Forceville_Communal_Cemetery_Extension.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Site_plan_for_the_Forceville_Communal_Cemetery_Extension.jpg/255px-Site_plan_for_the_Forceville_Communal_Cemetery_Extension.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Site_plan_for_the_Forceville_Communal_Cemetery_Extension.jpg/340px-Site_plan_for_the_Forceville_Communal_Cemetery_Extension.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>The site plan for the Forceville Communal Cemetery and Extension</figcaption></figure> In 1920, the Commission built three experimental cemeteries at <a href="/wiki/Le_Treport" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Treport">Le Treport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forceville" title="Forceville">Forceville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louvencourt" title="Louvencourt">Louvencourt</a>, following the principles outlined in the Kenyon report.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201058-32">[32]</a> Of these, the Forceville Communal Cemetery and Extension was agreed to be the most successful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200734-33">[33]</a> Having consulted with garden designer <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Jekyll" title="Gertrude Jekyll">Gertrude Jekyll</a>, the architects created a walled cemetery with uniform headstones in a garden setting, augmented by Blomfield's <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Sacrifice" title="Cross of Sacrifice">Cross of Sacrifice</a> and Lutyens' <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Remembrance" title="Stone of Remembrance">Stone of Remembrance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300-1">[1]</a> After some adjustments, Forceville became the template for the commission's building programme. Cost overruns at all three experimental cemeteries necessitated some adjustments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201048–50-34">[34]</a> To ensure future cemeteries remained within their budget the Commission decided to not build shelters in cemeteries that contained less than 200 graves, to not place a Stone of Remembrance in any cemetery with less than 400 graves, and to limit the height of cemetery walls to 1 metre (3.3 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201048–50-34">[34]</a> At the end of 1919, the commission had spent £7,500, and this figure rose to £250,000 in 1920 as construction of cemeteries and memorials increased. By 1921, the commission had established 1,000 cemeteries which were ready for headstone erections, and burials. Between 1920 and 1923, the commission was shipping 4,000 headstones a week to France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200727-35">[35]</a> In many cases, the Commission closed small cemeteries and concentrated the graves into larger ones. By 1927, when the majority of construction had been completed, over 500 cemeteries had been built, with 400,000 headstones, a thousand Crosses of Sacrifice, and 400 Stones of Remembrance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth2003125-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ieper_Menenpoort_R01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A triumphal arch made of red brick and limestone illuminated at night." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ieper_Menenpoort_R01.jpg/170px-Ieper_Menenpoort_R01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ieper_Menenpoort_R01.jpg/255px-Ieper_Menenpoort_R01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ieper_Menenpoort_R01.jpg/340px-Ieper_Menenpoort_R01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="2873" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Menin_Gate" title="Menin Gate">Menin Gate</a> at night</figcaption></figure> The commission had also been mandated to individually commemorate each soldier who had no known grave, which amounted to 315,000 in France and Belgium alone. The Commission initially decided to build 12 monuments on which to commemorate the missing; each memorial being located at the site of an important battle along the Western Front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201056-37">[37]</a> After resistance from the French committee responsible for the approvals of memorials on French territory, the Commission revised their plan and reduced the number of memorials, and in some cases built memorials to the missing in existing cemeteries rather than as separate structures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201057-38">[38]</a> Reginald Blomfield's <a href="/wiki/Menin_Gate" title="Menin Gate">Menin Gate</a> was the first memorial to the missing located in Europe to be completed, and was unveiled on 24 July 1927.<a href="#cite_note-Can_encyclopaedia-39">[39]</a> The Menin Gate (Menenpoort) was found to have insufficient space to contain all the names as originally planned and 34,984 names of the missing were instead inscribed on Herbert Baker's <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Cot_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyne Cot Cemetery">Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200722-40">[40]</a> Other memorials followed: the <a href="/wiki/Helles_Memorial" title="Helles Memorial">Helles Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/John_James_Burnet" title="John James Burnet">John James Burnet</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200723-41">[41]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Thiepval_Memorial" title="Thiepval Memorial">Thiepval Memorial</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arras_Memorial" title="Arras Memorial">Arras Memorial</a> designed by Edwin Lutyens;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst20102889-42">[42]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basra_Memorial" title="Basra Memorial">Basra Memorial</a> in Iraq designed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Prioleau_Warren" title="Edward Prioleau Warren">Edward Prioleau Warren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200735-43">[43]</a> The Dominions and India also erected memorials on which they commemorated their missing: the <a href="/wiki/Neuve-Chapelle_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuve-Chapelle Memorial">Neuve-Chapelle Memorial</a> for the forces of India, the <a href="/wiki/Vimy_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimy Memorial">Vimy Memorial</a> by Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Villers-Bretonneux_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Villers-Bretonneux Memorial">Villers-Bretonneux Memorial</a> by Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Delville_Wood_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Delville Wood Memorial">Delville Wood Memorial</a> by South Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Beaumont-Hamel_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaumont-Hamel Memorial">Beaumont-Hamel Memorial</a> by Newfoundland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare193733-44">[44]</a> The programme of commemorating the dead of the Great War was considered essentially complete with the inauguration of the Thiepval Memorial in 1932, though the Vimy Memorial would not be finished until 1936, the Villers-Bretonneux Memorial until 1938 and stonemasons were still conducting work on the Menin Gate when Germany invaded Belgium in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth2003126-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterJackson2000190-46">[46]</a> The only memorial created by the Commission that was not in the form of a monument or cemetery was the Memorial Ophthalmic Laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>—complete with library, and bacteriology and pathology departments—as its memorial to men of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Labour_Corps" title="Egyptian Labour Corps">Egyptian Labour Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Camel_Corps" title="Imperial Camel Corps">Camel Transport Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Its erection was agreed with local political pressure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth200397-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kranji_War_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kranji_War_Memorial.jpg/220px-Kranji_War_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kranji_War_Memorial.jpg/330px-Kranji_War_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kranji_War_Memorial.jpg/440px-Kranji_War_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kranji_War_Memorial" title="Kranji War Memorial">Kranji War Memorial</a>, a Second World War memorial in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, commemorating 24,306 casualties</figcaption></figure> From the start of the Second World War in 1939, the Commission organised grave registration units and, planning ahead based on the experience gained from the First World War, earmarked land for use as cemeteries.<a href="#cite_note-A_History_p5-49">[49]</a> When the war began turning in favour of the Allies, the commission was able to begin restoring its First World War cemeteries and memorials. It also began the task of commemorating the 600,000 Commonwealth casualties from the Second World War.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As with the First World War, casualties were commemorated with uniform memorials and bodies should not be repatriated. Exceptionally, the American Graves Registration were permitted to repatriate the remains of an unknown number of American citizens who were in service of a Commonwealth nation during the Second World War.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1949, the Commission completed <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Canadian_War_Cemetery" title="Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery">Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery</a>, the first of 559 new cemeteries and 36 new memorials.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198960-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Eventually, the Commission erected over 350,000 new headstones, many from <a href="/wiki/Hopton_Wood_stone" title="Hopton Wood stone">Hopton Wood stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2005-53">[53]</a> The wider scale of the Second World War, coupled with manpower shortages and unrest in some countries, meant that the construction and restoration programmes took much longer. In Albania the graves of 52 of the 54 graves of British SOE personnel had been reburied in Tirana before Major McIntosh from the CWGC Florence base was expelled by the new regime. Three-quarters of the original graves had been in "difficult" or remote locations.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Following the war, the Commission implemented a five-year horticultural renovation programme which addressed neglect by 1950. Structural repairs, together with the backlog of maintenance tasks from before the war, took a further ten years to complete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200830-55">[55]</a> With the increased number of civilian casualties compared with the First World War, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> agreed to Ware's proposal that the commission also maintain a record of Commonwealth civilian war deaths. A supplemental chapter was added to the Imperial War Graves Commission's charter on 7 February 1941, empowering the organisation to collect and record the names of civilians who died from enemy action during the Second World War, which resulted in the creation of the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour. The roll eventually contained the names of nearly 67,000 civilians. The Commission and the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Westminster" title="Dean of Westminster">Dean of Westminster</a> reached an agreement that the roll would eventually be placed in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> but not until the roll was complete and hostilities had ended. The Commission handed over the first six volumes to the Dean of Westminster on 21 February 1956; it added the final volume to the showcase in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-west_abbey-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Second_World_War">Post–Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post–Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fromelles_(Pheasant_Wood)_Milit.Cem.11-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cemetery of couple hundred white headstones with a terrain of well-manicured grass with plants between each headstone. The cemetery is surrounded by a waist-high red brick wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fromelles_%28Pheasant_Wood%29_Milit.Cem.11-2.JPG/220px-Fromelles_%28Pheasant_Wood%29_Milit.Cem.11-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fromelles_%28Pheasant_Wood%29_Milit.Cem.11-2.JPG/330px-Fromelles_%28Pheasant_Wood%29_Milit.Cem.11-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fromelles_%28Pheasant_Wood%29_Milit.Cem.11-2.JPG/440px-Fromelles_%28Pheasant_Wood%29_Milit.Cem.11-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1811" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fromelles_(Pheasant_Wood)_Military_Cemetery" title="Fromelles (Pheasant Wood) Military Cemetery">Fromelles (Pheasant Wood) Military Cemetery</a>, the most recently dedicated cemetery.</figcaption></figure> Following the Second World War, the Commission recognised that the word 'Imperial' within its name was no longer appropriate. In the spirit of strengthening national and regional feelings the organization changed its name to Commonwealth War Graves Commission in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200750-57">[57]</a> More recent conflicts have sometimes made it impossible for the commission to care for cemeteries in a given region or resulted in the destruction of sites altogether. Zehrensdorf Indian Cemetery in Germany was unkempt after the end of the Second World War and until the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> because it was located in an area occupied by Russian forces and was not entirely rebuilt until 2005.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200745-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> resulted in the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Port_Tewfik_Memorial" title="Port Tewfik Memorial">Port Tewfik Memorial</a> and Aden Memorial, and the death of a Commission gardener at Suez War Memorial Cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-Heliopolis-59">[59]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> two cemeteries in Beirut were destroyed and had to be rebuilt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200745-58">[58]</a> The maintenance of war graves and memorials in Iraq has remained difficult since <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> in the 1980s, with regular maintenance being impractical since after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The commission also provides support for war graves outside its traditional mandate. In 1982, the British Ministry of Defence requested the commission's assistance to design and construct cemeteries in the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> for those killed during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200751-62">[62]</a> Although these cemeteries are not Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries, the Commission manages the administrative responsibilities for them.<a href="#cite_note-Falkland-63">[63]</a> Since 2005, the commission has carried out similar management duties on behalf of the British Ministry of Defence for cemeteries and graves of British and Imperial soldiers who died during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-boer-64">[64]</a> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Affairs_Canada" title="Veterans Affairs Canada">Veterans Affairs Canada</a> employed the commission to develop an approach to locate grave markers for which the Canadian Minister of Veterans Affairs has responsibility. As of 2011, the commission conducts a twelve-year cyclical inspection programme of Canadian veterans' markers installed at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In 2008, an exploratory excavation discovered <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass graves</a> on the edge of Pheasant Wood outside of <a href="/wiki/Fromelles" title="Fromelles">Fromelles</a>. Two-hundred and fifty British and Australian bodies were excavated from five mass graves which were interred in the newly constructed <a href="/wiki/Fromelles_(Pheasant_Wood)_Military_Cemetery" title="Fromelles (Pheasant Wood) Military Cemetery">Fromelles (Pheasant Wood) Military Cemetery</a>. This was the first new Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in more than 50 years, the last such cemeteries having been built after the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burial_sites_and_memorials">Burial sites and memorials</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Burial sites and memorials">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_total_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_burials_by_country" title="List of total Commonwealth War Graves Commission burials by country">List of total Commonwealth War Graves Commission burials by country</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_World_War_I_memorials_to_the_missing" title="List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War I memorials to the missing">List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War I memorials to the missing</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_World_War_I_memorials_to_the_missing_in_Belgium_and_France" title="List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War I memorials to the missing in Belgium and France">List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War I memorials to the missing in Belgium and France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_tablets_to_the_British_Empire_dead_of_the_First_World_War" title="Memorial tablets to the British Empire dead of the First World War">Memorial tablets to the British Empire dead of the First World War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_World_War_II_memorials_to_the_missing" title="List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War II memorials to the missing">List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War II memorials to the missing</a></div> The commission is currently responsible for the continued commemoration of 1.7 million deceased Commonwealth military service members in 153 countries and approximately 67,000 civilians who died as a result of enemy action during the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-fast_facts-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Annual_Report20132-3">[3]</a> Commonwealth military service members are commemorated by name on either a headstone, at an identified site of a burial, or on a memorial. As a result, the commission is currently responsible for the care of war dead at over 23,000 separate burial sites and maintenance of more than 200 memorials worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198963-2">[2]</a> The vast majority of burial sites are pre-existing communal or municipal cemeteries and parish churchyards located in the United Kingdom, however the commission has itself constructed approximately 2,500 war cemeteries worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CWGC2008-68">[68]</a> The commission has also constructed or commissioned memorials to commemorate the dead who have no known grave; the largest of these is the <a href="/wiki/Thiepval_Memorial" title="Thiepval Memorial">Thiepval Memorial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamp2007153-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualifications_for_inclusion">Qualifications for inclusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Qualifications for inclusion">edit</a>]</div> The Commission only commemorates those who have died during the designated war years, while in Commonwealth military service or of causes attributable to service. Death in service included not only those killed in combat but other causes such as those that died in training accidents, air raids and due to disease such as the <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">1918 flu pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The applicable periods of consideration are 4 August 1914 to 31 August 1921 for the First World War and 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947 for the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-fast_facts-4">[4]</a> The end date for the First World War period is the official end of the war, while for the Second World War the Commission selected a date approximately the same period after <a href="/wiki/VE_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="VE Day">VE Day</a> as the official end of the First World War was after the 1918 Armistice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198964-71">[71]</a> Civilians who died as a result of enemy action during the Second World War are commemorated differently from those that died as a result of military service. They are commemorated by name through the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour located in St George's Chapel in Westminster Abbey. In addition to its mandated duties, the commission maintains, under arrangement with applicable governments, over 40,000 non-Commonwealth war graves and over 25,000 non-war military and civilian graves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-fast_facts-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architects_and_sculptors">Architects and sculptors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architects and sculptors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Baker00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white portrait of an older gentleman with a receding hairline wearing a suit and tie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Herbert_Baker00.jpg/220px-Herbert_Baker00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Herbert_Baker00.jpg/330px-Herbert_Baker00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Herbert_Baker00.jpg/440px-Herbert_Baker00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1697" /></a><figcaption>Herbert Baker, one of the original Principal Architects of the Commission</figcaption></figure> As well as the main Principal Architects for France and Belgium (Baker, Blomfield and Lutyens), there were Principal Architects appointed for other regions as well. Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lorimer" title="Robert Lorimer">Robert Lorimer</a> was Principal Architect for Italy, Macedonia and Egypt, while Sir John James Burnet was Principal Architect for Palestine and Gallipoli, assisted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_Tait" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Smith Tait">Thomas Smith Tait</a>. The Principal Architect for Mesopotamia was Edward Prioleau Warren.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200720-72">[72]</a> As well as these senior architects, there was a team of Assistant Architects who were actually responsible for many of the cemetery and memorial designs. These architects were younger, and many of them had served in the war. The Assistant Architects were: George Esselmont Gordon Leith, <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Clement_Von_Berg" title="Wilfred Clement Von Berg">Wilfred Clement Von Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Holden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Henry Holden">Charles Henry Holden</a> (who in 1920 became a Principal Architect), <a href="/wiki/William_Harrison_Cowlishaw" title="William Harrison Cowlishaw">William Harrison Cowlishaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Bryce_Binnie" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bryce Binnie">William Bryce Binnie</a>, George Hartley Goldsmith, Frank Higginson, Arthur James Scott Hutton, Noel Ackroyd Rew, and John Reginald Truelove.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200720-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamp200790–91-73">[73]</a> Other architects that worked for the commission, or won competitions for the Commission memorials, included George Salway Nicol,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Chalton_Bradshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Chalton Bradshaw">Harold Chalton Bradshaw</a>, Verner Owen Rees, Gordon H. Holt, and Henry Philip Cart de Lafontaine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStampHarris197720–27-75">[75]</a> In January 1944, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Maufe" title="Edward Maufe">Edward Maufe</a> was appointed Principal Architect for the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth2003179-76">[76]</a> Maufe worked extensively for the commission for 25 years until 1969, becoming Chief Architect and also succeeding Kenyon as Artistic Advisor.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth2003207-78">[78]</a> Together with Maufe, the other Principal Architects appointed during and after the Second World War were <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Worthington" title="Hubert Worthington">Hubert Worthington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Soissons" title="Louis de Soissons">Louis de Soissons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hepworth" title="Philip Hepworth">Philip Hepworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_St_Clair_Oakes" title="Colin St Clair Oakes">Colin St Clair Oakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth2003179–180-79">[79]</a> Leading sculptors that worked on the memorials and cemeteries after the First World War included <a href="/wiki/Eric_Henri_Kennington" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Henri Kennington">Eric Henri Kennington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomas Wheeler">Charles Thomas Wheeler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ledward" title="Gilbert Ledward">Gilbert Ledward</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sargeant_Jagger" title="Charles Sargeant Jagger">Charles Sargeant Jagger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth2003130-80">[80]</a> Other sculptors, both in the inter-war period and after the Second World War, included <a href="/wiki/William_Reid_Dick" title="William Reid Dick">William Reid Dick</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ypres-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gillick" title="Ernest Gillick">Ernest Gillick</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Artois-82">[82]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basil_Gotto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basil Gotto (page does not exist)">Basil Gotto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Beaumont-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Turner_(sculptor)" title="Alfred Turner (sculptor)">Alfred Turner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_A._Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence A. Turner">Laurence A. Turner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert_(sculptor)" title="Walter Gilbert (sculptor)">Walter Gilbert</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Poole_(sculptor)" title="Henry Poole (sculptor)">Henry Poole</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Hill_(sculptor)" title="Vernon Hill (sculptor)">Vernon Hill</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anning_Bell" title="Robert Anning Bell">Robert Anning Bell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Victor_Blundstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Victor Blundstone">Ferdinand Victor Blundstone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-90">[90]</a> Joseph Armitage,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-90">[90]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Bayes" title="Gilbert Bayes">Gilbert Bayes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cemetery_design">Cemetery design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cemetery design">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_architectural_design_features">Common architectural design features</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Common architectural design features">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_Sacrifice,_Ypres_Reservoir_cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a stone cross with a metal longsword in the middle on an octagonal stone base." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cross_of_Sacrifice%2C_Ypres_Reservoir_cemetery.jpg/170px-Cross_of_Sacrifice%2C_Ypres_Reservoir_cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cross_of_Sacrifice%2C_Ypres_Reservoir_cemetery.jpg/255px-Cross_of_Sacrifice%2C_Ypres_Reservoir_cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cross_of_Sacrifice%2C_Ypres_Reservoir_cemetery.jpg/340px-Cross_of_Sacrifice%2C_Ypres_Reservoir_cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3488" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Sacrifice" title="Cross of Sacrifice">Cross of Sacrifice</a>.</figcaption></figure> Structural design has always played an important part in the commission's cemeteries. Apart from a few exceptions, due to local geological conditions, the cemeteries follow the same design and uniform aesthetic all over the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterJackson2000188-91">[91]</a> This makes the cemeteries easily recognisable and distinguishes them from war graves administered by other groups or countries. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterJackson2000188-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamp200782-92">[92]</a> A typical cemetery is surrounded by a low wall or hedge and with a wrought-iron gate entrance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst2010147-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-design-94">[94]</a> For cemeteries in France and Belgium, a land tablet near the entrance or along a wall identifies the cemetery grounds as having been provided by the French or Belgian governments. All but the smallest cemeteries contain a register with an inventory of the burials, a plan of the plots and rows, and a basic history of the cemetery. The register is located within a metal cupboard that is marked with a cross located in either the wall near the cemetery entrance or in a shelter within the cemetery. More recently, in larger sites, a stainless steel notice gives details of the respective military campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst2010158-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-design-94">[94]</a> The headstones within the cemetery are of a uniform size and design and mark plots of equal size.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterJackson2000187-96">[96]</a> The cemetery grounds are, except in drier climates, grass-covered with a floral border around the headstones. There is also an absence of any paving between the headstone rows which is intended to make the cemetery feel like a traditional walled garden where visitors could experience a sense of peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201067-97">[97]</a> However, Carter and Jackson argue that the uniform aesthetics are designed to evoke a positive experience which deliberately masks and sanitises the nature of the war deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterJackson2000190-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cross_of_Sacrifice_and_Stone_of_Remembrance">Cross of Sacrifice and Stone of Remembrance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cross of Sacrifice and Stone of Remembrance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Sacrifice" title="Cross of Sacrifice">Cross of Sacrifice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Remembrance" title="Stone of Remembrance">Stone of Remembrance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britfriedhof04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rectangular stone on a multi-stepped stone platform. the words "Their name liveth for evermore" inscribed on the longer side of the stone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Britfriedhof04.jpg/220px-Britfriedhof04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Britfriedhof04.jpg/330px-Britfriedhof04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Britfriedhof04.jpg/440px-Britfriedhof04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The Stone of Remembrance, a feature of larger cemeteries</figcaption></figure> Typically, cemeteries of more than 40 graves contain a <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Sacrifice" title="Cross of Sacrifice">Cross of Sacrifice</a> designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Blomfield" title="Reginald Blomfield">Reginald Blomfield</a>. This cross was designed to imitate medieval crosses found in churchyards in England with proportions more commonly seen in the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a>. The cross is normally a freestanding four-point <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a>, mounted on an octagonal base, and ranging in height from 14 to 32 feet (4.3 to 9.8 m). A <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> <a href="/wiki/Longsword" title="Longsword">longsword</a>, blade down, is embedded on the face of the cross. This cross represents the faith of the majority of the dead and the sword represents the military character of the cemetery, intended to link British soldiers and the Christian concept of self-sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201046-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-features-99">[99]</a> Cemeteries with more than 1000 burials typically have a <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Remembrance" title="Stone of Remembrance">Stone of Remembrance</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a> with the inscription "<a href="/wiki/Their_name_liveth_for_evermore" title="Their name liveth for evermore">Their name liveth for evermore</a>". The concept of the Stone of Remembrance stone was developed by <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> to commemorate those of all faiths and none respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200831-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStampHarris197713-101">[101]</a> In contrast to the Cross of Sacrifice, the design for the stone deliberately avoided "shapes associated with particular religions". The geometry of the structure was based on studies of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CWGC_Architecture-102">[102]</a> Each stone is 12 feet (3.5 m) long and 5 feet (1.5 m) high.<a href="#cite_note-OAWG-103">[103]</a> The shape of the stone has been compared both to that of a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a><a href="#cite_note-OAWG-103">[103]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStampHarris197713-101">[101]</a> The feature was designed using the principle of <a href="/wiki/Entasis" title="Entasis">entasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BA2009-104">[104]</a> The subtle curves in the design, if extended, would form a sphere 1,801 feet 8 inches (549.15 m) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamp200779-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Headstones">Headstones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Headstones">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:266px;max-width:266px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Poulton-Palmer_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ronald_Poulton-Palmer_grave.jpg/100px-Ronald_Poulton-Palmer_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ronald_Poulton-Palmer_grave.jpg/150px-Ronald_Poulton-Palmer_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ronald_Poulton-Palmer_grave.jpg/200px-Ronald_Poulton-Palmer_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="353" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A standard headstone made of Portland stone</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Simpson_Kirkpatrick_headstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/John_Simpson_Kirkpatrick_headstone.jpg/158px-John_Simpson_Kirkpatrick_headstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/John_Simpson_Kirkpatrick_headstone.jpg/237px-John_Simpson_Kirkpatrick_headstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/John_Simpson_Kirkpatrick_headstone.jpg/316px-John_Simpson_Kirkpatrick_headstone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="370" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A stone-faced pedestal marker used in the Gallipoli Peninsula due to ground conditions</div></div></div></div></div> Every grave is marked with a <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">headstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201034-106">[106]</a> Each headstone contains the national emblem or regimental badge, rank, name, unit, date of death and age of each casualty inscribed above an appropriate religious symbol and a more personal dedication chosen by relatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201098-107">[107]</a> The headstones use a standard <a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">upper case</a> lettering, Headstone Standard Alphabet, designed by <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_Gill" title="MacDonald Gill">MacDonald Gill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamp200785-108">[108]</a> Individual graves are arranged, where possible, in straight rows and marked by uniform headstones, the vast majority of which are made of <a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a>. The original headstone dimensions were 30 inches (76 cm) tall, 15 in (38 cm) wide, and 3 in (7.6 cm) thick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201096-109">[109]</a> Most headstones are inscribed with a cross, except for those deceased known to be atheist or non-Christian. In the case of burials of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> or <a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a> recipients, the regimental badge is supplemented by the Victoria Cross or George Cross emblem. Sometimes a soldier employed a pseudonym because he was too young to serve or was sought by law enforcement; in such cases his primary name is shown along with the notation "served as".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201098-107">[107]</a> Some American citizens who served with Commonwealth forces during the Second World War have the notation "Of U.S.A.".<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Those whose exact burial location within a cemetery is not known will contain the superscript "Buried elsewhere in this Cemetery", "Known to be buried in this cemetery" or "Believed to be buried in this cemetery".<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Many headstones are for unidentified casualties; they consequently bear only what could be discovered from the body. The epitaph, developed by <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, that appears on the graves of unidentified soldiers for which no details are known is "A Soldier of the Great War <a href="/wiki/Known_unto_God" title="Known unto God">known unto God</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStampHarris197713-101">[101]</a> Some headstones bear the text "believed to be buried in this cemetery" when the grave's exact location within the cemetery is not known. In some cases soldiers were buried in collective graves and distinguishing one body from another was not possible and thus one headstone covers more than one grave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201099-112">[112]</a> The headstone does not denote any specific details of the death except for its date, and even then only if it is known, and are deliberately ambiguous about the cause of death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterJackson2000190-46">[46]</a> Due to local conditions it was sometimes necessary for the commission to deviate from its standard design. In places prone to extreme weather or earthquakes, such as Thailand and Turkey, stone-faced pedestal markers are used instead of the normal headstones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200728-113">[113]</a> These measures are intended to prevent masonry being damaged during earthquakes or sinking into sodden ground.<a href="#cite_note-gallipoli1-114">[114]</a> In Italy, headstones were carved from Chiampo Perla limestone because it was in more plentiful supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200728-113">[113]</a> In Struma Military Cemetery, in Greece, to avoid risk of earthquake damage, small headstones are laid flush to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-Kilner-115">[115]</a> Due to their smaller size, the markers often lack unit insignia.<a href="#cite_note-gallipoli2-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horticulture">Horticulture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Horticulture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:338px;max-width:338px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Roses_growing_in_front_of_graves,_Menin_Road_South_Military_cemetery_977687052.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Roses_growing_in_front_of_graves%2C_Menin_Road_South_Military_cemetery_977687052.jpg/113px-Roses_growing_in_front_of_graves%2C_Menin_Road_South_Military_cemetery_977687052.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Roses_growing_in_front_of_graves%2C_Menin_Road_South_Military_cemetery_977687052.jpg/170px-Roses_growing_in_front_of_graves%2C_Menin_Road_South_Military_cemetery_977687052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Roses_growing_in_front_of_graves%2C_Menin_Road_South_Military_cemetery_977687052.jpg/226px-Roses_growing_in_front_of_graves%2C_Menin_Road_South_Military_cemetery_977687052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Roses around headstones in Belgium</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Alamein_Commonwealth_Cemetery_6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/El_Alamein_Commonwealth_Cemetery_6.JPG/100px-El_Alamein_Commonwealth_Cemetery_6.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/El_Alamein_Commonwealth_Cemetery_6.JPG/150px-El_Alamein_Commonwealth_Cemetery_6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/El_Alamein_Commonwealth_Cemetery_6.JPG/200px-El_Alamein_Commonwealth_Cemetery_6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dry landscaping in Egypt</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_P1100779.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_P1100779.JPG/113px-Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_P1100779.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_P1100779.JPG/170px-Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_P1100779.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_P1100779.JPG/226px-Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_P1100779.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tropical landscaping in Thailand</div></div></div></div></div> Commission cemeteries are distinctive in treating <a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">floriculture</a> as an integral part of the cemetery design. Originally, the horticultural concept was to create an environment where visitors could experience a sense of peace in a setting, in contrast to traditionally bleak graveyards. Recommendations given by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_William_Hill" title="Arthur William Hill">Arthur William Hill</a>, the assistant director of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanical_Gardens_at_Kew" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew">Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew</a> enabled the commission to develop cemetery layouts and architectural structures that took into account the placement of suitable plant life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth200321-117">[117]</a> Combining structural and horticultural elements were not unfamiliar to the commission's architects. Sir Edwin Lutyens furthered his long-standing working relationship with horticulturist <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Jekyll" title="Gertrude Jekyll">Gertrude Jekyll</a>, whose devotion to traditional cottage garden plants and roses greatly influenced the appearance of the cemeteries. Where possible, indigenous plants were utilised to enhance sentimental associations with the gardens of home.<a href="#cite_note-Horticulture-118">[118]</a> Variety in texture, height and timing of floral display were equally important horticultural considerations. The beds around each headstone are planted with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Floribunda_rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Floribunda rose">floribunda roses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_perennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous perennial">herbaceous perennials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Low-growing plants are chosen for areas immediately in front of headstones, ensuring that inscriptions are not obscured and preventing soil from splashing back during rain. In cemeteries where there are pedestal grave markers, dwarf varieties of plants are used instead.<a href="#cite_note-Horticulture-118">[118]</a> The absence of any form of paving between the headstone rows contributes to the simplicity of the cemetery designs. Lawn paths add to the garden ambience and are irrigated during the dry season in countries where there is insufficient rain. Where irrigation is inappropriate or impractical, dry landscaping is an ecological alternative favoured by the commission's horticulturists, as is the case in Iraq. Drier areas require a different approach not only for lawns but also to plants and styles of planting. Similarly, there are separate horticultural considerations in tropical climates. When many cemeteries are concentrated within a limited area, like along the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli peninsula">Gallipoli peninsula</a>, mobile teams of gardeners operate from a local base. Elsewhere, larger cemeteries have their own dedicated staff while small cemeteries are usually tended by a single gardener working part-time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth2003232–233-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Organisation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headquarters_of_the_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a six-storey building with a dark-brown brick veneer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Headquarters_of_the_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission.jpg/220px-Headquarters_of_the_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Headquarters_of_the_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission.jpg/330px-Headquarters_of_the_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Headquarters_of_the_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission.jpg/440px-Headquarters_of_the_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in <a href="/wiki/Maidenhead" title="Maidenhead">Maidenhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, UK</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioners">Commissioners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Commissioners">edit</a>]</div> The affairs of the CWGC are overseen by a board of commissioners. The president of the board is HRH <a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne,_Princess_Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne, Princess Royal">Princess Anne, Princess Royal</a>, the chairman is the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">secretary of State for Defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Healey" title="John Healey">John Healey MP</a>, and the vice chairman is <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hudson_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Peter Hudson (Royal Navy officer)">Vice Admiral Peter Hudson CB CBE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Commissioners-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Claire_Horton" title="Claire Horton">Claire Horton</a> was appointed Director-General of the CWGC in 2020<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The members are: the High Commissioner for New Zealand to the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Goff" title="Phil Goff">Phil Goff</a>; the High Commissioner of Australia to the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smith_(Australian_politician)" title="Stephen Smith (Australian politician)">Stephen Smith</a>; the High Commissioner of the Republic of South Africa to the United Kingdom, Jeremiah Nyamane Mamabolo; the High Commissioner for India to the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Doraiswami" title="Vikram Doraiswami">Vikram Doraiswami</a>; the High Commissioner for Canada to the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Ralph E. Goodale</a>; Keryn James; Sir Tim Hitchens; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hudson_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Peter Hudson (Royal Navy officer)">Vice Admiral Peter Hudson</a>; Hon Philip Dunne; Dame <a href="/wiki/Diana_Johnson" title="Diana Johnson">Diana Johnson</a>; Vasuki Shastry; Dame <a href="/wiki/Judith_Mayhew_Jonas" title="Judith Mayhew Jonas">Judith Mayhew Jonas</a>; Lieutenant General Sir <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bathurst" title="Ben Bathurst">Ben Bathurst</a>; Air Marshal Sir <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Atha" title="Stuart Atha">Stuart Atha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Commissioners-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_structure">Functional structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Functional structure">edit</a>]</div> The CWGC is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Maidenhead" title="Maidenhead">Maidenhead</a>, England. Offices or agencies that are each responsible for a specific geographical area manage the worldwide affairs of the organisation. They are:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Annual_Report201344–45-123">[123]</a> <ol><li>United Kingdom and Northern Area - UKNA: responsible for <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (West) / <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li>Central and Southern Europe Area - C&SEA: responsible for <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li>France Area - FA: responsible for <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li>Canada, Americas and Pacific Area - CAPA: responsible for <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a>, British China (including <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, Russia <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li>Africa and Asia Area - AAA: responsible for <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Ocean Territories">British Indian Ocean Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo (Democratic Republic)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Swasiland</a> (Eswatini), <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">St Helena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing">Financing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Financing">edit</a>]</div> The CWGC's work is funded predominantly by grants from the governments of the six member states. In the <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> 2020/21, these grants amounted to £66.1 million of the organisation's £74.5 million of income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Annual_Report202139-40-124">[124]</a> This equates to an approximate cost of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>85 per commemorated war dead.<a href="#cite_note-BHall-125">[125]</a> The contribution from each country is proportionate to the number of graves the CWGC maintains on behalf of that country. The percentage of total annual contributions for which each country is responsible is United Kingdom 79%, Canada 10%, Australia 6%, New Zealand 2%, South Africa 2% and India 1%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Annual_Report202139-40-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ongoing_projects_and_issues">Ongoing projects and issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ongoing projects and issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reburials_and_identifications">Reburials and identifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reburials and identifications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pallbearers_carry_the_coffin_to_the_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="four men dressed entirely in black are carrying a wood casket draped in a flag." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pallbearers_carry_the_coffin_to_the_grave.jpg/220px-Pallbearers_carry_the_coffin_to_the_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pallbearers_carry_the_coffin_to_the_grave.jpg/330px-Pallbearers_carry_the_coffin_to_the_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pallbearers_carry_the_coffin_to_the_grave.jpg/440px-Pallbearers_carry_the_coffin_to_the_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Reburial of a New Zealand soldier in February 2012</figcaption></figure> Immediately following the First World War, the British Army remained responsible for the exhumation of remains. The Western Front was divided into sectors and combed for bodies by 12-man exhumation units. Between the Armistice and September 1921, the exhumation units reburied 204,695 bodies. After 1921, no further comprehensive search for bodies was undertaken, and in February 1921 responsibility for the cemeteries was transferred to the commission. Nevertheless, despite the rigour of the searches, bodies continued to be discovered in large numbers. In the three years following the conclusion of the general search 38,000 bodies were discovered. In the mid-1920s, 20 to 30 bodies were being discovered weekly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200729-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200730-127">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewBwood-wyrdlight-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two people standing in from a memorial that is three pillars on a circular black stone base." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NewBwood-wyrdlight-2015.jpg/170px-NewBwood-wyrdlight-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NewBwood-wyrdlight-2015.jpg/255px-NewBwood-wyrdlight-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NewBwood-wyrdlight-2015.jpg/340px-NewBwood-wyrdlight-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>The dedication of the Brookwood 1914–1918 Memorial</figcaption></figure> The discovery of remains of First and Second World War casualties remains a common occurrence, with approximately 30 bodies discovered annually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200730-127">[127]</a> For example, in 2006 eight bodies of Canadian soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/78th_Battalion_(Winnipeg_Grenadiers),_CEF" title="78th Battalion (Winnipeg Grenadiers), CEF">78th Battalion (Winnipeg Grenadiers), CEF</a> were discovered in a backyard in <a href="/wiki/Hallu" title="Hallu">Hallu</a>, France.<a href="#cite_note-Shwartz-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In April 2013, the remains of four British soldiers discovered by a French farmer clearing land with a metal detector in 2009 were re-interred at H.A.C. Cemetery near <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>, France.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-130">[130]</a> In March 2014, the remains of 20 Commonwealth and 30 German soldiers were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Vendin-le-Vieil" title="Vendin-le-Vieil">Vendin-le-Vieil</a>, France, with the Commonwealth soldiers being subsequently reburied at Loos British Cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-Loos-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-100years-132">[132]</a> When the remains of a Commonwealth soldier from the First or Second World War is discovered the commission is notified, and a Commission burial officer tries to collect any associated artefacts that may help identify the individual. The details are then registered and archived at the commission's headquarters. Evidence used for identification purposes may include artifacts found with the remains, anthropological data and DNA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESignolide_Verines2011712-133">[133]</a> Investigation of archival records by members of the public periodically results in the identification of previously buried casualties. The archival records of the commission are open to the public to permit individuals to conduct their own research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESignolide_Verines2011712-133">[133]</a> In December 2013, it was discovered that Second Lieutenant Philip Frederick Cormack, who was previously commemorated on the Arras Flying Services Memorial, had in fact been buried in a French military cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Machelen_(Zulte)" class="mw-redirect" title="Machelen (Zulte)">Machelen</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a> in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-Cormack-134">[134]</a> Sergeant Leonard Maidment was identified in 2013 after a visitor to Marfaux British Cemetery discovered a headstone of an unknown sergeant with the <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampshire Regiment">Hampshire Regiment</a> killed on 20 July 1918, and was subsequently able to show that only one sergeant from that regiment had been killed in France on that date.<a href="#cite_note-Tattersfield-135">[135]</a> As of July 2022, the In From The Cold Project has so far identified 7,255 individuals with either unmarked graves or names missing from the Roll of Honour maintained at Westminster Abbey.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The majority of the casualties commemorated on the Brookwood 1914–1918 Memorial are servicemen and women identified by the In From The Cold Project as having died while in care of their families and were not commemorated by the Commission at the time.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vandalism">Vandalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vandalism">edit</a>]</div> Cemeteries, including those of war dead, are targets for vandalism. The gravestones, cemeteries and buildings of the Commission are no exception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198999-139">[139]</a> The Commission believes that graffiti and damage to stonework are usually the work of young people, noting that the number of incidents increases when schoolchildren are on school holidays.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal_theft" title="Metal theft">Metal theft</a> is also a problem: determined thieves target the bronze swords from the Cross of Sacrifice, which are now replaced with replicas made of fibreglass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard1989100-141">[141]</a> The vandalism of Commission cemeteries has also been connected to the participation of Commonwealth countries in contemporary conflicts. In the 1970s, during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>, Commission cemeteries in Ireland experienced vandalism.<a href="#cite_note-Gibney-142">[142]</a> Vandals defaced the central memorial of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89taples_Military_Cemetery" title="Étaples Military Cemetery">Étaples Military Cemetery</a> in northern France with anti-British and anti-American graffiti on 20 March 2003 immediately after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plea-143">[143]</a> On 9 May 2004, thirty-three headstones were demolished in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_Cemetery" title="Gaza War Cemetery">Gaza cemetery</a>, which contains 3,691 graves,<a href="#cite_note-Gaza-144">[144]</a> allegedly in retaliation for the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prisoner_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse</a> scandal.<a href="#cite_note-Lynfield-145">[145]</a> On 24 February 2012, during the <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a>, Islamist militia damaged over 200 headstones in the <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> war cemetery, as well as the central memorial.<a href="#cite_note-Stephen-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inequalities_in_commemoration">Inequalities in commemoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Inequalities in commemoration">edit</a>]</div> In April 2021, a special committee of the CWGC published a report on historical inequalities in commemoration, concerning "failures to properly commemorate black and Asian troops" after the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCInequality-148">[148]</a> A set of public statements by CWGC and the Special Committee on the issue and the next steps to be taken were published on the CWGC website, and the defence secretary <a href="/wiki/Ben_Wallace_(politician)" title="Ben Wallace (politician)">Ben Wallace</a> made an official apology in the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-BBCInequality-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Battle_Monuments_Commission" title="American Battle Monuments Commission">American Battle Monuments Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_War_Graves_Commission" title="German War Graves Commission">German War Graves Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">World War I memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Imperial_War_Graves_staff_burials" title="List of Imperial War Graves staff burials">List of Imperial War Graves staff burials</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeaslee1974300_1-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeaslee1974">Peaslee 1974</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198963-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198963_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198963_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198963_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibsonWard1989">Gibson & Ward 1989</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Annual_Report20132-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Annual_Report20132_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Annual_Report20132_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Annual_Report2013">Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-fast_facts-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fast_facts_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fast_facts_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fast_facts_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fast_facts_4-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 5 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Putting+names+to+the+lost+soldiers+of+Fromelles&rft.date=2010-01-29&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F8473444.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CWGC2008-68"><a href="#cite_ref-CWGC2008_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2007–2008. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. pp. 48–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission+Annual+Report+2007%E2%80%932008&rft.pages=48-52&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamp2007153-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamp2007153_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamp2007">Stamp 2007</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501235229/http://discover.cwgc.org/discover/homefront.aspx">UK Home Front</a>, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discover.cwgc.org/discover/homefront.aspx">the original</a> on 1 May 2017, retrieved 8 January 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UK+Home+Front&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscover.cwgc.org%2Fdiscover%2Fhomefront.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198964-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198964_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibsonWard1989">Gibson & Ward 1989</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200720-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers200720_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers200720_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSummers2007">Summers 2007</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamp200790–91-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamp200790–91_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamp2007">Stamp 2007</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Dolman1927" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Dolman, ed. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinart15dolm">Who's Who in Art</a>. Art Trade Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinart15dolm/page/170">170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Art&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Art+Trade+Press&rft.date=1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoswhoinart15dolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStampHarris197720–27-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStampHarris197720–27_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStampHarris1977">Stamp & Harris 1977</a>, pp. 20–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth2003179-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongworth2003179_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongworth2003">Longworth 2003</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-77"><a href="#cite_ref-odnb_77-0">^</a> Richardson, Margaret. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31429">Maufe, Edward Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719171347/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31429;jsessionid=5375B4ACD13CBFF792AF101FF7B2E3FA">Archived</a> 19 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oxford University Press, accessed 25 September 2013 (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth2003207-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongworth2003207_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongworth2003">Longworth 2003</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth2003179–180-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongworth2003179–180_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongworth2003">Longworth 2003</a>, pp. 179–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongworth2003130-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongworth2003130_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongworth2003">Longworth 2003</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ypres-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Ypres_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/91800/YPRES%20%28MENIN%20GATE%29%20MEMORIAL">"Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928142259/http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/91800/YPRES%20%28MENIN%20GATE%29%20MEMORIAL">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ypres+%28Menin+Gate%29+Memorial&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F91800%2FYPRES%2520%2528MENIN%2520GATE%2529%2520MEMORIAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Artois-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Artois_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/79200/VIS-EN-ARTOIS%20MEMORIAL">"Vis-en-Artois Memorial"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928142304/http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/79200/VIS-EN-ARTOIS%20MEMORIAL">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vis-en-Artois+Memorial&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F79200%2FVIS-EN-ARTOIS%2520MEMORIAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaumont-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Beaumont_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/79000/Beaumont-Hamel%20%28Newfoundland%29%20Memorial">"Beaumont-Hamel (Newfoundland) Memorial"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928142347/http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/79000/Beaumont-Hamel%20%28Newfoundland%29%20Memorial">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beaumont-Hamel+%28Newfoundland%29+Memorial&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F79000%2FBeaumont-Hamel%2520%2528Newfoundland%2529%2520Memorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> 'Alfred Turner RA', Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851–1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1215528314,">accessed 26 Sep 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427101918/http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1215528314,">Archived</a> 27 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/87600/POZIERES%20MEMORIAL">"Pozieres Memorial"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130924232856/http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/87600/POZIERES%20MEMORIAL">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pozieres+Memorial&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F87600%2FPOZIERES%2520MEMORIAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/160000/DOIRAN%20MEMORIAL">"Doiran Memorial"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207195150/http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/160000/DOIRAN%2520MEMORIAL">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doiran+Memorial&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F160000%2FDOIRAN%2520MEMORIAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/142001/PLYMOUTH%20NAVAL%20MEMORIAL">"Plymouth Naval Memorial"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917225151/http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/142001/PLYMOUTH%20NAVAL%20MEMORIAL">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plymouth+Naval+Memorial&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F142001%2FPLYMOUTH%2520NAVAL%2520MEMORIAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/109600/RUNNYMEDE%20MEMORIAL">"Runnymede Memorial"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928060543/http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/109600/RUNNYMEDE%20MEMORIAL">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Runnymede+Memorial&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F109600%2FRUNNYMEDE%2520MEMORIAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/142016/JERUSALEM%20MEMORIAL">"Jerusalem Memorial"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926002715/http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/142016/JERUSALEM%20MEMORIAL">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Memorial&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F142016%2FJERUSALEM%2520MEMORIAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/85900/TYNE%20COT%20MEMORIAL">"Tyne Cot Memorial"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917233026/http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/85900/TYNE%20COT%20MEMORIAL">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tyne+Cot+Memorial&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F85900%2FTYNE%2520COT%2520MEMORIAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterJackson2000188-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterJackson2000188_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterJackson2000188_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarterJackson2000">Carter & Jackson 2000</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamp200782-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamp200782_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamp2007">Stamp 2007</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst2010147-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeurst2010147_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeurst2010">Geurst 2010</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-design-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-design_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-design_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/about-us/what-we-do/architecture/our-cemetery-design-and-features.aspx">"Our Cemetery design and features"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930083547/http://www.cwgc.org/about-us/what-we-do/architecture/our-cemetery-design-and-features.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Cemetery+design+and+features&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fabout-us%2Fwhat-we-do%2Farchitecture%2Four-cemetery-design-and-features.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst2010158-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeurst2010158_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeurst2010">Geurst 2010</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterJackson2000187-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterJackson2000187_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarterJackson2000">Carter & Jackson 2000</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201067-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeurst201067_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeurst2010">Geurst 2010</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeurst201046-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeurst201046_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeurst2010">Geurst 2010</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-features-99"><a href="#cite_ref-features_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/about-us/what-we-do/architecture/our-cemetery-design-and-features.aspx">"Features of Commonwealth War Cemeteries"</a> (Word document). Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218041859/http://www.cwgc.org/about-us/what-we-do/architecture/our-cemetery-design-and-features.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2012. 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Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131033644/http://www.cwgc.org/about-us/what-we-do/horticulture.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Horticulture&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fabout-us%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fhorticulture.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Commonwealth War Graves Commission Information sheet: The Commission's Horticulture. 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Retrieved 21 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cwgc.org&rft.atitle=Our+Commissioners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fwho-we-are%2Four-commissioners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/our-work/news/commonwealth-war-graves-commission-appoints-claire-horton-cbe-as-director-general/">"Commonwealth War Graves Commission appoints Claire Horton CBE as Director General | CWGC"</a>. www.cwgc.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420153716/https://www.cwgc.org/our-work/news/commonwealth-war-graves-commission-appoints-claire-horton-cbe-as-director-general/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. 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Retrieved 15 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mr.+Bradley+Hall+%28Secretary-General%2C+Canadian+Agency+of+the+Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission%29+at+the+Veterans+Affairs+Committee&rft.pub=Open+North&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenparliament.ca%2Fcommittees%2Fveterans-affairs%2F41-1%2F9%2Fbradley-hall-1%2Fonly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200729-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers200729_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSummers2007">Summers 2007</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers200730-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers200730_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers200730_127-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSummers2007">Summers 2007</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shwartz-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Shwartz_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShwartz2014" class="citation web cs1">Shwartz, Daniel (27 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/4-ww-i-canadian-soldiers-remains-identified-1.2779824">"4 WW I Canadian soldiers' remains identified"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141120163317/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/4-ww-i-canadian-soldiers-remains-identified-1.2779824">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=4+WW+I+Canadian+soldiers%27+remains+identified&rft.date=2014-09-27&rft.aulast=Shwartz&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F4-ww-i-canadian-soldiers-remains-identified-1.2779824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Of the eight bodies five have been identified. They are Lieutenant Clifford Neelands of <a href="/wiki/Barrie,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrie, Ontario">Barrie, Ontario</a>, Private Lachlan McKinnon, an immigrant from <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, Private William Simms of <a href="/wiki/Russell,_Manitoba" title="Russell, Manitoba">Russell, Manitoba</a>, Sergeant John Oscar Lindell of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> who immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, and Private Sidney Halliday of <a href="/wiki/Minto,_Manitoba" title="Minto, Manitoba">Minto, Manitoba</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Allen_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenArkell2013" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Peter; Arkell, Harriet (22 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092339/http://www.capitalbay.com/latest-news1/333828-british-soldiers-private-christopher-douglas-elphick-and-lieutenant-john-harold-pritchard-buried-in-france-96-years-after-killed-in-action-in-wwi.html">"Douglas Elphick and Lieutenant John Harold Pritchard buried in France 96 years after killed in action in WWI"</a>. Capital Bay. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalbay.com/latest-news1/333828-british-soldiers-private-christopher-douglas-elphick-and-lieutenant-john-harold-pritchard-buried-in-france-96-years-after-killed-in-action-in-wwi.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Douglas+Elphick+and+Lieutenant+John+Harold+Pritchard+buried+in+France+96+years+after+killed+in+action+in+WWI&rft.pub=Capital+Bay&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Arkell%2C+Harriet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitalbay.com%2Flatest-news1%2F333828-british-soldiers-private-christopher-douglas-elphick-and-lieutenant-john-harold-pritchard-buried-in-france-96-years-after-killed-in-action-in-wwi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loos-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Loos_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/news-events/news/2014/3/reinterment-at-loos.aspx">"Re-burial at Loos"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 14 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070626/http://www.cwgc.org/news-events/news/2014/3/reinterment-at-loos.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re-burial+at+Loos&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2F2014%2F3%2Freinterment-at-loos.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100years-132"><a href="#cite_ref-100years_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/14/first-world-war-soldiers-buried-100-years">"First world war soldiers buried with full military honours after 100 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Press_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Association">Press Association</a>. 14 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317033924/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/14/first-world-war-soldiers-buried-100-years">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=First+world+war+soldiers+buried+with+full+military+honours+after+100+years&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fmar%2F14%2Ffirst-world-war-soldiers-buried-100-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESignolide_Verines2011712-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESignolide_Verines2011712_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESignolide_Verines2011712_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSignolide_Verines2011">Signoli & de Verines 2011</a>, p. 712. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cormack-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Cormack_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/news-events/news/2013/12/second-lieutenant-p-f-cormack-gets-a-known-grave.aspx">"CWGC Headstone for Second Lieutenant P. F. Cormack's Grave"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 10 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065414/http://www.cwgc.org/news-events/news/2013/12/second-lieutenant-p-f-cormack-gets-a-known-grave.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CWGC+Headstone+for+Second+Lieutenant+P.+F.+Cormack%27s+Grave&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.date=2013-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2F2013%2F12%2Fsecond-lieutenant-p-f-cormack-gets-a-known-grave.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tattersfield-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Tattersfield_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTattersfield2013" class="citation web cs1">Tattersfield, David (30 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-people/brothers-arms/3208-leonard-maidment-a-casualty-of-marfaux.html">"The life of First World War British Sergeant Leonard Maidment"</a>. Western Front Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407015759/http://westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-people/brothers-arms/3208-leonard-maidment-a-casualty-of-marfaux.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+life+of+First+World+War+British+Sergeant+Leonard+Maidment&rft.pub=Western+Front+Association&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.aulast=Tattersfield&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernfrontassociation.com%2Fgreat-war-people%2Fbrothers-arms%2F3208-leonard-maidment-a-casualty-of-marfaux.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infromthecold.org/casualties.asp">"Casualties In From The Cold"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=In_From_The_Cold_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In From The Cold Project (page does not exist)">In From The Cold Project</a>. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+From+The+Cold+Project&rft.atitle=Casualties+In+From+The+Cold.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infromthecold.org%2Fcasualties.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2016" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Eleanor (15 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/brookwood-memorial-updated-77-new-12023022">"Brookwood memorial updated with 77 new names of fallen World War One soldiers"</a>. Trinity Mirror Southern. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108064159/http://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/brookwood-memorial-updated-77-new-12023022">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brookwood+memorial+updated+with+77+new+names+of+fallen+World+War+One+soldiers&rft.pub=Trinity+Mirror+Southern&rft.date=2016-10-15&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getsurrey.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsurrey-news%2Fbrookwood-memorial-updated-77-new-12023022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/4007318/brookwood-1914-1918-memorial/">"Brookwood 1914–1918 Memorial"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044000/https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/4007318/brookwood-1914-1918-memorial/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brookwood+1914%E2%80%931918+Memorial&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F4007318%2Fbrookwood-1914-1918-memorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198999-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard198999_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibsonWard1989">Gibson & Ward 1989</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/education/who_cares.htm">"Who Cares"</a>. CWGC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119065100/http://www.cwgc.org/education/who_cares.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Cares&rft.pub=CWGC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Feducation%2Fwho_cares.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard1989100-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibsonWard1989100_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibsonWard1989">Gibson & Ward 1989</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibney-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibney_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibney" class="citation web cs1">Gibney, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drb.ie/essays/comrades-in-death#sthash.5XJL9vkp.dpuf">"Comrades in Death"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107001647/http://www.drb.ie/essays/comrades-in-death#sthash.5XJL9vkp.dpuf">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comrades+in+Death&rft.aulast=Gibney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drb.ie%2Fessays%2Fcomrades-in-death%23sthash.5XJL9vkp.dpuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plea-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Plea_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2907701.stm">"French Plea as cemetery defaced"</a>. BBC News. 1 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112012242/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2907701.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=French+Plea+as+cemetery+defaced&rft.date=2003-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2907701.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaza-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaza_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/71701">"Gaza War Cemetery"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131024001/https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/71701">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza+War+Cemetery&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F71701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynfield-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Lynfield_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynfield2004" class="citation news cs1">Lynfield, Ben (11 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1183&id=535772004">"Palestinians vandalise UK war graves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050424070028/http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1183&id=535772004">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2005. Retrieved 15 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Palestinians+vandalise+UK+war+graves&rft.date=2004-05-11&rft.aulast=Lynfield&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.scotsman.com%2Ftopics.cfm%3Ftid%3D1183%26id%3D535772004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen2012" class="citation news cs1">Stephen, Chris (3 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/04/libya-war-graves-desecrated">"British war graves in Libya desecrated by Islamist militants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313014511/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/04/libya-war-graves-desecrated">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=British+war+graves+in+Libya+desecrated+by+Islamist+militants&rft.date=2012-04-03&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fmar%2F04%2Flibya-war-graves-desecrated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/media/noantj4i/report-of-the-special-committee-to-review-historical-inequalities-in-commemoration.pdf">"Report of the Special Committee to Review Historical Inequalities in Commemoration"</a> (PDF). Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422110753/https://www.cwgc.org/media/noantj4i/report-of-the-special-committee-to-review-historical-inequalities-in-commemoration.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Special+Committee+to+Review+Historical+Inequalities+in+Commemoration&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fmedia%2Fnoantj4i%2Freport-of-the-special-committee-to-review-historical-inequalities-in-commemoration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCInequality-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCInequality_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCInequality_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56840131">"Commonwealth war graves: PM 'deeply troubled' over racism"</a>. BBC News. 22 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422013918/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56840131">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+war+graves%3A+PM+%27deeply+troubled%27+over+racism&rft.date=2021-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-56840131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/non-commemoration-report/?mc_cid=064f49789b&mc_eid=52c50e35b3">"Report of the Special Committee to Review Historical Inequalities in Commemoration"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422190648/https://www.cwgc.org/non-commemoration-report/?mc_cid=064f49789b&mc_eid=52c50e35b3">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Special+Committee+to+Review+Historical+Inequalities+in+Commemoration&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fnon-commemoration-report%2F%3Fmc_cid%3D064f49789b%26mc_eid%3D52c50e35b3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraybon2004" class="citation book cs1">Braybon, Gail (2004). Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914–18. New York: Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5718-1801-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5718-1801-0"><bdi>978-1-5718-1801-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100228087">1100228087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidence%2C+History%2C+and+the+Great+War%3A+Historians+and+the+Impact+of+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100228087&rft.isbn=978-1-5718-1801-0&rft.aulast=Braybon&rft.aufirst=Gail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterJackson2000" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Pippa; Jackson, Norman (2000). "An-aesthetics". In Linstead, Stephen; Höpfl, Heather (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aestheticsoforga0000unse/page/180">The Aesthetics of Organization</a>. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aestheticsoforga0000unse/page/180">180–197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-5323-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-5323-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-5323-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An-aesthetics&rft.btitle=The+Aesthetics+of+Organization&rft.place=London&rft.pages=180-197&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-5323-4&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faestheticsoforga0000unse%2Fpage%2F180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Annual_Report2013" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2013">CWGC Annual Report 2012–2013</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232741/http://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2013">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CWGC+Annual+Report+2012%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fwargravescommission%2Fdocs%2Far_2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Annual_Report2021" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/media/ym4d5nqj/annual-report-2021-2022.pdf">CWGC Annual Report 2021–2022</a> (PDF). Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CWGC+Annual+Report+2021%E2%80%932022&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fmedia%2Fym4d5nqj%2Fannual-report-2021-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickon2011" class="citation book cs1">Dickon, Chris (2011). The Foreign Burial of American War Dead: A History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4612-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4612-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-4612-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/659753667">659753667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Burial+of+American+War+Dead%3A+A+History&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F659753667&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4612-4&rft.aulast=Dickon&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickon2014" class="citation book cs1">Dickon, Chris (2014). Americans at War in Foreign Forces: A History, 1914-1945. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7190-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7190-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-7190-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894719554">894719554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Americans+at+War+in+Foreign+Forces%3A+A+History%2C+1914-1945&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894719554&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7190-4&rft.aulast=Dickon&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2008" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Barry (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihbconline.co.uk/context/107/index.html#/31/zoomed">"The Commonwealth War Graves Commission"</a>. Context (107). The Institute of Historical Building Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042828/http://www.ihbconline.co.uk/context/107/index.html#/31/zoomed">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Context&rft.atitle=The+Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.issue=107&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihbconline.co.uk%2Fcontext%2F107%2Findex.html%23%2F31%2Fzoomed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Emden2011" class="citation book cs1">van Emden, Richard (2011). The Quick and the Dead: Fallen Soldiers and Their Families in the Great War. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9779-7"><bdi>978-0-7475-9779-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795355797">795355797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quick+and+the+Dead%3A+Fallen+Soldiers+and+Their+Families+in+the+Great+War&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F795355797&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-9779-7&rft.aulast=van+Emden&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonWard1989" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, T. A. Edwin; Ward, G. Kingsley (1989). Courage Remembered: The Story Behind the Construction and Maintenance of the Commonwealth's Military Cemeteries and Memorials of the Wars of 1914–18 and 1939–45. London: Stationery Office Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-772608-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-772608-7"><bdi>0-11-772608-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/476384770">476384770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courage+Remembered%3A+The+Story+Behind+the+Construction+and+Maintenance+of+the+Commonwealth%27s+Military+Cemeteries+and+Memorials+of+the+Wars+of+1914%E2%80%9318+and+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stationery+Office+Books&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F476384770&rft.isbn=0-11-772608-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=T.+A.+Edwin&rft.au=Ward%2C+G.+Kingsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeurst2010" class="citation book cs1">Geurst, Jeroen (2010). Cemeteries of the Great War By Sir Edwin Lutyens. 010 Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6450-715-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6450-715-1"><bdi>978-90-6450-715-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/901292506">901292506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cemeteries+of+the+Great+War+By+Sir+Edwin+Lutyens&rft.pub=010+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F901292506&rft.isbn=978-90-6450-715-1&rft.aulast=Geurst&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongworth2003" class="citation book cs1">Longworth, Philip (2003) [1st. pub. CWGC: 1967]. The Unending Vigil: The History of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (1985 revised ed.). Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-004-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84415-004-6"><bdi>1-84415-004-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1016649518">1016649518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unending+Vigil%3A+The+History+of+the+Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.edition=1985+revised&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1016649518&rft.isbn=1-84415-004-6&rft.aulast=Longworth&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeaslee1974" class="citation book cs1">Peaslee, Amos Jenkins (1974). International Governmental Organizations. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). London: Martinus Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-1601-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-1601-2"><bdi>90-247-1601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Governmental+Organizations&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=90-247-1601-2&rft.aulast=Peaslee&rft.aufirst=Amos+Jenkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScutts2009" class="citation journal cs1">Scutts, Joanna (2009). "Battlefield Cemeteries, Pilgrimage, and Literature after the First World War: The Burial of the Dead". English Literature in Transition. 52 (4): 387–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2487%2Felt.52.4%282009%290045">10.2487/elt.52.4(2009)0045</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8339">0013-8339</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162051177">162051177</a>. BL Shelfmark 3775.070000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Literature+in+Transition&rft.atitle=Battlefield+Cemeteries%2C+Pilgrimage%2C+and+Literature+after+the+First+World+War%3A+The+Burial+of+the+Dead&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-416&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162051177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0013-8339&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2487%2Felt.52.4%282009%290045&rft.aulast=Scutts&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSignolide_Verines2011" class="citation book cs1">Signoli, Michel; de Verines, Guillaume (2011). "Burials related to recent military conflicts. Case studies from France". In Marquez-Grant, Nicholas; Fibiger, Linda (eds.). 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Oxon: Routhedge. pp. 711–717. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87956-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87956-2"><bdi>978-1-136-87956-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/755922051">755922051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burials+related+to+recent+military+conflicts.+Case+studies+from+France&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Archaeological+Human+Remains+and+Legislation%3A+An+International+Guide+to+Laws+and+Practice+in+the+Excavation+and+Treatment+of+Archaeological+Human+Remains&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=711-717&rft.pub=Routhedge&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F755922051&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87956-2&rft.aulast=Signoli&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=de+Verines%2C+Guillaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampHarris1977" class="citation book cs1">Stamp, Gavin; Harris, John (1977). Silent Cities: Catalogue of an Exhibition of the Memorial and Cemetery Architecture of the Great War. London: Royal Institute of British Architects. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16438447">16438447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Cities%3A+Catalogue+of+an+Exhibition+of+the+Memorial+and+Cemetery+Architecture+of+the+Great+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Institute+of+British+Architects&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16438447&rft.aulast=Stamp&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft.au=Harris%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStamp2007" class="citation book cs1">Stamp, Gavin (2007). Memorial to the Missing of the Somme. Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-811-0"><bdi>978-1-86197-811-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055383547">1055383547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorial+to+the+Missing+of+the+Somme&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055383547&rft.isbn=978-1-86197-811-0&rft.aulast=Stamp&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers2007" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Julie (2007). Remembered: The History of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. London: Merrell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85894-374-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85894-374-9"><bdi>978-1-85894-374-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1152049462">1152049462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembered%3A+The+History+of+the+Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Merrell&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1152049462&rft.isbn=978-1-85894-374-9&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2005" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ian A (2005). "Hopton Wood Stone – England's premier decorative stone". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514044950/http://www.englishstone.org.uk/York/ESF%20-%20Ian%20Thomas.pdf">England's Heritage in Stone Proceedings of a Conference Tempest Anderson Hall, York 15–17 March 2005</a> (PDF). Heritage in Stone. pp. 90–105. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/770340529">770340529</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishstone.org.uk/York/ESF%20-%20Ian%20Thomas.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hopton+Wood+Stone+%E2%80%93+England%27s+premier+decorative+stone&rft.btitle=England%27s+Heritage+in+Stone+Proceedings+of+a+Conference+Tempest+Anderson+Hall%2C+York+15%E2%80%9317+March+2005&rft.pages=90-105&rft.pub=Heritage+in+Stone&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F770340529&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ian+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishstone.org.uk%2FYork%2FESF%2520-%2520Ian%2520Thomas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1937" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Fabian (1937). The Immortal Heritage: An Account of the Work and Policy of the Imperial War Graves Commission During Twenty Years. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/629958536">629958536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Immortal+Heritage%3A+An+Account+of+the+Work+and+Policy+of+the+Imperial+War+Graves+Commission+During+Twenty+Years&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F629958536&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter1998" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Jay (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji9ib28vmTYC">Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63988-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63988-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63988-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159801157">1159801157</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425031430/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji9ib28vmTYC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sites+of+Memory%2C+Sites+of+Mourning%3A+The+Great+War+in+European+Cultural+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1159801157&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63988-0&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJi9ib28vmTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittman2011" class="citation book cs1">Wittman, Laura (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuOJhxnKmBoC">The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Modern Mourning, and the Reinvention of the Mystical Body</a>. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4339-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4339-0"><bdi>978-1-4426-4339-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/777930306">777930306</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425145717/https://books.google.com/books?id=iuOJhxnKmBoC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tomb+of+the+Unknown+Soldier%2C+Modern+Mourning%2C+and+the+Reinvention+of+the+Mystical+Body&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F777930306&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4339-0&rft.aulast=Wittman&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuOJhxnKmBoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+War+Graves+Commission" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafricawargraves.org/">South Africa War Graves Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/">United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019070000/http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/">Archived</a> 19 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/category/tid/648">New Zealand Memorials Register, Ministry of Culture & Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/cwgc">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> on <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0I10fJzy8mQ">Presentation on the history of the CWGC by Julie Summers</a></li></ul> <div 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Graves Commission</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Remembrance" title="Stone of Remembrance">Stone of Remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Sacrifice" title="Cross of Sacrifice">Cross of Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_total_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_burials_by_country" title="List of total Commonwealth War Graves Commission burials by country">Casualty statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_cemeteries" title="Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_memorials" title="Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials">Memorials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_World_War_I_memorials_to_the_missing" title="List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War I memorials to the missing">World War I</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_World_War_I_memorials_to_the_missing_in_Belgium_and_France" title="List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War I memorials to the missing in Belgium and France">Belgium and France</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_World_War_II_memorials_to_the_missing" title="List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War II memorials to the missing">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_tablets_to_the_British_Empire_dead_of_the_First_World_War" title="Memorial tablets to the British Empire dead of the First World War">Memorial tablets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Forces_Memorial" title="Air Forces Memorial">Air Forces Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Hill_Memorial" title="Tower Hill Memorial">Tower Hill Memorial</a></li> <li>Naval (<a href="/wiki/Chatham_Naval_Memorial" title="Chatham Naval Memorial">Chatham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Naval_Memorial" title="Plymouth Naval Memorial">Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Memorial" title="Portsmouth Naval Memorial">Portsmouth</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_Memorial" title="Dunkirk Memorial">Dunkirk Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Vimy_Memorial" title="Canadian National Vimy Memorial">Vimy Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers%E2%80%93Bretonneux_Australian_National_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Villers–Bretonneux Australian National Memorial">Villers–Bretonneux Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V.C._Corner_Australian_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="V.C. Corner Australian Cemetery and Memorial">V.C. Corner Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont-Hamel_Newfoundland_Memorial" title="Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial">Beaumont-Hamel Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuve-Chapelle_Indian_Memorial" title="Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial">Neuve-Chapelle Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delville_Wood_South_African_National_Memorial" title="Delville Wood South African National Memorial">Delville Wood Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras_Flying_Services_Memorial" title="Arras Flying Services Memorial">Arras Flying Services Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras_Memorial" title="Arras Memorial">Arras Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrai_Memorial_to_the_Missing" title="Cambrai Memorial to the Missing">Cambrai Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Fert%C3%A9-sous-Jouarre_memorial" title="La Ferté-sous-Jouarre memorial">La Ferté-sous-Jouarre Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Touret_Memorial" title="Le Touret Memorial">Le Touret Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loos_Memorial" title="Loos Memorial">Loos Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozi%C3%A8res_Memorial" title="Pozières Memorial">Pozières Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soissons_Memorial" title="Soissons Memorial">Soissons Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiepval_Memorial" title="Thiepval Memorial">Thiepval Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-en-Artois_Memorial" title="Vis-en-Artois Memorial">Vis-en-Artois Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menin_Gate" title="Menin Gate">Menin Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuport_Memorial" title="Nieuport Memorial">Nieuport Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploegsteert_Memorial_to_the_Missing" title="Ploegsteert Memorial to the Missing">Ploegsteert Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyne_Cot" title="Tyne Cot">Tyne Cot Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messines_Ridge_(New_Zealand)_Memorial" title="Messines Ridge (New Zealand) Memorial">Messines Ridge Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttes_New_British_Cemetery_(New_Zealand)_Memorial" title="Buttes New British Cemetery (New Zealand) Memorial">Buttes New British Cemetery Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Italy, Greece, Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassino_War_Cemetery" title="Cassino War Cemetery">Cassino Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriano_Ridge_War_Cemetery" title="Coriano Ridge War Cemetery">Coriano Ridge War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doiran_Memorial" title="Doiran Memorial">Doiran Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helles_Memorial" title="Helles Memorial">Helles Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone Pine Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery">Lone Pine Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">The Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Memorial" title="Basra Memorial">Basra Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Tewfik_Memorial" title="Port Tewfik Memorial">Port Tewfik Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Memorial">Jerusalem Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran Memorial">Tehran Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Hong Kong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Wan_War_Cemetery" title="Sai Wan War Cemetery">Sai Wan Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Military_Cemetery" title="Stanley Military Cemetery">Stanley Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_Jewish_Cemetery" title="Happy Valley Jewish Cemetery">Happy Valley Jewish Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cemetery" title="Hong Kong Cemetery">Hong Kong Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Asia and the Far East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_Gate" title="India Gate">India Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kranji_War_Memorial" title="Kranji War Memorial">Singapore Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taukkyan_War_Cemetery" title="Taukkyan War Cemetery">Rangoon Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanbyuzayat_War_Cemetery" title="Thanbyuzayat War Cemetery">Thanbyuzayat War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_War_Cemetery" title="Yokohama War Cemetery">Yokohama War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lae_War_Cemetery" title="Lae War Cemetery">Lae War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_War_Cemetery" title="Taiping War Cemetery">Taiping War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labuan_War_Cemetery" title="Labuan War Cemetery">Labuan War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheras_War_Cemetery" title="Cheras War Cemetery">Cheras War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_War_Cemetery" title="Karachi War Cemetery">Karachi War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_War_Cemetery" title="Rawalpindi War Cemetery">Rawalpindi War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_War_Cemetery" title="Kandy War Cemetery">Kandy War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabaul_(Bita_Paka)_War_Cemetery" title="Rabaul (Bita Paka) War Cemetery">Rabaul (Bita Paka) War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby_(Bomana)_War_Cemetery" title="Port Moresby (Bomana) War Cemetery">Port Moresby (Bomana) War Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Africa and Mediterranean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamein_Memorial" title="Alamein Memorial">Alamein Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askari_Monument" title="Askari Monument">Askari Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjez-El-Bab_Memorial" title="Medjez-El-Bab Memorial">Medjez-El-Bab Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freetown_Memorial" title="Freetown Memorial">Freetown Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Memorial" title="Malta Memorial">Malta Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_War_Cemetery" title="Nairobi War Cemetery">Nairobi War Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_War_Graves_Commission" title="German War Graves Commission">German War Graves Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Battle_Monuments_Commission" title="American Battle Monuments Commission">American Battle Monuments Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Australian_War_Graves" title="Office of Australian War Graves">Office of Australian War Graves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ware" title="Fabian Ware">Fabian Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Kenyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Kenyon">Frederic Kenyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Principal Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Baker" title="Herbert Baker">Herbert Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Blomfield" title="Reginald Blomfield">Reginald Blomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Holden" title="Charles Holden">Charles Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lorimer" title="Robert Lorimer">Robert Lorimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Burnet" title="John James Burnet">John James Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Prioleau_Warren" title="Edward Prioleau Warren">Edward Prioleau Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maufe" title="Edward Maufe">Edward Maufe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Worthington" title="Hubert Worthington">Hubert Worthington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Soissons" title="Louis de Soissons">Louis de Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hepworth" title="Philip Hepworth">Philip Hepworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Assistant Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Harrison_Cowlishaw" title="William Harrison Cowlishaw">William Harrison Cowlishaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_Tait" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Smith Tait">Thomas Smith Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Clement_von_Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilfred Clement von Berg">Wilfred Clement von Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bryce_Binnie" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bryce Binnie">William Bryce Binnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Chalton_Bradshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Chalton Bradshaw">Harold Chalton Bradshaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Sculptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kennington" title="Eric Kennington">Eric Kennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheeler_(sculptor)" title="Charles Wheeler (sculptor)">Charles Thomas Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ledward" title="Gilbert Ledward">Gilbert Ledward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sargeant_Jagger" title="Charles Sargeant Jagger">Charles Sargeant Jagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reid_Dick" title="William Reid Dick">William Reid Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gillick" title="Ernest Gillick">Ernest Gillick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Turner_(sculptor)" title="Alfred Turner (sculptor)">Alfred Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Arthur_Turner" title="Laurence Arthur Turner">Laurence Arthur Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert_(sculptor)" title="Walter Gilbert (sculptor)">Walter Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Poole_(sculptor)" title="Henry Poole (sculptor)">Henry Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Hill_(sculptor)" title="Vernon Hill (sculptor)">Vernon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anning_Bell" title="Robert Anning Bell">Robert Anning Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Victor_Blundstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Victor Blundstone">Ferdinand Victor Blundstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Bayes" title="Gilbert Bayes">Gilbert Bayes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Nations_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations_topics" title="Template:Commonwealth of Nations topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Nations_topics" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Nations topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Nations topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Nations_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations_key_documents" title="Template:Commonwealth of Nations key documents">Key documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Timeline of the Commonwealth of Nations">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Patricia_Scotland" title="Patricia Scotland">Patricia Scotland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Deputy_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Deputy Secretary-General">Deputy Secretaries-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House" title="Marlborough House">Marlborough House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Youth_Programme" title="Commonwealth Youth Programme">Commonwealth Youth Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_heads_of_government" title="List of Commonwealth heads of government">Heads of government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chair-in-Office" title="Commonwealth Chair-in-Office">Chair-in-Office</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Ministerial_Action_Group" title="Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group">Ministerial Action Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Family">Commonwealth Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">Association of Commonwealth Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Business_Council" title="Commonwealth Business Council">Commonwealth Business Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Foundation" title="Commonwealth Foundation">Commonwealth Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Museum" title="British Empire and Commonwealth Museum">BECM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Association_of_Planners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Association of Planners (page does not exist)">CAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Broadcasting_Association" title="Commonwealth Broadcasting Association">CBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Education_Trust" title="Commonwealth Education Trust">CET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Human_Rights_Initiative" title="Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative">CHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Round_Table_(journal)" title="The Round Table (journal)">CJIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Learning" title="Commonwealth of Learning">CoL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Lawyers_Association" title="Commonwealth Lawyers Association">CLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum" title="Commonwealth Local Government Forum">CLGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Policy_Studies_Unit" title="Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit">CPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Press_Union" title="Commonwealth Press Union">CPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scholarship_and_Fellowship_Plan" title="Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan">CSFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-Speaking_Union" title="English-Speaking Union">ESU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Commonwealth_Studies" title="Institute of Commonwealth Studies">ICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Ex-Services_League" title="Royal Commonwealth Ex-Services League">RCEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Society" title="Royal Commonwealth Society">RCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Over-Seas_League" title="Royal Over-Seas League">ROSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_Seekers" title="Sound Seekers">SSI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations_membership_criteria" title="Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria">Membership criteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_membership_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Special membership of the Commonwealth of Nations">Special membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_from_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">High Commissioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Commonwealth of Nations">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Writers%27_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Writers' Prize">Commonwealth Writers' Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Youth_Parliament" title="Commonwealth Youth Parliament">Commonwealth Youth Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_movement" title="Round Table movement">Round Table movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Round_Table_(journal)" title="The Round Table (journal)">The Round Table Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_diaspora" title="Commonwealth diaspora">Commonwealth diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Baton_Relay" title="Queen's Baton Relay">King's Baton Relay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Nations-related_lists" title="Category:Commonwealth of Nations-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Extreme points of the Commonwealth of Nations">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_of_Nations_prime_ministers" title="List of Commonwealth of Nations prime ministers">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of Commonwealth visits made by Elizabeth II">Visits by Queen Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I_War_Memorials_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I_War_Memorials_in_France" title="Template:World War I War Memorials in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I_War_Memorials_in_France" title="Template talk:World War I War Memorials in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I_War_Memorials_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I War Memorials in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I_War_Memorials_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World War I War Memorials in France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_aux_Morts" title="Monuments aux Morts">Monuments aux Morts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">World War I casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">World War I memorials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles by department</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_memorials_(Aisne)" title="War memorials (Aisne)">Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_memorials_(Eastern_Somme)" title="War memorials (Eastern Somme)">Eastern Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_memorials_(Oise)" title="War memorials (Oise)">Oise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_memorials_(Western_Somme)" title="War memorials (Western Somme)">Western Somme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Memorial_Park" title="Australian Memorial Park">Australian Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Quentin_Australian_war_memorial" title="Mont Saint-Quentin Australian war memorial">Mont Saint-Quentin Australian war memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V.C._Corner_Australian_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="V.C. Corner Australian Cemetery and Memorial">V.C. Corner Australian Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers%E2%80%93Bretonneux_Australian_National_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Villers–Bretonneux Australian National Memorial">Villers–Bretonneux Australian National Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon_Wood_Memorial" title="Bourlon Wood Memorial">Bourlon Wood Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Vimy_Memorial" title="Canadian National Vimy Memorial">Canadian National Vimy Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courcelette_Memorial" title="Courcelette Memorial">Courcelette Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dury_Memorial" title="Dury Memorial">Dury Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Quesnel_Memorial" title="Le Quesnel Memorial">Le Quesnel Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">France / French & German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douaumont_Ossuary" title="Douaumont Ossuary">Douaumont Ossuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glade_of_the_Armistice" title="Glade of the Armistice">Glade of the Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmannswillerkopf" title="Hartmannswillerkopf">Hartmannswillerkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%82me_de_la_France" title="L'Âme de la France">L'Âme de la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Lorette" title="Notre Dame de Lorette">Notre Dame de Lorette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdun_Memorial" title="Verdun Memorial">Verdun Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuve-Chapelle_Indian_Memorial" title="Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial">Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Newfoundland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont-Hamel_Newfoundland_Memorial" title="Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial">Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gueudecourt_(Newfoundland)_Memorial" title="Gueudecourt (Newfoundland) Memorial">Gueudecourt (Newfoundland) Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masni%C3%A8res_Newfoundland_Memorial" title="Masnières Newfoundland Memorial">Masnières Newfoundland Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monchy-le-Preux_(Newfoundland)_Memorial" title="Monchy-le-Preux (Newfoundland) Memorial">Monchy-le-Preux (Newfoundland) Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">South Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delville_Wood_South_African_National_Memorial" title="Delville Wood South African National Memorial">Delville Wood South African National Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisne-Marne_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial">Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_American_Monument" title="Château-Thierry American Monument">Château-Thierry American Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_American_Cemetery" title="Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery">Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_American_Memorial" title="Meuse-Argonne American Memorial">Montfaucon Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial">Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mihiel_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="St. Mihiel American Cemetery and Memorial">St. Mihiel American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somme_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Somme American Cemetery and Memorial">Somme American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresnes_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial">Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">United Kingdom / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_World_War_I_memorials_to_the_missing_in_Belgium_and_France" title="List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War I memorials to the missing in Belgium and France">Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division_Monument_(Beaumont-Hamel)" title="51st (Highland) Division Monument (Beaumont-Hamel)">51st (Highland) Division Monument (Beaumont-Hamel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras_Flying_Services_Memorial" title="Arras Flying Services Memorial">Arras Flying Services Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras_Memorial" title="Arras Memorial">Arras Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_Redoubt_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollern Redoubt Memorial">Hohenzollern Redoubt Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Fert%C3%A9-sous-Jouarre_memorial" title="La Ferté-sous-Jouarre memorial">La Ferté-sous-Jouarre memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Touret_Memorial" title="Le Touret Memorial">Le Touret Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loos_Memorial" title="Loos Memorial">Loos Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mametz_Wood_Memorial" title="Mametz Wood Memorial">Mametz Wood Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCrae%27s_Battalion_Great_War_Memorial" title="McCrae's Battalion Great War Memorial">McCrae's Battalion Great War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozi%C3%A8res_Memorial" title="Pozières Memorial">Pozières Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9ant_Road_Cemetery" title="Quéant Road Cemetery">Quéant Road Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soissons_Memorial" title="Soissons Memorial">Soissons Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiepval_Memorial" title="Thiepval Memorial">Thiepval Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Tower" title="Ulster Tower">Ulster Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-en-Artois_Memorial" title="Vis-en-Artois Memorial">Vis-en-Artois Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_Graves_Photographic_Project" title="The War Graves Photographic Project">The War Graves Photographic Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designers and sculptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Baker" title="Herbert Baker">Herbert Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Blomfield" title="Reginald Blomfield">Reginald Blomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Alphonse_Bottiau" title="Alfred-Alphonse Bottiau">Alfred-Alphonse Bottiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar-Henri_Boutry" title="Edgar-Henri Boutry">Edgar-Henri Boutry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Brasseur" title="Lucien Brasseur">Lucien Brasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coin" title="Robert Coin">Robert Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harrison_Cowlishaw" title="William Harrison Cowlishaw">William Harrison Cowlishaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Debert" title="Camille Debert">Camille Debert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Dejean" title="Louis Dejean">Louis Dejean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Delphaut" title="Edmond Delphaut">Edmond Delphaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Alexandre_Desruelles" title="Félix-Alexandre Desruelles">Félix-Alexandre Desruelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Desvergnes" title="Charles Desvergnes">Charles Desvergnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Fernand-Dubois" title="Émile Fernand-Dubois">Émile Fernand-Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gasq" title="Paul Gasq">Paul Gasq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Holden" title="Charles Holden">Charles Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Josset" title="Raoul Josset">Raoul Josset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Lesieux" title="Augustin Lesieux">Augustin Lesieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_MacMonnies" title="Frederick William MacMonnies">Frederick William MacMonnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Paulin" title="George Henry Paulin">George Henry Paulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Marie_Louis_Joseph_Sarrabezolles" title="Charles Marie Louis Joseph Sarrabezolles">Charles Marie Louis Joseph Sarrabezolles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">Bas-relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Commemorative plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Sacrifice" title="Cross of Sacrifice">Cross of Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">Epitaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Remembrance" title="Stone of Remembrance">Stone of Remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_grave" title="War grave">War grave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117074#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000417558617">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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