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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Campaign against spiritual pollution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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The specific problem is: <b>Header titles feel more like essay titles.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Special:EditPage/Campaign against spiritual pollution">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Campaign against spiritual pollution</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">清除精神污染</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">eliminate spirit pollution</td></tr><tr><td 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222630338">.mw-parser-output .prc-body{max-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .prc-title{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .prc-title a{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .prc-emblem{padding-bottom:1em}.mw-parser-output .prc-heading{border-top:thin solid #707070;border-bottom:thin solid #707070;background-color:white;font-size:1em}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks prc-body hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title prc-title"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">History of the People's Republic of China</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image prc-emblem"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="National emblem of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/85px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/128px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/170px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976: Mao era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement" title="Land Reform Movement">Land Reform Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(China)" title="First five-year plan (China)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufan_movement" title="Sufan movement">Sufan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_Fair" title="Canton Fair">Canton Fair</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement" title="Socialist Education Movement">Socialist Education Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly Resolution 2758">UN representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">Richard Nixon visit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989: Deng era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Truth_Criterion_Controversy" title="1978 Truth Criterion Controversy">1978 Truth Criterion Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reforms and Opening Up">Reforms and Opening Up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Communiqu%C3%A9s" title="Three Communiqués">Three Communiqués</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Against_Crime_Campaign_(1983)" title="Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign (1983)">Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_liberalization" title="Bourgeois liberalization">Bourgeois liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bourgeois_liberalization" title="Anti-bourgeois liberalization">Opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/863_Program" title="863 Program">863 Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration">Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002: Jiang era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:History of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:History of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>campaign against spiritual pollution</b>, (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">清除精神污染</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">qīngchú jīngshén wūrǎn</span></i>) or <b>Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:Minami_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Minami-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">political campaign</a> spearheaded by conservative factions within the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> that lasted from October 1983 to December 1983. In general, its advocates wanted to curb Western-inspired liberal ideas among the Chinese populace, a by-product of nascent <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese economic reforms">economic reforms</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a>" movement which began in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Spiritual pollution</i> has been called "a deliberately vague term that embraces every manner of bourgeois import from <a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">erotica</a> to <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>", and is supposed to refer to "obscene, barbarous or reactionary materials, vulgar taste in artistic performances, indulgence in individualism" and statements that "run counter to the country's social system" according to <a href="/wiki/Deng_Liqun" title="Deng Liqun">Deng Liqun</a>, the Party's Propaganda Chief at the time of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign reached a climax in mid November 1983 and largely faded into obscurity into 1984 after intervention from <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>. However, elements of the campaign were rehashed during the "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Bourgeois_liberalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bourgeois liberalization">anti-Bourgeois liberalization</a>" campaign of the late 1986 against liberal party general secretary <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_historical_aspect">The historical aspect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The historical aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The campaign against spiritual pollution can be said to have its origins in the Twelfth Party Congress held in September 1982, during which Deng Xiaoping stated his intention to continue China's march towards economic modernization and liberalization, a process that he initiated in 1978. Attempting to maintain a balance between the conservative and moderate factions in the Party, Deng tempered his emphasis on continued economic development with a call to build up China's "socialist spiritual civilization" so as to preserve its <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> ideological orientation and protect it against the unwanted societal impacts of "<a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois liberalism">bourgeois liberalism</a>", which had begun trickling in since the policy of opening up began in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Party Congress, Hu Yaobang warned that "capitalist forces and other forces hostile to our socialist cause will seek to corrupt us and harm our country," and exhorted Party members to hold true to communist ideals and discipline. </p><p>The Twelfth Party Congress also laid the foundations for the establishment of a new constitution, approved by the National People's Congress in December of the same year. The constitution rejected the ultra-left ideology of the Mao era, provided for greater protection of citizens' dignity and civil liberties, and advocated for an orderly, institutionalized and accountable system of justice. The new constitution carried significant caveats, however; it specified, for instance, that citizens' freedom of privacy and correspondence were protected, except in cases where it was of interest to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the revisions to the constitution at the end of 1982, critical academic discourse grew. Scholars called for greater respect for human dignity and freedoms, and for a reconciliation of socialist and humanist ideals. By the spring of 1983, calls for a more humanist society were reaching a crescendo, with scholars very openly criticizing the excesses of the socialist dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some Chinese officials, including <a href="/wiki/Deng_Liqun" title="Deng Liqun">Deng Liqun</a>, saw some value in the writings of the humanist intellectuals, by June 1983, fears were growing that criticism of this nature had the potential to severely undermine the political and ideological basis for the Communist Party's legitimacy. </p><p>In June 1983, premier <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> delivered an address at the opening of the Sixth National People's Congress warning against the growing liberal tendencies in academic and artistic circles, and criticized such trends as being representative of a decadent ideology at odds with the goals of socialism. Zhao linked trends in writing and artistic circles to rising instances of crime, murder, rape, and corruption, blaming the growing crime rate on "political and ideological apathy". He called on law enforcement to commence a strike-hard campaign to suppress counterrevolutionaries and criminal activities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Zhao's speech, conservative Party journals began linking the recent crime wave with the scholarly discourse on <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>. The editors of <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_(magazine)" title="Red Flag (magazine)">Red Flag</a></i>, for instance, declared that "Various kinds of crime are bound to occur where the influence of bourgeois extreme individualism...is still present. [...] If we speak of 'mercy' and 'humanism', it will be a great dereliction of our duty...to the cause of socialism."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_campaign">The campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The campaign sought to root out <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_liberalization" title="Bourgeois liberalization">bourgeois liberalism</a> viewed as having percolated into art, literature, and society, particularly among urban youths.<sup id="cite_ref-:Minami_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Minami-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1983, during the Second Plenum of the Twelfth Party Congress, Deng Xiaoping identified several types of individuals and intellectual trends as undermining the party's objectives. On the left, he targeted the remnant leftist ideas of the Cultural Revolution and those who rose to power by following <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>. To appease the conservative factions, he then turned to criticize intellectuals and party members who had focused their attention on questions of humanism. Deng criticized humanism as "un-Marxist", saying it "leads youth astray". Deng emphasized the need to combat "spiritual pollution" brought about by liberalization.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Deng attempted to warn Party comrades against taking extreme measures to rectify problems on the right or the left, almost immediately after the speech, the state-run press began publishing shrill attacks on the bourgeoisie liberal ideas of humanism, and condemning the spiritual pollution that such liberal influenced engendered. Deng Liqun, a prominent conservative in the party, was rumored<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2011)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have been behind the attacks on humanism and spiritual pollution. </p><p>In December 1983, less than two months after the campaign began, Deng Xiaoping intervened to end the campaign against spiritual pollution. On December 31 the CPC Central Committee issued a directive urging caution in dealing with religious issues in the context of "removing spiritual pollution on the ideological front" and reiterating elements of the CCP's policies guaranteeing religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_debates">Intellectual debates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intellectual debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The campaign against spiritual pollution came as a response to an unprecedented public intellectual discussion that heated up in the early 1980s on the question of "alienation" and "humanism". </p><p>Within the Communist Party, the term "spiritual pollution" did not have a consensus meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-:Chatwin_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Chatwin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 61–62">: 61–62 </span></sup> Different elements of the Party used the term differently to characterize behaviors they deemed ideologically unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-:Chatwin_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Chatwin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 61">: 61 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Context">Context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humanistic thoughts had long been sidelined by the official discourse in the post-1949 China.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as in the 1940s, in the <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Rectification_Movement" title="Yan'an Rectification Movement">Yan'an Rectification Movement</a>, Mao had criticized the idea of what he called "theory of human nature (<span lang="zh-Hans">人性论</span>)" and "love of human (<span lang="zh-Hans">人类之爱</span>)" manifest in the literature by arguing that not until the elimination of class, there can never exist such "all-inclusive love" among human, which is merely an idealistic notion that denies class distinction and speaks for the bourgeoisie.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifteen years later, starting in <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">another ideological mass campaign that began in 1957</a>, different critiques that had a humanistic tinge among which most noticeable "On Human Nature (<span lang="zh-Hans">论人性</span>)" by Ba Ren (<span lang="zh-Hans">巴人</span>) and "On 'Literature is the Study of Human'" by Qian Gurong (<span lang="zh-Hans">钱谷融</span>) also incurred criticism from the party with the accusation that their advocacy of humanity as the center of literature creation is, again, agitating for "the individualism of the bourgeoisie".<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criticisms on this line didn't cease to emerge until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> when the public sphere began to reflect on the suppression of human dignity not only in the Cultural Revolution but also throughout the past few decades of socialist experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Wang Jing argues, "What was remembered was not only personal wounds inflicted upon each individual by the Revolution and the Gang of Four--a cliche that outlived its appeal by the mid-1980s--but also the repressed memory of the early history of Marxism, specifically, the humanist epistemology of the young Marx epitomized in his <i>Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-:52_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup>:10</sup> A public intellectual debate, as part of a larger movement of cultural reflection,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had thus heated up. It was estimated that from 1980 to 1982, there emerged on newspapers 400 plus articles discussing the question of humanism.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The debate emerged at the time when there were three strains of Marxists as identified by Bill Brugger and David Kelly. There were "orthodox Marxist-Leninists", commonly found among power holders in the high establishment; "revisionists", widely regarded by the West as reformists or progressives; and the young humanist Marxists, recognized by a continuously critical voice.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 45</sup> All of them, while facing external challenge from the liberals, also experienced internal ideological fragmentation inside the broader Marxist framework<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 4</sup>, which was in dire need of an "overall guiding ideology",<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 139</sup> hence the room for the stirring of humanism. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Major works published during the debate </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Time of publication or writing </th> <th>Writer </th> <th>Title of articles </th> <th>School </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980.6 </td> <td>Wang Ruoshui </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">《谈谈异化问题》</span>; 'Discussing the Problem of Alienation' </td> <td>Pro-Humanism </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980.8 </td> <td>Wang Ruoshui </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">《人是马克思主义的出发点》</span>; 'Man is the Point of Departure for Marxism' </td> <td>Pro-Humanism </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980.8.15 </td> <td>Ru Xin </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">《人道主义就是修正主义吗？——对人道主义的再认识》</span>; 'Is Humanism Revisionism?--Humanism Revisited' </td> <td>Pro-Humanism </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983.1 </td> <td>Wang Ruoshui </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">《为人道主义辩护》</span>; 'A Defense of Humanism' </td> <td>Pro-Humanism </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983.3.7 </td> <td>Zhou Yang </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">《关于马克思主义的几个理论问题的探讨》</span>; 'An Inquiry into Several Theoretical Questions of Marxism' </td> <td>Pro-Humanism </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984.1.3 </td> <td>Hu Qiaomu </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">《关于人道主义和异化问题》</span>; 'On the Question of Humanism and Alienation' </td> <td>Anti-Humanism </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984-1985 </td> <td>Wang Ruoshui </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">《我对人道主义问题的看法》</span>; 'My Views on the Question of Humanism' </td> <td>Pro-Humanism </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_issues_contested">Central issues contested</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Central issues contested"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The debate can be roughly divided into two lines of thoughts between what is often referred in Western academia as "the alienation school" represented by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruoshui" title="Wang Ruoshui">Wang Ruoshui</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">王若水</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yang_(literary_theorist)" title="Zhou Yang (literary theorist)">Zhou Yang</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">周扬</span>), and the official discourse represented by <a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">胡乔木</span>), then the member in charge of ideological micro-management in the Central Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the two sides both mainly presented their arguments through interpreting original texts by <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> or <a href="/wiki/Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels">Engels</a>, they offer two different distinctly views on the continuity of Marx's works. One source that the alienation school often cited was the <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></i>, in which Marx developed the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_alienation" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of alienation">theory of alienation</a>, but this work is often regarded by the anti-humanism side as an immature work by Marx, whose theory of alienation later developed into the theory of <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus-value</a>, and is therefore not creditable as Marx's own thoughts. The anti-humanism school thus claimed that there is an epistemological break between the young and the old Marx that undermines the authenticity of the other side's reference to Marx as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 175</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Point_of_Departure""><span id=".22Point_of_Departure.22"></span>"Point of Departure"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Point of Departure""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the core questions at the center of the debate is which is the "point of departure" for Marx—humans or social relations? This line of argument started with Wang Ruoshui's assertion that "man is the starting point of Marxism" in one of his signature works.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Wang, as long as the man being [endorsed] here is a "realistic, social, practical" man—that is, one as a member of a given class in a class society, as opposed to the overgeneralized, abstract men in a Feuerbachian sense whose class distinctions are ignored—Wang's conception of Marxism would stand.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hu Qiaomu, in opposition to this idea, argued instead that "social relations" rather than "abstract human" should be the starting point.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Hu, the clarification from the humanist Marxists regarding human as "practical human" is still invalid, for as long as one needs to explain human as "a practical man who engage in real-life activities", one has to start from one's concrete "social relations" rather than "man" itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet for Wang, not all social relations are "the realization of human essence"—those that are alienated are not. Wang also challenged the specious dilemma Hu has artificially created—that is, one has to choose between either choose social relations <i>or</i> humans as the "point of departure", which Wang believes can co-exist in a dialectically united manner.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Based on Wang's argument, Bill Brugger and David Kelly, in their <i>Chinese Marxism in the Post-Mao Era</i>, interpret it as the idea that "A Marxist view of human nature should be not pre-social in the manner of the social contract theorists but trans-social"<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:</sup> <sup>161</sup>. According to his view, they add, "we do not come into the world as persons with God-given rights or as utility-maximizing packages," but "with propensities for self-realization and for the achievement of a society where that self-realization may flower" – "the datum of progress is as teleological as it is deterministic"<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 163</sup>. This interpretation is supported by Wang's own words:</p><blockquote><p>What is "self-realization"? To explain this, we must first understand ... "potential" and "realization". This ... can be traced back to Aristotle: in modern times Hegel ... explained it ... The challenge and development of things are a process from "potential" to "realization"; or, in other words, from possibility to reality. Egg is egg, and chicken is chicken. How can an egg become a chicken? ... The [fertilized] egg ... itself contains the internal cause for becoming a chicken. Therefore, an egg is a "potential" chicken, while a chicken is a "realized" egg.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 163-164</sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconcilability_with_Marxism:_humanism_as_comprehensive_worldview_or_merely_ethics?"><span id="Reconcilability_with_Marxism:_humanism_as_comprehensive_worldview_or_merely_ethics.3F"></span>Reconcilability with Marxism: humanism as comprehensive worldview or merely ethics?</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reconcilability with Marxism: humanism as comprehensive worldview or merely ethics?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another central question is to what extent are Marxism and humanism reconcilable. For Wang and Zhou, Marxism is not equivalent to humanism but it includes the latter;<sup id="cite_ref-:72_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Hu, the two are distinctively different.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the center of Hu's argumentative framework is a dichotomy he created between humanism as a "historical, world outlook" and humanism as a system of "ethical principles and moral codes".<sup id="cite_ref-:42_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the former is "fundamentally conflicting" to Marxism, the latter, in so far it is based on the historical materialist framework of Marxism, can be regarded as a "socialist humanism" that can be accepted and popularized.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang, again, vehemently opposed such artificial dichotomy. For Wang, "humanism is essentially a set of values," one that cannot be separated from worldview and one whose task, beyond that of a worldview, is to make a value judgement of the world for the sake of transforming it, rather than merely an interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Essentially, according to Bill Brugger and David Kelly's reading of Wang, it is this "need for humans to transform society according to human ends" that qualifies humanism to be not necessarily an idealistic worldview. Wang drew from examples of various Western thinkers ranging from Thomas More to John Locke, all of whom shared an idealistic worldview and recognition of humanism, to argue "humanism takes on different forms in different kinds of society" but "there is a humanism in general". He classifies these theorists as materialists, however, according to their "recognition that humans were the products of society", and as humanists as well because of their "conclusion that society had to be changed as a consequence"<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 169: 162-163</sup>. Ultimately, Marxism and humanism are compatible for Wang in the sense that there is no necessary linkage between humanism and idealism both as worldviews; humanistic can be a worldview that is materialistic as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alienation">Alienation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alienation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When it comes to alienation, the central question becomes to what extent can this concept be applied—in particular to a socialist society. Hu, again, created a dichotomy between alienation as a "basic principle", "theory", and "methodology", and alienation as "a concept that reflects certain phenomenons in certain historical periods".<sup id="cite_ref-:42_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Marx rejects the former definition, Hu argues, he uses the latter also in a very limited sense, referring only to a society with intense class antagonism, in particular a capitalistic society.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, according to Hu, alienation can never exist in a socialist society, and the growing application of such concept to certain phenomenons in society is mere abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In sharp contrast, both Wang and Zhou believe that even though "a socialist society is much superior to a capitalist one," alienation can also happen in a socialist society.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:82_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, both of them acknowledged the existence of three sorts of alienation—intellectual, political, and economic. Intellectually, alienation is manifest through people's cult of Mao in the previous era, which runs the risk of being dogmatic and detached from the popular masses; politically, the ever-growing state apparatus is susceptible to the corruption, turning from "the servants of society into the masters of society", a prospect that Marx and Engels warned against; economically, the state's well-meaning attempt to enhance economic growth, while disobeying "objective economic laws", can also be dangerous and counterproductive in a long term.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking of possible remedies, Zhou concluded that the origin of alienation is not the socialist system (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">制度</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhìdù</span></i>) but merely certain problems within the "establishment" or "institutional structure" (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">体制</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Tǐzhì</span></i>), which he called for reform.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significance_and_legacy">Significance and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Significance and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brugger and Kelly's conception, the critical elements within the alienation school's theories "have played an important historical role"<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 169</sup> and that "humanism was in fact taking a new turn in Wang Ruoshui's hands".<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 165</sup> In Wang's vision, the notion of freedom was "no longer a utopian vision to be realized in the far-off future state of communism", but had come to resemble the democratic institutions of Western countries, a more concrete goal that can be strived for in the present.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 165</sup> Since roughly 1985, Wang "has increasingly made him sound like a champion of bourgeois constitutionalism" through close analysis of young Marx.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 5</sup> Because of the ideological undertone his view has, Wang came to provide an "important intellectual support" for students who participated in the pro-democracy demonstrations in late 1986 and early 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 5</sup> </p><p>More broadly, for Brugger and Kelly, the party's silencing of the humanist discourse—as represented by the launch of the campaign and the hardline tone set by Deng's and Hu's speeches—embodied the loss of the last chance for a "genuinely critical Marxism"<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 5</sup> to flourish in China and, in other words, for the Party to construct an orthodox interpretation of Marxism instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 169</sup> Had the Party adopted and re-packaged it as the official ideology, Brugger and Kelly argue, it could have avoided the occurrence of another "series of abortive mass campaigns" such as the campaign against spiritual pollution, all of which resembled the destructive, counterproductive movements of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 5</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitation_and_critiques">Limitation and critiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Limitation and critiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhou Yang's view that the presence of alienation shows merely a malfunction of socialism rather than the inherent shortcoming of the system itself became one of the major targets of critiques from later scholars. In her <i>High Cultural Fever</i>, Wang Jing criticized Zhou's "failure to critique alienation from within".<sup id="cite_ref-:52_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:18</sup> For Wang Jing, the fact that the alienation school remains theoretically limited stems from their belief that "de-alienation could be achieved simply by resorting to the objective emancipatory means implemented by a revitalized socialist system and an enlightened Party leadership,"<sup id="cite_ref-:52_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 18</sup> while foreign commentators like Jing Wang may suggest that the communist party, which has the monopoly over the materials and course of production, might be "the real problem".<sup id="cite_ref-:52_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>: 17</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alienation school's approach also faced challenges from David Kelly, though on a more positive note. For Kelly, who wrote as early as in 1987, there seemed to be a "moral conviction" among intellectuals like Wang Ruoshui to develop, within the framework of Marxism itself, a remedy to the calamities in the fanatical periods of the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. Wang Ruoshui's focus was, therefore, more on "values rather than institutions" with the demands he made "designed to minimize conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">four basic principles</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:22_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:Minami-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Minami_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Minami_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMinami2024" class="citation book cs1">Minami, Kazushi (2024). <i>People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War</i>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501774157" title="Special:BookSources/9781501774157"><bdi>9781501774157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%27s+Diplomacy%3A+How+Americans+and+Chinese+Transformed+US-China+Relations+during+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781501774157&rft.aulast=Minami&rft.aufirst=Kazushi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jilin" title="Xu Jilin">Xu, Jilin</a> (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastasianhistory.org/sites/default/files/article-content/20/EAH20_06.pdf">"The fate of an enlightenment: twenty years in the Chinese intellectual sphere (1978-98)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>East Asian History</i> (20). <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>: 169–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asian+History&rft.atitle=The+fate+of+an+enlightenment%3A+twenty+years+in+the+Chinese+intellectual+sphere+%281978-98%29&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=169-186&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Jilin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastasianhistory.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farticle-content%2F20%2FEAH20_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang" class="citation web cs1">Wang, Xuedian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.ifeng.com/sixiang/detail_2014_01/10/32900063_0.shtml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"80年代"是怎样被"重构"的？"</a> [How was the 1980s re-constructed?]. <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_New_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix New Media">Phoenix New Media</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Just in Time!": China Battles Spiritual Pollution on the Eve of 1984". <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>24</b> (9): 947–974. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644078">10.2307/2644078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644078">2644078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=%22Just+in+Time%21%22%3A+China+Battles+Spiritual+Pollution+on+the+Eve+of+1984&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=947-974&rft.date=1984-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2644078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644078%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Thomas+B.+Gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Baum. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CPC+People&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%9C%A8%E6%B8%85%E9%99%A4%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%A1%AE%E5%AF%B9%E5%BE%85%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F64184%2F64186%2F66704%2F4495665.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Chatwin-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Chatwin_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Chatwin_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2024" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Jonathan (2024). <i>The Southern Tour: Deng Xiaoping and the Fight for China's Future</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350435711" title="Special:BookSources/9781350435711"><bdi>9781350435711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Tour%3A+Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Fight+for+China%27s+Future&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781350435711&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF雷2012" class="citation journal cs1">雷, 永生 (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SKLU201207009.htm">"讨论"人道主义"和"异化"为何成了"精神污染"？——"人道主义和异化"大讨论始末"</a>. <i>社会科学论坛</i>. <b>07</b>: 64–77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703132429/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SKLU201207009.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-01</span></span> – via CNKI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%AE%BA%E5%9D%9B&rft.atitle=%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%22%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%22%E5%92%8C%22%E5%BC%82%E5%8C%96%22%E4%B8%BA%E4%BD%95%E6%88%90%E4%BA%86%22%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%22%EF%BC%9F%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%22%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%82%E5%8C%96%22%E5%A4%A7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E5%A7%8B%E6%9C%AB&rft.volume=07&rft.pages=64-77&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=%E9%9B%B7&rft.aufirst=%E6%B0%B8%E7%94%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTOTAL-SKLU201207009.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF崔2008" class="citation journal cs1">崔, 卫平 (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YHCQ200802007.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"人道主义和异化问题"讨论始末"</a>. <i>炎黄春秋</i>. <b>02</b>: 22–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707003629/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YHCQ200802007.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-01</span></span> – via CNKI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B&rft.atitle=%22%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%82%E5%8C%96%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%22%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E5%A7%8B%E6%9C%AB&rft.volume=02&rft.pages=22-27&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=%E5%B4%94&rft.aufirst=%E5%8D%AB%E5%B9%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTOTAL-YHCQ200802007.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF王1992" class="citation web cs1">王, 若水 (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wangruoshui.net/CHINESE/NANCHAN.HTM">"人的难产——人道主义在中国的命运和"清污"运动"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820064502/http://www.wangruoshui.net/CHINESE/NANCHAN.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%9A%BE%E4%BA%A7%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%91%BD%E8%BF%90%E5%92%8C%22%E6%B8%85%E6%B1%A1%22%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=%E7%8E%8B&rft.aufirst=%E8%8B%A5%E6%B0%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wangruoshui.net%2FCHINESE%2FNANCHAN.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMao1942" class="citation web cs1">Mao, Zedong (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-3/mswv3_08.htm">"TALKS AT THE YENAN FORUM ON LITERATURE AND ART"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512102125/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-3/mswv3_08.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=TALKS+AT+THE+YENAN+FORUM+ON+LITERATURE+AND+ART&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Mao&rft.aufirst=Zedong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fmao%2Fselected-works%2Fvolume-3%2Fmswv3_08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang1996" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Jing (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highculturefever00wang"><i>High Culture Fever: Politics, Aesthetics, and Ideology in Deng's China</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520202945" title="Special:BookSources/0520202945"><bdi>0520202945</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936646347">936646347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Culture+Fever%3A+Politics%2C+Aesthetics%2C+and+Ideology+in+Deng%27s+China&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936646347&rft.isbn=0520202945&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Jing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhighculturefever00wang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2017" class="citation cs2">Davies, Gloria (2017-12-31), "Discursive Heat: Humanism In 1980S China", in Der-Wei Wang, David (ed.), <i>A New Literary History of Modern China</i>, Harvard University Press, pp. 758–764, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674978898-130">10.4159/9780674978898-130</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674978898" title="Special:BookSources/9780674978898"><bdi>9780674978898</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Discursive+Heat%3A+Humanism+In+1980S+China&rft.btitle=A+New+Literary+History+of+Modern+China&rft.pages=758-764&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674978898-130&rft.isbn=9780674978898&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruggerKelly1990" class="citation book cs1">Brugger, Bill; Kelly, David (1990). <i>Chinese Marxism in the Post-Mao Era</i>. Stanford University Press. pp. 139–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804717826" title="Special:BookSources/0804717826"><bdi>0804717826</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20828004">20828004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Marxism+in+the+Post-Mao+Era&rft.pages=139-169&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20828004&rft.isbn=0804717826&rft.aulast=Brugger&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Kelly%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly" class="citation cs2">Kelly, David, "The Emergence of Humanism: Wang Ruoshui and Socialist Alienation", <i>China's Intellectuals and the State</i>, Harvard University Asia Center, pp. 159–182, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1sq5th8.10">10.2307/j.ctt1sq5th8.10</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781684171095" title="Special:BookSources/9781684171095"><bdi>9781684171095</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China%27s+Intellectuals+and+the+State&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Humanism%3A+Wang+Ruoshui+and+Socialist+Alienation&rft.pages=159-182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1sq5th8.10&rft.isbn=9781684171095&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF王1986" class="citation journal cs1">王, 若水 (1986). "人是马克思主义的出发点". <i>为人道主义辩护</i>: 217–234 – via 生活·读书·新知三联书店.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%BE%A9%E6%8A%A4&rft.atitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%98%AF%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%91%E7%82%B9&rft.pages=217-234&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=%E7%8E%8B&rft.aufirst=%E8%8B%A5%E6%B0%B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF胡1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">胡, 乔木 (1984). <bdi lang="zh">关于人道主义和异化问题</bdi>. 人民出版社. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15420021">15420021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%82%E5%8C%96%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15420021&rft.aulast=%E8%83%A1&rft.aufirst=%E4%B9%94%E6%9C%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF王1986" class="citation journal cs1">王, 若水 (1986). "我对人道主义问题的看法". <i>为人道主义辩护</i>: 239–275 – via 生活·读书·新知三联书店.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%BE%A9%E6%8A%A4&rft.atitle=%E6%88%91%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E7%9C%8B%E6%B3%95&rft.pages=239-275&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=%E7%8E%8B&rft.aufirst=%E8%8B%A5%E6%B0%B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:72_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF周1988" class="citation book cs1">周, 扬 (1988). <i>关于马克思主义的几个理论问题的探讨 : 马克思逝世一百周年纪念论文选</i>. 人民出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7010003947" title="Special:BookSources/7010003947"><bdi>7010003947</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/732194951">732194951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E5%87%A0%E4%B8%AA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A2%E8%AE%A8+%3A+%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E9%80%9D%E4%B8%96%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87%E9%80%89&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F732194951&rft.isbn=7010003947&rft.aulast=%E5%91%A8&rft.aufirst=%E6%89%AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:82_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF王1986" class="citation journal cs1">王, 若水 (1986). "谈谈异化问题". <i>为人道主义辩护</i>: 186–200 – via 生活·读书·新知三联书店.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%BE%A9%E6%8A%A4&rft.atitle=%E8%B0%88%E8%B0%88%E5%BC%82%E5%8C%96%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.pages=186-200&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=%E7%8E%8B&rft.aufirst=%E8%8B%A5%E6%B0%B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampaign+against+spiritual+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carrico, Kevin. "Eliminating Spiritual Pollution – A Genealogy of Closed Political Thought in China's Era of Opening". The China Journal, No. 78, July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/691999">http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/691999</a></li> <li>Hudson, Christopher, <i>The China Handbook: Regional handbooks of economic development: prospects onto the 21st century</i>, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Chinese Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruoshui" title="Wang Ruoshui">Wang Ruoshui</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Censorship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Censorship" title="Template:Censorship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Censorship" title="Template talk:Censorship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Censorship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">books banned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumvention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech and expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Student media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Televisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">banned televisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned video games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censor_bars" title="Censor bars">Censor bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_censorship" title="Collateral censorship">Collateral censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concision_(media_studies)" title="Concision (media studies)">Concision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)" title="Conspiracy of silence (expression)">Conspiracy of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogging_(censorship)" title="Fogging (censorship)">Fogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler" title="Heckler">Heckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_theft" title="Newspaper theft">Newspaper theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">Sanitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_code" title="Speech code">Speech code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">computer and network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Word filtering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Apple" title="Censorship by Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Facebook" title="Censorship by Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_hate_speech" title="Online hate speech">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Chinese issues overseas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Muhammad controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Template:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Template talk:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_responsibility_system" title="Household responsibility system">Household responsibility system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_26_Editorial" title="April 26 Editorial">April 26 Editorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27_demonstrations" title="April 27 demonstrations">April 27 demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_hunger_strikes" title="Tiananmen hunger strikes">Hunger Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_between_students_and_the_government_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogue between students and the government during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Dialogue between students and the government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_of_student_organizations_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Funding of student organizations during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Funding of student organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Mao_portrait_vandalism_incident" title="1989 Mao portrait vandalism incident">Mao portrait incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sino-Soviet_Summit" title="1989 Sino-Soviet Summit">Sino-Soviet Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9_Deng_speech" title="June 9 Deng speech">June 9 Deng speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist<br />Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Elders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Regional leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Mu" title="Yuan Mu">Yuan Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Protesters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Leading figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bei_Dao" title="Bei Dao">Bei Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Jian" title="Cui Jian">Cui Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Qing" title="Dai Qing">Dai Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Zilin" title="Ding Zilin">Ding Zilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Zheng" title="Fang Zheng">Fang Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Dongfang" title="Han Dongfang">Han Dongfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Dejian" title="Hou Dejian">Hou Dejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lu" title="Li Lu">Li Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xianbin" title="Liu Xianbin">Liu Xianbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Benli" title="Qin Benli">Qin Benli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Tong" title="Shen Tong">Shen Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Baiqiao" title="Tang Baiqiao">Tang Baiqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingzhang_(dissident)" title="Wang Bingzhang (dissident)">Wang Bingzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Youcai" title="Wang Youcai">Wang Youcai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yan_(dissident)" title="Xiong Yan (dissident)">Xiong Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiaqi" title="Yan Jiaqi">Yan Jiaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dongyue" title="Yu Dongyue">Yu Dongyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boli" title="Zhang Boli">Zhang Boli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Changqing" title="Zhao Changqing">Zhao Changqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongjun_incident" title="Zhou Yongjun incident">Zhou Yongjun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Workers%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Huaqing" title="Liu Huaqing">Liu Huaqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Baibing" title="Yang Baibing">Yang Baibing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Guanglie" title="Liang Guanglie">Liang Guanglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Qinxian" title="Xu Qinxian">Xu Qinxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lianxiu" title="Li Lianxiu">Li Lianxiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Army units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Army (People's Republic of China)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Airborne_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Airborne Corps">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Army (People's Republic of China)">20th</a></li> <li>24th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Army (People's Republic of China)">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Army (People's Republic of China)">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Army (People's Republic of China)">28th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Army (People's Republic of China)">38th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="39th Army (People's Republic of China)">39th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="40th Army (People's Republic of China)">40th</a></li> <li>54th</li> <li>63rd</li> <li>64th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (People's Republic of China)">65th</a></li> <li>67th</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almost_a_Revolution" title="Almost a Revolution">Almost a Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tiananmen_Journal" title="A Tiananmen Journal">A Tiananmen Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_June_Fourth_Poems" title="Collection of June Fourth Poems">Collection of June Fourth Poems</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Critical_Moment" title="The Critical Moment">The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_China" title="Escape from China">Escape from China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Execution_(painting)" title="Execution (painting)">Execution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gate_of_Heavenly_Peace_(film)" title="The Gate of Heavenly Peace (film)">The Gate of Heavenly Peace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Heart_for_Freedom" title="A Heart for Freedom">A Heart for Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_(advertisement)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunt (advertisement)">Leica advert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_Mountain_(1994_film)" title="Moving the Mountain (1994 film)">Moving the Mountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_the_State" title="Prisoner of the State">Prisoner of the State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quelling_the_People" title="Quelling the People">Quelling the People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Over_Tiananmen_Square" title="Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square">Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Exiles" title="Tiananmen Exiles">Tiananmen Exiles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tiananmen_Papers" title="The Tiananmen Papers">The Tiananmen Papers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Shame" title="Pillar of Shame">Pillar of Shame</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(play)" title="Chimerica (play)">Chimerica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(TV_series)" title="Chimerica (TV series)">TV series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Human rights<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China Support Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_of_China" title="Democracy Party of China">Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">Hong Kong Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_China_(organization)" title="Human Rights in China (organization)">Human Rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Centre_for_Human_Rights_and_Democracy" title="Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy">Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">Operation Yellowbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Mothers" title="Tiananmen Mothers">Tiananmen Mothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_for_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Anniversaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">10th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">20th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="21st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">21st (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="24th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">24th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="25th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">25th (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="30th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">30th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="31st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">31st (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="32nd anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">32nd (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_My_Name" title="Nothing to My Name">Nothing to My Name</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4th_Museum" title="June 4th Museum">June 4th Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy" title="Goddess of Democracy">Goddess of Democracy</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy_(Hong_Kong)" title="Goddess of Democracy (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Reactions to the protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_trial_of_Chen_Ziming_and_Wang_Juntao" title="Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao">Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao</a></li> 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