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postgraduate qualification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_postgraduate_qualification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-degree_qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-degree_qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Non-degree qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-degree_qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Argentina subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Admission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degree_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degree_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Degree requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degree_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Australia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Australia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_postgraduate_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_postgraduate_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Types of postgraduate degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_postgraduate_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admission_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Admission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Professional programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degree_requirements_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degree_requirements_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Degree requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degree_requirements_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Brazil subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admission_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Admission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degree_requirements_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degree_requirements_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Degree requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degree_requirements_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canada-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canada subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Types of programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admission_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Admission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degree_requirements_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degree_requirements_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Degree requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degree_requirements_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-France-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle France subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Specific context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admission_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Admission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United Kingdom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admission_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Admission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admission_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Admission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-degree_seeking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-degree_seeking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Non-degree seeking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-degree_seeking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degree_requirements_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degree_requirements_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Degree requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degree_requirements_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduate_employee_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduate_employee_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Graduate employee unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduate_employee_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Postgraduate education</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="دراسات عليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دراسات عليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="স্নাতকোত্তর শিক্ষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্নাতকোত্তর শিক্ষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addysg_uwchraddedig" title="Addysg uwchraddedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Addysg uwchraddedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduat_uddannelse" title="Postgraduat uddannelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Postgraduat uddannelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduales_Studium" title="Postgraduales Studium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Postgraduales Studium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%84%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Μεταπτυχιακό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταπτυχιακό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posgrado" title="Posgrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Posgrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تحصیلات تکمیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تحصیلات تکمیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_postgrade_dans_les_syst%C3%A8mes_universitaires_anglo-saxons" title="Cycle postgrade dans les systèmes universitaires anglo-saxons – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cycle postgrade dans les systèmes universitaires anglo-saxons" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EC%9B%90" title="대학원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대학원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="स्नातकोत्तर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्नातकोत्तर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomsko_obrazovanje" title="Diplomsko obrazovanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Diplomsko obrazovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan_pascasarjana" title="Pendidikan pascasarjana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendidikan pascasarjana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תארים מתקדמים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תארים מתקדמים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%85" title="پوسٹ گریجویشن تٲلیٖم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پوسٹ گریجویشن تٲلیٖم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Адъюнктура – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адъюнктура" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiplomin%C4%97s_studijos" title="Podiplominės studijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Podiplominės studijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Постдипломски студии – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Постдипломски студии" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="دراسات عليا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دراسات عليا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan_lepasan_ijazah" title="Pendidikan lepasan ijazah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendidikan lepasan ijazah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctorale_opleiding" title="Postdoctorale opleiding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Postdoctorale opleiding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="स्नातकोत्तर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्नातकोत्तर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="स्नातकोत्तर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्नातकोत्तर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="大学院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大学院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%CA%BCyunktura" title="Adʼyunktura – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adʼyunktura" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studia_podyplomowe" title="Studia podyplomowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Studia podyplomowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3s-gradua%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Pós-graduação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pós-graduação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Послевузовское профессиональное образование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Послевузовское профессиональное образование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studimet_pasdiplomike" title="Studimet pasdiplomike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Studimet pasdiplomike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Postgraduate education" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgradu%C3%A1lne_%C5%A1t%C3%BAdium" title="Postgraduálne štúdium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Postgraduálne štúdium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Постдипломско образовање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Постдипломско образовање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatkotutkinto" title="Jatkotutkinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jatkotutkinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forskarutbildning" title="Forskarutbildning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Forskarutbildning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="పట్టభద్రుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పట్టభద్రుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Таҳсилоти такмилӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таҳсилоти такмилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisans%C3%BCst%C3%BC" title="Lisansüstü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lisansüstü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Післядипломна освіта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Післядипломна освіта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0o_t%E1%BA%A1o_sau_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Đào tạo sau đại học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đào tạo sau đại học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Phase of higher education</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about education after an undergraduate degree. For the year after secondary school (high school), see <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_year" title="Postgraduate year">Postgraduate year</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_training_in_education_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Postgraduate training in education (disambiguation)">Postgraduate training in education</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Postgraduate_education" title="Special:EditPage/Postgraduate education">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Postgraduate+education%22">"Postgraduate education"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Postgraduate+education%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Postgraduate+education%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Postgraduate+education%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Postgraduate+education%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Postgraduate+education%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CU_Ph.D.%27s_academic_gown_(Graduate_School).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CU_Ph.D.%27s_academic_gown_%28Graduate_School%29.jpg/220px-CU_Ph.D.%27s_academic_gown_%28Graduate_School%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CU_Ph.D.%27s_academic_gown_%28Graduate_School%29.jpg/330px-CU_Ph.D.%27s_academic_gown_%28Graduate_School%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CU_Ph.D.%27s_academic_gown_%28Graduate_School%29.jpg/440px-CU_Ph.D.%27s_academic_gown_%28Graduate_School%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A doctoral graduate (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University" title="Chulalongkorn University">Chulalongkorn University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, dressed in an <a href="/wiki/Academic_gown" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic gown">academic gown</a> for her <a href="/wiki/Graduation_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduation ceremony">graduation ceremony</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CCMDonation49.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CCMDonation49.JPG/220px-CCMDonation49.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CCMDonation49.JPG/330px-CCMDonation49.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CCMDonation49.JPG/440px-CCMDonation49.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>A student receives her degree from the <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education,_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City">Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City</a> in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Postgraduate education</b>, <b>graduate education</b>, or <b>graduate school</b> consists of <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">professional degrees</a>, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications usually pursued by <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">post-secondary</a> students who have earned an <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's</a>) degree.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization and structure of postgraduate education varies in different countries, as well as in different institutions within countries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "graduate school" or "grad school" is typically used in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, while "postgraduate" is more common in the rest of the English-speaking world. </p><p>Graduate degrees can include <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctoral</a> degrees, and other qualifications such as <a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">graduate diplomas, certificates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">professional degrees</a>. A distinction is typically made between graduate schools (where courses of study vary in the degree to which they provide training for a particular <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">profession</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">professional schools</a>, which can include <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">law school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">business school</a>, and other institutions of specialized fields such as <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">speech–language pathology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>. The distinction between graduate schools and professional schools is not absolute since various professional schools offer graduate degrees and vice versa. </p><p>Producing <a href="/wiki/Original_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Original research">original research</a> is a significant component of graduate studies in the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>. This research typically leads to the writing and <a href="/wiki/Thesis#Thesis_examinations" title="Thesis">defense</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Thesis_or_dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesis or dissertation">thesis or dissertation</a>. In graduate programs that are oriented toward professional training (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration" title="Master of Public Administration">MPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a>), the degrees may consist solely of <a href="/wiki/Coursework" title="Coursework">coursework</a>, without an original research or thesis component. Graduate students in the humanities, sciences and social sciences often receive funding from their university (e.g., fellowships or <a href="/wiki/Scholarship" title="Scholarship">scholarships</a>) or a <a href="/wiki/Teaching_assistant" title="Teaching assistant">teaching assistant</a> position or other job; in the profession-oriented grad programs, students are less likely to get funding, and the <a href="/wiki/Fee" title="Fee">fees</a> are typically much higher. </p><p>Although graduate school programs are distinct from undergraduate degree programs, graduate instruction (in the US, Australia, and other countries) is often offered by some of the same senior academic staff and departments who teach undergraduate courses. Unlike in undergraduate programs, however, it is less common for graduate students to take <a href="/wiki/Coursework" title="Coursework">coursework</a> outside their specific field of study at graduate or <a href="/wiki/Graduate_entry" title="Graduate entry">graduate entry</a> level. At the doctorate programs, though, it is quite common for students to take courses from a wider range of study, for which some fixed portion of coursework, sometimes known as a <i>residency</i>, is typically required to be taken from outside the department and <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> of the degree-seeking candidate to broaden the research abilities of the student. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_postgraduate_qualification">Types of postgraduate qualification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of postgraduate qualification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level: academic and vocational degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degrees">Degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>degree</i> in this context means the moving from one stage or level to another (from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>degré</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>dē-</i> + <i>gradus</i>), and first appeared in the 13th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A4t_Bologna_Deutsche_Nation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Universit%C3%A4t_Bologna_Deutsche_Nation.jpg/220px-Universit%C3%A4t_Bologna_Deutsche_Nation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Universit%C3%A4t_Bologna_Deutsche_Nation.jpg/330px-Universit%C3%A4t_Bologna_Deutsche_Nation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Universit%C3%A4t_Bologna_Deutsche_Nation.jpg/440px-Universit%C3%A4t_Bologna_Deutsche_Nation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The entry of students in the <i>Natio Germanica Bononiae</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Nation_(university)" title="Nation (university)">nation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>, depicted in a 1497 image</figcaption></figure> <p>Although systems of higher education date back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>, the concept of <i>postgraduate</i> education depends upon the system of awarding degrees at different levels of study, and can be traced to the workings of European <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">medieval universities</a>, mostly Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Doctor,_doctoratus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Doctor,_doctoratus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Licentia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Licentia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> University studies took six years for a bachelor's degree and up to twelve additional years for a master's degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, astronomy, music theory, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, logic, and rhetoric. The main emphasis was on logic. Once a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—<a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>—in which to pursue master's or doctor's degrees. </p><p>The degrees of master (from Latin <i>magister</i>) and doctor (from Latin <i>doctor</i>) were for some time equivalent, "the former being more in favour at Paris and the universities modeled after it, and the latter at Bologna<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its derivative universities. At Oxford and Cambridge a distinction came to be drawn between the Faculties of Law, Medicine, and Theology and the Faculty of Arts in this respect, the title of Doctor being used for the former, and that of Master for the latter."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the doctorate came to be thought of as higher than the master's.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("doctor" comes from Latin <i>docere</i>, "to teach"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows: </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degrees</a></b>. These are sometimes placed in a further hierarchy, starting with degrees such as the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> (from Latin <i>Magister artium</i>; M.A.) and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> (from Latin <i>Magister scientiae</i>; M.Sc.) degrees, then the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy" title="Master of Philosophy">Master of Philosophy</a> degree (from Latin <i>Magister philosophiae</i>; M.Phil.), and finally the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Letters" title="Master of Letters">Master of Letters</a> degree (from Latin <i>Magister litterarum</i>; M.Litt.) (all formerly known in France as <a href="/wiki/DEA_(former_French_degree)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEA (former French degree)">DEA</a> or DESS before 2005, and nowadays Masters too). In the UK, master's degrees may be taught or by research: taught master's degrees include the Master of Science and Master of Arts degrees which last one year and are worth 180 <a href="/wiki/Credit_Accumulation_and_Transfer_Scheme" title="Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme">CATS</a> credits (equivalent to 90 ECTS European credits<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), whereas the master's degrees by research include the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Research" title="Master of Research">Master of Research</a> degree (M.Res.) which also lasts one year and is worth 180 CATS or 90 ECTS credits (the difference compared to the Master of Science and Master of Arts degrees being that the research is much more extensive) and the Master of Philosophy degree which lasts two years. In Scottish Universities, the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy" title="Master of Philosophy">Master of Philosophy</a> degree tends to be by research or higher master's degree and the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Letters" title="Master of Letters">Master of Letters</a> degree tends to be the taught or lower master's degree. In many fields such as <a href="/wiki/Clinical_social_work" title="Clinical social work">clinical social work</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, a master's is the <a href="/wiki/Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">terminal degree</a>. Professional degrees such as the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Architecture" title="Master of Architecture">Master of Architecture</a> degree (M.Arch.) can last to three and a half years to satisfy professional requirements to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a> degree (M.B.A.) can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a knowledgeable business leader.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorates</a></b>. These are often further divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> degree (from Latin <i>Doctor philosophiae</i>; Ph.D. or D.Phil.), a Doctor of Psychology degree (from Latin <i>Doctor psychologia;</i> Psy.D.), or as a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> degree (from Latin <i>Doctor scientiae</i>; D.Sc.). The Doctor of Science degree can also be awarded in specific fields, such as a Doctor of Science in Mathematics degree (from Latin <i>Doctor scientiarum mathematic arum</i>; D.Sc.Math.), a Doctor of Agricultural Science degree (from Latin <i>Doctor scientiarum agrariarum</i>; D.Sc.Agr.), a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Doctor of Business Administration</a> degree (D.B.A.), etc. In some parts of Europe, doctorates are divided into the Doctor of Philosophy degree or "junior doctorate", and the "higher doctorates" such as the Doctor of Science degree, which is generally awarded to highly distinguished professors. A doctorate is the <a href="/wiki/Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">terminal degree</a> in most fields. In the United States, there is little distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the UK, Doctor of Philosophy degrees are often equivalent to 540 <a href="/wiki/Credit_Accumulation_and_Transfer_Scheme" title="Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme">CATS</a> credits or 270 <a href="/wiki/European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System" title="European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System">ECTS</a> European credits, but this is not always the case as the credit structure of doctoral degrees is not officially defined. </p><p>In some countries such as Finland and Sweden, there is the degree of <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">Licentiate</a>, which is more advanced than a master's degree but less so than a doctorate. Credits required are about half of those required for a doctoral degree.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coursework requirements are the same as for a doctorate, but the extent of original research required is not as high as for doctorate.<sup id="cite_ref-vnasetus2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vnasetus2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical doctors for example are typically licentiates instead of doctors. </p><p>In the UK and countries whose education systems were founded on the British model, such as the US, the master's degree was for a long time the only postgraduate degree normally awarded, while in most European countries apart from the UK, the master's degree almost disappeared<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="What time frame? Which countries? In many German-based systems (at least technical degrees in Sweden & Finland) the master's was the norm until the Bologna Process introduced a bachelor level circa 2005 (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, and this practice spread to the UK. Conversely, most European universities now offer master's degrees parallelling or replacing their regular system, so as to offer their students better chances to compete in an international market dominated by the American model.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the <a href="/wiki/NVQ" class="mw-redirect" title="NVQ">NVQ</a> 5 or <a href="/wiki/QCF" class="mw-redirect" title="QCF">QCF</a> 8.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most universities award honorary degrees,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually at the postgraduate level. These are awarded to a wide variety of people, such as artists, musicians, writers, politicians, businesspeople, etc., in recognition of their achievements in their various fields. (Recipients of such degrees do not normally use the associated titles or letters, such as "Dr.") </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-degree_qualifications">Non-degree qualifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-degree qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postgraduate education can involve studying for qualifications such as <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_certificate" title="Postgraduate certificate">postgraduate certificates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">postgraduate diplomas</a>. They are sometimes used as steps on the route to a degree, as part of the training for a specific career, or as a qualification in an area of study too narrow to warrant a full degree course. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argentina">Argentina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admission">Admission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Admission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Argentina, the admission to a Postgraduate program at an Argentine University requires the full completion of any undergraduate course, called in Argentina "carrera de grado" (v.gr. <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">Licenciado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering degree">Ingeniero</a> or Lawyer degree). The qualifications of 'Licenciado', 'Ingeniero', or the equivalent qualification in Law degrees (a graduate from a "carrera de grado") are similar in content, length and skill-set to a joint first and second cycles in the qualification framework of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> (that is, Bachelor and Master qualifications). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While a significant portion of postgraduate students finance their tuition and living costs with teaching or research work at private and state-run institutions, international institutions, such as the Fulbright Program and the Organization of American States (OAS), have been known to grant full scholarships for tuition with apportions for housing.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_requirements">Degree requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Degree requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a postgraduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to his or her specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Master and Doctoral candidate's work should be presented in a dissertation or thesis prepared under the supervision of a tutor or director, and reviewed by a postgraduate committee. This committee should be composed of examiners external to the program, and at least one of them should also be external to the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Postgraduate_education" title="Special:EditPage/Postgraduate education">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_postgraduate_degrees">Types of postgraduate degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types of postgraduate degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Programmes are divided into coursework-based and research-based degrees. Coursework programs typically include qualifications such as: <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Graduate certificate, six-month full-time coursework.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Graduate diploma, twelve-month full-time coursework.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Master (of Arts, Science or other discipline). 1 year to 2 years of full-time study for coursework and research master's and 3 to 4 years of full-time study for extended master's degrees (which can allow the use of the word doctor in their title, such as Doctor of Medicine and Juris Doctor). Research master's ends in the submission of a thesis.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Doctor of Philosophy, 3 to 4 years full-time study. Also ends in the submission of a thesis.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Higher doctorate, awarded usually ten or more years after the completion of PhD (which is a prerequisite of higher doctorate) after submission of a research portfolio that is of a higher standard than that required for the awarding of a PhD.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admission_2">Admission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Admission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, the Australian higher education system<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> follows that of its British counterpart (with some notable exceptions). Entrance is decided by merit, entrance to coursework-based programmes is usually not as strict; most universities usually require a "Credit" average as entry to their taught programmes in a field related to their previous undergraduate. On average, however, a strong "Credit" or "Distinction" average is the norm for accepted students. Not all coursework programs require the student to already possess the relevant undergraduate degree, they are intended as "conversion" or professional qualification programs, and merely any relevant undergraduate degree with good grades is required. </p><p>Ph.D. entrance requirements in the higher ranked schools typically require a student to have <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_research" title="Postgraduate research">postgraduate research</a> honours or a master's degree by research, or a master's with a significant research component. Entry requirements depend on the subject studied and the individual university. The minimum duration of a Ph.D. programme is two years, but completing within this time span is unusual, with Ph.D.s usually taking an average of three to four years to be completed. </p><p>Most of the confusion with Australian postgraduate programmes occurs with the research-based programmes, particularly scientific programmes. Research degrees generally require candidates to have a minimum of a second-class four-year honours undergraduate degree to be considered for admission to a Ph.D. programme (M.Phil. are an uncommon route<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In science, a British first class honours (3 years) is not equivalent to an Australian first class honours (1 year research postgraduate programme that requires a completed undergraduate (pass) degree with a high <a href="/wiki/Grade-point_average" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade-point average">grade-point average</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In scientific research, it is commonly accepted that an Australian postgraduate honours is equivalent to a British master's degree (in research). There has been some debate over the acceptance of a three-year honours degree (as in the case of graduates from British universities) as the equivalent entry requirement to graduate research programmes (M.Phil., Ph.D.) in Australian universities.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters of honours programmes also added to the confusion. For example: B.Sc. (Hons) are the letters gained for postgraduate research honours at the University of Queensland. B.Sc. (Hons) does not indicate that this honours are postgraduate qualification. The difficulty also arises between different universities in Australia—some universities have followed the UK system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_programs">Professional programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Professional programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many professional programs such as medical and dental school require a previous bachelors for admission and are considered graduate or <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Entry">Graduate Entry</a> programs even though they culminate in a bachelor's degree. Example, the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine (MBBS)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Bachelor of Dentistry (BDent)</a>. </p><p>There has also been some confusion over the conversion of the different marking schemes between British, US, and Australian systems for the purpose of assessment for entry to graduate programmes. The Australian grades are divided into four categories: High Distinction, Distinction, Credit, and Pass (though many institutions have idiosyncratic grading systems). Assessment and evaluation based on the Australian system is not equivalent to British or US schemes because of the "low-marking" scheme used by Australian universities. For example, a British student who achieves 70+ will receive an A grade, whereas an Australian student with 70+ will receive a Distinction which is not the highest grade in the marking scheme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_2">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Australian government usually offer full funding (fees and a monthly stipend) to its citizens and permanent residents who are pursuing research-based higher degrees. There are also highly competitive scholarships for international candidates who intend to pursue research-based programmes. Taught-degree scholarships (certain master's degrees, Grad. Dip., Grad. Cert., D.Eng., D.B.A.) are almost non-existent for international students. Domestic students have access to tuition subsidy through the Australian Government's FEE-Help loan scheme. Some students may be eligible for a Commonwealth Supported Place (CSP), via the HECS-Help scheme, at a substantially lower cost.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_requirements_2">Degree requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Degree requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Requirements for the successful completion of a taught master's programme are that the student pass all the required modules. Some universities require eight taught modules for a one-year programme, twelve modules for a one-and-a-half-year programme, and twelve taught modules plus a thesis or dissertation for a two-year programme. The academic year for an Australian postgraduate programme is typically two semesters (eight months of study). </p><p>Requirements for research-based programmes vary among universities. Generally, however, a student is not required to take taught modules as part of their candidacy. It is now common that first-year Ph.D. candidates are not regarded as permanent Ph.D. students for fear that they may not be sufficiently prepared to undertake independent research. In such cases, an alternative degree will be awarded for their previous work, usually an M.Phil. or M.Sc. by research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brazil">Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Universities_and_higher_education_in_Brazil" title="Universities and higher education in Brazil">Universities and higher education in Brazil</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admission_3">Admission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Admission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brazil, a Bachelor's, Licenciate or <i>Technologist</i> degree is required in order to enter a graduate program, called <i>pós-graduação</i>. Generally, in order to be accepted, the candidate must have above average grades and it is highly recommended to be initiated on scientific research through government programs on undergraduate areas, as a complement to usual coursework. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_3">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The competition for <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Brazil">public universities</a> is very large, as they are the most prestigious and respected universities in Brazil. Public universities do not charge fees for undergraduate level/course. Funding, similar to wages, is available but is usually granted by public agencies linked to the university in question (i.e. <a href="/wiki/FAPESP" class="mw-redirect" title="FAPESP">FAPESP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coordenadoria_de_Aperfei%C3%A7oamento_de_Pessoal_de_N%C3%ADvel_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior">CAPES</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNPq" class="mw-redirect" title="CNPq">CNPq</a>, etc.), given to the students previously ranked based on internal criteria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_requirements_3">Degree requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Degree requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two types of <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate">postgraduate</a>; <i>lato sensu</i> (Latin for "in broad sense"), which generally means a specialization course in one area of study, mostly addressed to professional practice, and <i>stricto sensu</i> (Latin for "in narrow sense"), which means a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a>, encompassing broader and profound activities of scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Lato sensu</i> graduate degrees: degrees that represent a specialization in a certain area and take from 1 to 2 years to complete. It can sometimes be used to describe a specialization level between a master's degree and an MBA. In that sense, the main difference is that the Lato Sensu courses tend to go deeper into the scientific aspects of the study field, while MBA programs tend to be more focused on the practical and professional aspects, being used more frequently to Business, Management and Administration areas. However, since there are no norms to regulate this, both names are used indiscriminately most of the time.</li> <li><i>Stricto sensu</i> graduate degrees: degrees for those who wish to pursue an academic career. <ul><li>Masters: 2 years for completion. Usually serves as additional qualification for those seeking a differential on the job market (and maybe later a doctorate), or for those who want to pursue a doctorate. Most doctoral programs in Brazil require a master's degree (stricto sensu), meaning that a <i>lato sensu</i> degree is usually insufficient to start a doctoral program.</li> <li>Doctorate: 3–4 years for completion. Usually used as a stepping stone for academic life.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the schools and faculties of graduate studies are represented by the Canadian Association of Graduate Studies (CAGS) or Association canadienne pour les études supérieures (ACES). The Association brings together 58 Canadian universities with graduate programs, two national graduate student associations, and the three federal research-granting agencies and organizations having an interest in graduate studies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its mandate is to promote, advance, and foster excellence in graduate education and university research in Canada. In addition to an annual conference, the association prepares briefs on issues related to graduate studies including supervision, funding, and professional development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_programs">Types of programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Types of programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Graduate certificates (sometimes called "postgraduate certificates")</li> <li>Master's degree (course-based, thesis-based and available in <a href="/wiki/Part-time_student" title="Part-time student">part-time</a> and full-time formats)</li> <li>Doctoral degree (available in <a href="/wiki/Part-time_student" title="Part-time student">part-time</a> and full-time formats)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admission_4">Admission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Admission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Admission to a graduate certificate program requires a university degree (or in some cases, a diploma with years of related experience). English speaking colleges require proof of English language proficiency such as IELTS. Some colleges may provide English language upgrading to students prior to the start of their graduate certificate program. </p><p>Admission to a master's (course-based, also called "non-thesis") program generally requires a bachelor's degree in a related field, with sufficiently high grades usually ranging from <a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic grading in North America">B+</a> and higher (different schools have different <a href="/wiki/Letter_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter grade">letter grade</a> conventions, and this requirement may be significantly higher in some faculties), and recommendations from professors. Admission to a high-quality thesis-type master's program generally requires an <a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree"><i>honours bachelor</i></a> or Canadian <a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree"><i>bachelor with honours</i></a>, samples of the student's writing as well as a research thesis proposal. Some programs require Graduate Record Exams (GRE) in both the general examination and the examination for its specific discipline, with minimum scores for admittance. At English-speaking universities, applicants from countries where English is not the primary language are required to submit scores from the Test of English as a Foreign Language (<a href="/wiki/TOEFL" class="mw-redirect" title="TOEFL">TOEFL</a>). Nevertheless, some French speaking universities, like HEC Montreal, also require candidates to submit TOEFL score or to pass their own English test. </p><p>Admission to a doctoral program typically requires a master's degree in a related field, sufficiently high grades, recommendations, samples of writing, a research proposal, and an interview with a prospective supervisor. Requirements are often set higher than those for a master's program. In exceptional cases, a student holding an honours BA with sufficiently high grades and proven writing and research abilities may be admitted directly to a Ph.D. program without the requirement to first complete a master's. Many Canadian graduate programs allow students who start in a master's to "reclassify" into a Ph.D. program after satisfactory performance in the first year, bypassing the master's degree. </p><p>Students must usually declare their research goal or submit a research proposal upon entering graduate school; in the case of master's degrees, there will be some flexibility (that is, one is not held to one's research proposal, although major changes, for example from premodern to modern history, are discouraged). In the case of Ph.D.s, the research direction is usually known as it will typically follow the direction of the master's research. </p><p>Master's degrees can be completed in one year but normally take at least two; they typically may not exceed five years. Doctoral degrees require a minimum of two years but frequently take much longer, although not usually exceeding six years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_4">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graduate students may take out <a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Student loans in Canada">student loans</a>, but instead they often work as <a href="/wiki/Teaching_assistant" title="Teaching assistant">teaching</a> or <a href="/wiki/Research_assistant" title="Research assistant">research assistants</a>. Students often agree, as a condition of acceptance to a programme, not to devote more than twelve hours per week to work or outside interests. </p><p>Funding is available to first-year masters students whose transcripts reflect exceptionally high grades; this funding is normally given in the second year. </p><p>Funding for Ph.D. students comes from a variety of sources, and many universities waive tuition fees for doctoral candidates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Funding is available in the form of <a href="/wiki/Scholarships" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarships">scholarships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bursary" title="Bursary">bursaries</a> and other awards, both private and public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_requirements_4">Degree requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Degree requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graduate certificates require between eight and sixteen months of study. The length of study depends on the program. Graduate certificates primarily involve coursework. However, some may require a research project or a work placement. </p><p>Both master's and doctoral programs may be done by <a href="/wiki/Coursework" title="Coursework">coursework</a> or <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> or a combination of the two, depending on the subject and <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">faculty</a>. Most faculties require both, with the emphasis on research, and with coursework being directly related to the field of research. </p><p>Master's and doctoral programs may also be completed on a <a href="/wiki/Part-time_student" title="Part-time student">part-time</a> basis. Part-time graduate programs will usually require that students take one to two courses per semester, and the part-time graduate programs may be offered in online formats, evening formats, or a combination of both. </p><p>Master's candidates undertaking research are typically required to complete a <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> comprising some original research and ranging from 70 to 200 pages. Some fields may require candidates to study at least one foreign language if they have not already earned sufficient foreign-language credits. Some faculties require candidates to <a href="/wiki/Thesis_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesis defence">defend their thesis</a>, but many do not. Those that do not, often have a requirement of taking two additional courses, at minimum, in lieu of preparing a thesis. </p><p>Ph.D. candidates undertaking research must typically complete a thesis, or <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a>, consisting of original research representing a significant contribution to their field, and ranging from 200 to 500 pages. Most Ph.D. candidates will be required to sit <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_examination" title="Comprehensive examination">comprehensive examinations</a>—examinations testing general knowledge in their field of specialization—in their second or third year as a prerequisite to continuing their studies, and must defend their thesis as a final requirement. Some faculties require candidates to earn sufficient credits in a third or fourth foreign language; for example, most candidates in modern Japanese topics must demonstrate ability in English, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a>, while candidates in pre-modern Japanese topics must demonstrate ability in English, Japanese, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese" title="Classical Japanese">Classical Japanese</a>. </p><p>At English-speaking Canadian universities, both master's and Ph.D. theses may be presented in English or in the language of the subject (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a>, for example), but if this is the case an extensive abstract must be also presented in English. <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">In exceptional circumstances</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, a thesis may be presented in French.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One exception to this rule is McGill University, where all work can be submitted in either English or French, unless the purpose of the course of study is acquisition of a language.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French-speaking universities have varying sets of rules; some (e.g. HEC Montreal<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) will accept students with little knowledge of French if they can communicate with their supervisors (usually in English). </p><p>The Royal Military College of Canada is a bilingual University, and allows a thesis to be in either English or French, but requires the abstract to be in both official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>écoles doctorales</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Doctoral_school" title="Doctoral school">Doctoral schools</a>") are educational structures similar in focus to graduate schools, but restricted at PhD level. These schools have the responsibilities of providing students with a structured doctoral training in a disciplinary field. The field of the school is related to the strength of the university: while some have two or three schools (typically "Arts and Humanities" and "Natural and Technological Sciences"), others have more specialized schools (History, Aeronautics, etc.). </p><p>A large share of the funding offered to junior researchers is channeled through the <i>école doctorale</i>, mainly in the shape of three-years "Doctoral Fellowships" (<i>contrats doctoraux</i>). These fellowships are awarded after submitting a biographical information, undergraduate and graduate transcripts where applicable, letters of recommendation, and research proposal, then an oral examination by an Academical Committee. </p><p>In most fields, the <i>école doctorales</i> will only enroll students which have secured funding for three years, either through a fellowship or provided by their supervisor, laboratory or by the company they are working for (for <a href="/w/index.php?title=CIFRE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIFRE (page does not exist)">CIFRE</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_industrielle_de_formation_par_la_recherche" class="extiw" title="fr:Convention industrielle de formation par la recherche">fr</a>]</span> contracts). Ph.D. students, regardless of their nationality, then have a proper (usually three-years) employment contract, the aforementioned <i>contrat doctoral</i> (created in 2009), and are protected by the common labor law.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the minimum remuneration is <span class="nowrap">€2100</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contract can be extended by six months or a year, but rarely longer. Many Ph.D. students enroll in tutoring programs (<i>mission d'enseignement</i>) and receive additional remuneration from the university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_context">Specific context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Specific context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 2004, when the European system of LMD Bologna process was founded, the French equivalent of a Post Graduate degree was called a "Maitrise." For historical reasons dating back to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolution of 1789">French Revolution of 1789</a>, France has a dual education system, with <a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%89coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes Écoles">Grandes Écoles</a> on one side, and <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> on the other hand, with the <i>Grandes Écoles</i> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">being considered as much more prestigious</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Some Grandes écoles deliver the French <a href="/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27ing%C3%A9nieur" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplôme d'ingénieur">diplôme d'ingénieur</a>, which is ranked as a master's degree. </p><p>France ranks a <a href="/wiki/Professional_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional doctorate">professional doctorate</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_France" title="Medical education in France">in health sciences</a> (i.e. physician, surgeon, pharmacist, dentist, veterinarian diplomas) as equivalent to a master's degree in any other discipline,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to account for the difficulty gap between getting a medical degree and getting non health related doctoral degrees, the latter requiring original research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admission_5">Admission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Admission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 87 <a href="/wiki/Public_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Public universities">public universities</a> in France, and also some private universities, and they are based upon the European education ladder including bachelors, Masters, and Ph.D.s. Students gain each degree though the successful completion of a predetermined number of years in education, gaining credits via the <a href="/wiki/European_Credit_Transfer_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Credit Transfer System">European Credit Transfer System</a> (ECTS). There are over 300 doctoral programs that collaborate with 1200 research laboratories and centers. Each degree has a certain set of national diplomas that are all of equal value, irrespective of where they were issued. There are also other diplomas that are exclusive to France and are very hard to attain. </p><p>Admission to a doctoral program requires a master's degree, both research-oriented and disciplinary focused. High marks are required (typically a <i>très bien</i> honour, equating a <i>cum laude</i>), but the acceptance is linked to a decision of the School Academical Board. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germany">Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_Universities_Excellence_Initiative#Winners:_Graduate_Schools" title="German Universities Excellence Initiative">List of graduate schools, German Universities Excellence Initiative</a></div> <p>The traditional and most common way of obtaining a doctorate in Germany is by doing so individually under supervision of a single professor (<i>Doktorvater</i> or <i>Doktormutter</i>) without any formal curriculum. During their studies, doctoral students are enrolled at university while often being employed simultaneously either at the university itself, at a research institute or at a company as a researcher.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working in research during doctoral studies is, however, not a formal requirement. </p><p>With the establishment of <i><b>Graduiertenkollegs</b></i> funded by the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Forschungsgemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft</a> (DFG), the German Research Foundation, in the early 1990s, the concept of a graduate school was introduced to the German higher education system. Unlike the American model of graduate schools, only doctoral students participate in a <i>Graduiertenkolleg</i>. In contrast to the traditional German model of doctoral studies, a <i>Graduiertenkolleg</i> aims to provide young researchers with a structured doctoral training under supervision of a team of professors within an excellent research environment. A <i>Graduiertenkolleg</i> typically consists of 20-30 doctoral students, about half of whom are supported by stipends from the DFG or another sponsor. The research programme is usually narrowly defined around a specific topic and has an interdisciplinary aspect. The programme is set up for a specific period of time (up to nine years if funded by the DFG). The official English translation of the term <i>Graduiertenkolleg</i> is <i>Research Training Group</i>. </p><p>In 2006, a different type of graduate school, termed <i><b>Graduiertenschule</b></i> ("graduate school"), was established by the DFG as part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Universities_Excellence_Initiative" title="German Universities Excellence Initiative">German Universities Excellence Initiative</a>. They are thematically much broader than the focused <i>Graduiertenkollegs</i> and consist often of 100-200 doctoral students. </p><p>Germany and the Netherlands introduced the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a> with a separation between Bachelor and Master programmes in many fields, except for education studies, law and other specially regulated subjects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> higher education is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Authority" title="Higher Education Authority">Higher Education Authority</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Admission to a postgraduate degree programme in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> requires a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> with at least a Second Class Lower Division (not less than 2.75/5). Admission to Doctoral programmes requires an Academic master's degree with a minimum <a href="/wiki/Weighted_average" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighted average">weighted average</a> of 60% (B average or 4.00/5). In addition to this, applicants may be subjected to written and oral examinations depending on the school. Most universities with high numbers of applicants have more stringent admission processes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Postgraduate degrees in Nigeria include M.A., M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Eng., LL.M, M.Arch., M.Agric., M.Phil., PhD. The master's degree typically take 18–36 months with students undertaking coursework and presenting seminars and a dissertation. The doctoral degree is for a minimum of 36 months and may involve coursework alongside the presentation of seminars and a research thesis. Award of postgraduate degrees requires a defence of the completed research before a panel of examiners comprising external and internal examiners, Head of Department, Departmental Postgraduate Coordinator, Representative(s) of Faculty and Postgraduate School, and any other member of staff with a PhD in the department/faculty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "graduate school" is used more widely by North American universities than by those in the UK. However, in addition to universities set up solely for postgraduate studies such as <a href="/wiki/Cranfield_University" title="Cranfield University">Cranfield University</a>, numerous universities in the UK have formally launched 'Graduate Schools', including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keele_University" title="Keele University">Keele University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_University" title="Bournemouth University">Bournemouth University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, which includes graduate schools at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Holloway">Royal Holloway</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>. They often coordinate the supervision and training of candidates for research master's programmes and for <a href="/wiki/Doctorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorates">doctorates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admission_6">Admission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Admission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Admission to undertake a research degree in the UK typically requires a strong bachelor's degree or Scottish M.A. (at least <a href="/wiki/Second-class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-class honours">lower second</a>, but usually an upper second or <a href="/wiki/First-class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class honours">first class</a>). In some institutions, <a href="/wiki/Doctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral">doctoral</a> candidates are initially admitted to a Masters in Research Philosophy (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy" title="Master of Philosophy">M.Phil.</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=M.Res.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.Res. (page does not exist)">M.Res.</a>), then later transfer to a Ph.D./D.Phil. if they can show satisfactory progress in their first 8–12 months of study.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candidates for the degree of Doctor of Education (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Education" title="Doctor of Education">Ed.D</a>) are typically required to hold a good bachelor's degree as well as an appropriate master's degree before being admitted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_5">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Funding for postgraduate study in the UK is awarded competitively, and usually is disseminated by institution (in the form of a certain allocation of studentships for a given year) rather than directly to individuals. There are a number of scholarships for master's courses, but these are relatively rare and dependent on the course and class of undergraduate degree obtained (usually requiring at least a lower second). Most master's students are self-funded. </p><p>Funding is available for some Ph.D./D.Phil. courses. As at the master's level, there is more funding available to those in the sciences than in other disciplines. Such funding generally comes from <a href="/wiki/UK_Research_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Research Councils">Research Councils</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Physical_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council">Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council</a> (EPSRC), <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a> (AHRC), <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Research Council (UK)">Medical Research Council</a> (MRC) and others. Masters students may also have the option of a Postgraduate loan introduced by the UK Government in 2016. </p><p>For overseas students, most major funding applications are due as early as twelve months or more before the intended graduate course will begin. This funding is also often highly competitive. The most widely available, and thus important, award for overseas students is the Overseas Research Student (ORS) Award, which pays the difference in university fees between an overseas student and a British or EU resident. However, a student can only apply for one university for the ORS Award, often before they know whether they have been accepted. As of the 2009/2010 academic year, the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England" title="Higher Education Funding Council for England">HEFCE</a> has cancelled the Overseas Research Student Award scheme for English and Welsh universities.<sup id="cite_ref-ORSAS_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORSAS-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state of the scheme for Scottish and Northern Irish universities is currently unclear. </p><p>Full-time students (of any type) are not normally eligible for state benefits, including during vacation time.<sup id="cite_ref-Jobcentre_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jobcentre-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admission_7">Admission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Admission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most graduate programs will have a similar list of general admission requirements, the importance placed on each type of requirement can vary drastically between graduate schools, departments within schools, and even programs within departments. The best way to determine how a graduate program will weigh admission materials is to ask the person in charge of graduate admissions at the particular program being applied to. Admission to graduate school requires a bachelor's degree. High grades in one's field of study are important—grades outside the field less so. Traditionally in the past, the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Record_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Record Examination">Graduate Record Examination</a> <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized test</a> was required by almost all graduate schools, however, programs in multiple disciplines are removing the GRE requirement for their admission process.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some programs require other additional standardized tests (such as the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Management_Admission_Test" title="Graduate Management Admission Test">Graduate Management Admission Test</a> (GMAT) and <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Record_Examination#GRE_Subject_Tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Record Examination">Graduate Record Examination (GRE) Subject Tests</a>) to apply to their institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-PhDProcess_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhDProcess-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AboutAdmissions101_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutAdmissions101-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the GRE exam moved to an online format. This led some programs to waive GRE requirements temporarily or permanently, arguing that the new format was unfair or too difficult for test-takers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, good <a href="/wiki/Recommendation_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommendation letter">letters of recommendation</a> from undergraduate instructors are often essential,<sup id="cite_ref-AboutChoosingLetters_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutChoosingLetters-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as strong recommendation letters from mentors or supervisors of undergraduate research experience provide evidence that the applicant can perform research and can handle the rigors of a graduate school education. </p><p>Within the sciences and some social sciences, previous research experience may be important.<sup id="cite_ref-PhDProcess_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhDProcess-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AboutResearchExp_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutResearchExp-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, within most humanities disciplines, an example of academic writing normally suffices. Many universities require a personal statement (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Statement_of_purpose" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement of purpose">statement of purpose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_intent" title="Letter of intent">letter of intent</a>), which may include indications of the intended area(s) of research.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutAdmissions101_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutAdmissions101-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of detail in this statement is and whether it is possible to change one's focus of research depends strongly on the discipline and department to which the student is applying. </p><p>Some schools set minimum <a href="/wiki/Grade_point_average" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade point average">GPAs</a> and test scores below which they will not accept any applicants;<sup id="cite_ref-AboutGradGPA_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutGradGPA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this reduces the time spent reviewing applications. On the other hand, many other institutions often explicitly state that they do not use any sort of cut-offs in terms of GPA or the GRE scores. Instead, they claim to consider many factors, including past research achievements, the compatibility between the applicant's research interest and that of the faculty, the statement of purpose and the letters of reference, as stated above. Some programs also require professors to act as sponsors. Finally, applicants from non-English speaking countries often must take the <a href="/wiki/Test_of_English_as_a_Foreign_Language" title="Test of English as a Foreign Language">Test of English as a Foreign Language</a> (TOEFL).<sup id="cite_ref-ETSTOEFL_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETSTOEFL-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At most institutions, decisions regarding admission are not made by the institution itself but the department to which the student is applying. Some departments may require interviews before making a decision to accept an applicant.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutAdmissions101_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutAdmissions101-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most universities adhere to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgsnet.org/resources/for-current-prospective-graduate-students/april-15-resolution">Council of Graduate Schools' Resolution Regarding Graduate Scholars, Fellows, Trainees, and Assistants</a>, which gives applicants until April 15 to accept or reject offers that contain financial support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-degree_seeking">Non-degree seeking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Non-degree seeking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to traditional "degree-seeking" applications for admission, many schools allow students to apply as "non-degree-seeking".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admission to the non-degree-seeking category is usually restricted primarily to those who may benefit professionally from additional study at the graduate level. For example, current elementary, middle, and high school teachers wishing to gain re-certification credit most commonly apply as non-degree-seeking students.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_requirements_5">Degree requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Degree requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graduate students often declare their intended degree (master's or doctorate) in their applications. In some cases, master's programs allow successful students to continue toward the doctorate degree. Additionally, doctoral students who have advanced to candidacy but not filed a dissertation ("ABD", for "<a href="/wiki/All_but_dissertation" title="All but dissertation">all but dissertation</a>") often receive master's degrees and an additional master's called a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy" title="Master of Philosophy">Master of Philosophy</a> (MPhil) or a <a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Philosophy" title="Candidate of Philosophy">Candidate of Philosophy</a> (C.Phil.) degree. The master's component of a doctorate program often requires one or two years. </p><p>Many graduate programs require students to pass one or several examinations in order to demonstrate their competence as scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-PhDProcess_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhDProcess-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some departments, a <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_examination" title="Comprehensive examination">comprehensive examination</a> is often required in the first year of doctoral study, and is designed to test a student's background undergraduate-level knowledge. Examinations of this type are more common in the sciences and some social sciences but relatively unknown in most humanities disciplines. </p><p>Most graduate students perform teaching duties, often serving as graders and tutors. In some departments, they can be promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturer</a> status, a position that comes with more responsibility. </p><p>Doctoral students generally spend roughly their first two to three years taking coursework and begin research by their second year if not before. Many master's and all specialist students will perform research culminating in a paper, presentation, and defense of their research. This is called the master's thesis (or, for Educational Specialist students, the specialist paper). However, many US master's degree programs do not require a master's thesis, focusing instead primarily on coursework or on "practicals" or "workshops". Some students complete a final culminating project or "capstone" rather than a thesis. Such "real-world" experience may typically require a candidate work on a project alone or in a team as a consultant, or consultants, for an outside entity approved or selected by the academic institution and under faculty supervision. </p><p>In the second and third years of study, doctoral programs often require students to pass more examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-PhDProcess_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhDProcess-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programs often require a Qualifying Examination ("Quals"), a Ph.D. Candidacy Examination ("Candidacy"), or a General Examination ("Generals") designed to test the students' grasp of a broad sample of their discipline, or one or several Special Field Examinations ("Specials") which test students in their narrower selected areas of specialty within the discipline. If these examinations are held orally, they may be known colloquially as "orals." For some social science and many humanities disciplines, where graduate students may or may not have studied the discipline at the undergraduate level, these exams will be the first set, and be based either on graduate coursework or specific preparatory reading (sometimes up to a year's work in reading). </p><p>In all cases, comprehensive exams normally must be passed to be allowed to proceed on to the dissertation. Passing such examinations allows the student to begin doctoral research, and rise to the status of a doctoral candidate, while failing usually results in the student leaving the program or re-taking the test after some time has passed (usually a semester or a year). Some schools have an intermediate category, passing at the master's level, which allows the student to leave with a master's without having completed a master's thesis. </p><p>The doctoral candidate primarily performs his or her research over the course of three to eight years. In total, the typical doctoral degree takes between four and eight years from entering the program to completion, though this time varies depending upon the department, dissertation topic, and many other factors. For example, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> degrees take five to six years on average, but <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a> degrees take six to seven due to limiting factors of weather, while <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_astronomy" title="Theoretical astronomy">theoretical astronomy</a> degrees take five. In some disciplines, doctoral programs can average seven to ten years. <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, which requires long periods of research, tends towards the longer end of this spectrum. The increase in length of the degree is a matter of great concern for both students and universities, though there is much disagreement on potential solutions to this problem. </p><p>Traditionally, doctoral programs were only intended to last three to four years and, in some disciplines (primarily the natural sciences), with a helpful advisor, and a light teaching load, it is possible for the degree to be completed in that amount of time. However, increasingly many disciplines, including most humanities, set their requirements for coursework, languages and the expected extent of thesis research by the assumption that students will take five years minimum or six to seven years on average; competition for jobs within these fields also raises expectations on the length and quality of theses considerably. </p><p>Though there is substantial variation among universities, departments, and individuals, <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> doctorates on average take somewhat longer to complete than <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> doctorates. These differences are due to the differing nature of research between the humanities and some social sciences and the natural sciences and to the differing expectations of the discipline in coursework, languages, and length of dissertation. However, time required to complete a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> also varies according to the candidate's abilities and choice of research. Some students may also choose to remain in a program if they fail to win an academic position, particularly in disciplines with a tight job market; by remaining a student, they can retain access to libraries and university facilities, while also retaining an academic affiliation, which can be essential for conferences and job-searches. </p><p>After the doctorate degree, a second training period is available for students in fields such as life sciences, called a postdoctoral fellowship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_6">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, there is less funding available to students admitted to master's degrees than for students admitted to Ph.D. or other doctoral degrees. Many departments, especially those in which students have research or teaching responsibilities, offer tuition-forgiveness and a stipend that pays for most expenses. At some elite universities, there may be a minimum stipend established for all Ph.D. students, as well as a tuition waiver. The terms of these stipends vary greatly, and may consist of a scholarship or fellowship, followed by teaching responsibilities. At many elite universities, these stipends have been increasing, in response both to student pressure and, especially, to competition among the elite universities for graduate students. </p><p>In some fields, research positions are more coveted than teaching positions because student researchers are typically paid to work on the dissertation they are required to complete anyway, while teaching is generally considered a distraction from one's work. Research positions are more typical of science disciplines; they are relatively uncommon in humanities disciplines, and where they exist, rarely allow the student to work on their own research. Science PhD students can apply for individual <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Service_Award" title="National Research Service Award">NRSA</a> fellowships from the <a href="/wiki/NIH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIH">NIH</a> or fellowships from private foundations. US universities often also offer competitive support from NIH-funded training programs. One example is the Biotechnology Training Program – University of Virginia. Departments often have funds for limited discretionary funding to supplement minor expenses such as research trips and travel to conferences. </p><p>A few students can attain funding through dissertation improvement grants funded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF), or through similar programs in other agencies. Many students are also funded as lab researchers by faculty who have been funded by private foundations or by the NSF, National Institutes of Health (NIH), or federal "mission agencies" such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>. The natural sciences are typically well funded, so that most students can attain either outside or institutional funding, but in the humanities, not all do. Some humanities students borrow money during their coursework, then take full-time jobs while completing their dissertations. Students in the social sciences are less well funded than are students in the natural and physical sciences, but often have more funding opportunities than students in the humanities, particularly as science funders begin to see the value of social science research. </p><p>Funding differs greatly by departments and universities; some universities give five years of full funding to all Ph.D. students, though often with a teaching requirement attached; other universities do not. However, because of the teaching requirements, which can be in the research years of the Ph.D., even the best funded universities often do not have funding for humanities or social science students who need to do research elsewhere, whether in the United States or overseas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Such students may find funding through outside funders such as private foundations, such as the <a href="/wiki/German_Marshall_Fund" title="German Marshall Fund">German Marshall Fund</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Council" title="Social Science Research Council">Social Science Research Council</a> (SSRC). </p><p>Foreign students are typically funded the same way as domestic (US) students, although federally subsidized student and parent loans and work-study assistance are generally limited to U.S. citizens and nationals, permanent residents, and approved refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, some funding sources (such as many NSF fellowships) may only be awarded to domestic students. International students often have unique financial difficulties such as high costs to visit their families back home, support of a family not allowed to work due to <a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">immigration laws</a>, tuition that is expensive by world standards, and large fees: <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visa</a> fees by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> fees under the <a href="/wiki/Student_and_Exchange_Visitor_Program" title="Student and Exchange Visitor Program">Student and Exchange Visitor Program</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduate_employee_unions">Graduate employee unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Graduate employee unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At many universities, graduate students are employed by their university to teach classes or do research. While all graduate employees are graduate students, many graduate students are not employees. MBA students, for example, usually pay tuition and do not have paid teaching or research positions. In many countries graduate employees have collectively organized <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a> in order to bargain a contract with their university. </p><p>In the United States there are many graduate employee unions at public universities. The <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Graduate_Employee_Unions" title="Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions">Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions</a> lists 25 recognized unions at public universities on its website. Private universities, however, are covered under the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> rather than state labor laws and until 2001 there were no recognized unions at private universities. </p><p>Many graduate students see themselves as akin to junior faculty, but with significantly lower pay.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many graduate students feel that teaching takes time that would better be spent on research, and many point out that there is a vicious circle in the academic labor economy. Institutions that rely on cheap graduate student labor have no need to create expensive professorships, so graduate students who have taught extensively in graduate school can find it immensely difficult to get a teaching job when they have obtained their degree. Many institutions depend heavily on graduate student teaching: a 2003 report by agitators for a graduate student union at Yale,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance, claims that "70% of undergraduate teaching contact hours at Yale are performed by transient teachers: graduate teachers, adjunct instructors, and other teachers not on the tenure track." The state of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> leads in terms of progressive policy regarding graduate student unions with five universities recognizing graduate employee unions: <a href="/wiki/Central_Michigan_University" title="Central Michigan University">Central Michigan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Michigan_University" title="Western Michigan University">Western Michigan University</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> (under the slogan "Uniting Academic Workers") and the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">American Federation of Teachers</a> are two international unions that represent graduate employees. Private universities' administrations often oppose their graduate students when they try to form unions, arguing that students should be exempt from labor laws intended for "employees". In some cases, unionization movements have met with enough student opposition to fail. At the schools where graduate employees are unionized, which positions are unionized vary. Sometimes only one set of employees will unionize (e.g. teaching assistants, residential directors); at other times, most or all will. Typically, fellowship recipients, usually not employed by their university, do not participate. </p><p>When negotiations fail, graduate employee unions sometimes go on <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a>. While graduate student unions can use the same types of strikes that other unions do, they have also made use of <a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">teach-ins</a>, work-ins, marches, rallies, and <i>grade strikes</i>. In a grade strike, graduate students refuse to grade exams and papers and, if the strike lasts until the end of the academic term, also refuse to turn in final grades. Another form of job action is known as "work-to-rule", in which graduate student instructors work exactly as many hours as they are paid for and no more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process#Qualifications_framework" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process Qualifications framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURODOC" class="mw-redirect" title="EURODOC">EURODOC</a> (European Council of Doctoral Candidates and junior researchers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States#Graduate_schools" title="History of higher education in the United States">History of higher education in the United States#Graduate schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fields_of_doctoral_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fields of doctoral studies">List of fields of doctoral studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_postgraduate-only_institutions" title="List of postgraduate-only institutions">List of postgraduate-only institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">Postdoctoral researcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">Professional certification</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin continue to award <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)">Master of Arts</a> (M.A.) degrees to undergraduates without any further study seven years after matriculation. These universities also award Bachelor's degrees for some forms of postgraduate study (e.g., see <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">BCL</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805060802/http://www.grad.wisc.edu/education/admissions/requirements.html">"Graduate School Admission Requirements"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifap.ed.gov/sfahandbooks/attachments/0708FSAHBKVol1Ch2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/EDUCATION/03/21/international.students.ap/index.html">the original</a> on April 1, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International+students+refuse+to+pay+new+fee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2004%2FEDUCATION%2F03%2F21%2Finternational.students.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostgraduate+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105040426/http://www.yaleunions.org/geso/reports/BlackboardBlues.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yaleunions.org/geso/reports/BlackboardBlues.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yaleunions.org%2Fgeso%2Freports%2FBlackboardBlues.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostgraduate+education" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_education&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>J.A. Burns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01759a.htm">"Master of Arts"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321121059/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01759a.htm">Archived</a> 2021-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, 1909)</li> <li>E.A. Pace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05072b.htm">"Doctor"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804141252/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05072b.htm">Archived</a> 2017-08-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, 1909)</li> <li>William G. Bowen & Neil L. Rudenstine, <i>In Pursuit of the Ph.D.</i> (Princeton UP, 1992; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04294-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04294-2">0-691-04294-2</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/nov00/phd.html">Growth of the Ph.D.</a>, Discusses innovations in doctoral training.</li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Postgraduate education </b><br />age varies </td> <td style="width: 30%; 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_stages" title="Template:Education stages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_stages" title="Template talk:Education stages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_stages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education stages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stages_of_formal_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">Stages</a> of formal <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary education</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Infant<br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Junior<br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">High school<br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:40%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a><br /> </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduate</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Postgraduate</a><br /> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="School_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/School" title="School">School</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">educational stage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">First school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> / Elementary school</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">Minor seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a> / High school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_school" title="Upper school">Upper school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">Research university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">Residential college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">Collegiate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_division_college" title="Upper division college">Upper division college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">UK private school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>University <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">Boarding school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">Educational institution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:School_types" title="Category:School types">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Schools_by_type" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Schools by type">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141212#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141212#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141212#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637555">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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