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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy, origins and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy,_origins_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_genitalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_genitalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Female genitalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_genitalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Social behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mating,_reproduction,_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mating,_reproduction,_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mating, reproduction, and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mating,_reproduction,_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denning_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denning_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Denning behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denning_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enemies_and_competitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enemies_and_competitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Enemies and competitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enemies_and_competitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Lions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_felids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_felids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Other felids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_felids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Canids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_competitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_competitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Other competitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_competitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Body_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Body language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocalisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocalisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Vocalisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocalisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_and_parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_and_parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Diseases and parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_and_parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range,_habitat_and_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range,_habitat_and_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Range, habitat and population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range,_habitat_and_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Relationships with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationships with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock_predation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock_predation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Livestock predation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock_predation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_humans_and_grave_desecration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_humans_and_grave_desecration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Attacks on humans and grave desecration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_humans_and_grave_desecration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_hyenas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_hyenas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Urban hyenas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_hyenas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting_and_use_in_traditional_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting_and_use_in_traditional_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Hunting and use in traditional medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting_and_use_in_traditional_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spotted_hyenas_in_captivity_and_as_pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spotted_hyenas_in_captivity_and_as_pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Spotted hyenas in captivity and as pets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spotted_hyenas_in_captivity_and_as_pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spotted hyena</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevlekte_hi%C3%ABna" title="Gevlekte hiëna – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gevlekte hiëna" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="ضبع رقطاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضبع رقطاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Crocuta crocuta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xall%C4%B1_kaftar" title="Xallı kaftar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xallı kaftar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بنک‌لی سیرتلان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنک‌لی سیرتلان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="চিতল হায়না – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিতল হায়না" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Плямістая гіена – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плямістая гіена" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Плямістая гіена – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плямістая гіена" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Петниста хиена – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Петниста хиена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleiz-broc%27h_brizh" title="Bleiz-broc'h brizh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bleiz-broc'h brizh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiena_tacada" title="Hiena tacada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hiena tacada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Crocuta crocuta" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena_skvrnit%C3%A1" title="Hyena skvrnitá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hyena skvrnitá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimbwe" title="Chimbwe – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chimbwe" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundu%C5%8B" title="Kunduŋ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kunduŋ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plettet_hy%C3%A6ne" title="Plettet hyæne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plettet hyæne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCpfelhy%C3%A4ne" title="Tüpfelhyäne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tüpfelhyäne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9%C3%A9h_%C5%82%C3%A9%C3%A9ch%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC%C3%AD_%C5%82ikizh%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Tééh łééchąąʼí łikizhígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tééh łééchąąʼí łikizhígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE" title="Ύαινα η στικτή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύαινα η στικτή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crocuta crocuta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makulhieno" title="Makulhieno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makulhieno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiena_pikart" title="Hiena pikart – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiena pikart" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbete" title="Gbete – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Gbete" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کفتار خال‌دار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کفتار خال‌دار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A8ne_tachet%C3%A9e" title="Hyène tachetée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hyène tachetée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%A9ana_breac" title="Hiéana breac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hiéana breac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crocuta crocuta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%90%EB%B0%95%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%90%EB%82%98" title="점박이하이에나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="점박이하이에나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE" title="धब्बेदार लकड़बग्घा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धब्बेदार लकड़बग्घा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjegava_hijena" title="Pjegava hijena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pjegava hijena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubuk" title="Dubuk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dubuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crocuta crocuta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" title="צבוע נקוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבוע נקוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ხალებიანი აფთარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხალებიანი აფთარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%83_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Теңбіл қорқау қасқыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теңбіл қорқау қасқыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisi_madoa" title="Fisi madoa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fisi madoa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digdatol_(Crocuta_crocuta)" title="Digdatol (Crocuta crocuta) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Digdatol (Crocuta crocuta)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankumain%C4%81_hi%C4%93na" title="Plankumainā hiēna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plankumainā hiēna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%97m%C4%97toji_hiena" title="Dėmėtoji hiena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dėmėtoji hiena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foltos_hi%C3%A9na" title="Foltos hiéna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Foltos hiéna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="ضبع رقطاء – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ضبع رقطاء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Crocuta crocuta" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevlekte_hyena" title="Gevlekte hyena – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gevlekte hyena" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%81%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8A" title="ブチハイエナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブチハイエナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flekkhyene" title="Flekkhyene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flekkhyene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A8na_pigalhada" title="Ièna pigalhada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ièna pigalhada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%84%DA%AF%DA%91%D8%A8%DA%AF%DA%91" title="دھبیاں آلا لگڑبگڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دھبیاں آلا لگڑبگڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokuta_c%C4%99tkowana" title="Krokuta cętkowana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krokuta cętkowana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiena-malhada" title="Hiena-malhada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hiena-malhada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пятнистая гиена – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пятнистая гиена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spotted hyena" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena_%C5%A1kvrnit%C3%A1" title="Hyena škvrnitá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hyena škvrnitá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisasta_hijena" title="Lisasta hijena – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lisasta hijena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пегава хијена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пегава хијена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjegava_hijena" title="Pjegava hijena – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pjegava hijena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4pl%C3%A4hyeena" title="Täplähyeena – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Täplähyeena" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A4ckig_hyena" title="Fläckig hyena – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fläckig hyena" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="புள்ளிக் கழுதைப்புலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புள்ளிக் கழுதைப்புலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazuri" title="Tazuri – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tazuri" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94" title="ไฮยีนาลายจุด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮยีนาลายจุด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benekli_s%C4%B1rtlan" title="Benekli sırtlan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benekli sırtlan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гієна плямиста – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гієна плямиста" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A8%DB%92_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%DA%AF%DA%91%D8%A8%DA%BE%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="دھبے دار لگڑبھگا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دھبے دار لگڑبھگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_c%E1%BA%A9u_%C4%91%E1%BB%91m" title="Linh cẩu đốm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Linh cẩu đốm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Crocuta crocuta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%91%E9%AC%A3%E7%8B%97" title="斑鬣狗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斑鬣狗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Spotted hyena<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: ~<span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">2.1–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.28923076923px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span><a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a>-Present</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotted_hyena_(Crocuta_crocuta).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.jpg/220px-Spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.jpg/330px-Spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.jpg/440px-Spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3220" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">At <a href="/wiki/Etosha_National_Park" title="Etosha National Park">Etosha National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="Spotted_Hyaena_(Crocuta_crocuta)_(W1CDR0000381_BD12).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_%28W1CDR0000381_BD12%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_%28W1CDR0000381_BD12%29.ogg/Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_%28W1CDR0000381_BD12%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Whooping recorded in <a href="/wiki/Umfolozi_Game_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Umfolozi Game Reserve">Umfolozi Game Reserve</a>, South Africa </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Crocuta" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta"><i>Crocuta</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. crocuta</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Crocuta crocuta</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Polycarp_Erxleben" title="Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben">Erxleben</a>, 1777)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotted_Hyaena_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Spotted_Hyaena_area.png/220px-Spotted_Hyaena_area.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Spotted_Hyaena_area.png/330px-Spotted_Hyaena_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Spotted_Hyaena_area.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#4e6155; color:#4e6155;">    </span>  range</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><small>Species synonymy</small><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>capensis</i><br /><small>Heller, 1914</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>cuvieri</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>fisi</i><br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>fortis</i><br /><small>J. A. Allen, 1924</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>gariepensis</i><br /><small>Matschie, 1900</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>germinans</i><br /><small>Matschie, 1900</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>habessynica</i><br /><small>de Blainville, 1844</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>kibonotensis</i><br /><small>Lönnberg, 1908</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>leontiewi</i><br /><small>Satunin, 1905</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>maculata</i><br /><small>Thunberg, 1811</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>noltei</i><br /><small>Matschie, 1900</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>nzoyae</i><br /><small>Cabrera, 1911</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>panganensis</i><br /><small>Lönnberg, 1908</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>rufa</i><br /><small>Desmarest, 1817</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>rufopicta</i><br /><small>Cabrera, 1911</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>sivalensis</i><br /><small>Falconer and Cautley in Falconer, 1868</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>thierryi</i><br /><small>Matschie, 1900</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>thomasi</i><br /><small>Cabrera, 1911</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>togoensis</i><br /><small>Matschie, 1900</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>wissmanni</i><br /><small>Matschie, 1900</small> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/40px-Ge%27ez.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/60px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/80px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="102" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Ethiopic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Ethiopic characters.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>spotted hyena</b> (<i><b>Crocuta crocuta</b></i>), also known as the <b>laughing hyena</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-f55_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f55-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyena</a> species, currently classed as the sole extant member of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></i>, native to <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>. It is listed as being of <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a> by the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> due to its widespread range and large numbers estimated between 27,000 and 47,000 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species is, however, experiencing declines outside of protected areas due to habitat loss and poaching.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Populations of <i>Crocuta</i>, usually considered a subspecies of <i>Crocuta crocuta</i>, known as <a href="/wiki/Cave_hyena" title="Cave hyena">cave hyenas</a>, roamed across Eurasia for at least one million years until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-varela_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varela-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spotted hyena is the largest extant member of the Hyaenidae, and is further physically distinguished from other species by its vaguely <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a>-like build,<sup id="cite_ref-e290_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e290-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rounded ears,<sup id="cite_ref-r355_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r355-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> less prominent mane, spotted pelt,<sup id="cite_ref-r353_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r353-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more dual-purposed dentition,<sup id="cite_ref-mac134_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac134-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fewer <a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">nipples</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-drea_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drea-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="#Female_genitalia">pseudo-penis</a>. It is the only <a href="/wiki/Placental_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental mammal">placental mammalian</a> species where females have a <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-penis" title="Pseudo-penis">pseudo-penis</a> and lack an external vaginal opening.<sup id="cite_ref-differentiation_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-differentiation-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spotted hyena is the most social of the <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> in that it has the largest group sizes and most complex social behaviours.<sup id="cite_ref-m34_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m34-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its social organisation is unlike that of any other carnivore, bearing closer resemblance to that of <a href="/wiki/Cercopithecine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercopithecine">cercopithecine</a> <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">baboons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macaque" title="Macaque">macaques</a>) with respect to group size, hierarchical structure, and frequency of social interaction among both kin and unrelated group-mates.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the social system of the spotted hyena is openly competitive rather than cooperative, with access to kills, mating opportunities and the time of dispersal for males depending on the ability to <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (ethology)">dominate</a> other <a href="/wiki/Hyena_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyena clan">clan</a>-members. Females provide only for their own cubs rather than assist each other, and males display no paternal care. Spotted hyena society is <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchal</a>; females are larger than males, and dominate them.<sup id="cite_ref-e337_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e337-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spotted hyena is a highly successful animal, being the most common large <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a> in Africa. Its success is due in part to its adaptability and <a href="/wiki/Biological_opportunism" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological opportunism">opportunism</a>; it is primarily a <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">hunter</a> but may also <a href="/wiki/Scavenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Scavenge">scavenge</a>, with the capacity to eat and digest skin, bone and other animal waste. In functional terms, the spotted hyena makes the most efficient use of animal matter of all African carnivores.<sup id="cite_ref-king262_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king262-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spotted hyena displays greater plasticity in its hunting and foraging behaviour than other African carnivores;<sup id="cite_ref-king264_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king264-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it hunts alone, in small parties of 2–5 individuals or in large groups. During a hunt, spotted hyenas often run through ungulate herds to select an individual to attack. Once selected, their prey is chased over a long distance, often several kilometres, at speeds of up to 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-m33_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m33-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spotted hyena has a long history of interaction with <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humanity</a>; depictions of the species exist from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> period, with carvings and paintings from the <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet Caves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spassov_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spassov-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species has a largely negative reputation in both <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">African folklore</a>. In the former, the species is mostly regarded as ugly and cowardly, while in the latter, it is viewed as greedy, gluttonous, stupid, and foolish, yet powerful and potentially dangerous. The majority of Western perceptions on the species can be found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, though in relatively unjudgmental form. Explicit, negative judgments occur in the <i><a href="/wiki/Physiologus" title="Physiologus">Physiologus</a></i>, where the animal is depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grave_robbery" title="Grave robbery">grave-robber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glickman_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glickman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IUCN's hyena specialist group identifies the spotted hyena's negative reputation as detrimental to the species' continued survival, both in captivity and the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-glickman_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glickman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-m92_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m92-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_naming">Etymology and naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spotted hyena's scientific name <i>Crocuta</i> was once widely thought to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">crocutus</i></span>, which translates as 'saffron-coloured one', in reference to the animal's fur colour. This was proven to be incorrect, as the correct spelling of the loanword would have been <i>Crocāta</i>, and the word was never used in that sense by Graeco-Roman sources. <i>Crocuta</i> actually comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κροκόττας</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">krokottas</i></span>), which is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">koṭṭhâraka</i></span>, which in turn originates from <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kroshṭuka</i></span> (both of which were originally meant to signify the <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>). The earliest recorded mention of <a href="/wiki/Crocotta" title="Crocotta">Κροκόττας</a> is from <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i>, where the animal is described as a mix of wolf and dog native to Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-f52_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f52-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synopsis_Quadrupeds_crocuta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Synopsis_Quadrupeds_crocuta.png/220px-Synopsis_Quadrupeds_crocuta.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Synopsis_Quadrupeds_crocuta.png/330px-Synopsis_Quadrupeds_crocuta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Synopsis_Quadrupeds_crocuta.png/440px-Synopsis_Quadrupeds_crocuta.png 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of a spotted hyena from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pennant" title="Thomas Pennant">Thomas Pennant</a>'s <i>History of Quadrupeds</i>, one of the first authentic depictions of the species<sup id="cite_ref-f134_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f134-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>From <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the spotted and <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyena</a> were either assumed to be the same species, or distinguished purely on geographical, rather than physical, grounds. <a href="/wiki/Hiob_Ludolf" title="Hiob Ludolf">Hiob Ludolf</a>, in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia aethiopica</i></span>, was the first to clearly distinguish the <i>Crocuta</i> from <i><a href="/wiki/Hyaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaena">Hyaena</a></i> on account of physical and geographical grounds, though he never had any first hand experience of the species, having gotten his accounts from an Ethiopian intermediary.<sup id="cite_ref-f55_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f55-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confusion still persisted over the exact taxonomic nature of the hyena family in general, with most European travelers in Ethiopia referring to hyenas as "wolves". This partly stems from the <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> word for hyena, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%8C%85%E1%89%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:ጅብ">ጅብ</a> (<span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">jɨbb</i></span>), which is linked to the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A6%D8%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:ذئب">ذئب</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dhiʾb</i></span>) 'wolf'.<sup id="cite_ref-wade_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first detailed first-hand descriptions of the spotted hyena by Europeans come from Willem Bosman and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kolbe" title="Peter Kolbe">Peter Kolbe</a>. Bosman, a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> tradesman who worked for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) from 1688 to 1701, wrote of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Jakhals, of Boshond</i></span> (jackals or woodland dogs) whose physical descriptions match the spotted hyena. Kolben, a <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> mathematician and astronomer who worked for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> from 1705 to 1713, described the spotted hyena in great detail, but referred to it as a "tigerwolf", because the settlers in southern Africa did not know of hyenas, and thus labelled them as "wolves".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bosman and Kolben's descriptions went largely unnoticed until 1771, when the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> naturalist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pennant" title="Thomas Pennant">Thomas Pennant</a> used the descriptions and his personal experience with a captive specimen as a basis for consistently differentiating the spotted hyena from the striped in his <i>Synopsis of Quadrupeds</i>. The description given by Pennant was precise enough to be included by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Polycarp_Erxleben" title="Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben">Johann Erxleben</a> in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Systema regni animalis</i></span> by simply translating Pennant's text into Latin. <i>Crocuta</i> was finally recognised as a separate genus from <i>Hyaena</i> in 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-f58_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f58-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy,_origins_and_evolution"><span id="Taxonomy.2C_origins_and_evolution"></span>Taxonomy, origins and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy, origins and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotted_Hyena_at_White_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Spotted_Hyena_at_White_River.jpg/220px-Spotted_Hyena_at_White_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Spotted_Hyena_at_White_River.jpg/330px-Spotted_Hyena_at_White_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Spotted_Hyena_at_White_River.jpg/440px-Spotted_Hyena_at_White_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Pair of spotted hyenas at <a href="/wiki/White_River,_Mpumalanga" title="White River, Mpumalanga">White River, Mpumalanga</a>. Note the great degree of individual variation in fur colour, which was once used as a basis for separating the species into various subspecies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the striped hyena, for which a number of subspecies were proposed in light of its extensive modern range, the spotted hyena is a genuinely variable species, both temporally and spatially. Its range once encompassed almost all of Africa and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, and displayed a large degree of morphological geographic variation, which led to an equally extensive set of specific and subspecific epithets. It was gradually realised that all of this variation could be applied to individual differences in a single subspecies. In 1939, biologist <a href="/wiki/L_Harrison_Matthews" class="mw-redirect" title="L Harrison Matthews">L Harrison Matthews</a> demonstrated through comparisons between a large selection of spotted hyena skulls from Tanzania that all the variation seen in the then recognised subspecies could also be found in a single population, with the only set of characters standing out being pelage (which is subject to a high degree of individual variation) and size (which is subject to <a href="/wiki/Bergmann%27s_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergmann's Rule">Bergmann's Rule</a>). When fossils are taken into consideration, the species displayed even greater variation than it does in modern times, and a number of these named fossil species have since been classed as <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonymous</a> with <i>Crocuta crocuta</i>, with firm evidence of there being more than one species within the genus <i>Crocuta</i> still lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-m16_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocuta_silvanensis_skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Crocuta_silvanensis_skull.png/220px-Crocuta_silvanensis_skull.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Crocuta_silvanensis_skull.png/330px-Crocuta_silvanensis_skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Crocuta_silvanensis_skull.png/440px-Crocuta_silvanensis_skull.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Skull of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crocuta_sivalensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crocuta sivalensis (page does not exist)">Crocuta sivalensis</a></i>, an extinct <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> hyena proposed by <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Kurt%C3%A9n" title="Björn Kurtén">Björn Kurtén</a> as being the ancestor of the modern spotted hyena</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancestors of the genus <i>Crocuta</i> diverged from <i>Hyaena</i> (the genus of striped and <a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">brown hyenas</a>) 10 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-rohland_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rohland-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-m1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestors of the spotted hyena probably developed social behaviours in response to increased pressure from other predators on carcasses, which forced them to operate in teams. At one point in their <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, spotted hyenas developed sharp carnassials behind their crushing premolars; this rendered waiting for their prey to die no longer a necessity, as is the case for brown and striped hyenas, and thus they became pack hunters as well as scavengers. They began forming increasingly larger territories, necessitated by the fact that their prey was often migratory and long chases in a small territory would have caused them to encroach into another <a href="/wiki/Hyena_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyena clan">clan's</a> land.<sup id="cite_ref-mac134_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac134-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been theorised that female dominance in spotted hyena clans could be an adaptation in order to successfully compete with males on kills, and thus ensure that enough milk is produced for their cubs.<sup id="cite_ref-e337_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e337-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory is that it is an adaptation to the length of time it takes for cubs to develop their massive skulls and jaws, thus necessitating greater attention and dominating behaviours from females.<sup id="cite_ref-watts_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watts-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Kurt%C3%A9n" title="Björn Kurtén">Björn Kurtén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Arambourg" title="Camille Arambourg">Camille Arambourg</a> promoted an Asiatic origin for the species; Kurtén focussed his arguments on the <a href="/wiki/Plio-Pleistocene" title="Plio-Pleistocene">Plio-Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> <i>Crocuta sivalensis</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Siwaliks" class="mw-redirect" title="Siwaliks">Siwaliks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-k69_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k69-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view defended by Arambourg, who nonetheless allowed the possibility of an Indo-Ethiopian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stance was contested by Ficarelli and Torre, who referred to evidence of the spotted hyena's presence from African deposits dating from the early Pleistocene, a similar age to the Asian <i>C. sivalensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarship supports an African origin for the genus, with the earliest fossils of the genus <i>Crocuta</i> dating to the early Pliocene of Africa, around 3.63 to 3.85 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known fossil record of <i>Crocuta crocuta</i> in Africa is from the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Cradle of Humankind">Cradle of Humankind</a>, specifically from the Sterkfontein Member 4 which is dated approximately <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2.1">2.1</a> million years ago</span> in minimum, and it is also common in deposits dated between <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2.0–1.5">2 to 1.5</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of the mitochondrial genomes of Eurasian <i>Crocuta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cave_hyena" title="Cave hyena">cave hyena</a>) specimens shows no clear separation from African lineages. It also suggests that modern spotted hyena populations descend from a widely ranging Afro-Eurasian population that was only recently reduced in range to Africa exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, analysis of the full nuclear genome suggests that Late Pleistocene African and Eurasian <i>Crocuta</i> populations were largely separate, having estimated to have diverged from each other around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2.5">2.5</a> million years ago</span>, closely corresponding to the age of the earliest <i>Crocuta</i> specimens in Eurasia, which are around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2.0">2</a> million years ago</span> from China. The nuclear genome results also suggest that the European and Asian populations were distinct from each other, but were more closely related to each other overall than to African <i>Crocuta</i> populations. Analysis of the nuclear genome suggests that there had been interbreeding between African and Eurasian populations for some time after the split, which likely explains the discordance between the nuclear and mitochondrial genome results, with the mitochondrial genomes of African and European <i>Crocuta</i> more closely related to each other than to Asian <i>Crocuta,</i> suggesting gene flow between the two groups after the split between the Asian and European populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its appearance in Europe and China coincided with the decline and eventual extinction of <i><a href="/wiki/Pachycrocuta" title="Pachycrocuta">Pachycrocuta brevirostris</a></i>, the giant short-faced hyena. As there is no evidence of environmental change being responsible, it is likely that the giant short-faced hyena became extinct due to competition with the spotted hyena.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotted_Hyaena_(Crocuta_crocuta)_female_close-up_..._(31339658775).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_female_close-up_..._%2831339658775%29.jpg/220px-Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_female_close-up_..._%2831339658775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_female_close-up_..._%2831339658775%29.jpg/330px-Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_female_close-up_..._%2831339658775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_female_close-up_..._%2831339658775%29.jpg/440px-Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_female_close-up_..._%2831339658775%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4966" data-file-height="3477" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of a female hyena, <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walking_Spotted_Hyena_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_05771.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Walking_Spotted_Hyena_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_05771.jpg/220px-Walking_Spotted_Hyena_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_05771.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Walking_Spotted_Hyena_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_05771.jpg/330px-Walking_Spotted_Hyena_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_05771.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Walking_Spotted_Hyena_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_05771.jpg/440px-Walking_Spotted_Hyena_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_05771.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5475" data-file-height="3650" /></a><figcaption>Spotted hyena walking in profile, <a href="/wiki/South_Luangwa_National_Park" title="South Luangwa National Park">South Luangwa National Park</a>, Zambia</figcaption></figure> <p>The spotted hyena has a strong and well-developed neck and forequarters, but relatively underdeveloped hindquarters. The <a href="/wiki/Rump_(animal)" title="Rump (animal)">rump</a> is rounded rather than angular, which prevents attackers coming from behind from getting a firm grip on it.<sup id="cite_ref-k209_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k209-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head is wide and flat with a blunt muzzle and broad <a href="/wiki/Rhinarium" title="Rhinarium">rhinarium</a>. In contrast to the striped hyena, the ears of the spotted hyena are rounded rather than pointed. Each foot has four digits, which are webbed and have short, stout and blunt claws. The paw-pads are broad and flat, with the whole undersurface of the foot around them being naked. The tail is relatively short, being 300–350 mm (12–14 in) long,<sup id="cite_ref-r355_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r355-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and resembles a <a href="/wiki/Pompom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompom">pompom</a> in appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-e290_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e290-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually among hyaenids, and mammals in general, the female spotted hyena is considerably larger than the male.<sup id="cite_ref-k211_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k211-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sexes have a pair of <a href="/wiki/Anal_gland" title="Anal gland">anal glands</a> which open into the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> just inside the anal opening. These glands produce <a href="/wiki/Hyena_butter" title="Hyena butter">a white, creamy secretion</a> which is pasted onto grass stalks by everting the rectum. The odour of this secretion is strong, smelling of boiling cheap <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> or burning, and can be detected by humans several metres downwind.<sup id="cite_ref-k222_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k222-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spotted hyena has a proportionately large <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, constituting close to 1% of its body weight, thus giving it great endurance in long chases. In contrast, a lion's heart makes up only 0.45–0.57 percent of its body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-s248_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s248-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The now extinct Eurasian populations were distinguished from the modern African populations by their shorter distal extremities and longer <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocuta_crocuta_02_MWNH_249.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crocuta_crocuta_02_MWNH_249.jpg/220px-Crocuta_crocuta_02_MWNH_249.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crocuta_crocuta_02_MWNH_249.jpg/330px-Crocuta_crocuta_02_MWNH_249.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crocuta_crocuta_02_MWNH_249.jpg/440px-Crocuta_crocuta_02_MWNH_249.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Skull of a spotted hyena</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpotHyaenaSkelLyd1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SpotHyaenaSkelLyd1.png/220px-SpotHyaenaSkelLyd1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SpotHyaenaSkelLyd1.png/330px-SpotHyaenaSkelLyd1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SpotHyaenaSkelLyd1.png/440px-SpotHyaenaSkelLyd1.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of a spotted hyena, illustration from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a>'s "The Royal Natural History"</figcaption></figure> <p>The skull of the spotted hyena differs from that of the striped hyena by its much greater size and narrower <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_crest" title="Sagittal crest">sagittal crest</a>. For its size, the spotted hyena has one of the most powerfully built skulls among the Carnivora.<sup id="cite_ref-r357_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r357-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dentition is more dual purposed than that of other modern hyena species, which are mostly scavengers; the upper and lower third <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a> are conical bone-crushers, with a third bone-holding cone jutting from the lower fourth premolar. The spotted hyena also has its <a href="/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">carnassials</a> situated behind its bone-crushing premolars, the position of which allows it to crush bone with its premolars without blunting the carnassials.<sup id="cite_ref-mac134_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac134-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with large jaw muscles and a special vaulting to protect the skull against large forces, these characteristics give the spotted hyena a powerful bite which can exert a pressure of 80 <a href="/wiki/Kgf/cm2" class="mw-redirect" title="Kgf/cm2">kgf/cm2</a> (1140 <a href="/wiki/Lbf/in%C2%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lbf/in²">lbf/in²</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-mac118_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac118-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is 40% more force than a leopard can generate.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jaws of the spotted hyena outmatch those of the <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> in bone-crushing ability,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and free ranging hyenas have been observed to crack open the long bones of <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a> measuring 7 cm in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 63.1 kg (139 lb) spotted hyena is estimated to have a bite force of 565.7 newtons at the canine tip and 985.5 newtons at the carnassial eocene.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One individual in a study was found to exert a bite force of 4,500 newtons on the measuring instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spotted hyena is the largest extant member of the Hyaenidae.<sup id="cite_ref-m2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults measure 95–165.8 cm (37.4–65.3 in) in body length, and have a shoulder height of 70–91.5 cm (27.6–36.0 in).<sup id="cite_ref-king260_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king260-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult male spotted hyenas in the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a> weigh 40.5–55.0 kg (89.3–121.3 lb), while females weigh 44.5–63.9 kg (98–141 lb). Spotted hyenas in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> tend to be heavier, with males weighing on average 67.6 kg (149 lb), and females 69.2 kg (153 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-k211_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k211-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptionally large weights of 81.7 kg (180 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-mac134_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac134-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 90 kg (200 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-king260_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king260-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are known. It has been estimated that adult members of the now extinct Eurasian populations weighed 102 kg (225 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fur">Fur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fur colour varies greatly and changes with age.<sup id="cite_ref-k209_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k209-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the fur of the striped and brown hyena, that of the spotted hyena consists of spots rather than stripes and is much shorter, lacking the well defined spinal mane of the former two species.<sup id="cite_ref-r353_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r353-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The base colour generally is a pale greyish-brown or yellowish-grey on which an irregular pattern of roundish spots is superimposed on the back and hind quarters. The spots, which are of variable distinction, may be reddish, deep brown or almost blackish. The spots vary in size, even on single individuals, but are commonly 20 mm (0.79 in) in diameter. A less distinct spot pattern is present on the legs and belly but not on the throat and chest. Some research groups (such as Ngorongoro Crater Hyena Project<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and MSU Hyena Project<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) often use the spot patterns to help identify individual hyenas. A set of five, pale and barely distinct bands replace the spots on the back and sides of the neck. A broad, medial band is present on the back of the neck, and is lengthened into a forward facing crest. The crest is mostly reddish-brown in colour. The crown and upper part of the face is brownish, save for a white band above both eyes, though the front of the eyes, the area around the rhinarium, the lips and the back portion of the chin are all blackish. The limbs are spotted, though the feet vary in colour, from light brown to blackish. The fur is relatively sparse and consists of two hair types; moderately fine underfur (measuring 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in)) and long, stout bristle hairs (30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in)).<sup id="cite_ref-r355_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r355-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European Paleolithic rock art depicting the species indicates that the Eurasian populations retained the spots of their modern-day African counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-spassov_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spassov-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_genitalia">Female genitalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Female genitalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Clitoris#Spotted_hyenas" title="Clitoris">Clitoris § Spotted hyenas</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomischer_Anzeiger_(1922)_(18006271698).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anatomischer_Anzeiger_%281922%29_%2818006271698%29.jpg/400px-Anatomischer_Anzeiger_%281922%29_%2818006271698%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anatomischer_Anzeiger_%281922%29_%2818006271698%29.jpg/600px-Anatomischer_Anzeiger_%281922%29_%2818006271698%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anatomischer_Anzeiger_%281922%29_%2818006271698%29.jpg/800px-Anatomischer_Anzeiger_%281922%29_%2818006271698%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption><b>Male and female reproductive systems of the spotted hyena, from Schmotzer & Zimmerman, <i>Anatomischer Anzeiger</i> (1922)</b>. Abb. 1 (Fig. 1.) <i>Male reproductive anatomy.</i> Abb. 2 (Fig. 2.) <i>Female reproductive anatomy.</i><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Principal abbreviations (from von Eggeling) are: <b>T</b>, testis; <b>VD</b>, vas deferens; <b>BU</b>, urethral bulb; <b>Ur</b>, urethra; <b>R</b>, rectum; <b>P</b>, penis; <b>S</b>, scrotum; <b>O</b>, ovary; <b>FT</b>, Fallopian tubes; <b>RL</b>, ligamentum uteri; <b>Ut</b>, uterus; <b>CC</b>, corpus clitoridis. Remaining abbreviations, in alphabetical order, are: <i>AG</i>, anal glands; <i>B</i>, vesica urinaria; <i>CG</i>, Cowper's glands; <i>CP</i>, corpus penis; <i>CS</i>, corpus spongiosum; <i>GC</i>, glans clitoridis; <i>GP</i>, glans penis; <i>LA</i>, levator ani muscle; <i>Pr</i>, prepuce; <i>RC</i>, musculus retractor clitoridis; <i>RP</i>, musculus retractor penis; <i>UCG</i>, canalis urogenitalis.</figcaption></figure> <p>The genitalia of the female closely resembles that of the male; the <a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a> is shaped and positioned like a penis, a <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-penis" title="Pseudo-penis">pseudo-penis</a>, and is capable of <a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">erection</a>. The female also possesses no external <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a> (vaginal opening), as the <a href="/wiki/Labia" title="Labia">labia</a> are fused to form a pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a>. The pseudo-penis is traversed to its tip by a central urogenital canal, through which the female urinates, <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulates</a> and gives birth.<sup id="cite_ref-k210_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k210-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-courtship_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courtship-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pseudo-penis can be distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_male_genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalian male genitalia">males' genitalia</a> by its somewhat shorter length, greater thickness, and more rounded <a href="/wiki/Glans" title="Glans">glans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-differentiation_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-differentiation-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both males and females, the base of the glans is covered with <a href="/wiki/Penile_spines" title="Penile spines">penile spines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estes1991_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes1991-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of the pseudo-penis appears largely <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgen</a> independent, as the pseudo-penis appears in the female fetus before differentiation of the fetal ovary and adrenal gland.<sup id="cite_ref-differentiation_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-differentiation-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When flaccid, the pseudo-penis is retracted into the abdomen, and only the prepuce is visible. After giving <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a>, the pseudo-penis is stretched, and loses many of its original aspects; it becomes a slack-walled and reduced <a href="/wiki/Penile_sheath" title="Penile sheath">prepuce</a> with an enlarged orifice with split lips.<sup id="cite_ref-r357_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r357-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_behaviour">Social behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spotted hyenas are social animals that live in large communities (referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a>") which can consist of at most 80 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-k7_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k7-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Group-size varies geographically; in the Serengeti, where prey is migratory, clans are smaller than those in the Ngorongoro Crater, where prey is sedentary.<sup id="cite_ref-k240_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k240-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spotted hyena clans are more compact and unified than <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a> packs, but are not as closely knit as those of <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dogs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-k276_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k276-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Females usually dominate males, including in cases where low-ranking females generally dominate over high-ranking males, but they will also occasionally co-dominate with a male.<sup id="cite_ref-Vullioud_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vullioud-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been cases in which a clan has been led by a male rather than a female.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cubs take the rank directly below their mothers at birth. So when the matriarch passes away (or, in rare instances, disperses into another clan<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), their youngest female cub will take over as matriarch. It is typical for females to remain with their natal clan, thus large clans usually contain several <a href="/wiki/Matriline" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriline">matrilines</a>, whereas males typically disperse from their natal clan at the age of 2½ years. Höner et al. say that when a male co-dominates with a female or is otherwise able to lead, this is because the male was born to the matriarch of the clan and has taken the rank directly below his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Vullioud_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vullioud-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 212px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 210px; height: 280px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -20px; left: -130px; width: 450px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotted_Hyaenas_(Crocuta_crocuta)_cubs_(32380071374).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spotted hyena cubs in Kruger National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Spotted_Hyaenas_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_cubs_%2832380071374%29.jpg/450px-Spotted_Hyaenas_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_cubs_%2832380071374%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Spotted_Hyaenas_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_cubs_%2832380071374%29.jpg/675px-Spotted_Hyaenas_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_cubs_%2832380071374%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Spotted_Hyaenas_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_cubs_%2832380071374%29.jpg/900px-Spotted_Hyaenas_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_cubs_%2832380071374%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotted_Hyaenas_(Crocuta_crocuta)_cubs_(32380071374).jpg" title="File:Spotted Hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) cubs (32380071374).jpg"> </a></div>Spotted hyena cubs in Kruger National Park </div> </div> </div> <p>The clan is a <a href="/wiki/Fission%E2%80%93fusion_society" title="Fission–fusion society">fission–fusion society</a>, in which clan-members do not often remain together, but may forage in small groups.<sup id="cite_ref-m36_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m36-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-ranking hyenas maintain their position through aggression directed against lower-ranking clan-members.<sup id="cite_ref-drea_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drea-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spotted hyena <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> is <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotistic</a>; the offspring of dominant females automatically outrank adult females subordinate to their mother.<sup id="cite_ref-mac138_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac138-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, rank in spotted hyena cubs is greatly dependent on the presence of the mother; low-ranking adults may act aggressively toward higher-ranking cubs when the mother is absent. Although individual spotted hyenas only care for their own young, and males take no part in raising their young, cubs are able to identify relatives as distantly related as great-aunts. Also, males associate more closely with their own daughters rather than unrelated cubs, and the latter favor their fathers by acting less aggressively toward them.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spotted hyena societies are more complex than those of other carnivorous mammals, and are remarkably similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Cercopithecine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercopithecine">cercopithecine</a> <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> in respect to group size, structure, competition and cooperation. Like cercopithecine primates, spotted hyenas use multiple sensory modalities, recognise individual conspecifics, are conscious that some clan-mates may be more reliable than others, recognise third-party kin and rank relationships among clan-mates, and adaptively use this knowledge during social decision making. Also, like cercopithecine primates, dominance ranks in hyena societies are not correlated with size or aggression, but with ally networks.<sup id="cite_ref-drea_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drea-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Journal_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this latter trait, the spotted hyena further show parallels with primates by acquiring rank through <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a>. However, rank reversals and overthrows in spotted hyena clans are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-drea_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drea-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a> dynamics of spotted hyenas are determined by multiple factors.<sup id="cite_ref-ilany_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilany-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental factors include rainfall and prey abundance; individual factors include preference to bond with females and with kin; and topological effects include the tendency to <a href="/wiki/Triadic_closure" title="Triadic closure">close triads</a> in the network. Female hyenas are more flexible than males in their social bonding preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-ilany_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilany-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher ranking adult spotted hyenas tend to have higher <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomere</a> length and higher levels of some immune defense proteins in their blood serum.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Territory size is highly variable, ranging from less than 40 km<sup>2</sup> in the Ngorongoro Crater to over 1,000 km<sup>2</sup> in the Kalahari. Home ranges are defended through vocal displays, scent marking and boundary patrols.<sup id="cite_ref-m36_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m36-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clans <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">mark their territories</a> by either pasting or pawing in special latrines located on clan range boundaries. Spotted hyenas use scent gland secretions to distinguish between members of their own clan and members of neighboring clans. Within the same clan, differences in scent gland compositions can help individuals differentiate the reproductive states and sex of their members. One study analyzed the scent gland secretions of several hyenas belonging to three different clans and discovered a high degree of similarity in fatty acid composition among members of the same clans, while hyenas of different clans had more dissimilar scent gland secretions.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further studies have proposed a symbiotic relationship between spotted hyenas and their scent gland bacteria, where the differences in fatty acids can be attributed to fermentation by different microbes.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clan boundaries are usually respected; hyenas chasing prey have been observed to stop dead in their tracks once their prey crosses into another clan's range. Hyenas will however ignore clan boundaries in times of food shortage. Males are more likely to enter another clan's territory than females are, as they are less attached to their natal group and will leave it when in search of a mate. Hyenas travelling in another clan's home range typically exhibit bodily postures associated with fear, particularly when meeting other hyenas. An intruder can be accepted into another clan after a long period of time if it persists in wandering into the clan's territory, dens or kills.<sup id="cite_ref-k251_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k251-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Reproduction_and_development"></span> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mating,_reproduction,_and_development"><span id="Mating.2C_reproduction.2C_and_development"></span>Mating, reproduction, and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mating, reproduction, and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 220px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -60px; left: -60px; width: 300px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mating_hyenas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spotted hyenas mating in Olare Motorogi Conservancy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mating_hyenas.jpg/300px-Mating_hyenas.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mating_hyenas.jpg/450px-Mating_hyenas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mating_hyenas.jpg/600px-Mating_hyenas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mating_hyenas.jpg" title="File:Mating hyenas.jpg"> </a></div>Spotted hyenas mating in <a href="/wiki/Olare_Motorogi_Conservancy" title="Olare Motorogi Conservancy">Olare Motorogi Conservancy</a> </div> </div> </div> <p>The spotted hyena is a non-seasonal breeder, though a birth peak does occur during the <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a>. Females are polyestrous, with an <a href="/wiki/Estrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrus">estrus</a> period lasting two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-k27_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k27-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many <a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">feliform</a> species, the spotted hyena is <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity#Other_animals" title="Promiscuity">promiscuous</a>, and no enduring <a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">pair bonds</a> are formed. Members of both sexes may copulate with several mates over the course of several years.<sup id="cite_ref-courtship_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courtship-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males will show submissive behaviour when approaching females in heat, even if the male outweighs his partner.<sup id="cite_ref-k230_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k230-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females usually favour younger males born or joined into the clan after they were born. Older females show a similar preference, with the addition of preferring males with whom they have had long and friendly prior relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passive males tend to have greater success in courting females than aggressive ones.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copulation in spotted hyenas is a relatively short affair,<sup id="cite_ref-k230_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k230-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lasting 4–12 minutes,<sup id="cite_ref-Estes1991_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes1991-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and typically only occurs at night with no other hyenas present.<sup id="cite_ref-k230_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k230-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mating process is complicated, as the male's penis enters and exits the female's reproductive tract through her <a href="#Female_genitalia">pseudo-penis</a> rather than directly through the vagina, which is blocked by the false scrotum and testes. These unusual traits make mating more laborious for the male than in other mammals, and also make <a href="/wiki/Sexual_coercion_among_animals" title="Sexual coercion among animals">forced copulation</a> physically impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-k210_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k210-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-courtship_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courtship-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female retracts her clitoris before the male's penis enters it by sliding beneath it, an operation facilitated by the penis's upward angle. The hyenas then adopt a <a href="/wiki/Lordosis_behavior" title="Lordosis behavior">typical mammalian mating posture</a><sup id="cite_ref-courtship_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courtship-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e293_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e293-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually lick their genitals for several minutes after mating.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copulation may be repeated multiple times during a period of several hours.<sup id="cite_ref-courtship_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courtship-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocuta_crocuta_nursing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Crocuta_crocuta_nursing.jpg/220px-Crocuta_crocuta_nursing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Crocuta_crocuta_nursing.jpg/330px-Crocuta_crocuta_nursing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Crocuta_crocuta_nursing.jpg/440px-Crocuta_crocuta_nursing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Female nursing cub, <a href="/wiki/Amboseli_National_Park" title="Amboseli National Park">Amboseli National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_spotted_hyena,_Serengeti,_Tanzania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Young_spotted_hyena%2C_Serengeti%2C_Tanzania.jpg/220px-Young_spotted_hyena%2C_Serengeti%2C_Tanzania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Young_spotted_hyena%2C_Serengeti%2C_Tanzania.jpg/330px-Young_spotted_hyena%2C_Serengeti%2C_Tanzania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Young_spotted_hyena%2C_Serengeti%2C_Tanzania.jpg/440px-Young_spotted_hyena%2C_Serengeti%2C_Tanzania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>A spotted hyena cub in the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. Note the well defined spots, which will fade with age.</figcaption></figure> <p>The length of the gestation period tends to vary greatly, but the average length is 110 days.<sup id="cite_ref-k27_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k27-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final stages of pregnancy, dominant females provide their developing offspring with higher androgen levels than lower-ranking mothers do. The higher androgen levels –  the result of high concentrations of ovarian <a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">androstenedione</a> –  are thought to be responsible for the extreme <a href="/wiki/Masculinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculinization">masculinization</a> of female behavior and morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has the effect of rendering the cubs of dominant females more aggressive and sexually active than those of lower ranking hyenas; high ranking male cubs will attempt to mount females earlier than lower ranking males.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average litter consists of two cubs, with three occasionally being reported.<sup id="cite_ref-k27_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k27-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males take no part in the raising of young.<sup id="cite_ref-k273_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k273-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giving birth is difficult for female hyenas, as the females give birth through their narrow clitoris, and spotted hyena cubs are the largest carnivoran young relative to their mothers' weight.<sup id="cite_ref-mac140_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac140-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During parturition, the clitoris ruptures to facilitate the passage of the young, and may take weeks to heal.<sup id="cite_ref-m36_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m36-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cubs are born with soft, dark brown hair, and weigh 1.5 kg on average.<sup id="cite_ref-k247_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k247-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unique among carnivorous mammals, spotted hyenas are also born with their eyes open and with 6–7 mm long canine teeth and 4 mm long incisors. Also, cubs will attack each other shortly after birth. This is particularly apparent in same sexed litters, and can result in the death of the weaker cub.<sup id="cite_ref-mac140_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac140-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This neonatal <a href="/wiki/Siblicide" title="Siblicide">siblicide</a> kills an estimated 25% of all hyenas in their first month. Male cubs which survive grow faster and are likelier to achieve reproductive dominance, while female survivors eliminate rivals for dominance in their natal clan.<sup id="cite_ref-e293_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e293-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lactating females can carry 3–4 kg (6.6–8.8 lb) of milk in their <a href="/wiki/Udders" class="mw-redirect" title="Udders">udders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mac138_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac138-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spotted hyena milk has the highest <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and fat content of any terrestrial carnivore.<sup id="cite_ref-m36_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m36-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mm127_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mm127-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cubs will nurse from their mother for 12–16 months, though they can process solid food as early as three months.<sup id="cite_ref-k248_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k248-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mothers do not regurgitate food for their young.<sup id="cite_ref-k242_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k242-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females are protective of their cubs, and will not tolerate other adults, particularly males, approaching them. Spotted hyenas exhibit adult behaviours early in life; cubs have been observed to ritually sniff each other and mark their living space before the age of one month. Within ten days of birth, they are able to move at considerable speed. Cubs begin to lose the black coat and develop the spotted, lighter coloured pelage of the adults at 2–3 months. They begin to exhibit hunting behaviours at the age of eight months, and will begin fully participating in group hunts after their first year.<sup id="cite_ref-k248_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k248-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spotted hyenas reach sexual maturity at the age of three years. The average lifespan in zoos is 12 years, with a maximum of 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Kruuk34_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruuk34-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denning_behaviour">Denning behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Denning behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotted_Hyena_and_young_in_Ngorogoro_crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Spotted_Hyena_and_young_in_Ngorogoro_crater.jpg/170px-Spotted_Hyena_and_young_in_Ngorogoro_crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Spotted_Hyena_and_young_in_Ngorogoro_crater.jpg/255px-Spotted_Hyena_and_young_in_Ngorogoro_crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Spotted_Hyena_and_young_in_Ngorogoro_crater.jpg/340px-Spotted_Hyena_and_young_in_Ngorogoro_crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Spotted hyena and two cubs in their den, <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro Crater">Ngorongoro Crater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The clan's social life revolves around a communal den. While some clans may use particular den sites for years, others may use several different dens within a year or several den sites simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-m36_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m36-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spotted hyena dens can have more than a dozen entrances, and are mostly located on flat ground. The tunnels are usually oval in section, being wider than they are high, and narrow down from an entrance width of ½–1 metre (1.6–7.7 ft) to as small as 25 cm (9.8 in). In the rocky areas of East Africa and Congo, spotted hyenas use caves as dens, while those in the Serengeti use <a href="/wiki/Tor_(rock_formation)" title="Tor (rock formation)">kopjes</a> as resting areas in daylight hours. Dens have large bare patches around their entrances, where hyenas move or lie down on. Because of their size, adult hyenas are incapable of using the full extent of their burrows, as most tunnels are dug by cubs or smaller animals. The structure of the den, consisting of small underground channels, is likely an effective anti-predator device which protects cubs from predation during the absence of the mother. Spotted hyenas rarely dig their own dens, having been observed for the most part to use the abandoned burrows of warthogs, springhares and jackals. Faeces are usually deposited 20 metres (66 feet) away from the den, though they urinate wherever they happen to be. Dens are used mostly by several females at once, and it is not uncommon to see up to 20 cubs at a single site.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general form of a spotted hyena den is tunnel-shaped, with a spacious end chamber used for sleeping or breeding. This chamber measures up to 2 metres (6.6 feet) in width, the height being rather less.<sup id="cite_ref-r362_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r362-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females generally give birth at the communal den or a private birth den. The latter is primarily used by low status females to maintain continual access to their cubs, as well as ensure that they become acquainted with their cubs before transferral to the communal den.<sup id="cite_ref-m36_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m36-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to other hyenas, the spotted hyena shows a greater relative amount of <a href="/wiki/Frontal_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontal cortex">frontal cortex</a> which is involved in the mediation of social behavior. Studies strongly suggest <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> in spotted hyena and <a href="/wiki/Primate_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate intelligence">primate intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study done by evolutionary anthropologists demonstrated that spotted hyenas outperform <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> on cooperative problem-solving tests; captive pairs of spotted hyenas were challenged to tug two ropes in unison to earn a food reward, successfully cooperating and learning the maneuvers quickly without prior training. Experienced hyenas even helped inexperienced clan-mates to solve the problem. In contrast, chimps and other primates often require extensive training, and cooperation between individuals is not always as easy for them.<sup id="cite_ref-duke_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duke-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intelligence of the spotted hyena was attested to by Dutch colonists in 19th-century South Africa, who noted that hyenas were exceedingly cunning and suspicious, particularly after successfully escaping from traps.<sup id="cite_ref-moodie_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moodie-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spotted hyenas seem to plan on hunting specific species in advance; hyenas have been observed to engage in activities such as scent marking before setting off to hunt zebras, a behaviour which does not occur when they target other prey species.<sup id="cite_ref-k176_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k176-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the signs of social intelligence is the ability to have a keen olfactory sense or nasal recognition. Spotted hyenas have unique scent signatures that help them distinguish themselves from other clans and/or individuals (i.e., males or females conspecific), which enables them to mark their territories with secretions from their scent glands.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, spotted hyenas have been recorded to utilise <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">deceptive</a> behaviour, including giving alarm calls during feeding when no enemies are present, thus frightening off other hyenas and allowing them to temporarily eat in peace. Similarly, mothers will emit alarm calls when attempting to interrupt attacks on their cubs by other hyenas.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feeding_behavior_of_spotted_hyenas" title="Feeding behavior of spotted hyenas">Feeding behavior of spotted hyenas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotted_hyena_with_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Spotted_hyena_with_skeleton.jpg/220px-Spotted_hyena_with_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Spotted_hyena_with_skeleton.jpg/330px-Spotted_hyena_with_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Spotted_hyena_with_skeleton.jpg/440px-Spotted_hyena_with_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>Spotted hyena with a wildebeest skeleton in <a href="/wiki/Karatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Karatu">Karatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arusha" title="Arusha">Arusha</a>, Tanzania</figcaption></figure> <p>The spotted hyena is the most carnivorous member of the Hyaenidae.<sup id="cite_ref-e337_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e337-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike its brown and striped cousins, the spotted hyena is primarily a predator; this has been shown since the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-kruuk_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kruuk-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest studies to demonstrate their hunting abilities was done by wildlife ecologist Hans Kruuk, and he showed through a 7-year study of hyena populations in the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro Crater">Ngorongoro Crater</a> that spotted hyenas hunt as much as lions, with later studies showing this tendency in many other areas of Africa. There are however large differences between populations, depending on their habitat, available prey species and the presence of other predators.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the estimated contribution from hunting to their diet ranges from at least half up to 98%, the remainder being from scavenging.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Wildebeest</a> are the most commonly taken medium-sized ungulate prey item in both Ngorongoro and the Serengeti, with <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson's gazelles">Thomson's gazelles</a>, coming close behind.<sup id="cite_ref-k63_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k63-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cape_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape buffalo">Cape buffalo</a> are rarely attacked due to differences in habitat preference, though adult bulls have been recorded to be taken on occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-k199_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k199-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kruger National Park, <a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">blue wildebeest</a>, cape buffalo, <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">plains zebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">greater kudu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">impala</a> are the spotted hyena's most important prey, while <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a>, impala, wildebeest and zebra are its major food sources in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Timbavati" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbavati">Timbavati</a> area. <a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudu</a> are the main prey in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Etosha_National_Park" title="Etosha National Park">Etosha National Park</a>, and springbok in the <a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a>. In the southern <a href="/wiki/Kalahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahari">Kalahari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">gemsbok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">common eland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">lechwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">waterbuck</a>, wildebeest and springbok are the principal prey. In <a href="/wiki/Chobe_National_Park" title="Chobe National Park">Chobe</a>, the spotted hyena's primary prey consists of migratory zebra and resident impala. In <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Masai_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai Mara">Masai Mara</a>, 80% of the spotted hyena's prey consists of <a href="/wiki/Topi" title="Topi">topi</a> and Thomson's gazelle, save for during the four-month period when zebra and wildebeest herds migrate to the area. <a href="/wiki/Bushbuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushbuck">Bushbuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">suni</a> and buffalo are the dominant prey items in the <a href="/wiki/Aberdare_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdare Mountains">Aberdare Mountains</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">gerenuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> are likely preyed upon in northern Kenya. </p><p>Unlike other large African carnivores, spotted hyenas do not preferentially prey on any species, and only <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo</a> and giraffe are significantly avoided. Spotted hyenas prefer prey with a body mass range of 56–182 kg (123–401 lb), with a mode of 102 kg (225 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-hayward_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayward-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When hunting medium to large sized prey, spotted hyenas tend to select certain categories of animal; young animals are frequently targeted, as are old ones, though the latter category is not so significant when hunting zebras, due to their aggressive anti-predator behaviours.<sup id="cite_ref-k101_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k101-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small prey is killed by being shaken in the mouth, while large prey is eaten alive.<sup id="cite_ref-r366_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r366-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enemies_and_competitors">Enemies and competitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Enemies and competitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lions">Lions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_13.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_13.png/220px-Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_13.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_13.png/330px-Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_13.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_13.png/440px-Hyenas_Fight_Against_Lions_Over_a_Kill_HD_13.png 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Spotted hyenas mobbing a <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabi_Sand_Game_Reserve" title="Sabi Sand Game Reserve">Sabi Sand Game Reserve</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Where spotted hyenas and lions occupy the same geographic area, the two species occupy the same ecological niche, and are thus in direct competition with one another. In some cases, the extent of dietary overlap can be as high as 68.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-hayward_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayward-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions typically ignore spotted hyenas, unless they are on a kill or are being harassed by them. There exists a common misconception that hyenas steal kills from lions, but most often it is the other way around,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lions will readily steal the kills of spotted hyenas. In the <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro Crater">Ngorongoro Crater</a>, it is common for lions to subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas. Lions are quick to follow the calls of hyenas feeding, a fact demonstrated by field experiments, during which lions repeatedly approached whenever the tape-recorded calls of hyenas feeding were played.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When confronted on a kill by lions, spotted hyenas will either leave or wait patiently at a distance of 30–100 metres until the lions have finished eating.<sup id="cite_ref-s272_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s272-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, spotted hyenas are bold enough to feed alongside lions, and may occasionally force lions off a kill.<sup id="cite_ref-k128_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k128-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mostly occurs during the nighttime, when hyenas are bolder.<sup id="cite_ref-s273_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s273-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spotted hyenas usually prevail against groups of lionesses unaccompanied by males if they outnumber them 4:1.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some instances they were seen to have taken on and routed two pride males while outnumbering them 5:1.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two species may act aggressively toward one another even when there is no food at stake.<sup id="cite_ref-s273_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s273-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions may charge at hyenas and maul them for no apparent reason; one male lion was filmed killing two hyenas on separate occasions without eating them,<sup id="cite_ref-enemies_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enemies-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lion predation can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in <a href="/wiki/Etosha" class="mw-redirect" title="Etosha">Etosha</a>. Spotted hyenas have adapted to this pressure by frequently <a href="/wiki/Mobbing_(animal_behavior)" title="Mobbing (animal behavior)">mobbing</a> lions which enter their territories.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiments on captive spotted hyenas revealed that specimens with no prior experience with lions act indifferently to the sight of them, but will react fearfully to the scent.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_felids">Other felids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other felids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a> preferentially prey on smaller animals than those hunted by spotted hyenas, hyenas will steal their kills when the opportunity presents itself. Cheetahs are usually easily intimidated by hyenas, and put up little resistance,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while leopards, particularly males, may stand up to hyenas. There are records of some male leopards preying on hyenas.<sup id="cite_ref-Leopard_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leopard-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyenas are nonetheless dangerous opponents for leopards; there is at least one record of a young adult male leopard dying from a <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> infection caused by wounds inflicted by a spotted hyena.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canids">Canids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Canids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabi_Sand_Wild_Safari_Live_Feb_29_2016_sunrise_-_Spotted_hyena_vs_wild_dogs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sabi_Sand_Wild_Safari_Live_Feb_29_2016_sunrise_-_Spotted_hyena_vs_wild_dogs.png/220px-Sabi_Sand_Wild_Safari_Live_Feb_29_2016_sunrise_-_Spotted_hyena_vs_wild_dogs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sabi_Sand_Wild_Safari_Live_Feb_29_2016_sunrise_-_Spotted_hyena_vs_wild_dogs.png/330px-Sabi_Sand_Wild_Safari_Live_Feb_29_2016_sunrise_-_Spotted_hyena_vs_wild_dogs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sabi_Sand_Wild_Safari_Live_Feb_29_2016_sunrise_-_Spotted_hyena_vs_wild_dogs.png/440px-Sabi_Sand_Wild_Safari_Live_Feb_29_2016_sunrise_-_Spotted_hyena_vs_wild_dogs.png 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Spotted hyena confronting African wild dogs, <a href="/wiki/Sabi_Sand_Game_Reserve" title="Sabi Sand Game Reserve">Sabi Sand Game Reserve</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Spotted hyenas will follow packs of <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dogs</a> to appropriate their kills. They will typically inspect areas where wild dogs have rested and eat any food remains they find. When approaching wild dogs at a kill, solitary hyenas will approach cautiously and attempt to take off with a piece of meat unnoticed, though they may be mobbed by the dogs in the attempt. When operating in groups, spotted hyenas are more successful in pirating dog kills, though the dog's greater tendency to assist each other puts them at an advantage against spotted hyenas, who rarely work in unison. Cases of dogs scavenging from spotted hyenas are rare. Although wild dog packs can easily repel solitary hyenas, on the whole, the relationship between the two species is a one sided benefit for the hyenas,<sup id="cite_ref-k139_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k139-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with wild dog densities being negatively correlated with high hyena populations.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medium-sized canids like <a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">side-striped jackals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolves</a> will feed alongside hyenas, though they will be chased if they approach too closely. Spotted hyenas will sometimes follow jackals and wolves during the gazelle fawning season, as jackals and wolves are effective at tracking and catching young animals. Hyenas do not take to eating wolf flesh readily; four hyenas were reported to take half an hour in eating a golden wolf. Overall, the two animals typically ignore each other when there is no food or young at stake.<sup id="cite_ref-k141_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k141-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_competitors">Other competitors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other competitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spotted hyenas dominate other hyena species wherever their ranges overlap. <a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyenas</a> encounter spotted hyenas in the Kalahari, where the brown outnumber the spotted. The two species typically encounter each other on carcasses, which the larger spotted species usually appropriate. Sometimes, brown hyenas will stand their ground and raise their manes while emitting growls. This usually has the effect of seemingly confusing spotted hyenas, which will act bewildered, though they will occasionally attack and maul their smaller cousins. Similar interactions have been recorded between spotted and <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyenas</a> in the Serengeti.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though they readily take to water to catch and store prey, spotted hyenas will avoid crocodile-inhabited waters,<sup id="cite_ref-k146_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k146-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually keep a safe distance from <a href="/wiki/Nile_crocodile" title="Nile crocodile">Nile crocodiles</a>. Recent observations shows that <a href="/wiki/African_rock_python" class="mw-redirect" title="African rock python">African rock pythons</a> can hunt adult spotted hyenas.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication">Communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_language">Body language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Body language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyena_Standoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hyena_Standoff.jpg/220px-Hyena_Standoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hyena_Standoff.jpg/330px-Hyena_Standoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hyena_Standoff.jpg/440px-Hyena_Standoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>Spotted hyenas interacting aggressively in the Masai Mara</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyena_greeting_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hyena_greeting_ceremony.jpg/220px-Hyena_greeting_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hyena_greeting_ceremony.jpg/330px-Hyena_greeting_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hyena_greeting_ceremony.jpg/440px-Hyena_greeting_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption>Spotted hyenas greeting one another in <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Spotted hyenas have a complex set of postures in communication. When afraid, the ears are folded flat, and are often combined with baring of the teeth and a flattening of the mane. When attacked by other hyenas or by wild dogs, the hyena lowers its hindquarters. Before and during an assertive attack, the head is held high with the ears cocked, mouth closed, mane erect and the hindquarters high. The tail usually hangs down when neutral, though it will change position according to the situation. When a high tendency to flee an attacker is apparent, the tail is curled below the belly. During an attack, or when excited, the tail is carried forward on the back. An erect tail does not always accompany a hostile encounter, as it has also been observed to occur when a harmless social interaction occurs. Although they do not wag their tails, spotted hyenas will flick their tails when approaching dominant animals or when there is a slight tendency to flee. When approaching a dominant animal, subordinate spotted hyenas will walk on the knees of their forelegs in submission.<sup id="cite_ref-k216_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k216-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeting ceremonies among clan-members consist of two individuals standing parallel to each other and facing opposite directions. Both individuals raise their hind legs and <a href="/wiki/Social_grooming" title="Social grooming">lick each other's anogenital area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m36_67-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m36-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these greeting ceremonies, the penis or pseudo-penis often becomes erect, in both males and females. Erection is usually a sign of submission, rather than dominance, and is more common in males than in females.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2004_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2004-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocalisations">Vocalisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vocalisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is said that feasting Hyaenas engage in violent fights, and there is such a croaking, shrieking and laughing at such times that a superstitious person might really think all the inhabitants of the infernal regions had been let loose.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Alfred Brehm (1895)<sup id="cite_ref-b184_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b184-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The spotted hyena has an extensive vocal range, with sounds ranging from whoops, fast whoops, grunts, groans, lows, giggles, yells, growls, soft grunt-laughs, loud grunt-laughs, whines and soft squeals. The loud <i>who-oop</i> call, along with the maniacal laughter, are among the most recognisable sounds of Africa. Typically, high-pitched calls indicate fear or submission, while loud, lower-pitched calls express aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-k220_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k220-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pitch of the laugh indicates the hyena's age, while variations in the frequency of notes used when hyenas make noises convey information about the animal's social rank.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr. Hans Kruuk compiled the following table on spotted hyena calls in 1972:<sup id="cite_ref-k310_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k310-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Vocalization </th> <th>Sound description </th> <th>Posture </th> <th>Context </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Whoop</b> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="Spotted_Hyaena_(Crocuta_crocuta)_(W1CDR0000381_BD12).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_%28W1CDR0000381_BD12%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_%28W1CDR0000381_BD12%29.ogg/Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_%28W1CDR0000381_BD12%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td> <td>A series of 6–9 (sometimes 15) calls lasting 2–3 seconds each and spaced 2–10 seconds apart. The general tone is an "oo" tone which begins in a low pitch and ends with a high note. This sound can be heard more than 5 km away. </td> <td>Usually done standing, with the mouth opened slightly and the head bent down </td> <td>Used by both sexes when alone or in a group, and appears to be done spontaneously without external cause </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Fast whoop</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>Similar to the whoop, but higher pitched and with shorter intervals </td> <td>Tail is either horizontal or high with the ears cocked. Often done while running, with the mouth bent down </td> <td>Used with other hyenas present just before the onset of an attack, often during a dispute over a kill with lions or other hyenas </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Grunt</b> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="Spotted_Hyena_Grunting_(Crocuta_crocuta).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Spotted_Hyena_Grunting_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Spotted_Hyena_Grunting_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.ogg/Spotted_Hyena_Grunting_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td> <td>A soft, low-pitched growling sound which lasts several seconds. </td> <td>The mouth is closed, and the posture aggressive. </td> <td>Emitted on the approach of another, unwelcome hyena, and may be followed by chasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Groan</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>Similar to above, but more "ooo" sounding and higher in pitch </td> <td> </td> <td>Before and during meeting ceremonies </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Low</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>"Ooo" sound with a usually low pitch and lasts several seconds </td> <td>The mouth is slightly open with the head horizontal. </td> <td>Like the fast whoop, but with less tendency to attack </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Giggle</b> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Giggling_call_of_a_spotted_hyena_(Crocuta_crocuta)_-_1472-6785-10-9-S4.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Giggling_call_of_a_spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_-_1472-6785-10-9-S4.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Giggling_call_of_a_spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_-_1472-6785-10-9-S4.oga/Giggling_call_of_a_spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_-_1472-6785-10-9-S4.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td> <td>A series of loud, high-pitched "hee-hee-hee" sounds usually lasting less than 5 seconds. </td> <td>Running in a fleeing posture with the mouth slightly open </td> <td>When attacked or chased, usually over a kill </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Yell</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>A loud, high pitched call lasting several seconds </td> <td>As with the giggle </td> <td>As with the giggle, but when actually being bitten </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Growl</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>A loud, rattling, low pitched sound lasting several seconds, with an "aa" and "oh" quality </td> <td>Defensive posture </td> <td>When under attack, preceding a retaliatory bite </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Soft grunt-laugh</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>A rapid succession of low pitched, soft sounding staccato grunts lasting several seconds </td> <td>The mouth is closed or slightly open with a fleeing posture and the tail horizontal or high and the ears cocked </td> <td>When fleeing in surprise from a lion, man or when attacking large prey </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Loud grunt-laugh</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>Louder than the soft grunt-laugh, though still not particularly loud, and often lasts more than 5 minutes </td> <td>The mouth is the same as in the soft grunt-laugh, but with the tail high and ears cocked </td> <td>In encounters with lions or other hyena clans </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Whine</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>Loud, high pitched, rapid, drawn out "eeee" sounding squeals </td> <td>The mouth is slightly open with the head and tail hanging low </td> <td>Mostly used by cubs when following a female before suckling, or when thwarted from getting food </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Soft squeal</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>Same as above, but softer and without the staccato quality </td> <td>The mouth is slightly open with the ears flattened and the head tilted to one side with the teeth bared </td> <td>Used by both cubs and adults encountering a clan-mate after a long separation </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diseases_and_parasites">Diseases and parasites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Diseases and parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spotted hyenas may contract <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">brucellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">rinderpest</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is a disease of even-toed ungulates: can it really infect carnivores too? No mention of any carnivores in rinderpest article, and I can find no refs, even in comprehensive studies such as Williams and Barker, Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals (2008). (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anaplasmosis" title="Anaplasmosis">anaplasmosis</a>. They are vulnerable to <i><a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma_congolense" title="Trypanosoma congolense">Trypanosoma congolense</a></i>, which is contracted by consuming already infected herbivores, rather than through direct infection from <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">tsetse flies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-k38_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k38-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that adult spotted hyenas in the Serengeti have <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> against <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canine_herpes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canine herpes">canine herpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brucella_canis" title="Brucella canis">canine brucellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canine_parvovirus" title="Canine parvovirus">canine parvovirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feline_calicivirus" title="Feline calicivirus">feline calicivirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brucella_abortus" title="Brucella abortus">bovine brucellosis</a>, rinderpest and anaplasmosis. During the <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">canine distemper</a> outbreak of 1993–94, molecular studies indicated that the viruses isolated from hyenas and lions were more closely related to each other than to the closest canine distemper virus in dogs. Evidence of canine distemper in spotted hyenas has also been recorded in the Masai Mara. Exposure to rabies does not cause clinical symptoms or affect individual survival or longevity. Analyses of several hyena saliva samples showed that the species is unlikely to be a rabies vector, thus indicating that the species catches the disease from other animals rather than from intraspecifics. The <a href="/wiki/Microfilaria" title="Microfilaria">microfilaria</a> of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipetalonema_dracuneuloides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipetalonema dracuneuloides (page does not exist)">Dipetalonema dracuneuloides</a></i> have been recorded in spotted hyenas in northern Kenya. The species is known to carry at least three <a href="/wiki/Cestode" class="mw-redirect" title="Cestode">cestode</a> species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_(flatworm)" title="Taenia (flatworm)">Taenia</a></i>, none of which are harmful to humans. It also carries <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoan</a> parasites of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Hepatozoon" title="Hepatozoon">Hepatozoon</a></i> in the Serengeti, Kenya and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-m38_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m38-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spotted hyenas may act as hosts in the life-cycles of various parasites which start life in herbivores; <i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_(flatworm)" title="Taenia (flatworm)">Taenia hyaenae</a></i> and <i>T. olnogojinae</i> occur in hyenas in their adult phase. <i><a href="/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis" title="Trichinella spiralis">Trichinella spiralis</a></i> are found as <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cysts</a> in hyena muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-k38_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k38-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range,_habitat_and_population"><span id="Range.2C_habitat_and_population"></span>Range, habitat and population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Range, habitat and population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spotted hyena's distribution once ranged in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a>, where it remained for at least one million years.<sup id="cite_ref-varela_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varela-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remains have also been found in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, and it has been theorised that the presence of hyenas there may have delayed the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_migration_and_settlement_of_the_Americas_from_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia">colonisation of North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, the spotted hyena also roamed <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The causes of the species' extinction in Eurasia are still largely unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-varela_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varela-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> at least, the spotted hyena's extinction coincided with a decline in <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> 12,500 years ago. Europe experienced a massive loss of lowland habitats favoured by spotted hyenas, and a corresponding increase in <a href="/wiki/Mixed_woodland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed woodland">mixed woodlands</a>. Spotted hyenas, under these circumstances, would have been outcompeted by <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey wolf">wolves</a> and humans which were as much at home in forests as in open lands, and in highlands as in lowlands. Spotted hyena populations began to shrink roughly 20,000 years ago, completely disappearing from Western Europe between 14 and 11,000 years ago, and earlier in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-stiner_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stiner-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the spotted hyena was widespread throughout <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. It is present in all habitats save for the most extreme desert conditions, tropical rainforests and the top of alpine mountains. Its current distribution is patchy in many places, especially in West Africa. Populations are concentrated in protected areas and surrounding land. There is a continuous distribution over large areas of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal</a> Lowveld areas of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m54_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m54-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1770s and 1780s the species was still widespread in southern and western South Africa, being recorded on the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats" title="Cape Flats">Cape Flats</a>, and near present-day <a href="/wiki/Somerset_West" title="Somerset West">Somerset West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riviersonderend" title="Riviersonderend">Riviersonderend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay">Mossel Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/George,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Western Cape">George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joubertina" title="Joubertina">Joubertina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamtoos_River" title="Gamtoos River">Gamtoos River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jansenville" title="Jansenville">Jansenville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannon_Rocks" title="Cannon Rocks">Cannon Rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice,_Eastern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice, Eastern Cape">Alice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onseepkans" title="Onseepkans">Onseepkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augrabies_Falls" title="Augrabies Falls">Augrabies Falls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rook_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rook-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The species dwells in semi-<a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a>, open <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a>, dense dry woodland, and mountainous forests up to 4,000 m in altitude. It is scarce or absent in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> areas. Its preferred habitats in west Africa include the Guinea and Sudan savannahs, and is absent in the belt of dense coastal forest. In the <a href="/wiki/Namib_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Namib Desert">Namib Desert</a>, it occurs in riverine growth along seasonal rivers, the sub-desertic pro-Namib and the adjoining inland plateau. In ideal habitats, the spotted hyena outnumbers other large carnivores, including other hyena species. However, the striped and brown hyena occur at greater densities than the spotted species in desert and semi-desert regions.<sup id="cite_ref-m31_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m31-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population densities</a> based on systematic censuses vary substantially, from 0.006 to 1.7 individuals per km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_humans">Relationships with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Relationships with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_spotted_hyenas" title="Cultural depictions of spotted hyenas">Cultural depictions of spotted hyenas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masque_hy%C3%A8ne_Bwa-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Masque_hy%C3%A8ne_Bwa-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_%283%29.jpg/170px-Masque_hy%C3%A8ne_Bwa-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Masque_hy%C3%A8ne_Bwa-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_%283%29.jpg/255px-Masque_hy%C3%A8ne_Bwa-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Masque_hy%C3%A8ne_Bwa-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_%283%29.jpg/340px-Masque_hy%C3%A8ne_Bwa-Mus%C3%A9e_barrois_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Spotted hyena mask from <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, Musée barrois</figcaption></figure> <p>In Africa, the spotted hyena is usually portrayed as an abnormal and ambivalent animal, considered to be sly, brutish, <a href="/wiki/Necrophagy" class="mw-redirect" title="Necrophagy">necrophagous</a> and dangerous. It further embodies physical power, excessiveness, ugliness, stupidity, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sacredness" title="Sacredness">sacredness</a>. Spotted hyenas vary in their folkloric and mythological depictions, depending on the ethnic group from which the tales originate. It is often difficult to know whether or not spotted hyenas are the specific hyena species featured in such stories, particularly in West Africa, as both spotted and striped hyenas are often given the same names.<sup id="cite_ref-jurgen_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jurgen-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In west African tales, spotted hyenas symbolise immorality, dirty habits, the reversal of normal activities, and other negative traits, and are sometimes depicted as bad <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> who challenge the local <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> that exists among the Beng in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>. In East Africa, <a href="/wiki/Tabwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabwa">Tabwa</a> mythology portrays the spotted hyena as a solar animal that first brought the sun to warm the cold earth.<sup id="cite_ref-jurgen_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jurgen-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spotted hyenas feature prominently in the rituals of certain African cultures. In the Gelede cult of the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a> of Benin and Southwest Nigeria, a spotted hyena mask is used at dawn to signal the end of the <span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">èfè</i></span> ceremony. As the spotted hyena usually finishes the meals of other carnivores, the animal is associated with the conclusion of all things. Among the Korè cult of the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara people</a> in Mali, the belief that spotted hyenas are hermaphrodites appears as an ideal in-between in the ritual domain. The role of the spotted hyena mask in their rituals is often to turn the neophyte into a complete moral being by integrating his male principles with femininity. The Beng people believe that upon finding a freshly killed hyena with its anus everted, one must plug it back in, for fear of being struck down with perpetual laughter. They also view spotted hyena faeces as contaminating, and will evacuate a village if a hyena relieves itself within village boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-jurgen_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jurgen-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>, Ethiopia, spotted hyenas are regularly fed by the city's inhabitants, who believe the hyenas' presence keeps devils at bay, and associate mystical properties such as fortune telling to them.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:240px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>As several distinguished authors of the present age have undertaken to reconcile the world to the Great Man-Killer of Modern times; as <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> has found an apologist, and almost a eulogist; and as learned commentators have recently discovered that even <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> was a true <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciple</a>, we are rather surprised to find that someone has not undertaken to render the family of Hyenas popular and amiable in the eyes of mankind. Certain it is, that few marked characters in history have suffered more from the malign inventions of prejudice<sup id="cite_ref-goodrich_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodrich-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>Traditional Western beliefs about the spotted hyena can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Animalium" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Animalium">Historia Animalium</a></i>, which described the species as a <a href="/wiki/Necrophagy" class="mw-redirect" title="Necrophagy">necrophagous</a>, cowardly and potentially dangerous animal. He further described how the hyena uses retching noises to attract dogs. In <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Generation_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Generation of Animals">On the Generation of Animals</a></i>, Aristotle criticised the erroneous belief that the spotted hyena is a <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a> (which likely originated from the confusion caused by the <a href="/wiki/Masculinised" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculinised">masculinised</a> genitalia of the female), though his physical descriptions are more consistent with the striped hyena. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> supported Aristotle's depiction, though he further elaborated that the hyena can imitate human voices. Additionally, he wrote how the hyena was held in high regard among the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a>, and that hyena body parts could cure different diseases, give protection and stimulate <a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">sexual desire</a> in people.<sup id="cite_ref-glickman_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glickman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natural historians of the 18th and 19th centuries rejected stories of hermaphroditism in hyenas, and recognised the differences between the spotted and striped hyena. However, they continued to focus on the species' scavenging habits, their potential to rob graves and their perceived cowardice. During the 20th century, Western and African stereotypes of the spotted hyena converged; in both <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Hills_of_Africa" title="Green Hills of Africa">Green Hills of Africa</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a></i>, the traits of gluttony and comical stupidity, common in African depictions of hyenas, are added to the Western perception of hyenas being cowardly and ugly.<sup id="cite_ref-glickman_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glickman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the release of <i>The Lion King</i>, hyena biologists protested against the animal's portrayal: one hyena researcher sued Disney studios for <a href="/wiki/Defamation_of_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Defamation of character">defamation of character</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another –  who had organized the animators' visit to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California</a>'s Field Station for Behavioural Research, where they would observe and sketch captive hyenas<sup id="cite_ref-glickman_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glickman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> –  suggested <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotting</a> the film.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock_predation">Livestock predation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Livestock predation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When targeting livestock, the spotted hyena primarily preys upon cattle, sheep and goats,<sup id="cite_ref-m34_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m34-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though hyenas in the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> preferentially target <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yirga_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yirga-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports of livestock damage are often not substantiated, and hyenas observed scavenging on a carcass may be mistaken for having killed the animal. The rate at which the species targets livestock may depend on a number of factors, including stock keeping practices, the availability of wild prey and human-associated sources of organic material, such as <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">rubbish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Surplus_killing" title="Surplus killing">Surplus killing</a> has been recorded in South Africa's eastern Cape Province. Attacks on stock tend to be fewer in areas where livestock is corralled by thorn fences and where domestic dogs are present. One study in northern Kenya revealed that 90% of all cases of livestock predation by hyenas occurred in areas outside the protection of thorn fences.<sup id="cite_ref-m34_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m34-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_humans_and_grave_desecration">Attacks on humans and grave desecration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Attacks on humans and grave desecration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most mammalian predators, the spotted hyena is typically shy in the presence of humans, and has the highest <a href="/wiki/Flight_distance" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight distance">flight distance</a> (up to 300 metres) among African carnivores. However, this distance is reduced during the night, when hyenas are known to follow people closely.<sup id="cite_ref-k144_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k144-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although spotted hyenas do prey on humans in modern times, such incidents are rare. However, attacks on humans by spotted hyenas are likely to be underreported.<sup id="cite_ref-SGDRN_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGDRN-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Man-eating spotted hyenas tend to be large specimens; a pair of man-eating hyenas, responsible for killing 27 people in Mlanje, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, in 1962, were weighed at 72 and 77 kg (159 and 170 lb) after being shot.<sup id="cite_ref-maneat_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maneat-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victims of spotted hyenas tend to be women, children and sick or infirm men,<sup id="cite_ref-roosevelt_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roosevelt-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are numerous cases of biologists in Africa being forced up trees to escape them.<sup id="cite_ref-maneat_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maneat-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attacks occur most commonly in September, when many people sleep outdoors, and <a href="/wiki/Bush_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush fire">bush fires</a> make the hunting of wild game difficult for hyenas.<sup id="cite_ref-SGDRN_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGDRN-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maneat_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maneat-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, Hector Duff wrote of how spotted hyenas in the Mzimba district of <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%B3nia_District" title="Angónia District">Angoniland</a> would wait at dawn outside people's huts and attack them when they opened their doors.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908–09 in Uganda, spotted hyenas regularly killed sufferers of <a href="/wiki/African_sleeping_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="African sleeping sickness">African sleeping sickness</a> as they slept outside in camps.<sup id="cite_ref-roosevelt_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roosevelt-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spotted hyenas are widely feared in Malawi, where they have been known to occasionally attack people at night, particularly during the hot season when people sleep outside. Hyena attacks were widely reported in Malawi's <a href="/wiki/Phalombe" title="Phalombe">Phalombe</a> plain, to the north of Michesi Mountain. Five deaths were recorded in 1956, five in 1957 and six in 1958. This pattern continued until 1961 when eight people were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Flying_Doctors_of_America" title="Flying Doctors of America">Flying Doctors</a> received over two dozen cases of hyena attacks on humans in Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-m97_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m97-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An anecdotal 2004 news report from the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> indicates that 35 people were killed by spotted hyenas during a 12-month period in Mozambique along a 20 km stretch of road near the Tanzanian border.<sup id="cite_ref-SGDRN_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGDRN-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although attacks against living humans are rare, the spotted hyena readily feeds on human <a href="/wiki/Corpse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpse">corpses</a>. In the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a><sup id="cite_ref-m97_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m97-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hadza</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corpses are left in the open for spotted hyenas to eat. A corpse rejected by hyenas is seen as having something wrong with it, and liable to cause social disgrace, therefore it is not uncommon for bodies to be covered in fat and blood from a slaughtered <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">ox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m97_148-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m97-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ethiopia, hyenas were reported to feed extensively on the corpses of victims of the <a href="/wiki/1960_Ethiopian_coup_attempt" title="1960 Ethiopian coup attempt">1960 attempted coup</a><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)" title="Red Terror (Ethiopia)">Red Terror</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyenas habituated to scavenging on human corpses may develop bold behaviours towards living people; hyena attacks on people in southern Sudan increased during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a>, when human corpses were readily available to them.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_hyenas">Urban hyenas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Urban hyenas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some parts of Africa, spotted hyenas have begun to frequent metropolitan areas, where groups or "clans" of the animals have become a menace. The Ethiopian capital <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> is estimated to have up to a thousand resident hyenas which survive by scavenging rubbish tips and preying on feral dogs and cats. There have also been attacks on homeless people. In 2013, a baby boy was killed by hyenas after being snatched from his mother as she camped near the <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Addis" title="Hilton Addis">Hilton Hotel</a>. Some 40 of the animals were reportedly seen alongside a fence bordering the British Embassy compound. In December 2013, a cull was organised and marksmen killed ten hyenas which had occupied wasteland near the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting_and_use_in_traditional_medicine">Hunting and use in traditional medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hunting and use in traditional medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocuta_vs_masai.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Crocuta_vs_masai.png/220px-Crocuta_vs_masai.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Crocuta_vs_masai.png/330px-Crocuta_vs_masai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Crocuta_vs_masai.png/440px-Crocuta_vs_masai.png 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Spotted hyena attacked by <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> warriors</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocuta_crocuta_Lukenia_Heights_1906.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Crocuta_crocuta_Lukenia_Heights_1906.png/170px-Crocuta_crocuta_Lukenia_Heights_1906.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Crocuta_crocuta_Lukenia_Heights_1906.png/255px-Crocuta_crocuta_Lukenia_Heights_1906.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Crocuta_crocuta_Lukenia_Heights_1906.png/340px-Crocuta_crocuta_Lukenia_Heights_1906.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Spotted hyena shot by <a href="/wiki/Abel_Chapman" title="Abel Chapman">Abel Chapman</a> at the Lukenia Heights, 23 January 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>The spotted hyena has been hunted for its body parts for use in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-m74_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m74-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for amusement,<sup id="cite_ref-glickman_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glickman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for sport, though this is rare, as the species is generally not considered attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-m74_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m74-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yirga_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yirga-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is fossil evidence of humans in Middle Pleistocene Europe butchering and presumably consuming spotted hyenas.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such incidences are rare in modern Africa, where most tribes, even those known to eat unusual kinds of meat, generally despise hyena flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-k144_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k144-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several authors during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> attested that, despite its physical strength, the spotted hyena poses no danger to hunters when captured or cornered. It was often the case that native <a href="/wiki/Skinner_(profession)" title="Skinner (profession)">skinners</a> refused to even touch hyena carcasses, though this was not usually a problem, as hyena skins were not considered attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-roosevelt_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roosevelt-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Burkina Faso, the hyena's tail is used for medicinal and magical purposes. In Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal, the animals' whole body is harvested for <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a> and medicine. In Malawi and Tanzania, the genitalia, nose tips and tails are used for traditional medicine. In Mozambique, traditional healers use various spotted hyena body parts, particularly the paws.<sup id="cite_ref-m74_154-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m74-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> hunters typically go through ritual purification after killing hyenas.<sup id="cite_ref-ethiopia_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethiopia-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kujamaat hunters traditionally treat the spotted hyenas they kill with the same respect due to deceased tribal elders, to avoid retribution from hyena spirits acting on behalf of the dead animal.<sup id="cite_ref-jurgen_137-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jurgen-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early years of Dutch colonisation in southern Africa, hyenas (referred to as "wolves" by the colonists) were especially susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Animal_trapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal trapping">trapping</a>, as their predilection for eating carrion, and lack of caution about enclosed spaces, worked against them. A feature of many frontier farms was the <i>wolwehok</i> (hyena trap), which was roughly constructed from stone or wood and baited with meat. The trap featured a trap-door, which was designed to shut once the bait was disturbed.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, spotted hyenas were often hunted by tracking them to their dens and shooting them as they escaped. Another hunting method was to trap them in their dens and dazzle them with torchlight, before stabbing them in the heart with a long knife.<sup id="cite_ref-moodie_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moodie-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When chased by <a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">hunting dogs</a>, spotted hyenas often attack back, unless the dogs are of exceptionally large, powerful breeds. <a href="/wiki/James_Stevenson-Hamilton" title="James Stevenson-Hamilton">James Stevenson-Hamilton</a> wrote that wounded spotted hyenas could be dangerous adversaries for hunting dogs, recording an incident in which a hyena managed to kill a dog with a single bite to the neck without breaking the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-h95_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h95-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further difficulties in killing spotted hyenas with dogs include the species' thick skin, which prevents dogs from inflicting serious damage to the animal's muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spotted_hyenas_in_captivity_and_as_pets">Spotted hyenas in captivity and as pets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Spotted hyenas in captivity and as pets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kevin_Richardson_with_hyenas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kevin_Richardson_with_hyenas.jpg/220px-Kevin_Richardson_with_hyenas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kevin_Richardson_with_hyenas.jpg/330px-Kevin_Richardson_with_hyenas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kevin_Richardson_with_hyenas.jpg/440px-Kevin_Richardson_with_hyenas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>South African zoologist <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Richardson_(zoologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Richardson (zoologist)">Kevin Richardson</a> with captive spotted hyenas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadawan_Kura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gadawan_Kura.jpg/220px-Gadawan_Kura.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gadawan_Kura.jpg/330px-Gadawan_Kura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gadawan_Kura.jpg/440px-Gadawan_Kura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Captive hyena trained for performance in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From a <a href="/wiki/Husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Husbandry">husbandry</a> point of view, hyenas are easily kept, as they have few disease problems and it is not uncommon for captive hyenas to reach 15–20 years of age. One study of the hyena immune system showed that captive hyenas had lower levels for immune defenses than hyenas from the wild population that was used to establish the captive population.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the spotted hyena was historically scantily represented in <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoos</a>, and was typically obtained to fill empty cages until more prestigious species could be obtained. In subsequent years, animals considered to be more charismatic were allocated larger and better quality facilities, while hyenas were often relegated to inferior exhibits. </p><p>In modern times, the species faces spatial competition from more popular animals, especially large <a href="/wiki/Canid" class="mw-redirect" title="Canid">canids</a>. Also, many captive individuals have not been closely examined to confirm their sexes, thus resulting in non-breeding pairs often turning out to be same-sexed individuals. As a result, many captive hyena populations are facing extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, the species was frequently displayed in travelling <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circuses</a> as oddities. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brehm" title="Alfred Brehm">Alfred Brehm</a> wrote that the spotted hyena is harder to tame than the striped hyena, and that performing specimens in circuses were not up to standard.<sup id="cite_ref-b185_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b185-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Barrow,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet">Sir John Barrow</a> described how spotted hyenas in <a href="/wiki/Sneeuberge" title="Sneeuberge">Sneeuberge</a> were trained to hunt game, writing that they were "as faithful and diligent as any of the common domestic dogs".<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Tanzania, spotted hyena cubs may be taken from a communal den by <a href="/wiki/Sangoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangoma">witchdoctors</a> to increase their social status.<sup id="cite_ref-m97_148-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m97-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An April 2004 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> article described how a shepherd living in the small town of Qabri Bayah about 50 kilometres from <a href="/wiki/Jigjiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigjiga">Jigjiga</a>, Ethiopia managed to use a male spotted hyena as a <a href="/wiki/Livestock_guardian_dog" title="Livestock guardian dog">livestock guardian dog</a>, suppressing its urge to leave and find a mate by feeding it special herbs.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If not raised with adult members of their kind, captive spotted hyenas will exhibit scent marking behaviours much later in life than wild specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-k247_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k247-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although easily tamed, spotted hyenas are exceedingly difficult to <a href="/wiki/Housebreaking" title="Housebreaking">house train</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-r363_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r363-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be destructive; a captive, otherwise perfectly tame, specimen in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> managed to tear an 8-foot (2.4 m) long plank nailed to its recently repaired enclosure floor with no apparent effort.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the research leading to the composition of his monograph <i>The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behavior,</i> Hans Kruuk kept a tame hyena he named Solomon.<sup id="cite_ref-kruuk_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kruuk-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kruuk found Solomon's company so congenial, he would have kept him, but Solomon had an insatiable taste for "cheese in the bar of the tourist lounge and bacon off the Chief Park Warden's breakfast table", and no door could hold him back, so Solomon was obliged to live out his days in the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Zoo" title="Edinburgh Zoo">Edinburgh Zoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBohm,_T.Höner,_O.R.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bohm, T.; Höner, O.R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2024</span> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Testing+the+savannah+corridor+hypothesis+during+MIS2%3A+The+Boh+Dambang+hyena+site+in+southern+Cambodia&rft.volume=464&rft.pages=417-439&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2017.10.047&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018QuInt.464..417B&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft.au=Duringer%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Westaway%2C+Kira&rft.au=Joannes-Boyau%2C+Renaud&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Jian-xin&rft.au=Bourgon%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Dufour%2C+Elise&rft.au=Pheng%2C+Sytha&rft.au=Tep%2C+Sokha&rft.au=Ponche%2C+Jean-Luc&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Lani&rft.au=Blin%2C+Amandine&rft.au=Patole-Edoumba%2C+Elise&rft.au=Demeter%2C+Fabrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1040618217300368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stiner-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stiner_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Stiner, Mary (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.arizona.edu/~mstiner/pdf/Stiner2004a.pdf">Comparative ecology and taphonomy of spotted hyenas, humans, and wolves in Pleistocene Italy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508135925/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~mstiner/pdf/Stiner2004a.pdf">Archived</a> 8 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m54-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m54_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillsHofer1998">Mills & Hofer 1998</a>, pp. 54–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rook-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rook_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRookmaaker1989" class="citation book cs1">Rookmaaker, L. C. (1989). <i>The zoological exploration of southern Africa, 1650–1790</i>. Rotterdam: A. Balkema. pp. 112, 114, 132, 173, 252, 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789061918677" title="Special:BookSources/9789061918677"><bdi>9789061918677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+zoological+exploration+of+southern+Africa%2C+1650%E2%80%931790&rft.place=Rotterdam&rft.pages=112%2C+114%2C+132%2C+173%2C+252%2C+254&rft.pub=A.+Balkema&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9789061918677&rft.aulast=Rookmaaker&rft.aufirst=L.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m31-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m31_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillsHofer1998">Mills & Hofer 1998</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jurgen-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jurgen_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jurgen_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jurgen_137-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jurgen_137-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrembgen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Frembgen, Jürgen W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412175143/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/364">"The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia"</a>. <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 331–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1178757">10.2307/1178757</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178757">1178757</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/364">the original</a> on 12 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Magicality+of+the+Hyena%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices+in+West+and+South+Asia&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=331-344&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1178757&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1178757%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Frembgen&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bierbaum, Bernd (2011) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8C4moz003YC&pg=PA45">In Ethiopia</a></i>, BoD –  Books on Demand, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3844858849" title="Special:BookSources/3844858849">3844858849</a>. p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodrich-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goodrich_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodrich, S.G. and Winchell, A., <i>Johnson's Natural History</i> (New York: A.J. Johnson & Company, 1885), p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mcpherson, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suzieszterhas.com/a/pdf/BBC_WL_SUM08_HYENA_final.pdf"><i>The good, the bad and the hyena</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027025919/http://www.suzieszterhas.com/a/pdf/BBC_WL_SUM08_HYENA_final.pdf">Archived</a> 27 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>BBC Wildlife</i>, pp. 49-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank, Laurence D. (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionconservation.org/PopularArticles/Girl-power,Africa-Geographic,2006.pdf">Girl Power</a>, <i>African Geographic</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yirga-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yirga_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yirga_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYirga,_GidayBauer,_Hans2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yirga, Giday; Bauer, Hans (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121216135409/http://www.nieindia.org/ijees/PDF/36-67.pdf">"Livestock Depredation of the Spotted Hyena (<i>Crocuta crocuta</i>) in Southern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 67–73. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nieindia.org/ijees/PDF/36-67.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Ecology+and+Environmental+Sciences&rft.atitle=Livestock+Depredation+of+the+Spotted+Hyena+%28Crocuta+crocuta%29+in+Southern+Tigray%2C+Northern+Ethiopia&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-73&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Yirga%2C+Giday&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nieindia.org%2Fijees%2FPDF%2F36-67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k144-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-k144_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-k144_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKruuk1972">Kruuk 1972</a>, pp. 144–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGDRN-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGDRN_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGDRN_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGDRN_144-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Begg, Colleen; Begg, Keith; Muemedi, Oscar (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.selous-niassa-corridor.org/fileadmin/publications/2007-Human-Carnivore_Crocodile_Conflict_-NNR.pdf">Preliminary data on human –  carnivore conflict in Niassa National Reserve, Mozambique, particularly fatalities due to lion, spotted hyaena and crocodile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226170051/http://www.selous-niassa-corridor.org/fileadmin/publications/2007-Human-Carnivore_Crocodile_Conflict_-NNR.pdf">Archived</a> 26 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>SGDRN (Sociedade para a Gestão e Desenvolvimento da Reserva do Niassa Moçambique)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maneat-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maneat_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maneat_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maneat_145-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kruuk, Hans (2002) <i>Hunter and hunted: relationships between carnivores and people</i> Cambridge University Press, pp. 64–65, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89109-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-89109-4">0-521-89109-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roosevelt-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roosevelt_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roosevelt_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roosevelt_146-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roosevelt, Theodore (1910) <i>African Game Trails: An Account of the African Wanderings of an American Hunter, Naturalist</i>, New York, C. Scribner's sons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NE-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NE_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight,_John2000" class="citation book cs1">Knight, John (2000). <i>Natural Enemies: People-Wildlife conflicts in Anthropological Perspective</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22441-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22441-3"><bdi>978-0-415-22441-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Enemies%3A+People-Wildlife+conflicts+in+Anthropological+Perspective&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22441-3&rft.au=Knight%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m97-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m97_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m97_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m97_148-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m97_148-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillsHofer1998">Mills & Hofer 1998</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlowe, Frank (2010), <i>The Hadza: hunter-gatherers of Tanzania</i>, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-25342-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-25342-6">0-520-25342-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski" title="Ryszard Kapuściński">Kapuściński, Ryszard</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_(book)" title="The Emperor (book)">The Emperor: Downfall of an Autocrat</a></i>. 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72203-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72203-3">0-679-72203-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donham, Donald Lewis (1999) <i>Marxist modern: an ethnographic history of the Ethiopian revolution</i>, University of California Press, p. 135, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21329-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21329-7">0-520-21329-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copson, Raymond W. (1994) <i>Africa's wars and prospects for peace</i>, M.E. Sharpe, p. 6, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-300-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-300-8">1-56324-300-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2014" class="citation news cs1">Fletcher, Martin (23 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26294631">"The urban hyenas that attack rough sleepers"</a>. <i>BBC website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+website&rft.atitle=The+urban+hyenas+that+attack+rough+sleepers&rft.date=2014-02-23&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-26294631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m74-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m74_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m74_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m74_154-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillsHofer1998">Mills & Hofer 1998</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journaltaphonomy.com/JT-articles/2010/issue%201/taph-corner-2010-1tris.pdf">"The scavenger or the scavenged?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829061954/http://www.journaltaphonomy.com/JT-articles/2010/issue%201/taph-corner-2010-1tris.pdf">Archived</a> 29 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> A. Rodríguez-Hidalgo. <i>Journal of Taphonomy</i>, 1(2010): 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tjader, Richard (1910) <i>The big game of Africa: with many illustrations from photographs by the author</i>, D. Appleton and company in New York and, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethiopia-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ethiopia_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uhlig, Siegbert (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC&pg=PA97"><i>Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N</i></a>, Volume 3 of Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-05607-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-05607-X">3-447-05607-X</a>. p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beinart, William (2008) <i>The Rise of Conservation in South Africa: Settlers, Livestock, and the Environment 1770–1950</i>, Oxford University Press US, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-954122-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-954122-1">0-19-954122-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h95-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h95_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson-Hamilton1917">Stevenson-Hamilton 1917</a>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniell, Samuele; Barrow, Sir John; Somerville, William (1820), <i>Sketches representing the native tribes, animals, and scenery of southern Africa: from drawings made by the late Mr. Samuel Daniell</i>, W. Daniell, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlies2015" class="citation journal cs1">Flies, A.S. (7 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621877">"Markedly Elevated Antibody Responses in Wild versus Captive Spotted Hyenas Show that Environmental and Ecological Factors Are Important Modulators of Immunity"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (10): e0137679. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1037679F">2015PLoSO..1037679F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0137679">10.1371/journal.pone.0137679</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621877">4621877</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26444876">26444876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Markedly+Elevated+Antibody+Responses+in+Wild+versus+Captive+Spotted+Hyenas+Show+that+Environmental+and+Ecological+Factors+Are+Important+Modulators+of+Immunity&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e0137679&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4621877%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26444876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0137679&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1037679F&rft.aulast=Flies&rft.aufirst=A.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4621877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillsHofer1998">Mills & Hofer 1998</a>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b185-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b185_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrehm1895">Brehm 1895</a>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, Sir John (1801) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TswTAAAAYAAJ">Account of Travels Into the Interior of Southern Af <i>An Account of Travels Into the Interior of Southern Africa</i></a>, T. Cadell, jun and W. Davies. p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adow, Mohammed. (12 April 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3619791.stm">"Africa | Taming Ethiopia's hyenas"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. Retrieved on 15 February 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r363-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r363_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosevear1974">Rosevear 1974</a>, p. 363</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Bingley" title="William Bingley">Bingley, William</a> (1829), <i>Animal biography, or, Popular zoology</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kruuk, Hans (1975) <i>Hyaena.</i> Oxford University Press, London</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrehm1895" class="citation book cs1">Brehm, Alfred Edmund (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brehmslifeofanim00breh"><i>Brehm's Life of Animals</i></a>. Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brehm%27s+Life+of+Animals&rft.pub=Chicago%3A+A.+N.+Marquis+%26+Company&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Brehm&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrehmslifeofanim00breh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes1992" class="citation book cs1">Estes, Richard (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858"><i>The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08085-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08085-0"><bdi>978-0-520-08085-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+behavior+guide+to+African+mammals%3A+including+hoofed+mammals%2C+carnivores%2C+primates&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08085-0&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0520080858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes1998" class="citation book cs1">Estes, Richard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/safaricompaniong00este_0"><i>The safari companion: a guide to watching African mammals, including hoofed mammals, carnivores, and primates</i></a>. Chelsea Green Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890132-44-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890132-44-6"><bdi>978-1-890132-44-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+safari+companion%3A+a+guide+to+watching+African+mammals%2C+including+hoofed+mammals%2C+carnivores%2C+and+primates&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-890132-44-6&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsafaricompaniong00este_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk2010" class="citation book cs1">Funk, Holger (2010). <i>Hyaena: On the Naming and Localisation of an Enigmatic Animal</i>. GRIN Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-69784-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-69784-7"><bdi>978-3-640-69784-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hyaena%3A+On+the+Naming+and+Localisation+of+an+Enigmatic+Animal&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-640-69784-7&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Holger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingdon1988" class="citation book cs1">Kingdon, Jonathan (1988). <i>East African mammals: an atlas of evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part 1</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-43721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-43721-7"><bdi>978-0-226-43721-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+African+mammals%3A+an+atlas+of+evolution+in+Africa%2C+Volume+3%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-43721-7&rft.aulast=Kingdon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruuk1972" class="citation book cs1">Kruuk, Hans (1972). <i>The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour</i>. University of California Press. pp. 310–311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226455082" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226455082"><bdi>978-0226455082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spotted+Hyena%3A+A+Study+of+Predation+and+Social+Behaviour&rft.pages=310-311&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0226455082&rft.aulast=Kruuk&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtén1968" class="citation book cs1">Kurtén, Björn (1968). <i>Pleistocene mammals of Europe</i>. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pleistocene+mammals+of+Europe&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Kurt%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLydekker1908" class="citation book cs1">Lydekker, Richard (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gameanimalsofafr00lydeiala"><i>The Game Animals of Africa</i></a>. London, R. Ward, limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Game+Animals+of+Africa&rft.pub=London%2C+R.+Ward%2C+limited&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Lydekker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgameanimalsofafr00lydeiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald1992" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, David (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/velvetclawnatura00macd"><i>The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores</i></a>. New York: Parkwest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20844-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20844-0"><bdi>978-0-563-20844-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Velvet+Claw%3A+A+Natural+History+of+the+Carnivores&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Parkwest&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-563-20844-0&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvelvetclawnatura00macd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsHofer1998" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506084714/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/1998-013.pdf"><i>Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0442-5"><bdi>978-2-8317-0442-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/1998-013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hyaenas%3A+status+survey+and+conservation+action+plan&rft.pub=IUCN%2FSSC+Hyena+Specialist+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0442-5&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Gus&rft.au=Hofer%2C+Heribert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.iucn.org%2Fdbtw-wpd%2Fedocs%2F1998-013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsMills2011" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Gus; Mills, Margie (2011). <i>Hyena Nights & Kalahari Days</i>. Jacana Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77009-811-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77009-811-4"><bdi>978-1-77009-811-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hyena+Nights+%26+Kalahari+Days&rft.pub=Jacana+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-77009-811-4&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Gus&rft.au=Mills%2C+Margie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1910" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africangametrail01roos"><i>African Game Trails: An Account of the African Wanderings of an American Hunter, Naturalist</i></a>. New York, C. Scribner's sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4510-0191-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4510-0191-4"><bdi>978-1-4510-0191-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Game+Trails%3A+An+Account+of+the+African+Wanderings+of+an+American+Hunter%2C+Naturalist&rft.pub=New+York%2C+C.+Scribner%27s+sons&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-1-4510-0191-4&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricangametrail01roos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosevear1974" class="citation book cs1">Rosevear, Donovan Reginald (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carnivoresofwest00rose"><i>The carnivores of West Africa</i></a>. London : Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-565-00723-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-565-00723-2"><bdi>978-0-565-00723-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+carnivores+of+West+Africa&rft.pub=London+%3A+Trustees+of+the+British+Museum+%28Natural+History%29&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-565-00723-2&rft.aulast=Rosevear&rft.aufirst=Donovan+Reginald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarnivoresofwest00rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaller1976" class="citation book cs1">Schaller, George B. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ann2dYn9iYC&pg=PA377"><i>The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73640-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73640-2"><bdi>978-0-226-73640-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serengeti+Lion%3A+A+Study+of+Predator-Prey+Relations&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73640-2&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ann2dYn9iYC%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson-Hamilton1917" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson-Hamilton, James (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animallifeinafri01steviala"><i>Animal life in Africa, Vol. 1</i></a>. London : William Heinemann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+life+in+Africa%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=London+%3A+William+Heinemann&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Stevenson-Hamilton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimallifeinafri01steviala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpotted+hyena" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hugo Van Lawick and Jane Goodall. <i>Innocent Killers</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1971</li> <li>Mills, M.G.L. <i>Kalahari Hyenas: Comparative Behavioral Ecology of Two Species</i>. The Blackburn Press, 2003</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spotted_hyena&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Crocuta crocuta">Crocuta crocuta</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" class="extiw" title="commons:Crocuta crocuta"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Crocuta crocuta</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611035052/http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/spotted-hyena-crocuta-crocuta.html">The IUCN Hyaenidae Specialist Group page on spotted hyena</a></li> <li>Davis, Delbert Dwight & Story, Harriette Elizabeth (1949), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/femaleexternalge3133davi#page/n5/mode/2up">The Female External Genitalia of the Spotted Hyena</a></i>, Fieldiana: Zoology, vol. 31, no. 33, Chicago Natural History Museum</li> <li>McPherson, Jamie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027025919/http://www.suzieszterhas.com/a/pdf/BBC_WL_SUM08_HYENA_final.pdf">The Good, the Bad and the Hyena</a>, <i>BBC Wildlife</i>, Summer 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.check123.com/videos/900-spotted-hyena-female-genitalia?source=carousel">Spotted Hyena - Female Genitalia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014307/http://www.check123.com/videos/900-spotted-hyena-female-genitalia?source=carousel">Archived</a> 10 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Check123 Video Encyclopedia</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Feliformia_(&quot;cat-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("cat-like" carnivorans)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feliformia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">African palm civet (<i>Nandinia binotata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feloidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feloidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon_(Asiatic_linsangs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon</a></i> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(Asiatic linsangs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (<i>P. linsang</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (<i>P. pardicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Felidae_(cats)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(cats)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantherinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (<i>N. diardi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (<i>N. nebulosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (<i>P. uncia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (<i>P. tigris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (<i>P. onca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion (<i>P. leo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (<i>P. pardus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Bay cat<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (<i>P. marmorata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (<i>C. badia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (<i>C. temminckii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Caracal<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (<i>Leptailurus serval</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (<i>C. aurata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (<i>C. caracal</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (<i>L. colocola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (<i>L. geoffroyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (<i>L. guigna</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat (<i>L. guttulus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (<i>L. jacobita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (<i>L. pardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (<i>L. tigrinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (<i>L. wiedii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (<i>L. lynx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (<i>L. pardinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (<i>L. rufus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Puma<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acinonyx" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (<i>A. jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (<i>Herpailurus yagouaroundi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (<i>P. concolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Leopard cat<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (<i>Otocolobus manul</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (<i>P. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (<i>P. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (<i>P. planiceps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (<i>P. rubiginosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (<i>P. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (<i>F. bieti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (<i>F. catus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (<i>F. chaus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (<i>F. lybica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (<i>F. margarita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (<i>F. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (<i>F. silvestris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Viverroidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverridae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (<i>Chrotogale owstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (<i>Cynogale bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (<i>Diplogale hosei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (<i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (<i>Arctictis binturong</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (<i>Arctogalidia trivirgata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (<i>Macrogalidia musschenbroekii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (<i>Paguma larvata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (<i>P. hermaphroditus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (<i>P. jerdoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (<i>P. zeylonensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverrinae_sensu_lato" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> <br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (<i>Viverricula indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (<i>Civettictis civetta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (<i>V. civettina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (<i>V. megaspila</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (<i>V. tangalunga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (<i>V. zibetha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Genettinae" title="Genettinae">Genettinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(African linsangs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (<i>P. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (<i>P. leightoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(genets)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (<i>G. abyssinica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (<i>G. angolensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (<i>G. bourloni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (<i>G. cristata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (<i>G. genetta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (<i>G. johnstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (<i>G. letabae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (<i>G. maculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (<i>G. pardina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (<i>G. piscivora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (<i>G. poensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (<i>G. servalina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (<i>G. thierryi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (<i>G. tigrina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (<i>G. victoriae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_small-spotted_genet" title="South African small-spotted genet">South African small-spotted genet (<i>G. felina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Herpestoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hyaenidae(hyenas)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(hyenas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (<i>P. cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(bone-crushing hyenas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (<i>Hyaena hyaena</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (<i>Parahyaena brunnea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spotted hyena (<i>C. crocuta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(Malagasy<br />carnivorans)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa (<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (<i>Fossa fossana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (<i>E. goudotii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (<i>E. major</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (<i>Galidia elegans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (<i>G. fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (<i>G. grandidieri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (<i>Mungotictis decemlineata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (<i>S. concolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (<i>S. durrelli</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><br /><i>sensu stricto</i></span><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(mongooses)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Mungotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suricata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Suricata" title="Suricata">Suricata</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (<i>S. suricatta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (<i>Liberiictus kuhni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (<i>M. gambianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (<i>M. mungo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (<i>Dologale dybowskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (<i>H. hirtula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (<i>H. parvula</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (<i>C. alexandri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (<i>C. ansorgei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (<i>C. obscurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (<i>C. platycephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Herpestinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (<i>Atilax paludinosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (<i>Xenogale naso</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (<i>U. auropunctata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (<i>U. brachyura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (<i>U. edwardsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (<i>U. fusca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (<i>U. javanica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (<i>U. semitorquata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (<i>U. smithii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (<i>U. urva</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (<i>U. vitticolla</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (<i>Ichneumia albicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (<i>Cynictis penicillata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (<i>Paracynictis selousi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (<i>Rhynchogale melleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (<i>B. crassicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (<i>B. jacksoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (<i>B. nigripes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (<i>H. flavescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (<i>H. ichneumon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (<i>H. ochracea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (<i>H. pulverulenta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (<i>H. sanguinea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Caniformia_(&quot;dog-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("dog-like" carnivorans)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Canidae_(dogs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(dogs)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (<i>U. cinereoargenteus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (<i>U. littoralis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">Vulpini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (<i>Otocyon megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (<i>N. procyonoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (<i>N. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a></i><br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (<i>V. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (<i>V. cana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (<i>V. chama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (<i>V. corsac</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (<i>V. ferrilata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (<i>V. lagopus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (<i>V. macrotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (<i>V. pallida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (<i>V. rueppelli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (<i>V. velox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox (<i>V. vulpes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (<i>V. zerda</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(true dogs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(zorro)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (<i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (<i>S. venaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (<i>Atelocynus microtis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (<i>L. culpaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (<i>L. fulvipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (<i>L. griseus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (<i>L. gymnocercus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (<i>L. sechurae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (<i>L. vetulus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">Canina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(wolf-like canids)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lupulella" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (<i>L. adustus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (<i>L. mesomelas</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (<i>Cuon alpinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal (<i>C. aureus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (<i>C. familiaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (<i>C. latrans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (<i>C. lupaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf (<i>C. lupus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (<i>C. lycaon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (<i>C. rufus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (<i>C. simensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(bears)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (<i>A. melanoleuca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos" title="Tremarctos">Tremarctos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (<i>T. ornatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (<i>U. americanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear (<i>U. thibetanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (<i>U. arctos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (<i>U. maritimus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Mustelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia</a> <small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pinnipedia_(seals)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (<i>Odobenus rosmarus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(eared seals:<br /><a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Callorhinus" title="Callorhinus">Callorhinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (<i>C. ursinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariinae">Otariinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (<i>Z. californianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (<i>Z. wollebaeki</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (<i>Otaria flavescens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (<i>N. cinerea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (<i>Phocarctos hookeri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (<i>A. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (<i>A. forsteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (<i>A. galapagoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (<i>A. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (<i>A. philippii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (<i>A. pusillus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (<i>A. townsendi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (<i>A. tropicalis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(earless seals<br />or true seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("northern seals")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (<i>Cystophora cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (<i>Pagophilus groenlandicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (<i>Histriophoca fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (<i>P. largha</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (<i>P. vitulina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (<i>P. caspica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (<i>P. hispida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (<i>P. sibirica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("southern seals")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monachini(monk_seals)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(monk seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (<i>Monachus monachus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (<i>N. schauinslandi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(elephant seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (<i>M. angustirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (<i>M. leonina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Antarctic seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (<i>Hydrurga leptonyx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (<i>Leptonychotes weddellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (<i>Lobodon carcinophagus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (<i>Ommatophoca rossi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musteloidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog-nosed skunks)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. chinga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk">Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. humboldtii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. leuconotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. semistriatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (<i>M. macroura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (<i>M. mephitis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(stink badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (<i>M. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (<i>M. marchei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(spotted skunks)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (<i>S. angustifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (<i>S. gracilis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (<i>S. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (<i>S. pygmaea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (<i>Potos flavus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (<i>B. astutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (<i>B. sumichrasti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoons)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (<i>P. cancrivorus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon (<i>P. lotor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(olingos)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (<i>B. alleni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (<i>B. gabbii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (<i>B. medius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (<i>B. neblina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Nasuina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(coatis)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (<i>N. nasua</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (<i>N. narica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_meridensis" title="Nasuella meridensis">Eastern mountain coati (<i>N. meridensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (<i>N. olivacea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mustelidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mustelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (<i>Taxidea taxus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mellivora" title="Mellivora">Mellivora</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (<i>M. capensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Eurasian badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (<i>A. albogularis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (<i>A. collaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (<i>A. hoevenii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (<i>M. anakuma</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (<i>M. canescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (<i>M. leucurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (<i>M. meles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(ferret-badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (<i>M. cucphuongensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (<i>M. everetti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (<i>M. moschata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (<i>M. orientalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (<i>M. personata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_ferret-badger" title="Formosan ferret-badger">Formosan ferret-badger (<i>M. subaurantiaca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (<i>Eira barbara</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (<i>P. pennanti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo">Gulo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (<i>G. gulo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(martens)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (<i>M. caurina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (<i>M. flavigula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (<i>M. foina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (<i>M. gwatkinsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (<i>M. martes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (<i>M. melampus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (<i>M. zibellina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyncodontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyncodontini (page does not exist)">Lyncodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (<i>Lyncodon patagonicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(grisons)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (<i>G. cuja</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (<i>G. vittata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictonychini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictonychini (page does not exist)">Ictonychini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African polecats)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vormela" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Vormela</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (<i>V. peregusna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (<i>Poecilogale albinucha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (<i>I. libycus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (<i>I. striatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(otters)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (<i>L. felina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (<i>L. longicaudis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (<i>L. provocax</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enhydra" title="Enhydra">Enhydra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (<i>E. lutris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (<i>Hydrictis maculicollis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (<i>L. lutra</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (<i>L. sumatrana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (<i>L. perspicillata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (<i>A. capensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (<i>A. cinereus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (<i>A. congicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (<i>N. africana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (<i>N. felipei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (<i>N. frenata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (<i>N. vison</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(weasels)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_aistoodonnivalis" title="Mustela aistoodonnivalis">Sichuan weasel (<i>M. aistoodonnivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (<i>M. altaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (<i>M. erminea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (<i>M. eversmannii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (<i>M. furo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (<i>M. haidarum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (<i>M. itatsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (<i>M. kathiah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (<i>M. lutreola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (<i>M. lutreolina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (<i>M. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (<i>M. nivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (<i>M. nudipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (<i>M. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (<i>M. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (<i>M. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (<i>M. strigidorsa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Crocuta crocuta</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178089" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q178089">Q178089</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Crocuta crocuta">Crocuta crocuta</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Crocuta_crocuta/">Crocuta_crocuta</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2122">2122</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=359598">359598</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/ZL56">ZL56</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/311569">311569</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5218781">5218781</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/41886">41886</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11068533">11068533</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=621907">621907</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/5674">5674</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006071">1006071</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000684">14000684</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9678">9678</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/79431/">79431</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53881">53881</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=5287">5287</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Canis crocuta</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109647086" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q109647086">Q109647086</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8832574">8832574</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/49E372D1-2415-4A2A-BEA4-BD46B1ACF36E">49E372D1-2415-4A2A-BEA4-BD46B1ACF36E</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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