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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar_desert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Polar desert </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polar_desert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_desert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_desert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Biological desert </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_desert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Morphology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Morphology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weathering_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weathering_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Weathering processes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weathering_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dust_storms_and_sandstorms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dust_storms_and_sandstorms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Dust storms and sandstorms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dust_storms_and_sandstorms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_biogeography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_biogeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ecology and biogeography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology_and_biogeography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology and biogeography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_biogeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Human relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resource_extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resource_extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Natural resource extraction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resource_extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Farming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_energy_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_energy_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Solar energy capture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_energy_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 In culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deserts_on_other_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deserts_on_other_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Deserts on other planets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deserts_on_other_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Desert</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 180 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-180" aria-hidden="true" > 180 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woestyn" title="Woestyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Woestyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCste" title="Wüste – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wüste" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%88%83" title="በረሃ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በረሃ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C8%B3%C4%A1eland" title="Drȳġeland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Drȳġeland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асакара – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Асакара" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="صحراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صحراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desierto" title="Desierto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Desierto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܡܕܒܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܕܒܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անապատներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անապատներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="মৰুভূমি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মৰুভূমি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermu" title="Ermu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ermu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tave%27%E1%BB%B9" title="Tave'ỹ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tave'ỹ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99hra" title="Səhra – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səhra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="صحرا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صحرا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurun" title="Gurun – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gurun" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="মরুভূমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মরুভূমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soa-bo%CC%8Dk" title="Soa-bo̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Soa-bo̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Сүл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сүл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Пустыня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пустыня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Пустэльня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пустэльня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रेगिस्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेगिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Пустиня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пустиня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiastn" title="Wiastn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wiastn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustinja" title="Pustinja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pustinja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezerzh" title="Dezerzh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dezerzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Сүл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сүл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert" title="Desert – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desert" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Пушхир – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пушхир" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pou%C5%A1%C5%A5" title="Poušť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poušť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwenga" title="Gwenga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gwenga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anialwch" title="Anialwch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anialwch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98rken" title="Ørken – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ørken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1tto%C3%A1hpi" title="Sáttoáhpi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sáttoáhpi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCste" title="Wüste – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wüste" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo_Nidaha%C5%82ting%C3%B3%C3%B3" title="Doo Nidahałtingóó – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Doo Nidahałtingóó" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rb" title="Kõrb – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrb" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Έρημος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έρημος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%E1%B9%A1%C3%AArt" title="Deṡêrt – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Deṡêrt" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desierto" title="Desierto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desierto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezerto" title="Dezerto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dezerto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basamortu" title="Basamortu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Basamortu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بیابان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیابان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert" title="Desert – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Desert" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oy%C3%B0im%C3%B8rk" title="Oyðimørk – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Oyðimørk" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sert" title="Désert – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Désert" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woastyn" title="Woastyn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Woastyn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert" title="Desert – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Desert" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1sach" title="Fásach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fásach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0sach" title="Fàsach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fàsach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserto" title="Deserto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deserto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Яьсса аре – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Яьсса аре" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3" title="રણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A7%89" title="사막 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사막" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF_(%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Անապատ (աշխարագրություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անապատ (աշխարագրություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2" title="मरुस्थल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मरुस्थल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pus%C4%87ina" title="Pusćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pusćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustinja" title="Pustinja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pustinja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezerto" title="Dezerto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dezerto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desierto" title="Desierto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Desierto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurun" title="Gurun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gurun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserto" title="Deserto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Deserto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserte" title="Deserte – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Deserte" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunagluktuaq" title="Nunagluktuaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nunagluktuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entlango" title="Entlango – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Entlango" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ey%C3%B0im%C3%B6rk" title="Eyðimörk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eyðimörk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserto" title="Deserto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deserto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8" title="מדבר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדבר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara_wedhi" title="Sagara wedhi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sagara wedhi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%B1%C9%A9mpusuu_t%C9%9Bt%CA%8B_(D%C3%A9sert)" title="Kañɩmpusuu tɛtʋ (Désert) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kañɩmpusuu tɛtʋ (Désert)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮರುಭೂಮಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮರುಭೂಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Къуругъан тюз – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къуругъан тюз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="უდაბნო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უდაბნო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Шөл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шөл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difeyth" title="Difeyth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Difeyth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangwa" title="Jangwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jangwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dez%C3%A8" title="Dezè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dezè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9z%C3%A8" title="Dézè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Dézè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyaban" title="Beyaban – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Beyaban" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Чөл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чөл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert" title="Desert – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Desert" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desyerto" title="Desyerto – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Desyerto" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Чул – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чул" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D" title="ທະເລຊາຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະເລຊາຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserta" title="Deserta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Deserta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuksnesis" title="Tuksnesis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tuksnesis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCst" title="Wüst – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wüst" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dykuma" title="Dykuma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dykuma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weuste_(landsjap)" title="Weuste (landsjap) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Weuste (landsjap)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%ADk%C3%AD" title="Elíkí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Elíkí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserto" title="Deserto – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deserto" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert" title="Desert – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Desert" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivatag" title="Sivatag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sivatag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF" title="मरुभूमि – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मरुभूमि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пустина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пустина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tany_efitra" title="Tany efitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tany efitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="മരുഭൂമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മരുഭൂമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="वाळवंट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वाळवंट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ტიოზი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტიოზი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="صحرا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صحرا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="بیابون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیابون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurun" title="Gurun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gurun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurun" title="Gurun – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gurun" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerto" title="Zerto – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Zerto" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Цөл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цөл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B" title="ကန္တာရ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကန္တာရ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woestijn" title="Woestijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Woestijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weuste" title="Weuste – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Weuste" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF" title="मरुभूमि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मरुभूमि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81" title="फिसःबुँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फिसःबुँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E6%BC%A0" title="砂漠 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="砂漠" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BC-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="ГӀум-аре – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀум-аре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BC%C3%BCst" title="Wüüst – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wüüst" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98rken" title="Ørken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ørken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98rken" title="Ørken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ørken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert" title="Desert – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Desert" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des%C3%A8rt" title="Desèrt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Desèrt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF" title="ମରୁଭୂମି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମରୁଭୂମି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammoojjii" title="Gammoojjii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gammoojjii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%CA%BBl" title="Choʻl – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Choʻl" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B2" title="ਮਾਰੂਥਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰੂਥਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="صحراء – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صحراء" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezat" title="Dezat – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Dezat" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6%C3%B6st" title="Wööst – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wööst" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustynia" title="Pustynia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pustynia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserto" title="Deserto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deserto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%B3l" title="Shól – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Shól" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahra" title="Sahra – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sahra" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C8%99ert" title="Deșert – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Deșert" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahgepte" title="Sahgepte – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Sahgepte" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27in_pacha" title="Ch'in pacha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'in pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Пустыня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пустыня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Пустыня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пустыня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кумах куйаар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кумах куйаар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="मरुस्थलीयभूमिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मरुस्थलीयभूमिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertu" title="Desertu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Desertu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkret%C3%ABtira" title="Shkretëtira – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkretëtira" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disertu" title="Disertu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Disertu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB" title="කාන්තාර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාන්තාර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert" title="Desert – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Desert" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ريگستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ريگستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BA%C5%A1%C5%A5" title="Púšť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Púšť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1%C4%8Dava" title="Puščava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Puščava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusty%C5%84a" title="Pustyńa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pustyńa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamadegaan" title="Lamadegaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Lamadegaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بیابان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیابان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Пустиња – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пустиња" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustinja" title="Pustinja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pustinja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aavikko" title="Aavikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aavikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ken" title="Öken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilang" title="Ilang – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாலைவனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாலைவனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tane%E1%BA%93ruft" title="Taneẓruft – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taneẓruft" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area of land where little precipitation occurs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about dry terrain. For arid climate, see <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climate</a>. For the act of abandoning or withdrawing support, see <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertion</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Desert_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Desert (disambiguation)">Desert (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg/300px-Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg/450px-Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg/600px-Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10312" data-file-height="5179" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev Desert">Negev Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AtacamaDesertByFrode.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="view of high desert through a mountain crevasse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AtacamaDesertByFrode.jpg/300px-AtacamaDesertByFrode.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AtacamaDesertByFrode.jpg/450px-AtacamaDesertByFrode.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AtacamaDesertByFrode.jpg/600px-AtacamaDesertByFrode.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Valle_de_la_Luna_(Chile)" title="Valle de la Luna (Chile)">Valle de la Luna</a> ("Moon Valley") in the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, the world's driest non-polar desert</figcaption></figure> A desert is a <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> where little <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> occurs and, consequently, living conditions create unique biomes and ecosystems. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to <a href="/wiki/Denudation" title="Denudation">denudation</a>. About one-third of the land surface of the Earth is <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a>. This includes much of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar regions</a>, where little precipitation occurs, and which are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">polar deserts</a> or "cold deserts". Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> or by their geographical location.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Deserts are formed by <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, which consequently break in pieces. Although rain seldom occurs in deserts, there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods. Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter, and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor are further eroded by the wind. This picks up particles of sand and dust, which can remain airborne for extended periods – sometimes causing the formation of sand storms or <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a>. Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface. Rocks are smoothed down, and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits. The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing <a href="/wiki/Sand_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dunes">sand dunes</a>. Other deserts are flat, stony <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> of smooth stones, often forming <a href="/wiki/Desert_pavement" title="Desert pavement">desert pavements</a>, and little further <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> takes place. Other desert features include <a href="/wiki/Rock_outcrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock outcrop">rock outcrops</a>, exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water. Temporary lakes may form and <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt pans</a> may be left when waters evaporate. There may be underground sources of water, in the form of springs and seepages from <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>. Where these are found, <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> can occur. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerus_inauris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Xerus_inauris.jpg/220px-Xerus_inauris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Xerus_inauris.jpg/330px-Xerus_inauris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Xerus_inauris.jpg/440px-Xerus_inauris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="2238" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cape_Ground_Squirrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Ground Squirrel">Cape Ground Squirrel</a> (Xerus inauris) in the Namib Desert</figcaption></figure> Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment. Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves, water-resistant <a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">cuticles</a>, and often spines to deter <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivory</a>. Some annual plants <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germinate</a>, bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall, while other long-lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture. Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive. Many are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal</a>, and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day. They tend to be efficient at conserving water, extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. Some animals remain in a state of <a href="/wiki/Dormancy" title="Dormancy">dormancy</a> for long periods, ready to become active again during the rare rainfall. They then <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduce</a> rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People-in-thar-desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/People-in-thar-desert.jpg/220px-People-in-thar-desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/People-in-thar-desert.jpg/330px-People-in-thar-desert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/People-in-thar-desert.jpg/440px-People-in-thar-desert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption>People in Thar desert</figcaption></figure> People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia. <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomads</a> have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available, and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life. The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification. <a href="/wiki/Desert_farming" title="Desert farming">Desert farming</a> is possible with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley" title="Imperial Valley">Imperial Valley</a> in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source. Many <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> have been forged across deserts, especially across the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, and traditionally were used by <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> carrying salt, gold, ivory and other goods. Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a> were also taken northwards across the Sahara. Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts, and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> English desert and its <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deserto#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:deserto">deserto</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%C3%A9sert#French" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:désert">désert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/desierto#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:desierto">desierto</a>) all come from the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">ecclesiastical Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/desertum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:desertum">dēsertum</a> (originally "an abandoned place"), a participle of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deserere#Latin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:deserere">dēserere</a>, "to abandon".<a href="#cite_note-Harper-2">[2]</a> The correlation between aridity and sparse population is complex and dynamic, varying by culture, era, and technologies; thus the use of the word desert can cause confusion. In English before the 20th century, desert was often used in the sense of "unpopulated area", without specific reference to <a href="/wiki/Aridity" title="Aridity">aridity</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Harper-2">[2]</a> but today the word is most often used in its climate-science sense (an area of low precipitation).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Phrases such as "<a href="/wiki/Desert_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert island">desert island</a>"<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Great_American_Desert" title="Great American Desert">Great American Desert</a>", or <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s "deserts of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>" (<a href="/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale" title="The Winter's Tale">The Winter's Tale</a>) in previous centuries did not necessarily imply sand or aridity; their focus was the sparse population.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_deserts">Major deserts</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area" title="List of deserts by area">List of deserts by area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deserts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="global map of deserts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Deserts.png/660px-Deserts.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Deserts.png/990px-Deserts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Deserts.png/1320px-Deserts.png 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>The world's largest non-polar deserts</figcaption></figure> Deserts occupy about one third of Earth's land surface.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-6">[6]</a> Bottomlands may be <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>-covered flats. <a href="/wiki/Eolian_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eolian processes">Eolian processes</a> are major factors in shaping desert landscapes. <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">Polar deserts</a> (also seen as "cold deserts") have similar features, except the main form of precipitation is snow rather than rain. <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> is the world's largest cold desert (composed of about 98% thick <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continental</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> and 2% barren rock). Some of the barren rock is to be found in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Dry_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry Valley">Dry Valleys</a> of Antarctica that almost never get snow, which can have ice-encrusted <a href="/wiki/Saline_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Saline lake">saline lakes</a> that suggest evaporation far greater than the rare snowfall due to the strong <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_winds" class="mw-redirect" title="Katabatic winds">katabatic winds</a> that even evaporate ice. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption>The ten largest deserts<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Desert </th> <th>Area (km2) </th> <th>Area (sqmi) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic Desert</a> (Antarctica) </td> <td>14,200,000 </td> <td>5,482,651 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic Desert</a> (Arctic) </td> <td>13,900,000 </td> <td>5,366,820 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara Desert</a> (Africa) </td> <td>9,200,000 </td> <td>3,552,140 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Great Australian</a> (Australia) </td> <td>2,700,000 </td> <td>1,042,476 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a> (Middle East) </td> <td>2,330,000 </td> <td>899,618 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> (Asia) </td> <td>1,295,000 </td> <td>500,002 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a> (Africa) </td> <td>900,000 </td> <td>347,492 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Desert" title="Patagonian Desert">Patagonian Desert</a> (South America) </td> <td>673,000 </td> <td>259,847 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a> (Middle East) </td> <td>500,000 </td> <td>193,051 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin Desert</a> (North America) </td> <td>490,000 </td> <td>190,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> Deserts, both hot and cold, play a part in moderating Earth's temperature, because they reflect more of the incoming light and their <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> is higher than that of forests or the sea.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defining_characteristics">Defining characteristics</h2></div> A desert is a <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a> of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> (usually in the form of rain, but it may be snow, mist or fog), often has little coverage by plants, and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area.<a href="#cite_note-EG-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Desert_senna" title="Desert senna">Deserts</a> generally receive less than 250 mm (10 in) of precipitation each year.<a href="#cite_note-EG-9">[9]</a> The potential <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> may be large but (in the absence of available water) the actual evapotranspiration may be close to zero.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">Semi-deserts</a> are regions which receive between 250 and 500 mm (10 and 20 in) and when clad in grass, these are known as <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-usgs-6">[6]</a> Most deserts on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Grand Australian Desert</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin Desert</a>, occur in low <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitudes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallpaper_of_E-ELT_site_testing_%E2%80%94_Cerro_Armazones_Chile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Atacama Desert in foreground with Andes mountains in distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wallpaper_of_E-ELT_site_testing_%E2%80%94_Cerro_Armazones_Chile.jpg/220px-Wallpaper_of_E-ELT_site_testing_%E2%80%94_Cerro_Armazones_Chile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wallpaper_of_E-ELT_site_testing_%E2%80%94_Cerro_Armazones_Chile.jpg/330px-Wallpaper_of_E-ELT_site_testing_%E2%80%94_Cerro_Armazones_Chile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wallpaper_of_E-ELT_site_testing_%E2%80%94_Cerro_Armazones_Chile.jpg/440px-Wallpaper_of_E-ELT_site_testing_%E2%80%94_Cerro_Armazones_Chile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama</a>, the world's driest non-polar desert, part of the <a href="/wiki/Arid_Diagonal" title="Arid Diagonal">Arid Diagonal</a> of South America</figcaption></figure> One of the driest places on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ES-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo_Driest-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdAstra-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It is virtually devoid of life because it is blocked from receiving precipitation by the Andes mountains to the east and the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Coast_Range" title="Chilean Coast Range">Chilean Coast Range</a> to the west. The cold <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Anticyclone">anticyclone of the Pacific</a> are essential to keep the dry climate of the Atacama. The average precipitation in the Chilean region of <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antofagasta (region)">Antofagasta</a> is just 1 mm (0.039 in) per year. Some weather stations in the Atacama have never received rain. Evidence suggests that the Atacama may not have had any significant rainfall from 1570 to 1971. It is so arid that mountains that reach as high as 6,885 m (22,589 ft) are completely free of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> and, in the southern part from 25°S to 27°S, may have been glacier-free throughout the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> extends down to an altitude of 4,400 m (14,400 ft) and is continuous above 5,600 m (18,400 ft).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-TWP-19">[19]</a> Nevertheless, there is some plant life in the Atacama, in the form of specialist plants that obtain moisture from dew and the <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fogs</a> that blow in from the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-ES-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GobiFlood.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="muddy stream in Gobi Desert with grass in foreground and desert in background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GobiFlood.JPG/220px-GobiFlood.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GobiFlood.JPG/330px-GobiFlood.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GobiFlood.JPG/440px-GobiFlood.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Flash flood in the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi</a></figcaption></figure> When rain falls in deserts, as it occasionally does, it is often with great violence. The desert surface is evidence of this with dry stream channels known as <a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(creek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arroyo (creek)">arroyos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a> meandering across its surface. These can experience <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash floods</a>, becoming raging torrents with surprising rapidity after a storm that may be many kilometers away. Most deserts are in basins with no drainage to the sea but some are crossed by exotic rivers sourced in mountain ranges or other high rainfall areas beyond their borders. The <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">River Nile</a>, the Colorado River and the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> do this, losing much of their water through evaporation as they pass through the desert and raising groundwater levels nearby. There may also be underground sources of water in deserts in the form of <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>, underground rivers or lakes. Where these lie close to the surface, <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a> can be dug and <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> may form where plant and animal life can flourish.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-DF-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System" title="Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System">Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System</a> under the Sahara Desert is the largest known accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_water" title="Fossil water">fossil water</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Man-Made_River" title="Great Man-Made River">Great Man-Made River</a> is a scheme launched by Libya's <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> to tap this aquifer and supply water to coastal cities.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kharga_Oasis" title="Kharga Oasis">Kharga Oasis</a> in Egypt is 150 km (93 mi) long and is the largest oasis in the Libyan Desert. A lake occupied this depression in ancient times and thick deposits of sandy-clay resulted. Wells are dug to extract water from the porous sandstone that lies underneath.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Seepages may occur in the walls of <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyons</a> and pools may survive in deep shade near the dried up watercourse below.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert_Lake,_near_Ragtown,_Nevada_MET_DP243000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Desert_Lake%2C_near_Ragtown%2C_Nevada_MET_DP243000.jpg/220px-Desert_Lake%2C_near_Ragtown%2C_Nevada_MET_DP243000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Desert_Lake%2C_near_Ragtown%2C_Nevada_MET_DP243000.jpg/330px-Desert_Lake%2C_near_Ragtown%2C_Nevada_MET_DP243000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Desert_Lake%2C_near_Ragtown%2C_Nevada_MET_DP243000.jpg/440px-Desert_Lake%2C_near_Ragtown%2C_Nevada_MET_DP243000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3954" data-file-height="3153" /></a><figcaption>Desert Lake, near Ragtown, Nevada</figcaption></figure> Lakes may form in basins where there is sufficient precipitation or <a href="/wiki/Meltwater" title="Meltwater">meltwater</a> from glaciers above. They are usually shallow and saline, and wind blowing over their surface can cause stress, moving the water over nearby low-lying areas. When the lakes dry up, they leave a crust or <a href="/wiki/Hardpan" title="Hardpan">hardpan</a> behind. This area of deposited clay, silt or sand is known as a <a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">playa</a>. The deserts of North America have more than one hundred playas, many of them relics of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bonneville" title="Lake Bonneville">Lake Bonneville</a> which covered parts of Utah, Nevada and Idaho during the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a> when the climate was colder and wetter.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> These include the <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah_Lake" title="Utah Lake">Utah Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevier_Lake" title="Sevier Lake">Sevier Lake</a> and many dry lake beds. The smooth flat surfaces of playas have been used for attempted vehicle speed records at <a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Desert" title="Black Rock Desert">Black Rock Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Speedway" title="Bonneville Speedway">Bonneville Speedway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Dry_Lake" title="Rogers Dry Lake">Rogers Dry Lake</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a> as <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">runways</a> for aircraft and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-DF-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_World_Factbook_-_Algeria_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_World_Factbook_-_Algeria_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency_%287%29.jpg/220px-The_World_Factbook_-_Algeria_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_World_Factbook_-_Algeria_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency_%287%29.jpg/330px-The_World_Factbook_-_Algeria_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_World_Factbook_-_Algeria_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency_%287%29.jpg/440px-The_World_Factbook_-_Algeria_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> is the largest hot desert in the world</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">Desert climate</a></div> Deserts have been defined and classified in a number of ways, generally combining total precipitation, number of days on which this falls, temperature, and humidity, and sometimes additional factors.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-6">[6]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, receives less than 250 mm (9.8 in) of precipitation per year, and is immediately recognized as being located in a desert because of its aridity-adapted plants. The <a href="/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope" title="Alaska North Slope">North Slope</a> of Alaska's <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Range" title="Brooks Range">Brooks Range</a> also receives less than 250 mm (9.8 in) of precipitation per year and is often classified as a cold desert.<a href="#cite_note-WalterBreckle2002-24">[24]</a> Other regions of the world have cold deserts, including areas of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><a href="#cite_note-Negi2002-25">[25]</a> and other high-altitude areas in other parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-RohliVega2008-26">[26]</a> Polar deserts cover much of the ice-free areas of the Arctic and Antarctic.<a href="#cite_note-ThomasFogg2008-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-LyonsHoward-Williams1997-28">[28]</a> A non-technical definition is that deserts are those parts of Earth's surface that have insufficient vegetation cover to support a human population.<a href="#cite_note-encyclo-29">[29]</a> Potential evapotranspiration supplements the measurement of precipitation in providing a scientific measurement-based definition of a desert. The water budget of an area can be calculated using the formula P − PE ± S, wherein P is precipitation, PE is potential evapotranspiration rates and S is the amount of surface storage of water. Evapotranspiration is the combination of water loss through atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> and through the life processes of plants. Potential <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, then, is the amount of water that could evaporate in any given region. As an example, <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a> receives about 300 mm (12 in) of rain per year, however about 2,500 mm (98 in) of water could evaporate over the course of a year.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In other words, about eight times more water could evaporate from the region than actually falls as rain. Rates of evapotranspiration in cold regions such as Alaska are much lower because of the lack of heat to aid in the evaporation process.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Deserts are sometimes classified as "hot" or "cold", "semiarid" or "coastal".<a href="#cite_note-encyclo-29">[29]</a> The characteristics of hot deserts include high temperatures in summer; greater evaporation than precipitation, usually exacerbated by high temperatures, strong winds and lack of cloud cover; considerable variation in the occurrence of precipitation, its intensity and distribution; and low humidity. Winter temperatures vary considerably between different deserts and are often related to the location of the desert on the continental landmass and the latitude. Daily variations in temperature can be as great as 22 °C (40 °F) or more, with heat loss by radiation at night being increased by the clear skies.<a href="#cite_note-Laity-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="aerial view of ice sheet covered in snow Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg/220px-AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg/330px-AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg/440px-AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Cold desert: snow surface at <a href="/wiki/Dome_C" title="Dome C">Dome C</a> Station, Antarctica</figcaption></figure> Cold deserts, sometimes known as temperate deserts, occur at higher latitudes than hot deserts, and the aridity is caused by the dryness of the air. Some cold deserts are far from the ocean and others are separated by mountain ranges from the sea, and in both cases, there is insufficient moisture in the air to cause much precipitation. The largest of these deserts are found in Central Asia. Others occur on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, the eastern side of the southern <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and in southern Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-11">[11]</a> Polar deserts are a particular class of cold desert. The air is very cold and carries little moisture so little precipitation occurs and what does fall, usually snow, is carried along in the often strong wind and may form blizzards, drifts and dunes similar to those caused by dust and sand in other desert regions. In <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, for example, the annual precipitation is about 50 mm (2 in) on the central plateau and some ten times that amount on some major peninsulas.<a href="#cite_note-Laity-32">[32]</a> Based on precipitation alone, <a href="/wiki/Hyperarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperarid">hyperarid</a> deserts receive less than 25 mm (1 in) of rainfall a year; they have no annual seasonal cycle of precipitation and experience twelve-month periods with no rainfall at all.<a href="#cite_note-Laity-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oliver2005-33">[33]</a> Arid deserts receive between 25 and 200 mm (1 and 8 in) in a year and semiarid deserts between 200 and 500 mm (8 and 20 in). However, such factors as the temperature, humidity, rate of evaporation and evapotranspiration, and the moisture storage capacity of the ground have a marked effect on the degree of aridity and the plant and animal life that can be sustained. Rain falling in the cold season may be more effective at promoting plant growth, and defining the boundaries of deserts and the semiarid regions that surround them on the grounds of precipitation alone is problematic.<a href="#cite_note-Laity-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semi-arid_Niger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Semi-arid_Niger.jpg/220px-Semi-arid_Niger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Semi-arid_Niger.jpg/330px-Semi-arid_Niger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Semi-arid_Niger.jpg/440px-Semi-arid_Niger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5784" data-file-height="3846" /></a><figcaption>Semi-arid <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></figcaption></figure> A semi-arid desert or a steppe is a version of the arid desert with much more rainfall, <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> and higher humidity. These regions feature a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a> and are less extreme than regular deserts.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Like arid deserts, temperatures can vary greatly in semi deserts. They share some characteristics of a true desert and are usually located at the edge of deserts and continental dry areas. They usually receive precipitation from 250 to 500 mm (9.8 to 19.7 in) but this can vary due to evapotranspiration and soil nutrition. Semi-deserts can be found in the high elevations of the <a href="/wiki/Tabernas_Desert" title="Tabernas Desert">Tabernas Desert</a> (and some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Meseta_Central" title="Meseta Central">Spanish Plateu</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Sahel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sahel">The Sahel</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Western US">Western US</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a>, portions of South America (especially in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Outback" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Outback">Australian Outback</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> They usually feature BSh (hot steppe) or BSk (temperate steppe) in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>. Coastal deserts are mostly found on the western edges of continental land masses in regions where cold currents approach the land or cold water upwellings rise from the ocean depths. The cool winds crossing this water pick up little moisture and the coastal regions have low temperatures and very low rainfall, the main precipitation being in the form of fog and dew. The range of temperatures on a daily and annual scale is relatively low, being 11 °C (20 °F) and 5 °C (9 °F) respectively in the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>. Deserts of this type are often long and narrow and bounded to the east by mountain ranges. They occur in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, southern California and <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>. Other coastal deserts influenced by cold currents are found in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, and the western fringes of the Sahara.<a href="#cite_note-Laity-32">[32]</a> In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Peveril_Meigs" title="Peveril Meigs">Peveril Meigs</a> divided desert regions on Earth into three categories according to the amount of precipitation they received. In this now widely accepted system, extremely arid lands have at least twelve consecutive months without precipitation, arid lands have less than 250 mm (9.8 in) of annual precipitation, and semiarid lands have a mean annual precipitation of between 250 and 500 mm (9.8 and 19.7 in). Both extremely arid and arid lands are considered to be deserts while semiarid lands are generally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a> when they are grasslands.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="desert behind mountains because of the rain shadow effect" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg/220px-Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg/330px-Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg/440px-Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Agasthiyamalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Agasthiyamalai">Agasthiyamalai</a> hills cut off <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>, creating a <a href="/wiki/Rainshadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainshadow">rainshadow</a> region.</figcaption></figure> Deserts are also classified, according to their <a href="/wiki/Geographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical">geographical</a> location and dominant weather pattern, as trade wind, mid-latitude, rain shadow, coastal, monsoon, or <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">polar deserts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Destypes-36">[36]</a> Trade wind deserts occur either side of the <a href="/wiki/Horse_latitudes" title="Horse latitudes">horse latitudes</a> at 30° to 35° North and South. These belts are associated with the subtropical anticyclone and the large-scale descent of dry air. The Sahara Desert is of this type. Mid-latitude deserts occur between 30° and 50° North and South. They are mostly in areas remote from the sea where most of the moisture has already precipitated from the prevailing winds. They include the <a href="/wiki/Tengger_Desert" title="Tengger Desert">Tengger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Deserts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Destypes-36">[36]</a> Monsoon deserts are similar. They occur in regions where large temperature differences occur between sea and land. Moist warm air rises over the land, deposits its water content and circulates back to sea. Further inland, areas receive very little precipitation. The <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> near the India/Pakistan border is of this type.<a href="#cite_note-Destypes-36">[36]</a> In some parts of the world, deserts are created by a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> effect. <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">Orographic lift</a> occurs as air masses rise to pass over high ground. In the process they cool and lose much of their moisture by precipitation on the <a href="/wiki/Windward" class="mw-redirect" title="Windward">windward</a> slope of the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a>. When they descend on the <a href="/wiki/Leeward" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward">leeward</a> side, they warm and their capacity to hold moisture increases so an area with relatively little precipitation occurs.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a> is an example, lying in the rain shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and receiving less than 38 mm (1.5 in) precipitation annually.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Other areas are arid by virtue of being a very long way from the nearest available sources of moisture.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sand_to_Snow_NM_geology.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sand_to_Snow_NM_geology.JPG/220px-Sand_to_Snow_NM_geology.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sand_to_Snow_NM_geology.JPG/330px-Sand_to_Snow_NM_geology.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sand_to_Snow_NM_geology.JPG/440px-Sand_to_Snow_NM_geology.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A montane desert</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">Montane</a> deserts are arid places with a very high <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>; the most prominent example is found north of the Himalayas, in the <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>. Many locations within this category have elevations exceeding 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and the thermal regime can be <a href="/wiki/Hemiboreal" title="Hemiboreal">hemiboreal</a>. These places owe their profound aridity (the average annual precipitation is often less than 40 mm or 1.5 in) to being very far from the nearest available sources of moisture and are often in the <a href="/wiki/Windward_and_leeward" title="Windward and leeward">lee</a> of mountain ranges. Montane deserts are normally cold, or may be scorchingly hot by day and very cold by night as is true of the northeastern slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Polar deserts such as <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Dry_Valleys" title="McMurdo Dry Valleys">McMurdo Dry Valleys</a> remain ice-free because of the dry <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_wind" title="Katabatic wind">katabatic winds</a> that flow downhill from the surrounding mountains.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Former desert areas presently in non-arid environments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sandhills_(Nebraska)" title="Sandhills (Nebraska)">Sandhills in Nebraska</a>, are known as paleodeserts.<a href="#cite_note-Destypes-36">[36]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">deserts are classed</a> as BWh (hot desert) or BWk (temperate desert). In the <a href="/wiki/Thornthwaite_climate_classification" title="Thornthwaite climate classification">Thornthwaite climate classification system</a>, deserts would be classified as arid <a href="/wiki/Megathermal" title="Megathermal">megathermal</a> climates.<a href="#cite_note-Fredlund1993-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polar_desert">Polar desert</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">Polar deserts</a> are a type of <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Cold_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">cold desert</a>. While they do not lack water, having a persistent cover of snow and ice, this is merely due to marginal evaporation rates and low precipitation. The <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_dry_valleys" class="mw-redirect" title="McMurdo dry valleys">McMurdo dry valleys</a> of Antarctica, which lack water (whether rain, ice, or snow) much like a non-polar desert and even have such desert features as hypersaline lakes and intermittent streams that resemble (except for being frozen at their surfaces) hot or cold deserts for extreme aridity and lack of precipitation of any kind. Extreme winds and not seasonal heat desiccate these nearly-lifeless terrains. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_desert">Biological desert</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollweide_Cycle.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mollweide_Cycle.gif/220px-Mollweide_Cycle.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mollweide_Cycle.gif/330px-Mollweide_Cycle.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mollweide_Cycle.gif/440px-Mollweide_Cycle.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>An animation of a year in organism density on Earth. The <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Gyre" title="South Pacific Gyre">South Pacific Gyre</a> is an example of a so-called "oceanic desert", visibly low (purple) in organism density. Polar deserts are visible in consistent white and arid deserts in consistent brown, with <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundras</a> oscillating between white and brown.</figcaption></figure> The concept of "biological desert" redefines the concept of desert, without the characteristic of aridity, not lacking water, but instead lacking life. Such places can be so-called "ocean deserts", which are mostly at the centers of <a href="/wiki/Gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyre">gyres</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic waters</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Renfrow_2009-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reintjes_Tegetmeyer_Bürgisser_Orlić_2022-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAAs_National_Ocean_Service_2019-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weathering_processes">Weathering processes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weathering</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeologicalExfoliationOfGraniteRock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="granite rock with weathered exfoliation Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/GeologicalExfoliationOfGraniteRock.jpg/220px-GeologicalExfoliationOfGraniteRock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/GeologicalExfoliationOfGraniteRock.jpg/330px-GeologicalExfoliationOfGraniteRock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/GeologicalExfoliationOfGraniteRock.jpg/440px-GeologicalExfoliationOfGraniteRock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Exfoliation of weathering rocks in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, US</figcaption></figure> Deserts usually have a large <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">diurnal</a> and seasonal temperature range, with high daytime temperatures falling sharply at night. The <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> range may be as much as 20 to 30 °C (36 to 54 °F) and the rock surface experiences even greater temperature differentials.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-47">[47]</a> During the day the sky is usually clear and most of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>'s radiation reaches the ground, but as soon as the sun sets, the desert cools quickly by radiating heat into space. In hot deserts, the temperature during daytime can exceed 45 °C (113 °F) in summer and plunge below freezing point at night during winter.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe11-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sand_from_Gobi_Desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="multicolor grains of sand in a centimeter sample" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sand_from_Gobi_Desert.jpg/170px-Sand_from_Gobi_Desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sand_from_Gobi_Desert.jpg/255px-Sand_from_Gobi_Desert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sand_from_Gobi_Desert.jpg/340px-Sand_from_Gobi_Desert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>One square centimeter (0.16 sq in) of windblown sand from the Gobi Desert</figcaption></figure> Such large temperature variations have a destructive effect on the exposed rocky surfaces. The repeated fluctuations put a strain on exposed rock and the flanks of mountains crack and shatter. Fragmented strata slide down into the valleys where they continue to break into pieces due to the relentless sun by day and chill by night. Successive strata are exposed to further weathering. The relief of the internal pressure that has built up in rocks that have been underground for aeons can cause them to shatter.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe21-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_joint" title="Exfoliation joint">Exfoliation</a> also occurs when the outer surfaces of rocks split off in flat flakes. This is believed to be caused by the stresses put on the rock by repeated <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansions</a> and contractions which induces fracturing parallel to the original surface.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-47">[47]</a> Chemical weathering processes probably play a more important role in deserts than was previously thought. The necessary moisture may be present in the form of dew or mist. Ground water may be drawn to the surface by evaporation and the formation of salt crystals may dislodge rock particles as sand or disintegrate rocks by exfoliation. Shallow caves are sometimes formed at the base of cliffs by this means.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-47">[47]</a> As the desert mountains decay, large areas of shattered rock and rubble occur. The process continues and the end products are either dust or sand. Dust is formed from solidified clay or volcanic deposits whereas sand results from the fragmentation of harder <a href="/wiki/Granites" class="mw-redirect" title="Granites">granites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe22-50">[50]</a> There is a certain critical size (about 0.5 mm) below which further temperature-induced weathering of rocks does not occur and this provides a minimum size for sand grains.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> As the mountains are eroded, more and more sand is created. At high wind speeds, sand grains are picked up off the surface and blown along, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">saltation</a>. The whirling airborne grains act as a <a href="/wiki/Abrasive_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive blasting">sand blasting</a> mechanism which grinds away solid objects in its path as the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the wind is transferred to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-Pye4-52">[52]</a> The sand eventually ends up deposited in level areas known as sand-fields or sand-seas, or piled up in dunes.<a href="#cite_note-Pye141-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features">Features</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg/220px-Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg/330px-Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg/440px-Israel-2013-Aerial_00-Negev-Makhtesh_Ramon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10312" data-file-height="5179" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Makhtesh_Ramon" title="Makhtesh Ramon">Makhtesh Ramon</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Erosion_cirque" class="mw-redirect" title="Erosion cirque">erosion cirque</a> of a type unique to the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></figcaption></figure> Many people think of deserts as consisting of extensive areas of billowing sand dunes because that is the way they are often depicted on TV and in films,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> but deserts do not always look like this.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Across the world, around 20% of desert is sand, varying from only 2% in North America to 30% in Australia and over 45% in Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-DF-20">[20]</a> Where sand does occur, it is usually in large quantities in the form of sand sheets or extensive areas of <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-DF-20">[20]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sandsheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandsheet">sand sheet</a> is a near-level, firm expanse of partially consolidated particles in a layer that varies from a few centimeters to a few meters thick. The structure of the sheet consists of thin horizontal layers of coarse silt and very fine to medium grain sand, separated by layers of coarse sand and pea-gravel which are a single grain thick. These larger particles anchor the other particles in place and may also be packed together on the surface so as to form a miniature desert pavement.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Small ripples form on the sand sheet when the wind exceeds 24 km/h (15 mph). They form perpendicular to the wind direction and gradually move across the surface as the wind continues to blow. The distance between their crests corresponds to the average length of jumps made by particles during saltation. The ripples are ephemeral and a change in wind direction causes them to reorganise.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dune_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="diagram showing movement of sand dune in relation to wind direction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dune_en.svg/220px-Dune_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dune_en.svg/330px-Dune_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dune_en.svg/440px-Dune_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing <a href="/wiki/Barchan_Dune" class="mw-redirect" title="Barchan Dune">barchan dune</a> formation, with the wind blowing from the left</figcaption></figure> Sand dunes are accumulations of windblown sand piled up in mounds or ridges. They form downwind of copious sources of dry, loose sand and occur when topographic and climatic conditions cause airborne particles to settle. As the wind blows, saltation and creep take place on the windward side of the dune and individual grains of sand move uphill. When they reach the crest, they cascade down the far side. The upwind slope typically has a gradient of 10° to 20° while the lee slope is around 32°, the angle at which loose dry sand will slip. As this wind-induced movement of sand grains takes place, the dune moves slowly across the surface of the ground.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Dunes are sometimes solitary, but they are more often grouped together in dune fields. When these are extensive, they are known as sand seas or <a href="/wiki/Erg_(landform)" title="Erg (landform)">ergs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-TD-59">[59]</a> The shape of the dune depends on the characteristics of the prevailing wind. <a href="/wiki/Barchan" title="Barchan">Barchan</a> dunes are produced by strong winds blowing across a level surface and are crescent-shaped with the concave side away from the wind. When there are two directions from which winds regularly blow, a series of long, linear dunes known as <a href="/wiki/Seif_dune" class="mw-redirect" title="Seif dune">seif</a> dunes may form. These also occur parallel to a strong wind that blows in one general direction. Transverse dunes run at a right angle to the prevailing wind direction. Star dunes are formed by variable winds, and have several ridges and slip faces radiating from a central point. They tend to grow vertically; they can reach a height of 500 m (1,600 ft), making them the tallest type of dune. Rounded mounds of sand without a slip face are the rare dome dunes, found on the upwind edges of sand seas.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-TD-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_dunefield,_White_Sands_National_Park,_New_Mexico,_United_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Aerial_view_of_dunefield%2C_White_Sands_National_Park%2C_New_Mexico%2C_United_States.png/220px-Aerial_view_of_dunefield%2C_White_Sands_National_Park%2C_New_Mexico%2C_United_States.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Aerial_view_of_dunefield%2C_White_Sands_National_Park%2C_New_Mexico%2C_United_States.png/330px-Aerial_view_of_dunefield%2C_White_Sands_National_Park%2C_New_Mexico%2C_United_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Aerial_view_of_dunefield%2C_White_Sands_National_Park%2C_New_Mexico%2C_United_States.png/440px-Aerial_view_of_dunefield%2C_White_Sands_National_Park%2C_New_Mexico%2C_United_States.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Gypsum dune fields, <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_National_Park" title="White Sands National Park">White Sands National Park</a>, New Mexico, United States</figcaption></figure>In deserts where large amounts of limestone mountains surround a <a href="/wiki/Closed_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed basin">closed basin</a>, such as at <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_National_Park" title="White Sands National Park">White Sands National Park</a> in south-central <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, occasional storm runoff transports dissolved limestone and <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> into a low-lying pan within the basin where the water evaporates, depositing the gypsum and forming crystals known as <a href="/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)" title="Selenite (mineral)">selenite</a>. The crystals left behind by this process are eroded by the wind and deposited as vast white dune fields that resemble snow-covered landscapes. These types of dune are rare, and only form in closed arid basins that retain the highly soluble gypsum that would otherwise be washed into the sea.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert_Pavement_Mojave_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of desert pavement, small stones left behind by wind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Desert_Pavement_Mojave_2000.jpg/220px-Desert_Pavement_Mojave_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Desert_Pavement_Mojave_2000.jpg/330px-Desert_Pavement_Mojave_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Desert_Pavement_Mojave_2000.jpg/440px-Desert_Pavement_Mojave_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Windswept <a href="/wiki/Desert_pavement" title="Desert pavement">desert pavement</a> of small, smooth, closely packed stones in the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></figcaption></figure> A large part of the surface area of the world's deserts consists of flat, stone-covered plains dominated by wind erosion. In "<a href="/wiki/Deflation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deflation (geology)">eolian deflation</a>", the wind continually removes fine-grained material, which becomes wind-blown sand. This exposes coarser-grained material, mainly <a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebbles</a> with some larger stones or <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobbles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pye141-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-DF-20">[20]</a> leaving a <a href="/wiki/Desert_pavement" title="Desert pavement">desert pavement</a>, an area of land overlaid by closely packed smooth stones forming a <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellated</a> mosaic. Different theories exist as to how exactly the pavement is formed. It may be that after the sand and dust is blown away by the wind the stones jiggle themselves into place; alternatively, stones previously below ground may in some way work themselves to the surface. Very little further erosion takes place after the formation of a pavement, and the ground becomes stable. Evaporation brings moisture to the surface by capillary action and calcium salts may be precipitated, binding particles together to form a desert <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In time, bacteria that live on the surface of the stones accumulate a film of minerals and clay particles, forming a shiny brown coating known as <a href="/wiki/Desert_varnish" title="Desert varnish">desert varnish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Other non-sandy deserts consist of exposed outcrops of <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>, dry soils or <a href="/wiki/Aridisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Aridisols">aridisols</a>, and a variety of landforms affected by <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">flowing water</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">alluvial fans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sink_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sink (geography)">sinks or playas</a>, temporary or permanent <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, and oases.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-DF-20">[20]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Hamada" title="Hamada">hamada</a> is a type of desert landscape consisting of a high rocky plateau where the sand has been removed by <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian processes</a>. Other landforms include plains largely covered by gravels and angular boulders, from which the finer particles have been stripped by the wind. These are called "reg" in the western Sahara, "serir" in the eastern Sahara, "gibber plains" in Australia and "saï" in central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili Plateau</a> in Algeria is a jumble of eroded <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcrops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyons</a>, blocks, <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_(geology)" title="Pinnacle (geology)">pinnacles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fissure" title="Fissure">fissures</a>, slabs and <a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">ravines</a>. In some places the wind has carved holes or arches, and in others, it has created mushroom-like pillars narrower at the base than the top.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe30-64">[64]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a>, it is water that has been the prevailing eroding force. Here, rivers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a>, have cut their way over the millennia through the high desert floor, creating <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyons</a> that are over a mile (6,000 feet or 1,800 meters) deep in places, exposing strata that are over two billion years old.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dust_storms_and_sandstorms">Dust storms and sandstorms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandstorm_in_Al_Asad,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="dark brown sand storm about to engulf a motor pool" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sandstorm_in_Al_Asad%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-Sandstorm_in_Al_Asad%2C_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sandstorm_in_Al_Asad%2C_Iraq.jpg/330px-Sandstorm_in_Al_Asad%2C_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sandstorm_in_Al_Asad%2C_Iraq.jpg/440px-Sandstorm_in_Al_Asad%2C_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a> about to engulf a military camp in Iraq, 2005</figcaption></figure> Sand and dust storms are natural events that occur in arid regions where the land is not protected by a covering of vegetation. Dust storms usually start in desert margins rather than the deserts themselves where the finer materials have already been blown away. As a steady wind begins to blow, fine particles lying on the exposed ground begin to vibrate. At greater wind speeds, some particles are lifted into the air stream. When they land, they strike other particles which may be jerked into the air in their turn, starting a <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a>. Once ejected, these particles move in one of three possible ways, depending on their size, shape and density; <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">saltation</a> or creep. Suspension is only possible for particles less than 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) in diameter. In a dust storm, these fine particles are lifted up and wafted aloft to heights of up to 6 km (3.7 mi). They reduce visibility and can remain in the atmosphere for days on end, conveyed by the trade winds for distances of up to 6,000 km (3,700 mi).<a href="#cite_note-GlobalAlarm-66">[66]</a> Denser clouds of dust can be formed in stronger winds, moving across the land with a billowing leading edge. The sunlight can be obliterated and it may become as dark as night at ground level.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe20-67">[67]</a> In a study of a dust storm in China in 2001, it was estimated that 6.5 million tons of dust were involved, covering an area of 134,000,000 km2 (52,000,000 sq mi). The mean particle size was 1.44 μm.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A much smaller scale, short-lived phenomenon can occur in calm conditions when hot air near the ground rises quickly through a small pocket of cooler, low-pressure air above forming a whirling column of particles, a <a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">dust devil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltation-mechanics-i18n.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="diagram of sand particles showing wind entrainment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Saltation-mechanics-i18n.png/220px-Saltation-mechanics-i18n.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Saltation-mechanics-i18n.png/330px-Saltation-mechanics-i18n.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Saltation-mechanics-i18n.png/440px-Saltation-mechanics-i18n.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Wind-blown particles: 1. creep 2. <a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">saltation</a> 3. <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a> 4. wind current</figcaption></figure> Sandstorms occur with much less frequency than dust storms. They are often preceded by severe dust storms and occur when the wind velocity increases to a point where it can lift heavier particles. These grains of sand, up to about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) in diameter are jerked into the air but soon fall back to earth, ejecting other particles in the process. Their weight prevents them from being airborne for long and most only travel a distance of a few meters (yards). The sand streams along above the surface of the ground like a fluid, often rising to heights of about 30 cm (12 in).<a href="#cite_note-GlobalAlarm-66">[66]</a> In a really severe steady blow, 2 m (6 ft 7 in) is about as high as the sand stream can rise as the largest sand grains do not become airborne at all. They are transported by creep, being rolled along the desert floor or performing short jumps.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe20-67">[67]</a> During a sandstorm, the wind-blown sand particles become <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electrically charged</a>. Such <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric fields</a>, which range in size up to 80 kV/m, can produce sparks and cause interference with telecommunications equipment. They are also unpleasant for humans and can cause headaches and nausea.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe20-67">[67]</a> The electric fields are caused by the collision between airborne particles and by the impacts of saltating sand grains landing on the ground. The mechanism is little understood but the particles usually have a negative charge when their diameter is under 250 μm and a positive one when they are over 500 μm.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_biogeography">Ecology and biogeography</h2></div> Deserts and semi-deserts are home to <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> with low or very low <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primary_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary productivity">primary productivity</a> in arid or semi-arid climates. They are mostly found in subtropical high-pressure belts and major continental <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadows</a>. Primary productivity depends on low densities of small <a href="/wiki/Photoautotroph" title="Photoautotroph">photoautotrophs</a> that sustain a sparse <a href="/wiki/Trophic_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Trophic network">trophic network</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant growth">Plant growth</a> is limited by <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a>, temperature extremes and desiccating winds. Deserts have strong temporal variability in the availability of resources due to the total amount of annual rainfall and the size of individual rainfall events. Resources are often ephemeral or episodic, and this triggers sporadic animal movements and 'pulse and reserve' or 'boom-bust' ecosystem dynamics. Erosion and sedimentation are high due to the sparse vegetation cover and the activities of large mammals and people. Plants and animals in deserts are mostly adapted to extreme and prolonged <a href="/wiki/Moisture_stress" title="Moisture stress">water deficits</a>, but their reproductive phenology often responds to short episodes of surplus. <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">Competitive interactions</a> are weak.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baja_California_Desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="xeroscape of cacti in Baja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baja_California_Desert.jpg/220px-Baja_California_Desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baja_California_Desert.jpg/330px-Baja_California_Desert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baja_California_Desert.jpg/440px-Baja_California_Desert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xerophyte" title="Xerophyte">Xerophytes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pachycereus_pringlei" title="Pachycereus pringlei">Cardón</a> cacti in the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_desert" title="Baja California desert">Baja California desert</a>, Cataviña region, Mexico</figcaption></figure> Plants face severe challenges in arid environments. Problems they need to solve include how to obtain enough water, how to avoid being eaten and how to reproduce. <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> is the key to plant growth. It can only take place during the day as energy from the sun is required, but during the day, many deserts become very hot. Opening <a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">stomata</a> to allow in the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> necessary for the process causes <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, and conservation of water is a top priority for desert vegetation. Some plants have resolved this problem by adopting <a href="/wiki/Crassulacean_acid_metabolism" title="Crassulacean acid metabolism">crassulacean acid metabolism</a>, allowing them to open their stomata during the night to allow CO2 to enter, and close them during the day,<a href="#cite_note-stomata-73">[73]</a> or by using <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4 carbon fixation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Many desert plants have reduced the size of their leaves or abandoned them altogether. Cacti are present in both North and South America with a post-Gondwana origin. The genus is desert specialist, and in most species, the leaves have been dispensed with and the <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> displaced into the trunks, the cellular structure of which has been modified to allow them to store water. When rain falls, the water is rapidly absorbed by the shallow roots and retained to allow them to survive until the next downpour, which may be months or years away.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe123-75">[75]</a> The giant <a href="/wiki/Saguaro" title="Saguaro">saguaro cacti</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> form "forests", providing shade for other plants and nesting places for desert birds. Saguaro grows slowly but may live for up to two hundred years. The surface of the trunk is folded like a <a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">concertina</a>, allowing it to expand, and a large specimen can hold eight tons of water after a good downpour.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe123-75">[75]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Xerophyte" title="Xerophyte">xerophytic</a> plants have developed similar strategies by a process known as <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> They limit water loss by reducing the size and number of stomata, by having waxy coatings and hairy or tiny leaves. Some are deciduous, shedding their leaves in the driest season, and others curl their leaves up to reduce transpiration. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Aloe_vera" title="Aloe vera">aloes</a>, store water in succulent leaves or stems or in fleshy tubers. Desert plants maximize water uptake by having shallow roots that spread widely, or by developing long <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproots</a> that reach down to deep rock strata for ground water.<a href="#cite_note-DEH-77">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saltbush" title="Saltbush">saltbush</a> in Australia has succulent leaves and secretes salt crystals, enabling it to live in saline areas.<a href="#cite_note-DEH-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In common with cacti, many have developed spines to ward off browsing animals.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe123-75">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="camel thorn tree, Acacia erioloba in the Namib Desert in Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG/220px-Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG/330px-Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG/440px-Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>The camel thorn tree (<a href="/wiki/Acacia_erioloba" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia erioloba">Acacia erioloba</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Namib_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Namib Desert">Namib Desert</a> is nearly leafless in dry periods.</figcaption></figure> Some desert plants produce seed which lies <a href="/wiki/Dormancy" title="Dormancy">dormant</a> in the soil until sparked into growth by rainfall. With <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annuals</a>, such plants grow with great rapidity and may flower and set seed within weeks, aiming to complete their development before the last vestige of water dries up. For perennial plants, reproduction is more likely to be successful if the seed germinates in a shaded position, but not so close to the parent plant as to be in competition with it. Some seed will not germinate until it has been blown about on the desert floor to <a href="/wiki/Scarification_(botany)" title="Scarification (botany)">scarify</a> the seed coat. The seed of the <a href="/wiki/Mesquite" title="Mesquite">mesquite</a> tree, which grows in deserts in the Americas, is hard and fails to sprout even when planted carefully. When it has passed through the gut of a <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a> it germinates readily, and the little pile of moist <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">dung</a> provides an excellent start to life well away from the parent tree.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe123-75">[75]</a> The stems and leaves of some plants lower the surface velocity of sand-carrying winds and protect the ground from erosion. Even small fungi and microscopic plant organisms found on the soil surface (so-called <a href="/wiki/Soil_crust" title="Soil crust">cryptobiotic soil</a>) can be a vital link in preventing erosion and providing support for other living organisms. Cold deserts often have high concentrations of salt in the soil. Grasses and low shrubs are the dominant vegetation here and the ground may be covered with <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>. Most shrubs have spiny leaves and shed them in the coldest part of the year.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xerocole" title="Xerocole">Xerocole</a></div> Animals adapted to live in deserts are called <a href="/wiki/Xerocole" title="Xerocole">xerocoles</a>. There is no evidence that body temperature of mammals and birds is adaptive to the different climates, either of great heat or cold. In fact, with a very few exceptions, their <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">basal metabolic rate</a> is determined by body size, irrespective of the climate in which they live.<a href="#cite_note-Scholander-80">[80]</a> Many desert animals (and plants) show especially clear evolutionary adaptations for water conservation or heat tolerance and so are often studied in <a href="/wiki/Comparative_physiology" title="Comparative physiology">comparative physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecophysiology" title="Ecophysiology">ecophysiology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">evolutionary physiology</a>. One well-studied example is the specializations of mammalian kidneys shown by desert-inhabiting species.<a href="#cite_note-Al-kahtani_et_al_2004-81">[81]</a> Many examples of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> have been identified in desert organisms, including between <a href="/wiki/Cacti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacti">cacti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphorbia" title="Euphorbia">Euphorbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_rats" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo rats">kangaroo rats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerboas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerboas">jerboas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrynosoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrynosoma">Phrynosoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moloch_horridus" class="mw-redirect" title="Moloch horridus">Moloch</a> lizards.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cream-coloured_Courser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="cream-colored courser camouflaged for the desert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cream-coloured_Courser.jpg/170px-Cream-coloured_Courser.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cream-coloured_Courser.jpg/255px-Cream-coloured_Courser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cream-coloured_Courser.jpg/340px-Cream-coloured_Courser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>The cream-colored courser, <a href="/wiki/Cursorius_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursorius cursor">Cursorius cursor</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">well-camouflaged</a> desert resident with its dusty <a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">coloration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">disruptive</a> head markings.</figcaption></figure> Deserts present a very challenging environment for animals. Not only do they require food and water but they also need to keep their body temperature at a tolerable level. In many ways, birds are the ablest to do this of the higher animals. They can move to areas of greater food availability as the desert blooms after local rainfall and can fly to faraway waterholes. In hot deserts, gliding birds can remove themselves from the over-heated desert floor by using thermals to soar in the cooler air at great heights. In order to conserve energy, other desert birds run rather than fly. The <a href="/wiki/Cream-colored_courser" title="Cream-colored courser">cream-colored courser</a> flits gracefully across the ground on its long legs, stopping periodically to snatch up insects. Like other desert birds, it is well-camouflaged by its coloring and can merge into the landscape when stationary. The <a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">sandgrouse</a> is an expert at this and nests on the open desert floor dozens of kilometers (miles) away from the <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">waterhole</a> it needs to visit daily. Some small diurnal birds are found in very restricted localities where their plumage matches the color of the underlying surface. The <a href="/wiki/Desert_lark" title="Desert lark">desert lark</a> takes frequent dust baths which ensures that it matches its environment.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe141-83">[83]</a> Water and carbon dioxide are metabolic end products of oxidation of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Oxidising a gram of carbohydrate produces 0.60 grams of water; a gram of protein produces 0.41 grams of water; and a gram of fat produces 1.07 grams of water,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> making it possible for xerocoles to live with little or no access to drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-Mellanby-86">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_rat" title="Kangaroo rat">kangaroo rat</a> for example makes use of this <a href="/wiki/Water_of_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Water of metabolism">water of metabolism</a> and conserves water both by having a low basal metabolic rate and by remaining underground during the heat of the day,<a href="#cite_note-Best_et_al-87">[87]</a> reducing loss of water through its skin and respiratory system when at rest.<a href="#cite_note-Mellanby-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">Herbivorous</a> mammals obtain moisture from the plants they eat. Species such as the <a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">addax antelope</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">dik-dik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">oryx</a> are so efficient at doing this that they apparently never need to drink.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a> is a superb example of a <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> adapted to desert life. It minimizes its water loss by producing concentrated urine and dry <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">dung</a>, and is able to lose 40% of its body weight through water loss without dying of dehydration.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">Carnivores</a> can obtain much of their water needs from the body fluids of their prey.<a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-92">[92]</a> Many other hot desert animals are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal</a>, seeking out shade during the day or dwelling underground in burrows. At depths of more than 50 cm (20 in), these remain at between 30 and 32 °C (86 and 90 °F) regardless of the external temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerboa" title="Jerboa">Jerboas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerbillinae" title="Gerbillinae">desert rats</a>, kangaroo rats and other small rodents emerge from their burrows at night and so do the foxes, coyotes, jackals and snakes that prey on them. Kangaroos keep cool by increasing their respiration rate, panting, sweating and moistening the skin of their forelegs with <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Mammals living in cold deserts have developed greater insulation through warmer body fur and insulating layers of <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> beneath the skin. The <a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">arctic weasel</a> has a metabolic rate that is two or three times as high as would be expected for an animal of its size. Birds have avoided the problem of losing heat through their feet by not attempting to maintain them at the same temperature as the rest of their bodies, a form of adaptive insulation.<a href="#cite_note-Scholander-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">emperor penguin</a> has dense plumage, a downy under layer, an air insulation layer next to the skin and various thermoregulatory strategies to maintain its body temperature in one of the harshest environments on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-NatGeoHile-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DesertIguana031611.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="desert iguana sunning on a rock" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/DesertIguana031611.jpg/220px-DesertIguana031611.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/DesertIguana031611.jpg/330px-DesertIguana031611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/DesertIguana031611.jpg/440px-DesertIguana031611.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3905" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Desert_iguana" title="Desert iguana">desert iguana</a> (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) is well-adapted to desert life.</figcaption></figure> Being <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">ectotherms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> are unable to live in cold deserts but are well-suited to hot ones. In the heat of the day in the Sahara, the temperature can rise to 50 °C (122 °F). Reptiles cannot survive at this temperature and lizards will be prostrated by heat at 45 °C (113 °F). They have few adaptations to desert life and are unable to cool themselves by sweating so they shelter during the heat of the day. In the first part of the night, as the ground radiates the heat absorbed during the day, they emerge and search for <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">prey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">Lizards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> are the most numerous in arid regions and certain snakes have developed a <a href="/wiki/Sidewinding" title="Sidewinding">novel method of locomotion</a> that enables them to move sidewards and navigate high sand-dunes. These include the <a href="/wiki/Cerastes_(genus)" title="Cerastes (genus)">horned viper</a> of Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_cerastes" title="Crotalus cerastes">sidewinder</a> of North America, evolutionarily distinct but with similar behavioural patterns because of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>. Many desert reptiles are <a href="/wiki/Ambush_predator" title="Ambush predator">ambush predators</a> and often bury themselves in the sand, waiting for prey to come within range.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">Amphibians</a> might seem unlikely desert-dwellers, because of their need to keep their skins moist and their dependence on water for reproductive purposes. In fact, the few species that are found in this habitat have made some remarkable adaptations. Most of them are fossorial, spending the hot dry months <a href="/wiki/Aestivation" title="Aestivation">aestivating</a> in deep burrows. While there they shed their skins a number of times and retain the remnants around them as a waterproof <a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoon</a> to retain moisture. In the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couch%27s_spadefoot_toad" title="Couch's spadefoot toad">Couch's spadefoot toad</a> spends most of the year dormant in its burrow. Heavy rain is the trigger for emergence and the first male to find a suitable pool calls to attract others. Eggs are laid and the tadpoles grow rapidly as they must reach <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> before the water evaporates. As the desert dries out, the adult toads rebury themselves. The juveniles stay on the surface for a while, feeding and growing, but soon dig themselves burrows. Few make it to adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Litoria_platycephala" class="mw-redirect" title="Litoria platycephala">water holding frog</a> in Australia has a similar life cycle and may aestivate for as long as five years if no rain falls.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Desert_rain_frog" title="Desert rain frog">Desert rain frog</a> of Namibia is nocturnal and survives because of the damp <a href="/wiki/Marine_layer" title="Marine layer">sea fogs</a> that roll in from the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triops_australiensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tadpole shrimp facing left on desert sand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Triops_australiensis.jpg/220px-Triops_australiensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Triops_australiensis.jpg/330px-Triops_australiensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Triops_australiensis.jpg/440px-Triops_australiensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Triops_australiensis" title="Triops australiensis">Tadpole shrimp</a> survive dry periods as eggs, which rapidly hatch and develop after rain.</figcaption></figure> Invertebrates, particularly <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, have successfully made their homes in the desert. <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">Flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> have hard <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticles</a> which are impervious to water and many of them lay their eggs underground and their young develop away from the temperature extremes at the surface.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saharan_silver_ant" title="Saharan silver ant">Saharan silver ant</a> (Cataglyphis bombycina) uses a <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_protein" title="Heat shock protein">heat shock protein</a> in a novel way and forages in the open during brief forays in the heat of the day.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stenocara_dentata" title="Stenocara dentata">long-legged darkling beetle</a> in Namibia stands on its front legs and raises its <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a> to catch the morning mist as condensate, funnelling the water into its mouth.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Some arthropods make use of the ephemeral pools that form after rain and complete their life cycle in a matter of days. The <a href="/wiki/Desert_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert shrimp">desert shrimp</a> does this, appearing "miraculously" in new-formed puddles as the dormant eggs hatch. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Brine_shrimp" title="Brine shrimp">brine shrimps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anostraca" title="Anostraca">fairy shrimps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notostraca" title="Notostraca">tadpole shrimps</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Cryptobiosis" title="Cryptobiosis">cryptobiotic</a> and can lose up to 92% of their bodyweight, rehydrating as soon as it rains and their temporary pools reappear.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_relations">Human relations</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Humans</a> have long made use of deserts as places to live,<a href="#cite_note-Fagan-104">[104]</a> and more recently have started to exploit them for <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-minerals-105">[105]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> capture.<a href="#cite_note-Kib-106">[106]</a> Deserts play a significant role in <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">human culture</a> with an extensive <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bancroft-107">[107]</a> Deserts can only support a limited <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morroco-arid-climate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="shepherd leaving his sheep outside of Marrakech, Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Morroco-arid-climate.jpg/220px-Morroco-arid-climate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Morroco-arid-climate.jpg/330px-Morroco-arid-climate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Morroco-arid-climate.jpg/440px-Morroco-arid-climate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Shepherd near <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a> leading his flock to new pasture</figcaption></figure> People have been living in deserts for millennia. Many, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmen">Bushmen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahari">Kalahari</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aborigines</a> in Australia and various tribes of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North American Indians</a>, were originally <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>. They developed skills in the manufacture and use of weapons, animal tracking, finding water, foraging for edible plants and using the things they found in their natural environment to supply their everyday needs. Their self-sufficient skills and knowledge were passed down through the generations by word of mouth.<a href="#cite_note-Fagan-104">[104]</a> Other cultures developed a <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">nomadic way of life</a> as herders of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, camels, <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>. They travelled over large areas with their herds, moving to new pastures as seasonal and erratic rainfall encouraged new plant growth. They took with them their tents made of cloth or skins draped over poles and their diet included milk, blood and sometimes meat.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Salt caravan of heavy laden camels in desert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/290px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/435px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/580px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Salt caravan travelling between <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bilma" title="Bilma">Bilma</a> salt mines</figcaption></figure> The desert nomads were also traders. The Sahara is a very large expanse of land stretching from the Atlantic rim to Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trade routes</a> were developed linking the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> in the south with the fertile Mediterranean region to the north and large numbers of camels were used to carry valuable goods across the desert interior. The <a href="/wiki/Tuareg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg">Tuareg</a> were traders and the transported goods traditionally included <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> going northwards and salt going southwards. <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a> with knowledge of the region were employed to guide the caravans between the various oases and <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Several million slaves may have been taken northwards across the Sahara between the 8th and 18th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Traditional means of overland transport declined with the advent of motor vehicles, shipping and air freight, but <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">caravans</a> still travel along routes between <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilma" title="Bilma">Bilma</a> and between <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoudenni" title="Taoudenni">Taoudenni</a> carrying salt from the interior to desert-edge communities.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Round the rims of deserts, where more precipitation occurred and conditions were more suitable, some groups took to cultivating crops. This may have happened when <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> caused the death of herd animals, forcing herdsmen to turn to cultivation. With few inputs, they were at the mercy of the weather and may have lived at bare <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">subsistence</a> level. The land they cultivated reduced the area available to nomadic herders, causing disputes over land. The semi-arid fringes of the desert have fragile soils which are at risk of erosion when exposed, as happened in the American <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a> in the 1930s. The grasses that held the soil in place were ploughed under, and a series of dry years caused crop failures, while enormous dust storms blew the topsoil away. Half a million Americans were forced to leave their land in this catastrophe.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Similar damage is being done today to the semi-arid areas that rim deserts and about twelve million hectares of land are being turned to desert each year.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a> is caused by such factors as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> and deforestation. Vegetation plays a major role in determining the composition of the soil. In many environments, the rate of erosion and run off increases dramatically with reduced vegetation cover.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resource_extraction">Natural resource extraction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jodhpurplant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see description" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Jodhpurplant.jpg/220px-Jodhpurplant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Jodhpurplant.jpg/330px-Jodhpurplant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Jodhpurplant.jpg/440px-Jodhpurplant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A mining plant near <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, India</figcaption></figure> Deserts contain substantial mineral resources, sometimes over their entire surface, giving them their characteristic colors. For example, the red of many sand deserts comes from <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a> minerals.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Geological processes in a desert climate can concentrate <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> into valuable deposits. <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(pedology)" title="Leaching (pedology)">Leaching</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ground_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground water">ground water</a> can extract <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> minerals and redeposit them, according to the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>, in concentrated form.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-minerals-105">[105]</a> Similarly, evaporation tends to concentrate minerals in desert lakes, creating dry lake beds or <a href="/wiki/Sink_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sink (geography)">playas</a> rich in minerals. Evaporation can concentrate minerals as a variety of <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> deposits, including <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borate_mineral" title="Borate mineral">borates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-minerals-105">[105]</a> Evaporites are found in the US's <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin Desert</a>, historically exploited by the "20-mule teams" pulling carts of borax from <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a> to the nearest <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-minerals-105">[105]</a> A desert especially rich in mineral salts is the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>, Chile, where sodium nitrate has been mined for <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> since around 1850.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-minerals-105">[105]</a> Other desert minerals are <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> from Chile, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Many other metals, salts and commercially valuable types of rock such as <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> are extracted from deserts around the world.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-minerals-105">[105]</a> Oil and gas form on the bottom of shallow seas when micro-organisms decompose under anoxic conditions and later become covered with sediment. Many deserts were at one time the sites of shallow seas and others have had underlying hydrocarbon deposits transported to them by the movement of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Some major oilfields such as <a href="/wiki/Ghawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghawar">Ghawar</a> are found under the sands of Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-minerals-105">[105]</a> Geologists believe that other oil deposits were formed by <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian processes</a> in ancient deserts as may be the case with some of the major American oil fields.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-minerals-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farming">Farming</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Desert_farming" title="Desert farming">Desert farming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_above_in_the_USA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="aerial view of the Imperial valley showing the pattern of irrigation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/View_from_above_in_the_USA.JPG/220px-View_from_above_in_the_USA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/View_from_above_in_the_USA.JPG/330px-View_from_above_in_the_USA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/View_from_above_in_the_USA.JPG/440px-View_from_above_in_the_USA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of fields in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley" title="Imperial Valley">Imperial Valley</a></figcaption></figure> Traditional desert farming systems have long been established in North Africa, irrigation being the key to success in an area where water stress is a limiting factor to growth. Techniques that can be used include <a href="/wiki/Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irrigation">drip irrigation</a>, the use of organic residues or animal manures as fertilisers and other traditional agricultural management practices. Once fertility has been built up, further crop production preserves the soil from destruction by wind and other forms of erosion.<a href="#cite_note-Marasco-118">[118]</a> It has been found that plant growth-promoting bacteria play a role in increasing the resistance of plants to stress conditions and these <a href="/wiki/Rhizobacteria" title="Rhizobacteria">rhizobacterial</a> suspensions could be inoculated into the soil in the vicinity of the plants. A study of these microbes found that desert farming hampers desertification by establishing islands of fertility allowing farmers to achieve increased yields despite the adverse environmental conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Marasco-118">[118]</a> A field trial in the Sonoran Desert which exposed the roots of different species of tree to rhizobacteria and the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixing</a> bacterium <a href="/wiki/Azospirillum_brasilense" title="Azospirillum brasilense">Azospirillum brasilense</a> with the aim of restoring degraded lands was only partially successful.<a href="#cite_note-Marasco-118">[118]</a> The Judean Desert was farmed in the 7th century BC during the Iron Age to supply food for desert forts.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Native Americans in the south western United States became agriculturalists around 600 AD when seeds and technologies became available from Mexico. They used terracing techniques and grew gardens beside seeps, in moist areas at the foot of dunes, near streams providing flood irrigation and in areas irrigated by extensive specially built canals. The <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a> tribe constructed over 500 miles (800 km) of large canals and maintained them for centuries, an impressive feat of engineering. They grew maize, beans, squash and peppers.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> A modern example of desert farming is the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley" title="Imperial Valley">Imperial Valley</a> in California, which has high temperatures and average rainfall of just 3 in (76 mm) per year.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The economy is heavily based on agriculture and the land is irrigated through a network of canals and pipelines sourced entirely from the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> via the <a href="/wiki/All-American_Canal" title="All-American Canal">All-American Canal</a>. The soil is deep and fertile, being part of the river's flood plains, and what would otherwise have been desert has been transformed into one of the most productive farming regions in California. Other water from the river is piped to urban communities but all this has been at the expense of the river, which below the extraction sites no longer has any above-ground flow during most of the year. Another problem of growing crops in this way is the build-up of salinity in the soil caused by the evaporation of river water.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The greening of the desert remains an aspiration and was at one time viewed as a future means for increasing food production for the world's growing population. This prospect has proved false as it disregarded the environmental damage caused elsewhere by the diversion of water for desert project irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_energy_capture">Solar energy capture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DESERTEC-Map_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="satellite view with solar and renewal energy potential of Sahara and Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DESERTEC-Map_large.jpg/220px-DESERTEC-Map_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DESERTEC-Map_large.jpg/330px-DESERTEC-Map_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DESERTEC-Map_large.jpg/440px-DESERTEC-Map_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5776" data-file-height="4184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Desertec" title="Desertec">Desertec</a> proposed using the Saharan and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian desert">Arabian</a> deserts to produce solar energy to power Europe and the Middle East.</figcaption></figure> Deserts are increasingly seen as sources for <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>, partly due to low amounts of cloud cover. Many solar power plants <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_plants_in_the_Mojave_Desert" title="Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert">have been built</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems" title="Solar Energy Generating Systems">Solar Energy Generating Systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivanpah_Solar_Power_Facility" title="Ivanpah Solar Power Facility">Ivanpah Solar Power Facility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Large swaths of this desert are covered in mirrors.<a href="#cite_note-CBC-125">[125]</a> The potential for generating solar energy from the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a> is huge, the highest found on the globe. Professor <a href="/wiki/David_Faiman" title="David Faiman">David Faiman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Gurion University">Ben-Gurion University</a> has stated that the technology now exists to supply all of the world's electricity needs from 10% of the Sahara Desert.<a href="#cite_note-Register-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Desertec_Industrial_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertec Industrial Initiative">Desertec Industrial Initiative</a> was a consortium seeking $560 billion to invest in North African solar and wind installations over the next forty years to supply electricity to Europe via cable lines running under the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. European interest in the Sahara Desert stems from its two aspects: the almost continual daytime sunshine and plenty of unused land. The Sahara receives more sunshine per acre than any part of Europe. The Sahara Desert also has the empty space totalling hundreds of square miles required to house fields of mirrors for solar plants.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Negev_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev Desert">Negev Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and the surrounding area, including the <a href="/wiki/Arava_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Arava Valley">Arava Valley</a>, receive plenty of sunshine and are generally not <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a>. This has resulted in the construction of many <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Israel" title="Solar power in Israel">solar plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kib-106">[106]</a> David Faiman has proposed that "giant" solar plants in the Negev could supply all of Israel's needs for electricity.<a href="#cite_note-Register-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare">Warfare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Battle of El Alamein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg/220px-A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg/330px-A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg/440px-A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>War in the desert: <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Battle of El Alamein</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> The Arabs were probably the first organized force to conduct successful battles in the desert. By knowing back routes and the locations of oases and by utilizing camels, Muslim Arab forces were able to successfully overcome both Roman and Persian forces in the period 600 to 700 AD during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">expansion of the Islamic caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Many centuries later, both world wars saw fighting in the desert. In the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turks</a> were engaged with the British regular army in a campaign that spanned the Arabian Peninsula. The Turks were defeated by the British, who had the backing of irregular Arab forces that were seeking to <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">revolt</a> against the Turks in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, made famous in <a href="/wiki/T.E._Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="T.E. Lawrence">T.E. Lawrence</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom" title="Seven Pillars of Wisdom">Seven Pillars of Wisdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</a> began in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>. Warfare in the desert offered great scope for tacticians to use the large open spaces without the distractions of casualties among civilian populations. <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured vehicles</a> were able to travel large distances unimpeded and <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a> were laid in large numbers. However, the size and harshness of the terrain meant that all supplies needed to be brought in from great distances. The victors in a battle would advance and their <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> would necessarily become longer, while the defeated army could retreat, regroup and resupply. For these reasons, the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> moved back and forth through hundreds of kilometers as each side lost and regained momentum.<a href="#cite_note-Woolley-131">[131]</a> Its most easterly point was at <a href="/wiki/El_Alamein" title="El Alamein">El Alamein</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, where the Allies decisively defeated the Axis forces in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marco_Polo_traveling.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="drawing of Marco Polo disembarking from ship and entering castle with camels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marco_Polo_traveling.JPG/220px-Marco_Polo_traveling.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marco_Polo_traveling.JPG/330px-Marco_Polo_traveling.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marco_Polo_traveling.JPG/440px-Marco_Polo_traveling.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2006" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> arriving in a desert land with camels. 14th-century miniature from <a href="/wiki/Il_Milione" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Milione">Il milione</a>.</figcaption></figure> The desert is generally thought of as a barren and empty landscape. It has been portrayed by writers, film-makers, philosophers, artists and critics as a place of extremes, a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for anything from death, war or religion to the primitive past or the desolate future.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> There is an extensive literature on the subject of deserts.<a href="#cite_note-Bancroft-107">[107]</a> An early historical account is that of <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1254–1324), who travelled through Central Asia to China, crossing a number of deserts in his twenty four year trek.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Some accounts give vivid descriptions of desert conditions, though often accounts of journeys across deserts are interwoven with reflection, as is the case in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu_Doughty" title="Charles Montagu Doughty">Charles Montagu Doughty</a>'s major work, Travels in Arabia Deserta (1888).<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry" title="Antoine de Saint-Exupéry">Antoine de Saint-Exupéry</a> described both his flying and the desert in <a href="/wiki/Wind,_Sand_and_Stars" title="Wind, Sand and Stars">Wind, Sand and Stars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a> travelled extensively in the Arabian desert in the early part of the 20th century, becoming an expert on the subject, writing books and advising the British government on dealing with the Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Another woman explorer was <a href="/wiki/Freya_Stark" title="Freya Stark">Freya Stark</a>, who travelled alone in the Middle East, visiting Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, writing over twenty books on her experiences.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The German naturalist <a href="/wiki/Uwe_George" title="Uwe George">Uwe George</a> spent several years living in deserts, recording his experiences and research in his 1976 book, In the Deserts of this Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Uwe-139">[139]</a> The American poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a> expressed his bleak thoughts in his poem, <a href="/wiki/Desert_Places" title="Desert Places">Desert Places</a> (1933), which ends with the stanza "They cannot scare me with their empty spaces / Between stars – on stars where no human race is. / I have it in me so much nearer home / To scare myself with my own desert places."<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Saints associated with the desert include <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a>, also known as "Anthony of the Desert". <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> linked the metaphorical existence of "internal deserts" with physical and social deserts in his <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homily</a> inaugurating his <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>: "The external deserts in the world are growing, because the internal deserts have become so vast".<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deserts_on_other_planets">Deserts on other planets</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Desert_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert planets">Desert planets</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gusev_Spirit_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="view of Martian desert showing rock field to the horizon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gusev_Spirit_01.jpg/220px-Gusev_Spirit_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gusev_Spirit_01.jpg/330px-Gusev_Spirit_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gusev_Spirit_01.jpg/440px-Gusev_Spirit_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3787" data-file-height="2823" /></a><figcaption>View of the Martian desert seen by the robotic rover <a href="/wiki/Spirit_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit rover">Spirit</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> is the only other planet in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> besides Earth on which deserts have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Despite its low surface atmospheric pressure (only 1/100 of that of Earth), the patterns of atmospheric circulation on Mars have formed a sea of circumpolar sand more than 5 million km2 (1.9 million sq mi) in the area, larger than most deserts on Earth. The Martian deserts consist of half-moon dunes in flat areas near the permanent polar ice caps in the north. The smaller dune fields occupy the bottom of many of the craters situated in the Martian polar regions.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Examination of the surface of rocks by <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> beamed from the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> have shown a surface film that resembles the desert varnish found on Earth although it might just be surface dust.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The surface of <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, a moon of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, also has a <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)#Dark_equatorial_terrain" title="Titan (moon)">desert-like surface</a> with dune seas.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridification" title="Aridification">Aridification</a></li> <li>Arid Lands Information Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_greening" title="Desert greening">Desert greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Agricultural_Research_in_the_Dry_Areas" title="International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas">International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts" title="List of deserts">List of deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area" title="List of deserts by area">List of deserts by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_deserts" title="List of North American deserts">List of North American deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_precipitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediment precipitation">Sediment precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">Semi-arid climate</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert/">"desert | National Geographic Society"</a>. education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 2022-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education.nationalgeographic.org&rft.atitle=desert+%7C+National+Geographic+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fdesert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesert" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harper_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper,_Douglas2012" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=desert">"Desert"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. 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Retrieved 2013-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Do+Mars+Rocks+Have+Desert+Varnish%3F&rft.date=2013-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Fpressrelease%2F5409%2Fdo-mars-rocks-have-desert-varnish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesert" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold,_K.Radebaugh,_J.Savage,_C.J.Turtle,_E.P.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, K.; Radebaugh, J.; Savage, C.J.; Turtle, E.P.; Lorenz, R.D.; Stofan, E.R.; Le-Gall, A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2804.pdf">"Areas of Sand Seas on Titan from Cassini Radar and ISS: Fensal and Aztlan"</a> (PDF). 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, March 7–11, 2011 at the Woodlands, Texas. LPI Contribution No. 1608 (1608): 2804. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011LPI....42.2804A">2011LPI....42.2804A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=42nd+Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+Conference%2C+March+7%E2%80%9311%2C+2011+at+the+Woodlands%2C+Texas.+LPI+Contribution+No.+1608&rft.atitle=Areas+of+Sand+Seas+on+Titan+from+Cassini+Radar+and+ISS%3A+Fensal+and+Aztlan&rft.issue=1608&rft.pages=2804&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011LPI....42.2804A&rft.au=Arnold%2C+K.&rft.au=Radebaugh%2C+J.&rft.au=Savage%2C+C.J.&rft.au=Turtle%2C+E.P.&rft.au=Lorenz%2C+R.D.&rft.au=Stofan%2C+E.R.&rft.au=Le-Gall%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2011%2Fpdf%2F2804.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesert" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1978" class="citation book cs1">George, Uwe (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indesertsofthise00geor">In the Deserts of this Earth</a>. Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89777-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89777-5"><bdi>978-0-241-89777-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Deserts+of+this+Earth&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-241-89777-5&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findesertsofthise00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesert" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyeTsoar2009" class="citation book cs1">Pye, Kenneth; Tsoar, Haim (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1vv3wU28QMC">Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-85910-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-85910-9"><bdi>978-3-540-85910-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeolian+Sand+and+Sand+Dunes&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-540-85910-9&rft.aulast=Pye&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Tsoar%2C+Haim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1vv3wU28QMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesert" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagnold,_Ralph_A.1941" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alger_Bagnold" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Alger Bagnold">Bagnold, Ralph A.</a> (1941). "The physics of blown sand and desert dunes". Nature. 148 (3756): 480–481. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941Natur.148..480H">1941Natur.148..480H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F148480a0">10.1038/148480a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38251361">38251361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+physics+of+blown+sand+and+desert+dunes&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=3756&rft.pages=480-481&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38251361%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F148480a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1941Natur.148..480H&rft.au=Bagnold%2C+Ralph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesert" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmahon,_James1988" class="citation book cs1">Macmahon, James (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deserts00macm">Deserts</a>. National Audubon Society nature guides. Random House / Chanticleer Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-73139-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-73139-1"><bdi>978-0-394-73139-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deserts&rft.series=National+Audubon+Society+nature+guides&rft.pub=Random+House+%2F+Chanticleer+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-394-73139-1&rft.au=Macmahon%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeserts00macm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesert" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Deserts" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Deserts">Deserts</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deserts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deserts">Deserts</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Deserts#Q8514" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Deserts">Deserts</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060616224837/http://www.unep.org/geo/gdoutlook/">"Global Deserts Outlook"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP). 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/geo/gdoutlook/">the original</a> on 2006-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Deserts+Outlook&rft.pub=United+Nations+Environment+Programme+%28UNEP%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fgeo%2Fgdoutlook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesert" class="Z3988">, a report in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Environment_Outlook" title="Global Environment Outlook">Global Environment Outlook</a> (GEO) series. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060616224837/http://www.unep.org/geo/news_centre/">Global Deserts Outlook in PDF</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (archived June 16, 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/relative-biodiversity-scenarios-for-deserts-2000-2050_ed3c">Map with biodiversity scenarios for desert areas, from the Global Deserts Outlook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714193223/http://old.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/relative-biodiversity-scenarios-for-deserts-2000-2050_ed3c">Archived</a> 2018-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deserts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deserts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_deserts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World <a class="mw-selflink selflink">deserts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">Polar desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts" title="List of deserts">List of deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area" title="List of deserts by area">List of deserts by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_exploration" title="Desert exploration">Desert exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Africa" title="List of deserts">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Desert" title="Algerian Desert">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayuda_Desert" title="Bayuda Desert">Bayuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Desert_(Egypt)" title="Black Desert (Egypt)">Black Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Desert" title="Blue Desert">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalbi_Desert" title="Chalbi Desert">Chalbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djurab_Desert" title="Djurab Desert">Djurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferlo_Desert" title="Ferlo Desert">Ferlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra (White)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes_Desert" title="Moçâmedes Desert">Moçâmedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_Desert" title="Nubian Desert">Nubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiri_Desert" title="Nyiri Desert">Nyiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine_des_Sables" title="Plaine des Sables">Plaine des Sables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richtersveld" title="Richtersveld">Richtersveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezrouft" title="Tanezrouft">Tanezrouft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Ténéré">Ténéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert" title="Western Desert">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Asia" title="List of deserts">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Dahna_Desert" title="Ad-Dahna Desert">Ad-Dahna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">Nefud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlat_al-Sab%27atayn" title="Ramlat al-Sab'atayn">Ramlat al-Sab'atayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahiba_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahiba Sands">Wahiba Sands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert" title="Aral Karakum Desert">Aral Karakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsuki_Desert" title="Barsuki Desert">Barsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betpak-Dala" title="Betpak-Dala">Betpak-Dala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Naomid" title="Dasht-e Naomid">Dasht-e Naomid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiynkum_Desert" title="Moiynkum Desert">Moiynkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryn_Desert" title="Ryn Desert">Ryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saryesik-Atyrau_Desert" title="Saryesik-Atyrau Desert">Saryesik-Atyrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarykum" title="Sarykum">Sarykum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taukum" title="Taukum">Taukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustyurt_Plateau" title="Ustyurt Plateau">Ustyurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hami_Desert" title="Hami Desert">Hami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_Desert" title="Lop Desert">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kubuqi_Desert" title="Kubuqi Desert">Kubuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Us_Desert" title="Mu Us Desert">Mu Us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaidam_Basin" title="Qaidam Basin">Qaidam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengger_Desert" title="Tengger Desert">Tengger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholistan_Desert" title="Cholistan Desert">Cholistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Desert" title="Indus Valley Desert">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katpana_Desert" title="Katpana Desert">Katpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharan_Desert" title="Kharan Desert">Kharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thal_Desert" title="Thal Desert">Thal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Kavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Khash" title="Dasht-e Khash">Khash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Leili" title="Dasht-e Leili">Leili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Lut" title="Dasht-e Lut">Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Margo" title="Dasht-e Margo">Margo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Naomid" title="Dasht-e Naomid">Naomid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polond_Desert" title="Polond Desert">Polond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registan_Desert" title="Registan Desert">Registan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Sand_Dunes" title="La Paz Sand Dunes">La Paz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Europe" title="List of deserts">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardenas_Reales" title="Bardenas Reales">Bardenas Reales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park" title="Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park">Cabo de Gata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monegros_Desert" title="Monegros Desert">Monegros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleshky_Sands" title="Oleshky Sands">Oleshky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernas_Desert" title="Tabernas Desert">Tabernas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliblatska_Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Dara" title="Deliblatska Peščara">Deliblato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#North_America" title="List of deserts">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvord_Desert" title="Alvord Desert">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amargosa_Desert" title="Amargosa Desert">Amargosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_desert" title="Baja California desert">Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Desert" title="Black Rock Desert">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcross_Desert" title="Carcross Desert">Carcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Desert" title="Carson Desert">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channeled_Scablands" title="Channeled Scablands">Channeled scablands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_Desert" title="Escalante Desert">Escalante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Mile_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty Mile Desert">Forty Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Desierto_de_Altar" title="Gran Desierto de Altar">Gran Desierto de Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake_Desert" title="Great Salt Lake Desert">Great Salt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(Oregon)" title="High Desert (Oregon)">Great Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jornada_del_Muerto" title="Jornada del Muerto">Jornada del Muerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BB%C5%AB_Desert" title="Kaʻū Desert">Kaʻū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechuguilla_Desert" title="Lechuguilla Desert">Lechuguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owyhee_Desert" title="Owyhee Desert">Owyhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Painted Desert (Arizona)">Painted Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Desert_(Wyoming)" title="Red Desert (Wyoming)">Red Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevier_Desert" title="Sevier Desert">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_Creek_Desert" title="Smoke Creek Desert">Smoke Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Desert" title="Tonopah Desert">Tonopah Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Tule Desert (Arizona)">Tule (Arizona)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Desert_(Nevada)" title="Tule Desert (Nevada)">Tule (Nevada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuha_Desert" title="Yuha Desert">Yuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_Desert" title="Yuma Desert">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Oceania" title="List of deserts">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Australia" title="List of deserts">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Desert" title="Gibson Desert">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sandy_Desert" title="Great Sandy Desert">Great Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert">Great Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sandy_Desert" title="Little Sandy Desert">Little Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(South_Australia)" title="Painted Desert (South Australia)">Painted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedirka_Desert" title="Pedirka Desert">Pedirka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_Desert" title="Simpson Desert">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzelecki_Desert" title="Strzelecki Desert">Strzelecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturt_Stony_Desert" title="Sturt Stony Desert">Sturt Stony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanami_Desert" title="Tanami Desert">Tanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirari_Desert" title="Tirari Desert">Tirari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#New_Zealand" title="List of deserts">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rangipo_Desert" title="Rangipo Desert">Rangipo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#South_America" title="List of deserts">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Guajira_Desert" title="La Guajira Desert">La Guajira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9danos_de_Coro_National_Park" title="Médanos de Coro National Park">Los Médanos de Coro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Desert" title="Monte Desert">Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Desert" title="Patagonian Desert">Patagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechura_Desert" title="Sechura Desert">Sechura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatacoa_Desert" title="Tatacoa Desert">Tatacoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Polar_regions" title="List of deserts">Polar regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Antarctic" title="List of deserts">Antarctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Desert" title="Meyer Desert">Meyer Desert</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Arctic" title="List of deserts">Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deserts" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Deserts">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts" title="Category:Deserts">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deserts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deserts">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8514#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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