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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="r52wzfuy_GBGpeSljaVQmEHVHSeUFast4wu330w9mkqqzL204_W3XLf2LCrvCUH-M63Avgl8w9ytKVHUg3w-pg" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Masoud Najafi" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/42225129/Targets_for_protection_and_mitigation_of_radiation_injury" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Protection of normal tissues against toxic effects of ionizing radiation is a critical issue in clinical and environmental radio-biology. Investigations in recent decades have suggested potential targets that are involved in the protection against" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/42225129/Targets_for_protection_and_mitigation_of_radiation_injury" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Protection of normal tissues against toxic effects of ionizing radiation is a critical issue in clinical and environmental radio-biology. Investigations in recent decades have suggested potential targets that are involved in the protection against" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://kums.academia.edu/MasoudNajafi" /> <meta name="description" content="Protection of normal tissues against toxic effects of ionizing radiation is a critical issue in clinical and environmental radio-biology. Investigations in recent decades have suggested potential targets that are involved in the protection against" /> <title>(PDF) Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/42225129/Targets_for_protection_and_mitigation_of_radiation_injury" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '29cbb9485f79f49ca3eb38b6f0905739256f19a4'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740364874000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740364874000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Protection of normal tissues against toxic effects of ionizing radiation is a critical issue in clinical and environmental radio-biology. Investigations in recent decades have suggested potential targets that are involved in the protection against radiation-induced damages to normal tissues and can be proposed for mitigation of radiation injury. Emerging evidences have been shown to be in contrast to an old dogma in radiation biology; a major amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell toxicity occur during some hours to years after exposure to ionizing radiation. This can be attributed to upregula-tion of inflammatory and fibrosis mediators, epigenetic changes and disruption of the normal metabolism of oxygen. In the current review, we explain the cellular and molecular changes following exposure of normal tissues to ionizing radiation. Furthermore, we review potential targets that can be proposed for protection and mitigation of radiation toxicity.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Masoud Najafi","url":"https://kums.academia.edu/MasoudNajafi"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2020-03-15","dateModified":"2020-03-15","headline":"Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62374466/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Nuclear Weapons","Radiation Biology","Cancer Biology","Radiotherapy","Radioprotection"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"kums"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62374466/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42225129/Targets_for_protection_and_mitigation_of_radiation_injury"}</script><style 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{"work":{"id":42225129,"created_at":"2020-03-15T13:48:09.460-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-01-06T04:48:02.797-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Protection of normal tissues against toxic effects of ionizing radiation is a critical issue in clinical and environmental radio-biology. Investigations in recent decades have suggested potential targets that are involved in the protection against radiation-induced damages to normal tissues and can be proposed for mitigation of radiation injury. Emerging evidences have been shown to be in contrast to an old dogma in radiation biology; a major amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell toxicity occur during some hours to years after exposure to ionizing radiation. This can be attributed to upregula-tion of inflammatory and fibrosis mediators, epigenetic changes and disruption of the normal metabolism of oxygen. In the current review, we explain the cellular and molecular changes following exposure of normal tissues to ionizing radiation. Furthermore, we review potential targets that can be proposed for protection and mitigation of radiation toxicity."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [652424]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":62374466,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/62374466/mini_magick20200316-338-1y5sl6.png?1584404039" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="652424" href="https://kums.academia.edu/MasoudNajafi"><img alt="Profile image of Masoud Najafi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Masoud Najafi</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">31 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 42225129; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=42225129"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Protection of normal tissues against toxic effects of ionizing radiation is a critical issue in clinical and environmental radio-biology. Investigations in recent decades have suggested potential targets that are involved in the protection against radiation-induced damages to normal tissues and can be proposed for mitigation of radiation injury. Emerging evidences have been shown to be in contrast to an old dogma in radiation biology; a major amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell toxicity occur during some hours to years after exposure to ionizing radiation. This can be attributed to upregula-tion of inflammatory and fibrosis mediators, epigenetic changes and disruption of the normal metabolism of oxygen. In the current review, we explain the cellular and molecular changes following exposure of normal tissues to ionizing radiation. Furthermore, we review potential targets that can be proposed for protection and mitigation of radiation toxicity.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":62374466,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/42225129/Targets_for_protection_and_mitigation_of_radiation_injury"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":62374466,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/42225129/Targets_for_protection_and_mitigation_of_radiation_injury"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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However, numerous observations have been at variance with this dogma. In the 1950s, attention was drawn to abscopal effects in areas of the body not directly irradiated.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Responses to ionizing radiation mediated by inflammatory mechanisms","attachmentId":41888620,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17200665/Responses_to_ionizing_radiation_mediated_by_inflammatory_mechanisms","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17200665/Responses_to_ionizing_radiation_mediated_by_inflammatory_mechanisms"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="14629873" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14629873/Metabolic_oxidation_reduction_reactions_and_cellular_responses_to_ionizing_radiation_A_unifying_concept_in_stress_response_biology">Metabolic oxidation/reduction reactions and cellular responses to ionizing radiation: A unifying concept in stress response biology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33577210" href="https://uiowa.academia.edu/DouglasSpitz">Douglas Spitz</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33675244" href="https://oakland.academia.edu/JiaLi">Jia Li</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Exposure of eukaryotic cells to ionizing radiation (IR) results in the immediate formation of free radicals that last a matter of milliseconds. It has been assumed that the subsequent alterations in multiple intracellular processes following irradiation is due to the initial oxidative damage caused by these free radicals. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that intracellular metabolic oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions can be affected by this initial IR-induced free radical insult and may remain perturbed for minutes, hours, or days. It would seem logical that these cellular redox reactions might contribute to the activation of protective or damaging processes that could impact upon the damaging effects of IR. These processes include redox sensitive signaling pathways, transcription factor activation, gene expression, and metabolic activities that govern the formation of intracellular oxidants and reductants. The physiological manifestations of these radiation-induced alterations in redox sensitive processes have been suggested to contribute to adaptive responses, bystander effects, cell cycle perturbations, cytotoxicity, heat-induced radiosensitization, genomic instability, inflammation, and fibrosis. While a great deal is known about the molecular changes associated with the initial production of free radicals at the time of irradiation, the contribution of perturbations in redox sensitive metabolic processes to biological outcomes following exposure to IR is only recently becoming established. This review will focus on evidence supporting the concept that perturbations in intracellular metabolic oxidation/reduction reactions contribute to the biological effects of radiation exposure as well as new concepts emerging from the field of free radical biology that may be relevant to future studies in radiobiology.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Metabolic oxidation/reduction reactions and cellular responses to ionizing radiation: A unifying concept in stress response biology","attachmentId":44017877,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14629873/Metabolic_oxidation_reduction_reactions_and_cellular_responses_to_ionizing_radiation_A_unifying_concept_in_stress_response_biology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14629873/Metabolic_oxidation_reduction_reactions_and_cellular_responses_to_ionizing_radiation_A_unifying_concept_in_stress_response_biology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="21587475" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21587475/MEETING_REPORT_Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology_of_Moderate_Dose_1_10_Gy_Radiation_and_Potential_Mechanisms_of_Radiation_Protection_Report_of_a">MEETING REPORT Molecular and Cellular Biology of Moderate-Dose (1-10 Gy) Radiation and Potential Mechanisms of Radiation Protection: Report of a</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42716333" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamBlakely">William Blakely</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Exposures to doses of radiation of 1-10 Gy, defined in this workshop as moderate-dose radiation, may occur during the course of radiation therapy or as the result of radiation accidents or nuclear/radiological terrorism alone or in conjunction with bioterrorism. The resulting radiation injuries would be due to a series of molecular, cellular, tissue and wholeanimal processes. To address the status of research on these issues, a broad-based workshop was convened. The specific recommendations were: (1) Research: Identify the key molecular, cellular and tissue pathways that lead from the initial molecular lesions to immediate and delayed injury. The latter is a chronic progressive process for which postexposure treatment may be possible. (2) Technology: Develop high-throughput technology for studying gene, protein and other biochemical expression after radiation exposure, and cytogenetic markers of radiation exposure employing rapid and accurate techniques for analyzing multiple samples. (3) Treatment strat-</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"MEETING REPORT Molecular and Cellular Biology of Moderate-Dose (1-10 Gy) Radiation and Potential Mechanisms of Radiation Protection: Report of a","attachmentId":42138680,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21587475/MEETING_REPORT_Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology_of_Moderate_Dose_1_10_Gy_Radiation_and_Potential_Mechanisms_of_Radiation_Protection_Report_of_a","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21587475/MEETING_REPORT_Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology_of_Moderate_Dose_1_10_Gy_Radiation_and_Potential_Mechanisms_of_Radiation_Protection_Report_of_a"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="98062741" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98062741/Ionizing_Radiation_Induced_Responses_Where_Free_Radical_Chemistry_Meets_Redox_Biology_and_Medicine">Ionizing Radiation-Induced Responses: Where Free Radical Chemistry Meets Redox Biology and Medicine</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33653594" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MartinHauerjensen">Martin Hauer-jensen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The biological effects of ionizing radiation (IR) from environmental, medical, and man-made sources, as well as from space exploration are of broad health concern. During the last 40 years it has become evident that, in addition to short-lived free radical-mediated events initiated within microseconds of exposure and generally thought to dissipate within milliseconds, IR-induced production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as changes in redox signaling linked to disruption of metabolic processes persist long after radiation exposure. Furthermore, persistent IR-induced increases in the metabolic production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species appear to significantly contribute to the delayed effects of IR exposure, including induction of adaptive responses at low doses as well as carcinogenesis, fibrosis, inflammation, genomic instability, and acceleration of the onset of degenerative tissue injury processes associated with aging. The ability to identify the specific metabolic mechanisms and dose-response relationships that contribute to adaptive responses as well as persistent IR-induced injury processes holds great promise for identifying novel strategies to mitigate the deleterious effects of IR exposure as well as for gathering mechanistic information critical for risk assessment. This Forum contains original and review articles authored by experts in the field of radiobiology focusing on novel mechanisms involving redox biology and metabolism that significantly contribute to the persistent biological effects seen following IR exposure. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 20, 1407-1409.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ionizing Radiation-Induced Responses: Where Free Radical Chemistry Meets Redox Biology and Medicine","attachmentId":99517006,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98062741/Ionizing_Radiation_Induced_Responses_Where_Free_Radical_Chemistry_Meets_Redox_Biology_and_Medicine","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98062741/Ionizing_Radiation_Induced_Responses_Where_Free_Radical_Chemistry_Meets_Redox_Biology_and_Medicine"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="116601899" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/116601899/Oxidative_Stress_as_the_Underlying_Biomechanism_of_Detrimental_Outcomes_of_Ionizing_and_Non_Ionizing_Radiation_on_Human_Health_Antioxidant_Protective_Strategies">Oxidative Stress as the Underlying Biomechanism of Detrimental Outcomes of Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation on Human Health: Antioxidant Protective Strategies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29089200" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TayyabaAfsar">Tayyaba Afsar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Majallah-i taḥqīqāt-i ̒ulūm-i pizishkī-i Zāhidān, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Context: The deleterious effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiations occur through non-thermal and thermal effects. Thermal effects occur particularly at long wavelength radiations with heating properties and increase temperature of the tissue. The non-thermal effects are due to the changes in structure and functions of cell membrane, genetic effects, extracellular /intracellular signaling pathways, and oxidative stress. Objectives: Oxidative stress referring to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and /or deficiency in antioxidant defense mechanisms acts like a double-edged sword. Therefore, modification of endogenous antioxidants activity and production of ROS have a significant role in controlling such conditions. Methods: The current review study focused on the effects of oxidative stress after exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiations on cell functions and antioxidant defense. Results: The results of many studies suggested that exposure to both ionizing and non-ionizing radiations (e.g., radiofrequency electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones and other wireless technologies) may activate oxidizing events, which transform the atomic structure and change macromolecules structures such as proteins, lipids, and DNA. Conclusions: It can be concluded that physiological responses of cells to injurious stimuli by changes in ROS production cause impairment of cell functions via oxidative damage, and also cause a physiological phenomenon known as adaptive response. In fact, rate of ROS production, redox state of the cell, previous exposures to harmful agents along with other factors contribute to the prevalence of each of such responses.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Oxidative Stress as the Underlying Biomechanism of Detrimental Outcomes of Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation on Human Health: Antioxidant Protective Strategies","attachmentId":112686122,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116601899/Oxidative_Stress_as_the_Underlying_Biomechanism_of_Detrimental_Outcomes_of_Ionizing_and_Non_Ionizing_Radiation_on_Human_Health_Antioxidant_Protective_Strategies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/116601899/Oxidative_Stress_as_the_Underlying_Biomechanism_of_Detrimental_Outcomes_of_Ionizing_and_Non_Ionizing_Radiation_on_Human_Health_Antioxidant_Protective_Strategies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="17200719" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17200719/Damaging_and_protective_cell_signalling_in_the_untargeted_effects_of_ionizing_radiation">Damaging and protective cell signalling in the untargeted effects of ionizing radiation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32734336" href="https://dundee.academia.edu/PJCoates">Philip J Coates</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mutation research, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The major adverse consequences of radiation exposures are attributed to DNA damage in irradiated cells that has not been correctly restored by metabolic repair processes. However, the dogma that genetic alterations are restricted to directly irradiated cells has been challenged by observations in which effects of ionizing radiation arise in non-irradiated cells. These, so called, untargeted effects are demonstrated in cells that are the descendants of irradiated cells either directly or via media transfer (radiation-induced genomic instability) or in cells that have communicated with irradiated cells (radiation-induced bystander effects). Radiation-induced genomic instability is characterized by a number of delayed responses including chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations and cell death. Bystander effects include increases or decreases in damage-inducible and stress-related proteins, increases or decreases in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cell death or cell proliferation...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Damaging and protective cell signalling in the untargeted effects of ionizing radiation","attachmentId":42294478,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17200719/Damaging_and_protective_cell_signalling_in_the_untargeted_effects_of_ionizing_radiation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17200719/Damaging_and_protective_cell_signalling_in_the_untargeted_effects_of_ionizing_radiation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="51258092" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51258092/Radioprotectors_and_Mitigators_of_Radiation_Induced_Normal_Tissue_Injury">Radioprotectors and Mitigators of Radiation-Induced Normal Tissue Injury</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="181255721" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MuraliKrishna887">Murali Krishna</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Oncologist, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Radiation is used in the treatment of a broad range of malignancies. Exposure of normal tissue to radiation may result in both acute and chronic toxicities that can result in an inability to deliver the intended therapy, a range of symptoms, and a decrease in quality of life. Radioprotectors are compounds that are designed to reduce the damage in normal tissues caused by radiation. These compounds are often antioxidants and must be present before or at the time of radiation for effectiveness. Other agents, termed mitigators, may be used to minimize toxicity even after radiation has been delivered. Herein, we review agents in clinical use or in development as radioprotectors and mitigators of radiation-induced normal tissue injury. Few agents are approved for clinical use, but many new compounds show promising results in preclinical testing.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Radioprotectors and Mitigators of Radiation-Induced Normal Tissue Injury","attachmentId":69055901,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/51258092/Radioprotectors_and_Mitigators_of_Radiation_Induced_Normal_Tissue_Injury","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/51258092/Radioprotectors_and_Mitigators_of_Radiation_Induced_Normal_Tissue_Injury"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="38366965" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38366965/Mechanisms_of_inflammatory_responses_to_radiation_and_normal_tissues_toxicity_clinical_implications">Mechanisms of inflammatory responses to radiation and normal tissues toxicity; clinical implications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="652424" href="https://kums.academia.edu/MasoudNajafi">Masoud Najafi</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="823565" href="https://independent.academia.edu/hamidabdollahi">hamid abdollahi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Purpose: Cancer treatment is one of the most challenging diseases in the present era. Among a few modalities for cancer therapy, radiotherapy plays a pivotal role in more than half of all treatments alone or combined with other cancer treatment modalities. Management of normal tissue toxicity induced by radiation is one of the most important limiting factors for an appropriate radiation treatment course. The evaluation of mechanisms of normal tissue toxicity has shown that immune responses especially inflammatory responses play a key role in both early and late side effects of exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). DNA damage and cell death, as well as damage to some organelles such as mitochondria initiate several signaling pathways that result in the response of immune cells. Massive cell damage which is a common phenomenon following exposure to a high dose of IR cause secretion of a lot of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and chemokines. These mediators initiate different changes in normal tissues that may continue for a long time after irradiation. In this study, we reviewed the mechanisms of inflammatory responses to IR that are involved in normal tissue toxicity and considered as the most important limiting factors in radiotherapy. Also, we introduced some agents that have been proposed for management of these responses. Conclusion: The early inflammation during the radiation treatment is often a limiting factor in radiotherapy. In addition to the limiting factors, chronic inflammatory responses may increase the risk of second primary cancers through continuous free radical production, attenuation of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes. Moreover, these effects may influence non-irradiated tissues through a mechanism named bystander effect.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mechanisms of inflammatory responses to radiation and normal tissues toxicity; clinical implications","attachmentId":58420132,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38366965/Mechanisms_of_inflammatory_responses_to_radiation_and_normal_tissues_toxicity_clinical_implications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38366965/Mechanisms_of_inflammatory_responses_to_radiation_and_normal_tissues_toxicity_clinical_implications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="9058986" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9058986/Molecular_mechanisms_of_low_dose_ionizing_radiation_induced_hormesis_adaptive_responses_radioresistance_bystander_effects_and_genomic_instability">Molecular mechanisms of low dose ionizing radiation-induced hormesis, adaptive responses, radioresistance, bystander effects, and genomic instability</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7709402" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WengLoke">Yong Lu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Purposes: To review research progress on the molecular mechanisms of low dose ionizing radiation (LDIR)-induced hormesis, adaptive responses, radioresistance, bystander effects, and genomic instability in order to provide clues for therapeutic approaches to enhance biopositive effects (defined as radiationinduced beneficial effects to the organism), and control bionegative effects (defined as radiation-induced harmful effects to the organism) and related human diseases. Conclusions: Experimental studies have indicated that Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phospho-c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK) and protein 53 (P53)-related signal transduction pathways may be involved in LDIR-induced hormesis; MAPK, P53 may be important for adaptive response; ATM, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), ERK, JNK, reactive oxygen species (ROS), P53 for radioresistance; COX-2, ERK, MAPK, ROS, tumor necrosis factor receptor alpha (TNFa) for LDIR-induced bystander effect; whereas ATM, ERK, MAPK, P53, ROS, TNFa-related signal transduction pathways are involved in LDIR-induced genomic instability. These results suggest that different manifestations of LDIR-induced cellular responses may have different signal transduction pathways. On the other hand, LDIR-induced different responses may also share the same signal transduction pathways. For instance, P53 has been involved in LDIR-induced hormesis, adaptive response, radioresistance and genomic instability. Current data therefore suggest that caution should be taken when designing therapeutic approaches using LDIR to induce beneficial effects in humans. Int J Radiat Biol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by National University of Singapore on 08/22/14 For personal use only. Int J Radiat Biol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by National University of Singapore on 08/22/14 For personal use only. References Ainsbury EA, Bouffler SD, Dörr W, Graw J, Muirhead CR, Edwards AA, Cooper J. 2009. Radiation cataractogenesis: A review of recent studies. Radiat Res 172:1-9. Albanese J, Dainiak N. 2000. Ionizing radiation alters Fas antigen ligand at the cell surface and on exfoliated plasma membranederived vesicles: Implications for apoptosis and intercellular signaling. Radiat Res 153:49-61. Amsel J, Waterbor JW, Oler J, Rosenwaike I, Marshall K. 1982. Relationship of site-specific cancer mortality rates to altitude. Carcinogenesis 3:461-465. Aurengo A, Averbeck D, Bonnin A, LeGuen B, Masse R, Monier R, Tubiana M, Valleron AJ, de Vathaire F. 2005. Dose-effect relationships and estimation of the carcinogenic effects of low doses of ionizing radiation. Paris: Academies of Sciences and Medicine. Azzam EI, de Toledo SM, Raaphorst GP, Mitchel RE. 1996. Low-dose ionizing radiation decreases the frequency of neoplastic transformation to a level below the spontaneous rate in C3H 10T1/2 cells. Radiat Res 146:369-373. Int J Radiat Biol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by National University of Singapore on 08/22/14 For personal use only.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Molecular mechanisms of low dose ionizing radiation-induced hormesis, adaptive responses, radioresistance, bystander effects, and genomic instability","attachmentId":35361781,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9058986/Molecular_mechanisms_of_low_dose_ionizing_radiation_induced_hormesis_adaptive_responses_radioresistance_bystander_effects_and_genomic_instability","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9058986/Molecular_mechanisms_of_low_dose_ionizing_radiation_induced_hormesis_adaptive_responses_radioresistance_bystander_effects_and_genomic_instability"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="24321463" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24321463/Oxidative_Stress_a_Bridge_that_Links_Radioadaptive_Responses_Induced_by_Ionizing_Radiation_to_Those_Induced_by_Non_Ionizing_Radiation">Oxidative Stress, a Bridge that Links Radioadaptive Responses Induced by Ionizing Radiation to Those Induced by Non-Ionizing Radiation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="386420" href="https://fccc.academia.edu/SMJMortazaviPhD">SMJ Mortazavi, Ph.D</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The disturbance in the balance between production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense mechanisms may cause oxidative stress. Some environmental stimuli such as exposure to ionizing radiation or non-ionizing radiations (e.g. radiofrequency electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones and other wireless technologies) can severely disturb this balance. Substantial evidence now indicates that not only exposure to ionizing radiation can start oxidizing events which change the atomic structure by direct interactions of radiation with target macromolecules or via water radiolysis-induced products, non-ionizing radiations may trigger the same events. Radioadaptive response or radiation-induced adaptive response can be defined as the acquisition of radiation resistance against exposure to high levels of radiation in cultured cells or organisms that had been pre-exposed to a priming low dose radiation. The induction of adaptive responses by pre-exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiations is well documented by different researchers as well as our team. The induction of adaptive response by non-ionizing radiations, like ionizing radiations, requires a minimum level of damage to trigger this phenomenon. Therefore, ROS play a key role in producing the minimum level of damage that is required for triggering the induction of adaptive response. Current data support this hypothesis that there are similar patterns for induction of adaptive response by ionizing and non-ionizing radiations, and oxidative stress is a bridge that links radioadaptive responses induced by ionizing radiation to those induced by non-ionizing radiation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Oxidative Stress, a Bridge that Links Radioadaptive Responses Induced by Ionizing Radiation to Those Induced by Non-Ionizing Radiation","attachmentId":44658408,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24321463/Oxidative_Stress_a_Bridge_that_Links_Radioadaptive_Responses_Induced_by_Ionizing_Radiation_to_Those_Induced_by_Non_Ionizing_Radiation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24321463/Oxidative_Stress_a_Bridge_that_Links_Radioadaptive_Responses_Induced_by_Ionizing_Radiation_to_Those_Induced_by_Non_Ionizing_Radiation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":62374466,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":62374466,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_62374466" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="113719969" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113719969/Radiation_Injury_Mechanism_of_Toxicity_and_Countermeasures">Radiation Injury: Mechanism of Toxicity and Countermeasures</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6379103" href="https://itmuniversity.academia.edu/Alokkumarsoni">Alok kumar soni</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="299986327" 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data-author-id="142039121" href="https://washington.academia.edu/SmithTyler">Tyler Smith</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of translational medicine, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Radioprotective agents to prevent cellular damage due to ionizing radiation","attachmentId":70832154,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54497103/Radioprotective_agents_to_prevent_cellular_damage_due_to_ionizing_radiation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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