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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_independence_and_afterwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Indian independence and afterwards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_independence_and_afterwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts_and_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts_and_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Districts and cities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Districts_and_cities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Districts and cities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Districts_and_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Districts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fine_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Fine arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformist_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformist_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Reformist heritage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformist_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">West Bengal</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 129 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" > 129 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Bengale" title="Wes-Bengale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wes-Bengale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%88%AB%E1%89%A5_%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%8D" title="ምዕራብ ቤንጋል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ምዕራብ ቤንጋል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पश्चिम बंगाल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पश्चिम बंगाल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="West Bengal" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="البنغال الغربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البنغال الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97" title="পশ্চিমবংগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পশ্চিমবংগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_Occidental" title="Bengala Occidental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bengala Occidental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पश्चिम बंगाल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पश्चिम बंगाल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99rbi_Benqaliya" title="Qərbi Benqaliya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərbi Benqaliya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84" title="باتی بنقال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باتی بنقال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggala_Kauh" title="Benggala Kauh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Benggala Kauh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="পশ্চিমবঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশ্চিমবঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="West Bengal" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Заходняя Бенгалія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходняя Бенгалія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Заходняя Бэнгалія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заходняя Бэнгалія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पश्चिम बंगाल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पश्चिम बंगाल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Западна Бенгалия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западна Бенгалия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn%C3%B4g_Bengal" title="Kornôg Bengal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kornôg Bengal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_Occidental" title="Bengala Occidental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bengala Occidental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="West Bengal" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_Beng%C3%A1lsko" title="Západní Bengálsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní Bengálsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorllewin_Bengal" title="Gorllewin Bengal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gorllewin Bengal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestbengalen" title="Vestbengalen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vestbengalen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbengalen" title="Westbengalen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westbengalen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%AA_%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%B0" title="ވެސްޓު ބެންގާލް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވެސްޓު ބެންގާލް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पश्चिम बंगाल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पश्चिम बंगाल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Bengali_osariik" title="Lääne-Bengali osariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lääne-Bengali osariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Δυτική Βεγγάλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτική Βεγγάλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_Occidental" title="Bengala Occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bengala Occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcidenta_Bengalio" title="Okcidenta Bengalio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidenta Bengalio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Bengala" title="Mendebaldeko Bengala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko Bengala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بنگال غربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنگال غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="West Bengal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengale-Occidental" title="Bengale-Occidental – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bengale-Occidental" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beang%C3%A1l_Thiar" title="Beangál Thiar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beangál Thiar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_Occidental" title="Bengala Occidental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bengala Occidental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="西孟加拉邦 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="西孟加拉邦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3" title="પશ્ચિમ બંગાળ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પશ્ચિમ બંગાળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="अस्तंत बंगाल – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अस्तंत बंगाल" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AE_Bengal" title="Sî Bengal – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sî Bengal" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%B5%EA%B3%A8%EC%A3%BC" title="서벵골주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서벵골주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_ta_Yamma" title="Bengal ta Yamma – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bengal ta Yamma" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Արևմտյան Բենգալիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևմտյան Բենգալիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पश्चिम बंगाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिम बंगाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadni_Bengal" title="Zapadni Bengal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadni Bengal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="পশ্চিমবঙ্গ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পশ্চিমবঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggala_Barat" title="Benggala Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benggala Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ныгуылæн Бенгали – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ныгуылæн Бенгали" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestur-Bengal" title="Vestur-Bengal – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vestur-Bengal" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_Occidentale" title="Bengala Occidentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bengala Occidentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C" title="מערב בנגל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערב בנגל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3" title="ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಬಂಗಾಳ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಬಂಗಾಳ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="დასავლეთი ბენგალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დასავლეთი ბენგალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8E%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مَغرَبی بَنٛگال – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مَغرَبی بَنٛگال" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Батыс Бенгал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Батыс Бенгал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="West Bengal" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_Rojava" title="Bengala Rojava – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bengala Rojava" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_dl_Vest" title="Bengal dl Vest – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bengal dl Vest" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_Occidentalis" title="Bengala Occidentalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bengala Occidentalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietumbeng%C4%81le" title="Rietumbengāle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumbengāle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbengalen" title="Westbengalen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Westbengalen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_Bengalija" title="Vakarų Bengalija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų Bengalija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugat-Beng%C3%A1l" title="Nyugat-Bengál – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugat-Bengál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पश्चिम बङ्गाल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पश्चिम बङ्गाल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Западен Бенгал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Западен Бенгал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Andrefana" title="Bengal Andrefana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bengal Andrefana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" title="പശ്ചിമ ബംഗാൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പശ്ചിമ ബംഗാൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पश्चिम बंगाल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पश्चिम बंगाल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბჟადალი ბენგალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟადალი ბენგალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="غربی بنگال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="غربی بنگال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggala_Barat" title="Benggala Barat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Benggala Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9E_%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83%CC%A4_Bengal" title="Să̤ Bengal – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Să̤ Bengal" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%80%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Өрнөд Бенгал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өрнөд Бенгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Bengalen" title="West-Bengalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="West-Bengalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पश्चिम बङ्गाल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पश्चिम बङ्गाल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पश्चिम बंगाल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पश्चिम बंगाल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9E" title="西ベンガル州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西ベンガル州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Малхбузен Бенгали – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Малхбузен Бенгали" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waastbengaalen" title="Waastbengaalen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Waastbengaalen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Bengal" title="Vest-Bengal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vest-Bengal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Bengal" title="Vest-Bengal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vest-Bengal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_Occidental" title="Bengala Occidental – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bengala Occidental" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" title="ପଶ୍ଚିମ ବଙ୍ଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଶ୍ଚିମ ବଙ୍ଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBarbiy_Bengaliya" title="Gʻarbiy Bengaliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻarbiy Bengaliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਬੰਗਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਬੰਗਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="لہندا بنگال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لہندا بنگال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مغربي بنگال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مغربي بنگال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Zachodni" title="Bengal Zachodni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bengal Zachodni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_Ocidental" title="Bengala Ocidental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bengala Ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1s_Bengal_(shtat)" title="Batıs Bengal (shtat) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Batıs Bengal (shtat)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalul_de_Vest" title="Bengalul de Vest – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bengalul de Vest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunti_Banla" title="Kunti Banla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kunti Banla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Западная Бенгалия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западная Бенгалия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पश्चिमवङ्गराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पश्चिमवङ्गराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wast_Bengal" title="Wast Bengal – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wast Bengal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Per%C3%ABndimor" title="Bengali Perëndimor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bengali Perëndimor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="බටහිර බෙංගාලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බටහිර බෙංගාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="West Bengal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اولهه بنگال – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اولهه بنگال" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%A9_Beng%C3%A1lsko" title="Západné Bengálsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západné Bengálsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahodna_Bengalija" title="Zahodna Bengalija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zahodna Bengalija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnanagar" title="Krishnanagar – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Krishnanagar" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="بەنگالی ڕۆژاوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەنگالی ڕۆژاوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Западни Бенгал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западни Бенгал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadni_Bengal" title="Zapadni Bengal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapadni Bengal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsi-Bengali" title="Länsi-Bengali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsi-Bengali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stbengalen" title="Västbengalen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västbengalen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanlurang_Bengal" title="Kanlurang Bengal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanlurang Bengal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மேற்கு வங்காளம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேற்கு வங்காளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Көнбатыш Бенгалия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көнбатыш Бенгалия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="పశ్చిమ బెంగాల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పశ్చిమ బెంగాల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="รัฐเบงกอลตะวันตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเบงกอลตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Bengal&params=22.57_N_88.37_E_type:adm1st_scale:3000000_region:IN-WB">22°34′N 88°22′E / 22.57°N 88.37°E / 22.57; 88.37</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Paschimbanga" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bangla_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bangla (disambiguation)">Bangla (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bengal (disambiguation)">Bengal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Indian State in Eastern India created in 1947. For the Indian Province that existed between 1905 and 1911, see <a href="/wiki/Western_Bengal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Bengal Province">Western Bengal Province</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in East India, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">West Bengal</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:275px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Howrah_bridge_betwixt_Lights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Howrah_bridge_betwixt_Lights.jpg/275px-Howrah_bridge_betwixt_Lights.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Howrah_bridge_betwixt_Lights.jpg/413px-Howrah_bridge_betwixt_Lights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Howrah_bridge_betwixt_Lights.jpg/550px-Howrah_bridge_betwixt_Lights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="1975" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple,_Dakshineswar,_West_Bengal,_India_(2007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/136px-Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/204px-Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/272px-Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1088" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Chhau_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chhau_dance.jpg/136px-Chhau_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chhau_dance.jpg/204px-Chhau_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chhau_dance.jpg/272px-Chhau_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:HAZARDUARI_-_PALACE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HAZARDUARI_-_PALACE.jpg/136px-HAZARDUARI_-_PALACE.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HAZARDUARI_-_PALACE.jpg/204px-HAZARDUARI_-_PALACE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HAZARDUARI_-_PALACE.jpg/272px-HAZARDUARI_-_PALACE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Puja_-_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Durga_Puja_-_18.jpg/136px-Durga_Puja_-_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Durga_Puja_-_18.jpg/204px-Durga_Puja_-_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Durga_Puja_-_18.jpg/272px-Durga_Puja_-_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3147" data-file-height="2378" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Digha_Sankarpur_2Arnab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Digha_Sankarpur_2Arnab.jpg/136px-Digha_Sankarpur_2Arnab.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Digha_Sankarpur_2Arnab.jpg/204px-Digha_Sankarpur_2Arnab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Digha_Sankarpur_2Arnab.jpg/272px-Digha_Sankarpur_2Arnab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Bengal_Tiger_walking_down_Mangrove_Island_in_Sundarbans_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Royal_Bengal_Tiger_walking_down_Mangrove_Island_in_Sundarbans_3.jpg/136px-Royal_Bengal_Tiger_walking_down_Mangrove_Island_in_Sundarbans_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Royal_Bengal_Tiger_walking_down_Mangrove_Island_in_Sundarbans_3.jpg/204px-Royal_Bengal_Tiger_walking_down_Mangrove_Island_in_Sundarbans_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Royal_Bengal_Tiger_walking_down_Mangrove_Island_in_Sundarbans_3.jpg/272px-Royal_Bengal_Tiger_walking_down_Mangrove_Island_in_Sundarbans_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Darjeeling.jpg/275px-Darjeeling.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Darjeeling.jpg/413px-Darjeeling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Darjeeling.jpg/550px-Darjeeling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5587" data-file-height="1716" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Howrah_Bridge" title="Howrah Bridge">Howrah Bridge</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarbans National Park</a>; <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> from <a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_Tea_Estate" title="Happy Valley Tea Estate">Happy Valley Tea Estate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digha" title="Digha">Digha</a> beach; <a href="/wiki/Hazarduari_Palace" title="Hazarduari Palace">Hazarduari Palace</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_West_Bengal_(2018-present).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of West Bengal"><img alt="Official emblem of West Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Emblem_of_West_Bengal_%282018-present%29.svg/125px-Emblem_of_West_Bengal_%282018-present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Emblem_of_West_Bengal_%282018-present%29.svg/188px-Emblem_of_West_Bengal_%282018-present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Emblem_of_West_Bengal_%282018-present%29.svg/250px-Emblem_of_West_Bengal_%282018-present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="348" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: Western side of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">United Bengal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Hub of all Cultural traits"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_mottos" title="List of Indian state mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a> (Truth Alone Triumphs)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Anthem:</a> <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a> (The Soil of Bengal, The Water of Bengal)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:IN-WB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of West Bengal in India"><img alt="The map of India showing West Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/IN-WB.svg/300px-IN-WB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/IN-WB.svg/450px-IN-WB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/IN-WB.svg/600px-IN-WB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of West Bengal in India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Bengal&params=22.57_N_88.37_E_type:adm1st_scale:3000000_region:IN-WB">22°34′N 88°22′E / 22.57°N 88.37°E / 22.57; 88.37</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="height:0px"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before was</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Province</a></td></tr><tr class="[[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Formation</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">by bifurcation</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1947</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">and largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_India" title="List of metropolitan areas in India">Largest metro</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Metropolitan Region">Kolkata Metropolitan Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">23 (5 divisions)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Government of West Bengal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C._V._Ananda_Bose" title="C. V. Ananda Bose">C. V. Ananda Bose</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mamata_Banerjee" title="Mamata Banerjee">Mamata Banerjee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">TMC</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislature">State Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unicameral</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">West Bengal Legislative Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">294 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha#West_Bengal" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">16 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha#West_Bengal" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">42 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">13th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">320 km (200 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">623 km (387 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">500 m (1,600 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,636 m (11,929 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Near <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 m (36 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 91,347,736</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">4th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,029/km2 (2,670/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">31.87%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rural<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">68.13%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a><a href="#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-4">[4]</a> • <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Additional official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> • <a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamtapuri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbanshi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a><a href="#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese script</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-EcoSur-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>17.19 lakh crore (US$210 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">6th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>141,373 (US$1,700) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-WB</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">WB</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.674 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>Medium<a href="#cite_note-snhdi-gdl-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">24th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2017)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 80.5%<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data">950<a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">♀</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_sex_ratio" title="List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wb.gov.in">wb.gov.in</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of West Bengal</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_West_Bengal_(2018-present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Emblem_of_West_Bengal_%282018-present%29.svg/80px-Emblem_of_West_Bengal_%282018-present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Emblem_of_West_Bengal_%282018-present%29.svg/120px-Emblem_of_West_Bengal_%282018-present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Emblem_of_West_Bengal_%282018-present%29.svg/160px-Emblem_of_West_Bengal_%282018-present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="348" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a> (The Soil of Bengal, The Water of Bengal)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fish</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fruit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Chhaatim tree</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway mark</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:SH_IN-WB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SH_IN-WB.png/90px-SH_IN-WB.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SH_IN-WB.png/135px-SH_IN-WB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SH_IN-WB.png/180px-SH_IN-WB.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="2048" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway of West Bengal <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_West_Bengal" title="List of state highways in West Bengal">WB SH1 - WB SH15</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">List of Indian state symbols</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="#endnote_cap">^</a>The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Province of Bengal</a> was split into two states i.e. West Bengal and East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) by the Indian Independence Act 1947<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1987230-11">[11]</a> <a href="#endnote_cap">††</a> <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> West Bengal (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bɛnˈɡɔːl/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: Poshchim Bongo, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈpoʃtʃim ˈbɔŋɡo]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6c\/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97.wav\/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-\u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae\u09ac\u0999\u09cd\u0997.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97.wav/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q9610_(ben)-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97.wav" title="File:LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-পশ্চিমবঙ্গ.wav">ⓘ</a>, abbr. WB) is a <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">eastern portion</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It is situated along the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, along with a population of over 91 million inhabitants within an area of 88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi) as of 2011. The population estimate as of 2023 is 102,552,787.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> West Bengal is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">fourth-most populous</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">thirteenth-largest state by area</a> in India, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_first-level_administrative_divisions_by_population" title="List of first-level administrative divisions by population">eighth-most populous country subdivision</a> of the world. As a part of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal region">Bengal region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, it borders <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> in the east, and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> in the north. It also borders the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. The state capital is <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_India" title="List of metropolitan areas in India">third-largest metropolis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">seventh largest city by population</a> in India. West Bengal includes the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges delta">Ganges delta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a>, the coastal <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. The state's main ethnic group are the <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a> forming the demographic majority. The area's early history featured a succession of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Indian empires</a>, internal squabbling, and a tussle between <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> for dominance. Ancient Bengal was the site of several major <a href="/wiki/Janapadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Janapadas">Janapadas</a>, while the earliest cities date back to the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>. The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires, including the <a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryans</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Guptas</a>. The citadel of <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Gauḍa</a> served as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Gauda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda kingdom">Gauda kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sena_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sena Empire">Sena Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was introduced through trade with the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, but following the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid</a> conquests led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khalji</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, the Muslim faith spread across the entire Bengal region. During the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, the territory was a major <a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">trading nation</a> in the world, and was often referred by the Europeans as the "richest country to trade with". It was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in 1576. Simultaneously, some parts of the region were ruled by several <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu states</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a> landlords, and part of it was briefly overrun by the <a href="/wiki/Suri_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Suri Empire">Suri Empire</a>. Following the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> in the early 1700s, the <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">proto-industrialised</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a> became a semi-independent state under the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a>, and showed signs of the first <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ray-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-sengupta-14">[14]</a> The region was later annexed into the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a> in 1764.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellWatts1760-16">[16]</a> From 1772 to 1911, Calcutta was the capital of all of East India Company's territories and then the capital of the entirety of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty#British_Empire" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> From 1912 to India's Independence in 1947, it was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The region was a hotbed of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> and has remained one of India's great artistic and intellectual centres.<a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld_2001_771-19">[19]</a> Following widespread <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">religious violence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Council" title="Bengal Legislative Council">Bengal Legislative Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bengal Legislative Assembly">Bengal Legislative Assembly</a> voted on the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal</a> in 1947 along religious lines into two independent <a href="/wiki/Dominions#India,_Pakistan_and_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominions">dominions</a>: West Bengal, a Hindu-majority Indian state, and <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, a Muslim-majority province of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> which later became the independent Bangladesh. The state was also flooded with <a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">Hindu refugees</a> from <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> (present-day Bangladesh) in the decades following the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>, transforming its landscape and shaping its politics.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in an expansion of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western education</a>, culminating in developments in science, institutional education, and social reforms in the region, including what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">regional and pan−Indian empires</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal's history</a> have shaped its <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal" title="Culture of Bengal">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">architecture</a>. Post-Indian independence, as a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, West Bengal's economy is based on <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural production">agricultural production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">small and medium-sized enterprises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-undp_Bengal-22">[22]</a> The state's cultural heritage, besides varied folk traditions, ranges from stalwarts in literature including Nobel-laureate <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> to scores of musicians, film-makers and artists. For several decades, the state underwent <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_stagnation" title="Economic stagnation">economic stagnation</a> after the beginning of communist rule in 1977 before it rebounded.<a href="#cite_note-WB1-23">[23]</a> In 2023–24, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">economy of West Bengal</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">sixth-largest state economy</a> in India with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹17.19 lakh crore (US$210 billion),<a href="#cite_note-EcoSur-5">[5]</a> and has the country's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">20th-highest GSDP per capita</a> of ₹121,267 (US$1,500)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> as of 2020–21. Despite being one of the fastest-growing major economies, West Bengal has struggled to attract <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> due to adverse land acquisition policies, poor <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_tape" title="Red tape">red tape</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It also has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index">26th-highest ranking</a> among Indian states in <a href="/wiki/Human_development_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development index">human development index</a>, with the index value being lower than the Indian average.<a href="#cite_note-snhdi-gdl-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-undp_Bengal-22">[22]</a> The state government debt of ₹6.47 lakh crore (US$78 billion), or 37.67% of GSDP, has dropped from 40.65% since 2010–11.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-EcoSur-5">[5]</a> West Bengal has three <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage sites</a> and ranks as the eight-most visited <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_West_Bengal" title="Tourism in West Bengal">tourist destination</a> in India and third-most visited <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state of India</a> globally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO2012-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Names of Bengal</a></div> The origin of the name <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> (Bangla and Bongo in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>) is unknown. One theory suggests the word derives from "Bang", the name of a <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> tribe that settled the region around 1000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Bengali word Bongo might have been derived from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">kingdom of Vanga</a> (or Banga). Although some early <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> mentions the name Vanga, the region's early history is obscure.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1947, at the end of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Council" title="Bengal Legislative Council">Bengal Legislative Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bengal Legislative Assembly">Bengal Legislative Assembly</a> voted on the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal</a> along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal, which continued as an <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian state</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, a province of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, which came to be known be as <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> and later became the independent <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1987230-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabarty2004142-32">[32]</a> In 2011 the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Government of West Bengal</a> proposed a change in the official name of the state to Paschim Banga (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Pôshchimbônggô).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> This is the native name of the state, literally meaning "western Bengal" in the native Bengali language. In August 2016 the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">West Bengal Legislative Assembly</a> passed another resolution to change the name of West Bengal to "Bengal" in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and "Bangla" in Bengali. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">Trinamool Congress</a> government's efforts to forge a consensus on the name change resolution, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(West_Bengal)" title="Left Front (West Bengal)">Left Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> opposed the resolution.<a href="#cite_note-namec-34">[34]</a> However, the central government has turned down the proposal maintaining the state should have one single name for all languages instead of three and it should not be the same as that of any other territory (pointing out that the name 'Bangla' may create confusion with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>).<a href="#cite_note-namec-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History of Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_rulers_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rulers of Bengal">History of rulers of Bengal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Bengal" title="History of West Bengal">History of West Bengal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_classical_period">Ancient and classical period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasanka_Deva_king_of_Gauda_circa_600-630.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A coin of the King Shashanka showing the obverse and reverse sides" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sasanka_Deva_king_of_Gauda_circa_600-630.jpg/220px-Sasanka_Deva_king_of_Gauda_circa_600-630.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sasanka_Deva_king_of_Gauda_circa_600-630.jpg/330px-Sasanka_Deva_king_of_Gauda_circa_600-630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sasanka_Deva_king_of_Gauda_circa_600-630.jpg/440px-Sasanka_Deva_king_of_Gauda_circa_600-630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Coin of the King <a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a>, who created the first separate political entity in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Gauda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda kingdom">Gauda kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> tools dating back 20,000 years have been excavated in the state, showing human occupation 8,000 years earlier than scholars had thought.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> According to the Indian epic <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> the region was part of the Vanga kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> realms were present in the Bengal region, including <a href="/wiki/Vanga" title="Vanga">Vanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundravardhana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma kingdom</a>. One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is a mention by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a> around 100 BCE of a land named <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a> located at the mouths of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Bengal had overseas trade relations with <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a> (Burma, Lower Thailand, the Lower <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> According to the Sri Lankan chronicle <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 543 – c. 505 BCE), a Vanga kingdom prince, conquered <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a> (modern-day Sri Lanka) and named the country <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> was formed in the 7th century BCE, consisting of the regions now comprising <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and Bengal. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of the lives of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, the principal figure of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. It consisted of several <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">janapadas</a>, or kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> of Magadha in the 3rd century BCE extended over nearly all of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>. From the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_800ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map showing the extent of the Pala Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asia_800ad.jpg/220px-Asia_800ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asia_800ad.jpg/330px-Asia_800ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asia_800ad.jpg/440px-Asia_800ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> was an imperial power during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Late Classical period</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, which originated in the region of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.</figcaption></figure> Two kingdoms—Vanga or Samatata, and Gauda—are said in some texts to have appeared after the end of the Gupta Empire although details of their ascendancy are uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The first recorded independent king of Bengal was <a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a>, who reigned in the early 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Shashanka is often recorded in Buddhist annals as an intolerant Hindu ruler noted for his persecution of the Buddhists. He murdered <a href="/wiki/Rajyavardhana" title="Rajyavardhana">Rajyavardhana</a>, the Buddhist king of <a href="/wiki/Thanesar" title="Thanesar">Thanesar</a>, and is noted for destroying the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodhgaya</a>, and replacing Buddha statues with Shiva <a href="/wiki/Lingams" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingams">lingams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> After a period of anarchy,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>: 36  the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala dynasty</a> ruled the region for four hundred years beginning in the 8th century. A shorter reign of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a> followed.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> invaded some areas of Bengal between 1021 and 1023.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was introduced through trade with the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid</a> conquests led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, it spread across the entire Bengal region. <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">khanqahs</a> were built throughout these stages. During the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, founded in 1352, Bengal was a major world <a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">trading nation</a> and was often referred by the Europeans as the richest country with which to trade.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Later, in 1576, it was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_early_modern_periods">Medieval and early modern periods</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firoz_Minar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Firoz Minar a red stone tower at Gauda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Firoz_Minar.JPG/220px-Firoz_Minar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Firoz_Minar.JPG/330px-Firoz_Minar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Firoz_Minar.JPG/440px-Firoz_Minar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2995" data-file-height="3429" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Firoz_Minar" title="Firoz Minar">Firoz Minar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Gauḍa</a> was built during the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>.</figcaption></figure> Subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> It was ruled by dynasties of the Bengal Sultanate and feudal lords under the Delhi Sultanate for the next few hundred years. The Bengal Sultanate was interrupted for twenty years by a Hindu uprising under <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a>. In the 16th century, Mughal general <a href="/wiki/Islam_Khan_I" title="Islam Khan I">Islam Khan</a> conquered Bengal. Administration by governors appointed by the court of the Mughal Empire gave way to semi-independence under the <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawabs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>, who nominally respected the sovereignty of the Mughals in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. Several independent Hindu states were established in Bengal during the Mughal period, including those of <a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jessore_District" title="Jessore District">Jessore District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raja_Sitaram_Ray" title="Raja Sitaram Ray">Raja Sitaram Ray</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a>. Following the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> and the Governor of Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Shaista_Khan" title="Shaista Khan">Shaista Khan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">proto-industrialised</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a> became a semi-independent state under the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a>, and showed signs of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ray-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-sengupta-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch dynasty</a> in northern Bengal flourished during the 16th and 17th centuries; it weathered the Mughals and survived until the advent of the British colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An map of Bengal in 1880" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/220px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/330px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/440px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>An 1880 map of Bengal</figcaption></figure> Several European traders reached this area in the late 15th century. The <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a>, the last independent Nawab, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757. The company gained the right to collect revenue in Bengal <a href="/wiki/Subah_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subah (province)">subah</a> (province) in 1765 with the signing of the treaty between the East India company and the Mughal emperor following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a> in 1764.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> was established in 1765; it later incorporated all British-controlled territory north of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces" title="Central Provinces">Central Provinces</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>), from the mouths of the Ganges and the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal famine of 1770">Bengal famine of 1770</a> claimed millions of lives due to tax policies enacted by the British company.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Calcutta, the headquarters of the East India company, was named the capital of British-held territories in India in 1773.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The failed <a href="/wiki/Indian_rebellion_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian rebellion of 1857">Indian rebellion of 1857</a> started near Calcutta and resulted in a transfer of authority to the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British Crown</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> administered by the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg/130px-Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg/195px-Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg/260px-Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, he was a leading freedom fighter of India</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> socio-cultural reform movements significantly influenced the cultural and economic life of Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Between 1905 and 1911 an <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">abortive attempt</a> was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Bengal suffered from the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Great Bengal famine</a> in 1943, which claimed three million lives during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Bengalis played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">revolutionary groups</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a> were dominant.<a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld_2001_771-19">[19]</a> Armed attempts against the British Raj from Bengal reached a climax when news of <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> leading the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> against the British reached Bengal. The Indian National Army was subsequently routed by the British.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_independence_and_afterwards">Indian independence and afterwards</h3></div> When India <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Republic of India">gained independence</a> in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part went to the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> and was named West Bengal. The eastern part went to the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> as a province called <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> (later renamed East Pakistan in 1956), becoming the independent nation of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In 1950 the Princely State of Cooch Behar merged with West Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-Doldrums-66">[66]</a> In 1955 the former <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French enclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandannagar</a>, which had passed into Indian control after 1950, was integrated into West Bengal; portions of Bihar were also subsequently merged with West Bengal. Both West and East Bengal experienced large influxes of refugees during and after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> in 1947. Refugee resettlement and related issues continued to play a significant role in the politics and socio-economic condition of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Doldrums-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of the engine and several cars of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway with people on either side of it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg/220px-Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg/330px-Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg/440px-Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a> was designated a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 1999.</figcaption></figure> During the 1970s and 1980s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>–<a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> movement by groups known as the <a href="/wiki/Naxalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalites">Naxalites</a> damaged much of the city's infrastructure, leading to a period of <a href="/wiki/Economic_stagnation" title="Economic stagnation">economic stagnation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deindustrialisation">deindustrialisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WB1-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> of 1971 resulted in an influx of millions of refugees to West Bengal, causing significant strains on its infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1974_smallpox_epidemic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 smallpox epidemic of India">1974 smallpox epidemic</a> killed thousands. West Bengal politics underwent a major change when the Left Front won the 1977 assembly election, defeating the incumbent Indian National Congress. The Left Front, led by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a>, governed the state for the next three decades.<a href="#cite_note-longcommu-68">[68]</a> The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">central government</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">economic liberalisations</a> in the mid-1990s. This was aided by the advent of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">information technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing" title="Business process outsourcing">IT-enabled services</a>. Beginning in the mid-2000s, armed activists conducted minor terrorist attacks in some parts of the state.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Clashes with the administration took place at several controversial locations over the issue of industrial land acquisition.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> This became a decisive reason behind the defeat of the ruling Left Front government in the 2011 assembly election.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Although the economy was severely damaged during the unrest in the 1970s, the state has managed to revive its economy steadily throughout the years.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The state has shown improvement regarding <a href="/wiki/Bandh" title="Bandh">bandhs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">strikes</a>)<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and educational infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Significant strides have been made in reducing unemployment,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> though the state suffers from substandard healthcare services,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> a lack of socio-economic development,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> poor infrastructure,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> unemployment and civil violence.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 2006 the state's healthcare system was severely criticised in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_blood_test_kit_scam" title="West Bengal blood test kit scam">West Bengal blood test kit scam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography of West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate of West Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG/220px-Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG/330px-Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG/440px-Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by a <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>.</figcaption></figure> West Bengal is on the <a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">eastern bottleneck of India</a>, stretching from the Himalayas in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> in the south. The state has a total area of 88,752 square kilometres (34,267 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a> in the northern extreme of the state is a part of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> mountain range. In this region is <a href="/wiki/Sandakfu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandakfu">Sandakfu</a>, which, at 3,636 m (11,929 ft), is the highest peak in the state.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The narrow <a href="/wiki/Terai_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Terai region">Terai region</a> separates the hills from the <a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a>, which in turn transitions into the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges delta">Ganges delta</a> towards the south. The Rarh region intervenes between the Ganges delta in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Western_plateau_and_high_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Western plateau and high lands">western plateau and high lands</a>. A small coastal region is in the extreme south, while the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> forests form a geographical landmark at the Ganges delta.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The main river in West Bengal is the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, which divides into two branches. One branch enters Bangladesh as the <a href="/wiki/Padma_River" title="Padma River">Padma</a>, or Pôdda, while the other flows through West Bengal as the <a href="/wiki/Bhagirathi_River" title="Bhagirathi River">Bhagirathi River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Farakka_barrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Farakka barrage">Farakka barrage</a> over the Ganges feeds the Hooghly branch of the river by a feeder canal. Its <a href="/wiki/Sharing_the_water_of_the_Ganges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharing the water of the Ganges">water flow management</a> has been a source of lingering dispute between India and Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsa_River" title="Torsa River">Torsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaldhaka_River" title="Jaldhaka River">Jaldhaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahananda_River" title="Mahananda River">Mahananda</a> rivers are in the northern hilly region. The western plateau region has rivers like the Damodar, <a href="/wiki/Ajay_River" title="Ajay River">Ajay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kangsabati_River" title="Kangsabati River">Kangsabati</a>. The Ganges delta and the Sundarbans area have numerous rivers and creeks. <a href="/wiki/Pollution_of_the_Ganges" title="Pollution of the Ganges">Pollution of the Ganges</a> from indiscriminate waste dumped into the river is a major problem.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar</a>, another tributary of the Ganges and once known as the "Sorrow of Bengal" (due to its frequent floods), has several dams under the <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Valley_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Damodar Valley Project">Damodar Valley Project</a>. At least nine districts in the state suffer from <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">arsenic contamination of groundwater</a>, and as of 2017 an estimated 1.04 crore people were afflicted by arsenic poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> West Bengal's climate varies from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna</a> in the southern portions to humid subtropical in the north. The main seasons are summer, the rainy season, a short autumn and winter. While the summer in the delta region is noted for excessive humidity, the western highlands experience a dry summer like northern India. The highest daytime temperatures range from 38 to 45 °C (100 to 113 °F).<a href="#cite_note-webindia-95">[95]</a> At night, a cool southerly breeze carries moisture from the Bay of Bengal. In early summer, brief <a href="/wiki/Squall" title="Squall">squalls</a> and thunderstorms known as Kalbaisakhi, or Nor'westers, often occur.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> West Bengal receives the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India#Monsoon" title="Climate of India">Bay of Bengal branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian monsoon">Indian Ocean monsoon</a> that moves in a southeast to northwest direction. Monsoons bring rain to the whole state from June to September. Heavy rainfall of above 250 centimetres (98 in) is observed in the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar district</a>. During the arrival of the monsoons, low pressure in the Bay of Bengal region often leads to the formation of storms in the <a href="#Coastal_plain">coastal areas</a>. Winter (December–January) is mild over the plains with average minimum temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F).<a href="#cite_note-webindia-95">[95]</a> A cold and dry northern wind blows in the winter, substantially lowering the humidity level. The Darjeeling Himalayan Hill region experiences a harsh winter, with occasional snowfall.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Panthera_tigris_tigris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a Bengal Tiger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panthera_tigris_tigris.jpg/220px-Panthera_tigris_tigris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panthera_tigris_tigris.jpg/330px-Panthera_tigris_tigris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panthera_tigris_tigris.jpg/440px-Panthera_tigris_tigris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bengal_tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Bengal tiger">Royal Bengal tiger</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a Sal tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Arabari.jpg/220px-Arabari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Arabari.jpg/330px-Arabari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Arabari.jpg/440px-Arabari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="484" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sal_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal tree">Sal trees</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabari" title="Arabari">Arabari</a> forest in West <a href="/wiki/Midnapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Midnapur">Midnapur</a></div></div></div></div></div> The "India State of Forest Report 2017", recorded forest area in the state is 16,847 km2 (6,505 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> while in 2013, forest area was 16,805 km2 (6,488 sq mi), which was 18.93% of the state's geographical area, compared to the then national average of 21.23%.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Reserves and protected and unclassed forests constitute 59.4%, 31.8% and 8.9%, respectively, of forested areas, as of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-fsiwbforest-101">[101]</a> Part of the world's largest mangrove forest, the <a href="/wiki/Sundarban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarban">Sundarbans</a> in southern West Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> From a <a href="/wiki/Phytogeographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytogeographic">phytogeographic</a> viewpoint, the southern part of West Bengal can be divided into two regions: the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic plain">Gangetic plain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> mangrove forests of the Sundarbans.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-103">[103]</a> The alluvial soil of the Gangetic plain, combined with favourable rainfall, makes this region especially fertile.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-103">[103]</a> Much of the vegetation of the western part of the state has similar species composition with the plants of the <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur plateau</a> in the adjoining state of Jharkhand.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-103">[103]</a> The predominant commercial tree species is Shorea robusta, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Sal_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal tree">sal tree</a>. The coastal region of <a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Purba Medinipur">Purba Medinipur</a> exhibits coastal vegetation; the predominant tree is the <a href="/wiki/Casuarina" title="Casuarina">Casuarina</a>. A notable tree from the Sundarbans is the ubiquitous sundari (Heritiera fomes), from which the forest gets its name.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The distribution of vegetation in northern West Bengal is dictated by elevation and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>. For example, the foothills of the Himalayas, the <a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a>, are densely wooded with sal and other tropical evergreen trees.<a href="#cite_note-India123-105">[105]</a> Above an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), the forest becomes predominantly subtropical. In Darjeeling, which is above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), temperate forest trees like <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">rhododendrons</a> predominate.<a href="#cite_note-India123-105">[105]</a> 3.26% of the geographical area of West Bengal is protected land, comprising fifteen wildlife sanctuaries and five national parks—<a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarbans National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buxa_Tiger_Reserve" title="Buxa Tiger Reserve">Buxa Tiger Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorumara_National_Park" title="Gorumara National Park">Gorumara National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neora_Valley_National_Park" title="Neora Valley National Park">Neora Valley National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singalila_National_Park" title="Singalila National Park">Singalila National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fsiwbforest-101">[101]</a> Extant wildlife includes <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a>, deer, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, tiger and <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>, as well as many bird species. Migratory birds come to the state during the winter.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The high-altitude forests of Singalila National Park shelter <a href="/wiki/Barking_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barking deer">barking deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">red panda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">chinkara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">takin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">serow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minivet" title="Minivet">minivet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalij_pheasant" title="Kalij pheasant">kalij pheasants</a>. The Sundarbans are noted for a reserve project devoted to conserving the endangered <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, although the forest hosts many other endangered species such as the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic dolphin">Gangetic dolphin</a>, river <a href="/wiki/Terrapin" title="Terrapin">terrapin</a> and estuarine crocodile.<a href="#cite_note-hdrchap10-107">[107]</a> The mangrove forest also acts as a natural fish nursery, supporting <a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">coastal fishes</a> along the Bay of Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-hdrchap10-107">[107]</a> Recognising its special conservation value, the Sundarbans area has been declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">Biosphere Reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fsiwbforest-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Government of West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_West_Bengal" title="Politics of West Bengal">Politics of West Bengal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of West Bengal">Council of Ministers of West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal">List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal</a></div> West Bengal is governed through a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a> is granted to residents. There are two branches of government. The legislature, the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a> and a system of lower courts. <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive authority</a> is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of West Bengal">Chief Minister</a> although the titular head of government is the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of West Bengal">Governor</a>. The Governor is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a> appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> with 295 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly">members</a>, or MLAs,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> including one nominated from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indian</a> community. Terms of office run for five years unless the Assembly is dissolved before the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj_in_India" title="Panchayati raj in India">panchayats</a>, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes 42 seats to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and 16 seats to the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Parliament">Indian Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Politics_in_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in West Bengal">Politics in West Bengal</a> is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a> (AITC), <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP), <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC), and the <a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(West_Bengal)" title="Left Front (West Bengal)">Left Front</a> alliance (led by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> or CPI(M)). Following the <a href="/wiki/2011_West_Bengal_state_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 West Bengal state assembly election">West Bengal State Assembly Election in 2011</a>, the All India Trinamool Congress and Indian National Congress coalition under <a href="/wiki/Mamata_Banerjee" title="Mamata Banerjee">Mamata Banerjee</a> of the All India Trinamool Congress was elected to power with 225 seats in the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Prior to this, West Bengal was ruled by the Left Front for 34 years (1977–2011), making it the world's longest-running democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-longcommu-68">[68]</a> Banerjee was re-elected twice as Chief Minister in the <a href="/wiki/2016_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election">2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election">2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election</a> with 211 and 215 seats respectively, an absolute majority by the Trinamool Congress.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The state has one autonomous region, the <a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland_Territorial_Administration" title="Gorkhaland Territorial Administration">Gorkhaland Territorial Administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:1122px;max-width:1122px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Main offices in West Bengal</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor%27s_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Governor%27s_House.jpg/227px-Governor%27s_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Governor%27s_House.jpg/341px-Governor%27s_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Governor%27s_House.jpg/454px-Governor%27s_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Kolkata" title="Raj Bhavan, Kolkata">Raj Bhavan</a>, the residence of the governor of the state</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Bengal_State_Legislative_Assembly_House,_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/West_Bengal_State_Legislative_Assembly_House%2C_Kolkata.jpg/227px-West_Bengal_State_Legislative_Assembly_House%2C_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/West_Bengal_State_Legislative_Assembly_House%2C_Kolkata.jpg/341px-West_Bengal_State_Legislative_Assembly_House%2C_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/West_Bengal_State_Legislative_Assembly_House%2C_Kolkata.jpg/454px-West_Bengal_State_Legislative_Assembly_House%2C_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3697" data-file-height="2475" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">West Bengal Legislative Assembly</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcutta_High_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Calcutta_High_Court.jpg/200px-Calcutta_High_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Calcutta_High_Court.jpg/300px-Calcutta_High_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Calcutta_High_Court.jpg/400px-Calcutta_High_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3411" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a>, highest court in West Bengal</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:231px;max-width:231px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nabanna_-_HRBC_Building_with_Multistorey_Car_Park_-_Sibpur_-_Howrah_2015-03-09_6834.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Nabanna_-_HRBC_Building_with_Multistorey_Car_Park_-_Sibpur_-_Howrah_2015-03-09_6834.JPG/229px-Nabanna_-_HRBC_Building_with_Multistorey_Car_Park_-_Sibpur_-_Howrah_2015-03-09_6834.JPG" decoding="async" width="229" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Nabanna_-_HRBC_Building_with_Multistorey_Car_Park_-_Sibpur_-_Howrah_2015-03-09_6834.JPG/344px-Nabanna_-_HRBC_Building_with_Multistorey_Car_Park_-_Sibpur_-_Howrah_2015-03-09_6834.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Nabanna_-_HRBC_Building_with_Multistorey_Car_Park_-_Sibpur_-_Howrah_2015-03-09_6834.JPG/458px-Nabanna_-_HRBC_Building_with_Multistorey_Car_Park_-_Sibpur_-_Howrah_2015-03-09_6834.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5719" data-file-height="3802" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nabanna_(building)" title="Nabanna (building)">Nabanna</a>, temporary office of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of West Bengal">Chief Minister of West Bengal</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:221px;max-width:221px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Writer%27s_Building_%26_St._Andrew%27s_Church_(14653055458).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Writer%27s_Building_%26_St._Andrew%27s_Church_%2814653055458%29.jpg/219px-Writer%27s_Building_%26_St._Andrew%27s_Church_%2814653055458%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Writer%27s_Building_%26_St._Andrew%27s_Church_%2814653055458%29.jpg/329px-Writer%27s_Building_%26_St._Andrew%27s_Church_%2814653055458%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Writer%27s_Building_%26_St._Andrew%27s_Church_%2814653055458%29.jpg/438px-Writer%27s_Building_%26_St._Andrew%27s_Church_%2814653055458%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3586" data-file-height="2483" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Building" title="Writers' Building">Writers' Building</a>, West Bengal Government Secretariat</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Districts_and_cities">Districts and cities</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">List of districts of West Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WestBengalDistricts_numbered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WestBengalDistricts_numbered.svg/220px-WestBengalDistricts_numbered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WestBengalDistricts_numbered.svg/330px-WestBengalDistricts_numbered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WestBengalDistricts_numbered.svg/440px-WestBengalDistricts_numbered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Districts of West Bengal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wbvillagehut1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wbvillagehut1.JPG/220px-Wbvillagehut1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wbvillagehut1.JPG/330px-Wbvillagehut1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wbvillagehut1.JPG/440px-Wbvillagehut1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>A hut in a village in the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly district</a></figcaption></figure> As of 1 November 2023,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bengal&action=edit">[update]</a> West Bengal is divided into <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">23 districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"> <th>District</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Growth rate</th> <th>Sex ratio</th> <th>Literacy</th> <th>Density per square Kilometer </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></td> <td>10,009,781</td> <td>12.04</td> <td>955</td> <td>84.06</td> <td>2445 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas_district" class="mw-redirect" title="South 24 Parganas district">South 24 Parganas</a></td> <td>8,161,961</td> <td>18.17</td> <td>956</td> <td>77.51</td> <td>819 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></td> <td>4,835,432</td> <td>–</td> <td>945</td> <td>74.73</td> <td>890 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></td> <td>2,882,031</td> <td>–</td> <td>922</td> <td>78.75</td> <td>1800 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></td> <td>7,103,807</td> <td>21.09</td> <td>958</td> <td>66.59</td> <td>1334 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">West Midnapore</a></td> <td>5,913,457</td> <td>13.86</td> <td>966</td> <td>78.00</td> <td>631 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></td> <td>5,519,145</td> <td>9.46</td> <td>961</td> <td>81.80</td> <td>1753 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></td> <td>5,167,600</td> <td>12.22</td> <td>947</td> <td>74.97</td> <td>1316 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">East Midnapore</a></td> <td>5,095,875</td> <td>15.36</td> <td>938</td> <td>87.02</td> <td>1081 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></td> <td>4,850,029</td> <td>13.50</td> <td>939</td> <td>83.31</td> <td>3306 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></td> <td>4,496,694</td> <td>−1.67</td> <td>908</td> <td>86.31</td> <td>24306 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Maldah_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldah district">Maldah</a></td> <td>3,988,845</td> <td>21.22</td> <td>944</td> <td>61.73</td> <td>1069 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;”"> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></td> <td>3,872,846</td> <td>13.87</td> <td>953</td> <td>73.25</td> <td>622 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a><a href="#cite_note-b-115">[a]</a></td> <td>1,700,000</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></td> <td>3,596,292</td> <td>12.64</td> <td>954</td> <td>70.95</td> <td>523 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></td> <td>3,502,404</td> <td>16.15</td> <td>956</td> <td>70.68</td> <td>771 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">North Dinajpur</a></td> <td>3,007,134</td> <td>23.15</td> <td>939</td> <td>59.07</td> <td>958 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></td> <td>2,930,115</td> <td>15.52</td> <td>957</td> <td>64.48</td> <td>468 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></td> <td>2,819,086</td> <td>13.71</td> <td>942</td> <td>74.78</td> <td>832 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></td> <td>1,846,823</td> <td>14.77</td> <td>970</td> <td>79.56</td> <td>586 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></td> <td>1,676,276</td> <td>11.52</td> <td>956</td> <td>72.82</td> <td>755 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a><a href="#cite_note-b-115">[a]</a></td> <td>202,239</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>270 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a><a href="#cite_note-b-115">[a]</a></td> <td>1,136,548</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>374 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-b-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_115-2">c</a> Was created after the 2011 Census </li> </ol></div></div> Each district is governed by a <a href="/wiki/District_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">district collector</a> or district magistrate, appointed by either the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a> or the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Civil_Service" title="West Bengal Civil Service">West Bengal Civil Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Each district is subdivided into sub-divisions, governed by a <a href="/wiki/Sub-Divisional_Magistrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Divisional Magistrate">Sub-Divisional Magistrate</a>, and again into blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3></div> The capital and largest city of the state is <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>—the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_metropolitan_areas_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous metropolitan areas in India">third-largest</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a><a href="#cite_note-uapop2011-118">[117]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities in India">seventh-largest city</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> in India. <a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a> is the second-largest city and urban agglomeration in West Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-uapop2011-118">[117]</a> Major <a href="/wiki/Planned_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned Community">planned</a> cities of West Bengal include <a href="/wiki/Bidhannagar" title="Bidhannagar">Bidhannagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Kolkata" title="New Town, Kolkata">New Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalyani,_West_Bengal" title="Kalyani, West Bengal">Kalyani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a>. Kolkata has some planned neighbourhoods like <a href="/wiki/New_Garia" title="New Garia">New Garia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tollygunge" title="Tollygunge">Tollygunge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Town,_Kolkata" title="Lake Town, Kolkata">Lake Town</a>. <a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a> is an economically important city, strategically located in the northeastern Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck) of India.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Other larger <a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">cities and towns in West Bengal</a> are <a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandannagar</a>, Bardhaman, <a href="/wiki/Baharampur" class="mw-redirect" title="Baharampur">Baharampur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a> etc.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:240px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;">Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2004–05 Base)<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> (figures in <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crores</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupees</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Net State Domestic Product </th></tr> <tr> <td>2004–2005</td> <td>190,073 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005–2006</td> <td>209,642 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006–2007</td> <td>238,625 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007–2008</td> <td>272,166 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008–2009</td> <td>309,799 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009–2010</td> <td>366,318 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OberoiGrandHotelKolkata_gobeirne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Grand Hotel in Kolkata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/OberoiGrandHotelKolkata_gobeirne.jpg/220px-OberoiGrandHotelKolkata_gobeirne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/OberoiGrandHotelKolkata_gobeirne.jpg/330px-OberoiGrandHotelKolkata_gobeirne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/OberoiGrandHotelKolkata_gobeirne.jpg/440px-OberoiGrandHotelKolkata_gobeirne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel_(Kolkata)" title="Grand Hotel (Kolkata)">Grand Hotel</a> in Kolkata. Tourism, especially from Bangladesh, is an important part of West Bengal's economy.</figcaption></figure> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bengal&action=edit">[update]</a>, West Bengal has the sixth-highest <a href="/wiki/GSDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GSDP">GSDP</a> in India. GSDP at current prices (base 2004–2005) has increased from Rs 2,086.56 billion in 2004–05 to Rs 8,00,868 crores in 2014–2015,<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> reaching Rs 10,21,000 crores in 2017–18.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> GSDP per cent growth at current prices varied from a low of 10.3% in 2010–2011 to a high of 17.11% in 2013–2014. The growth rate was 13.35% in 2014–2015.<a href="#cite_note-niti.gov.in-125">[124]</a> The state's per capita income has lagged the all India average for over two decades. As of 2014–2015, per capita NSDP at current prices was Rs 78,903.<a href="#cite_note-niti.gov.in-125">[124]</a> Per-capita NSDP growth rate at current prices varied from 9.4% in 2010–2011 to a high of 16.15% in 2013–2014. The growth rate was 12.62% in 2014–2015.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> In 2015–2016, the percentage share of Gross Value Added (GVA) at factor cost by economic activity at the constant price (the base year 2011–2012) was Agriculture-Forestry and Fishery—4.84%, Industry 18.51% and Services 66.65%. It has been observed that there has been a slow but steady decline in the percentage share of industry and agriculture over the years.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Agriculture is the leading economic sector in West Bengal. Rice is the state's principal food crop. Rice, potato, <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a>, sugarcane and wheat are the state's top five crops.<a href="#cite_note-ibef2011-128">[127]</a>: 14  Tea is produced commercially in northern districts; the region is well known for <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling</a> and other high-quality teas.<a href="#cite_note-ibef2011-128">[127]</a>: 14  State industries are localised in the Kolkata region, the mineral-rich western highlands, and the <a href="/wiki/Haldia_Port" title="Haldia Port">Haldia Port</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-wbidcindinf-129">[128]</a> The Durgapur-Asansol colliery belt is home to a number of steel plants.<a href="#cite_note-wbidcindinf-129">[128]</a> Important manufacturing industries include: engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches and wagons. The Durgapur centre has established several industries in the areas of tea, sugar, <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilisers</a>. Natural resources like tea and jute in nearby areas have made West Bengal a major centre for the jute and tea industries.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Years after independence, West Bengal is dependent on the central government for help in meeting its demands for food; food production remained stagnant, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_green_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian green revolution">Indian green revolution</a> bypassed the state. However, there has been a significant increase in food production since the 1980s and the state now has a surplus of grains.<a href="#cite_note-hdrchap1-131">[130]</a> The state's share of total industrial output in India was 9.8% in 1980–1981, declining to 5% by 1997–1998. In contrast, the service sector has grown at a rate higher than the national rate.<a href="#cite_note-hdrchap1-131">[130]</a> The state's total financial debt stood at ₹1,918,350 million (US$23 billion) as of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaddyandjuteBengal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brown jute sticks stacked in groups with small green saplings of rice in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/PaddyandjuteBengal.JPG/220px-PaddyandjuteBengal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/PaddyandjuteBengal.JPG/330px-PaddyandjuteBengal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/PaddyandjuteBengal.JPG/440px-PaddyandjuteBengal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Freshly sown saplings of rice in a <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">paddy</a>; in the background are stacks of <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a> sticks.</figcaption></figure> In the period 2004–2010, the average <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross state domestic product</a> (GSDP) growth rate was 13.9% (calculated in Indian rupee terms) lower than 15.5%, the average for all states of the country.<a href="#cite_note-ibef2011-128">[127]</a>: 4  The economy of West Bengal has witnessed many surprising changes in direction. The agricultural sector in particular rose to 8.33% in 2010–11 before tumbling to −4.01% in 2012–13.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Many major industries such as the Uttarpara <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Motors" title="Hindustan Motors">Hindustan Motors</a> car manufacturing unit, the jute industry, and the Haldia Petrochemicals unit experienced shutdowns in 2014. In the same year, plans for a 300 billion Jindal Steel project was mothballed. The tea industry of West Bengal has also witnessed shutdowns for financial and political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The tourism industry of West Bengal was negatively impacted in 2017 because of the <a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkhaland">Gorkhaland</a> agitation.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> However, over the years due to effective changes in the stance towards industrialisation, ease of doing business has improved in West Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Steps are being taken to remedy this situation by promoting West Bengal as an investment destination. <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Leather_Complex" title="Kolkata Leather Complex">A leather complex</a> has been built in Kolkata. Smart cities are being planned close to Kolkata, and major roadway projects are in the offing to revive the economy.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> West Bengal has been able to attract 2% of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> in the last decade.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_West_Bengal" title="Transport in West Bengal">Transport in West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_West_Bengal" title="List of airports in West Bengal">List of airports in West Bengal</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306px;"><a href="/wiki/File:External_view_of_Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport is a hub for flights to and from Bangladesh, East Asia, Nepal, Bhutan and north-east India."><img alt="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport is a hub for flights to and from Bangladesh, East Asia, Nepal, Bhutan and north-east India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/External_view_of_Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport.jpg/459px-External_view_of_Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="306" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/External_view_of_Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport.jpg/689px-External_view_of_Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/External_view_of_Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport.jpg/917px-External_view_of_Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="856" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport</a> is a hub for flights to and from Bangladesh, East Asia, Nepal, Bhutan and north-east India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Durgapur_Xpressway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Durgapur Expressway"><img alt="Durgapur Expressway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Durgapur_Xpressway.jpg/301px-Durgapur_Xpressway.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Durgapur_Xpressway.jpg/452px-Durgapur_Xpressway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Durgapur_Xpressway.jpg/602px-Durgapur_Xpressway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2968" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Durgapur_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Durgapur Expressway">Durgapur Expressway</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SBSTC_bus_in_karunamoyee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An SBSTC bus in Karunamoyee"><img alt="An SBSTC bus in Karunamoyee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SBSTC_bus_in_karunamoyee.jpg/300px-SBSTC_bus_in_karunamoyee.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SBSTC_bus_in_karunamoyee.jpg/451px-SBSTC_bus_in_karunamoyee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SBSTC_bus_in_karunamoyee.jpg/600px-SBSTC_bus_in_karunamoyee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/South_Bengal_State_Transport_Corporation" title="South Bengal State Transport Corporation">SBSTC</a> bus in Karunamoyee</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealdah_bound_metro_approaching_Central_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kolkata Metro, India's first metro rail system"><img alt="Kolkata Metro, India's first metro rail system" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sealdah_bound_metro_approaching_Central_Park.jpg/338px-Sealdah_bound_metro_approaching_Central_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sealdah_bound_metro_approaching_Central_Park.jpg/507px-Sealdah_bound_metro_approaching_Central_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sealdah_bound_metro_approaching_Central_Park.jpg/675px-Sealdah_bound_metro_approaching_Central_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="4160" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro" title="Kolkata Metro">Kolkata Metro</a>, India's first metro rail system</div> </li> </ul> As of 2011, the total length of surface roads in West Bengal was over 92,023 kilometres (57,180 miles);<a href="#cite_note-ibef2011-128">[127]</a>: 18  <a href="/wiki/National_highways_of_India" title="National highways of India">national highways</a> comprise 2,578 km (1,602 mi)<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> and state highways 2,393 km (1,487 mi).<a href="#cite_note-ibef2011-128">[127]</a>: 18  As of 2006, the road density of the state was 103.69 kilometres per square kilometre (166.87 miles per square mile), higher than the national average of 74.7 km/km2 (120.2 mi/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> As of 2011, the total railway route length was around 4,481 km (2,784 mi).<a href="#cite_note-ibef2011-128">[127]</a>: 20  Kolkata is the headquarters of three zones of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>—<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Railway (India)">Eastern Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Eastern Railway (India)">South Eastern Railway</a> and the Kolkata Metro, which is the newly formed 17th zone of the Indian Railways.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Frontier Railway">Northeast Frontier Railway</a> (NFR) serves the northern parts of the state. The <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metro">Kolkata metro</a> is the country's first underground railway.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a>, part of NFR, is a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dum_Dum" title="Dum Dum">Dum Dum</a>, Kolkata, is the state's largest airport. <a href="/wiki/Bagdogra_Airport" title="Bagdogra Airport">Bagdogra Airport</a> near Siliguri is a <a href="/wiki/Customs_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs airport">customs airport</a> that offers international service to Bhutan and Thailand, besides regular domestic service. <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_Airport" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport">Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport</a>, India's first private sector airport, serves the twin cities of Asansol-Durgapur at <a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Paschim Bardhaman">Paschim Bardhaman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Kolkata is a major river port in eastern India. The <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Port_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Port Trust">Kolkata Port Trust</a> manages the Kolkata and the <a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a> docks.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> There is passenger service to <a href="/wiki/Port_Blair" title="Port Blair">Port Blair</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ship</a> service operates to <a href="/wiki/Ports_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports in India">ports in India</a> and abroad, operated by the <a href="/wiki/Shipping_Corporation_of_India" title="Shipping Corporation of India">Shipping Corporation of India</a>. Ferries are a principal mode of transport in the southern part of the state, especially in the Sundarbans area. Kolkata is the only city in India to have <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kolkata" title="Trams in Kolkata">trams</a> as a mode of transport; these are operated by the Calcutta Tramways Company.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Several government-owned organisations operate bus services in the state, including: the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_State_Transport_Corporation" title="Calcutta State Transport Corporation">Calcutta State Transport Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_State_Transport_Corporation" title="North Bengal State Transport Corporation">North Bengal State Transport Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Bengal_State_Transport_Corporation" title="South Bengal State Transport Corporation">South Bengal State Transport Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Surface_Transport_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation">West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Tramways_Company" title="Calcutta Tramways Company">Calcutta Tramways Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> There are also private bus companies. The railway system is a nationalised service without any private investment.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Hired forms of transport include metered taxis and <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">auto rickshaws</a>, which often ply specific routes in cities. In most of the state, <a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">cycle rickshaws</a> and in Kolkata, <a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw#India" title="Pulled rickshaw">hand-pulled rickshaws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_rickshaw" title="Electric rickshaw">electric rickshaws</a> are used for short-distance travel.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple,_Dakshineswar,_West_Bengal,_India_(2007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/220px-Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/330px-Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/440px-Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1088" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolkata_Tipu_Sultan%27s_Mosque3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kolkata_Tipu_Sultan%27s_Mosque3.jpg/220px-Kolkata_Tipu_Sultan%27s_Mosque3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kolkata_Tipu_Sultan%27s_Mosque3.jpg/330px-Kolkata_Tipu_Sultan%27s_Mosque3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kolkata_Tipu_Sultan%27s_Mosque3.jpg/440px-Kolkata_Tipu_Sultan%27s_Mosque3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="387" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan_Mosque" title="Tipu Sultan Mosque">Tipu Sultan Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg/220px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg/330px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg/440px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St Paul's Cathedral</a></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,940,088</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,998,769</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,474,348</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,897,036</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">23,229,552</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+22.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">26,299,980</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">34,926,279</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+32.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">44,312,011</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">54,580,647</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">68,077,965</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+24.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">80,176,197</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">91,276,115</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2022 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">98,604,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census of India<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, West Bengal is the fourth-most-populous state in India with a population of 91,347,736 (7.55% of India's population).<a href="#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-3">[3]</a> The state's 2001–2011 decennial population growth rate was 13.93%,<a href="#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-3">[3]</a> lower than the 1991–2001 growth rate of 17.8%<a href="#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-3">[3]</a> and lower than the national rate of 17.64%.<a href="#cite_note-indiastatesprov2011-155">[154]</a> The gender ratio is 947 females per 1,000 males.<a href="#cite_note-indiastatesprov2011-155">[154]</a> As of 2011, West Bengal had a population density of 1,029 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,670/sq mi) making it the second-most densely populated state in India, after Bihar.<a href="#cite_note-indiastatesprov2011-155">[154]</a> The literacy rate is 77.08%, higher than the national rate of 74.04%.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Data from 2010 to 2014 showed the life expectancy in the state was 70.2 years, higher than the national value of 67.9.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 2013 was 19.98%, a decline from 31.8% a decade prior.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_castes_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled castes and tribes">Scheduled castes and tribes</a> form 28.6% and 5.8% of the population, respectively, in rural areas and 19.9% and 1.5%, respectively, in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-hdrchap1-131">[130]</a> In September 2017, West Bengal achieved 100% electrification, after some remote villages in the Sunderbans became the last to be electrified.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> As of September 2017, of 125 towns and cities in Bengal, 76 have achieved <a href="/wiki/Open_defecation_free" class="mw-redirect" title="Open defecation free">open defecation free</a> (ODF) status. All towns in the districts of: Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Hooghly, Bardhaman and East Medinipur are ODF zones, with Nadia becoming the first ODF district in the state in April 2015.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> A study conducted in three districts of West Bengal found that accessing private health services to treat illness had a catastrophic impact on households. This indicates the importance of the public provision of health services to mitigate poverty and the impact of illness on poor households.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> The latest Sample Registration System (SRS) statistical report shows that West Bengal has the lowest <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> among Indian states. West Bengal's total fertility rate was 1.6, lower than neighbouring Bihar's 3.4, which is the highest in the entire country. Bengal's TFR of 1.6 roughly equals that of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengalis</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Bengali Christians</a> and a few <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Bengali Buddhists</a>, comprise the majority of the population.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marwari_people" title="Marwari people">Marwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithils" title="Maithils">Maithili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_people" title="Bhojpuri people">Bhojpuri</a> speakers are scattered throughout the state; various indigenous ethnic Buddhist communities such as the <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherpa (people)">Sherpas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepchas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyolmo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyolmo people">Yolmos</a> and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a> can be found in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region. Native <a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a> speakers are found in <a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a>, a language considered to be a mix of Maithili and Bengali, is spoken across northern parts of the state.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The Darjeeling Hills are mainly inhabited by various Gorkha communities who overwhelmingly speak <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> (also known as Gorkhali), although there are some who retain their ancestral languages like <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a>. West Bengal is also home to indigenous tribal <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasis</a> such as: <a href="/wiki/Santhal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal people">Santhal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oraon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Oraon people">Oraon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lodha" title="Lodha">Lodha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kol_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kol (people)">Kol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toto_people" title="Toto people">Toto</a>. There are a small number of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">ethnic minorities</a> primarily in the state capital, including : <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrians">Maharashtrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">Odias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujaratis</a>, Anglo-Indians, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_India" title="Armenians in India">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> India's sole <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a> is in eastern Kolkata.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#B15928; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1499.241011681px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 678.18149783394px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 374.77449268423px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 219.26768848055px; border-left-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 85.082597773202px; border-left-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Languages of West Bengal (2011)<a href="#cite_note-langcensus2011-170">[169]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (86.22%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (6.97%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a> (2.66%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (1.82%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> (1.27%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (1.06%)</div> </div> </div></div> The state's official languages are Bengali and English;<a href="#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> has additional official status in the three subdivisions of Darjeeling district.<a href="#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-4">[4]</a> In 2012, the state government passed a bill granting additional official status to <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> in areas where speakers exceed 10% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-4">[4]</a> In 2019, another bill was passed by the government to include <a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamtapuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurmali">Kurmali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbanshi</a> as additional official languages in blocks, divisions or districts where the speakers exceed 10% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-4">[4]</a> On 24 December 2020, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee announced <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> as an additional official language.<a href="#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-4">[4]</a> As of the 2011 census, 86.22% of the population spoke <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, 5.00% Hindi, 2.66% <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a>, 1.82% <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and 1.26% <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> as their first language.<a href="#cite_note-langcensus2011-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_West_Bengal" title="Religion in West Bengal">Religion in West Bengal</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1543.0357927197px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1444.5585503933px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1357.8473333352px; border-left-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1117.8338378414px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 916.3446084996px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 644.47261993097px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.099183319767px 27.657674617974px 0 0; border-top-color:darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkorange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in West Bengal (2011)<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (70.54%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (27.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (0.72%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.31%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (0.25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.07%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.07%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other Religions (inc. <a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal religions">Tribal religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>) (1.03%)</div> </div> </div></div> West Bengal is religiously diverse, with regional cultural and religious specificities. Although <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_West_Bengal" title="Hinduism in West Bengal">Hindus</a> are the predominant community, the state has a large minority <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_West_Bengal" title="Islam in West Bengal">Muslim</a> population. Christians, Buddhists and others form a minuscule part of the population. As of <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the most common religion, with adherents representing 70.54% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Muslims, the second-largest community, comprise 27.01% of the total population,<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Three of West Bengal's districts: <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a>, are Muslim-majority. <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, Buddhism and other religions make up the remainder.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Buddhism remains a prominent religion in the Himalayan region of the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling hills</a>; almost the entirety of West Bengal's Buddhist population is from this region.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Christianity is mainly found among the tea garden tribes at tea plantations scattered throughout the Dooars of Darjeeling, <a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a> districts. The Hindu population of West Bengal is 64,385,546 while the Muslim population is 24,654,825, according to the 2011 census.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture of West Bengal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Darjeeling" title="Culture of Darjeeling">Culture of Darjeeling</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengali_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bengali literature">History of Bengali literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:310px;max-width:310px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Rabindranath Tagore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg/150px-Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg/225px-Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg/300px-Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2695" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> is Asia's first <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a> and the composer of <a href="/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana" title="Jana Gana Mana">India's national anthem</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of Swami Vivekanada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg/152px-Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg/228px-Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg/304px-Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> was a key figure in introducing <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> to Europe and the US,<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> raising interfaith awareness and making <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> a world religion.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a></div></div></div></div></div> The Bengali language boasts a rich literary heritage it shares with neighbouring Bangladesh. West Bengal has a long tradition of folk literature, evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a>, a collection of Buddhist mystic songs dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries; <a href="/wiki/Mangalkavya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalkavya">Mangalkavya</a>, a collection of Hindu narrative poetry composed around the 13th century; <a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a>, a pastoral <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> drama in verse composed by <a href="/wiki/Boru_Chandidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Boru Chandidas">Boru Chandidas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thakurmar_Jhuli" title="Thakurmar Jhuli">Thakurmar Jhuli</a>, a collection of Bengali folk and fairy tales compiled by <a href="/wiki/Dakshinaranjan_Mitra_Majumder" title="Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder">Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder</a>; and stories of <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Bhar" title="Gopal Bhar">Gopal Bhar</a>, a court <a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">jester</a> in medieval Bengal. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Bengali literature was modernised in the works of authors such as <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a>, whose works marked a departure from the traditional verse-oriented writings prevalent in that period;<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a>, a pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_theatre" title="Bengali theatre">Bengali drama</a> who introduced the use of <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a>;<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, who reshaped <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian art</a> saw the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Contextual_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Contextual Modernism">Contextual Modernism</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Other notable figures include <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a>, whose compositions form the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde</a> genre of <a href="/wiki/Nazrul_Sangeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazrul Sangeet">Nazrul Sangeet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a>, whose works on contemporary social practices in Bengal are widely acclaimed,<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manik_Bandyopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Manik Bandyopadhyay">Manik Bandyopadhyay</a>, who is considered one of the leading lights of modern Bengali fiction.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Jibanananda_Das" title="Jibanananda Das">Jibanananda Das</a> has been acknowledged as "the premier poet of the post-Tagore era in India".<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Other writers include: <a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay</a>, best known for his work <a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali" title="Pather Panchali">Pather Panchali</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tarashankar_Bandopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarashankar Bandopadhyay">Tarashankar Bandopadhyay</a>, well known for his portrayal of the lower strata of society;<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay" title="Manik Bandopadhyay">Manik Bandopadhyay</a>, a pioneering novelist; and <a href="/wiki/Ashapurna_Devi" title="Ashapurna Devi">Ashapurna Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirshendu_Mukhopadhyay" title="Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay">Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saradindu_Bandopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Saradindu Bandopadhyay">Saradindu Bandopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Guha" title="Buddhadeb Guha">Buddhadeb Guha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahashweta_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahashweta Devi">Mahashweta Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaresh_Majumdar" title="Samaresh Majumdar">Samaresh Majumdar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjeev_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjeev Chattopadhyay">Sanjeev Chattopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakti_Chattopadhyay" title="Shakti Chattopadhyay">Shakti Chattopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Basu" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhadeb Basu">Buddhadeb Basu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joy_Goswami" title="Joy Goswami">Joy Goswami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunil_Gangopadhyay" title="Sunil Gangopadhyay">Sunil Gangopadhyay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Bengal" title="Music of West Bengal">Music of West Bengal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:394_baul-singers-sml.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/394_baul-singers-sml.jpg/185px-394_baul-singers-sml.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/394_baul-singers-sml.jpg/278px-394_baul-singers-sml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/394_baul-singers-sml.jpg/370px-394_baul-singers-sml.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="359" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Baul singers at <a href="/wiki/Basanta-Utsab" class="mw-redirect" title="Basanta-Utsab">Basanta-Utsab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shantiniketan" title="Shantiniketan">Shantiniketan</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:251px;max-width:251px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG/249px-Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG" decoding="async" width="249" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG/374px-Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG/498px-Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Dance with <a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG/220px-Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG/330px-Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG/440px-Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau Dance</a></figcaption></figure> A notable music tradition is the Baul music, practised by the <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Bauls</a>, a sect of mystic <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">minstrels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Other folk music forms include <a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhawaiya" title="Bhawaiya">Bhawaiya</a>. Folk music in West Bengal is often accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">ektara</a>, a one-stringed instrument. <a href="/wiki/Shyama_Sangeet" title="Shyama Sangeet">Shyama Sangeet</a> is a genre of devotional songs, praising the Hindu goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a> is devotional group songs dedicated to the god <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> Like other states in northern India, West Bengal also has a heritage in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">North Indian classical music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rabindrasangeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabindrasangeet">Rabindrasangeet</a>, songs composed and set to words by Rabindranath Tagore, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_of_Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of works of Kazi Nazrul Islam">Nazrul geeti</a> (by Kazi Nazrul Islam) are popular. Also prominent are <a href="/wiki/Dwijendralal_Ray" title="Dwijendralal Ray">Dwijendralal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atulprasad_Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Atulprasad Sen">Atulprasad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajanikanta_Sen" title="Rajanikanta Sen">Rajanikanta</a>'s songs, and adhunik or modern music from films and other composers.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> From the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Indian_rock#Rock_scenes" title="Indian rock">new genres</a> of music have emerged, including what has been called Bengali Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism). Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian dance traditions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chau_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Chau dance">Chhau dance</a> of Purulia is a rare form of masked dance.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Cinema of West Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyajit_Ray_with_Ravi_Sankar_recording_for_Pather_Panchali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Satyajit Ray seated with Ravi Shankar with several others in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Satyajit_Ray_with_Ravi_Sankar_recording_for_Pather_Panchali.jpg/220px-Satyajit_Ray_with_Ravi_Sankar_recording_for_Pather_Panchali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Satyajit_Ray_with_Ravi_Sankar_recording_for_Pather_Panchali.jpg/330px-Satyajit_Ray_with_Ravi_Sankar_recording_for_Pather_Panchali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Satyajit_Ray_with_Ravi_Sankar_recording_for_Pather_Panchali.jpg/440px-Satyajit_Ray_with_Ravi_Sankar_recording_for_Pather_Panchali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, a pioneer in Bengali cinema along with <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Sankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravi Sankar">Ravi Sankar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">West Bengali films</a> are shot mostly in studios in the Kolkata neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Tollygunge" title="Tollygunge">Tollygunge</a>; the name "Tollywood" (similar to Hollywood and <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>) is derived from that name. The Bengali film industry is well known for its <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art films</a>, and has produced acclaimed directors like <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> who is widely regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Sen" title="Mrinal Sen">Mrinal Sen</a> whose films were known for their artistic depiction of social reality, <a href="/wiki/Tapan_Sinha" title="Tapan Sinha">Tapan Sinha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a>. Some contemporary directors include veterans such as: <a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Dasgupta" title="Buddhadeb Dasgupta">Buddhadeb Dasgupta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar" title="Tarun Majumdar">Tarun Majumdar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goutam_Ghose" title="Goutam Ghose">Goutam Ghose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aparna_Sen" title="Aparna Sen">Aparna Sen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rituparno_Ghosh" title="Rituparno Ghosh">Rituparno Ghosh</a>, and a newer pool of directors such as <a href="/wiki/Kaushik_Ganguly" title="Kaushik Ganguly">Kaushik Ganguly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srijit_Mukherji" title="Srijit Mukherji">Srijit Mukherji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uttam_Kumar" title="Uttam Kumar">Uttam Kumar</a> was the most popular lead actor for decades, and his romantic pairing with actress <a href="/wiki/Suchitra_Sen" title="Suchitra Sen">Suchitra Sen</a> in films attained legendary status.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soumitra_Chatterjee" title="Soumitra Chatterjee">Soumitra Chatterjee</a>, who acted in many Satyajit Ray-films, and <a href="/wiki/Prosenjit_Chatterjee" title="Prosenjit Chatterjee">Prosenjit Chatterjee</a> are among other popular lead male actors. As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bengal&action=edit">[update]</a>, Bengali films have won India's annual <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film" title="National Film Award for Best Feature Film">National Film Award for Best Feature Film</a> twenty-two times in sixty seven years, the highest among all Indian languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_arts">Fine arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Panchchura%27_temple,_Bishnupur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Panchura Temple made from terracotta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%27Panchchura%27_temple%2C_Bishnupur.jpg/220px-%27Panchchura%27_temple%2C_Bishnupur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%27Panchchura%27_temple%2C_Bishnupur.jpg/330px-%27Panchchura%27_temple%2C_Bishnupur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%27Panchchura%27_temple%2C_Bishnupur.jpg/440px-%27Panchchura%27_temple%2C_Bishnupur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="3234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Ray_Temple" title="Shyam Ray Temple">Panchchura Temple</a> in Bishnupur, one of the older examples of the terracotta arts of India.</figcaption></figure> There are significant examples of fine arts in Bengal from earlier times, including the terracotta art of Hindu temples and the Kalighat paintings. Bengal has been in the vanguard of modernism in fine arts. <a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a>, called the father of modern Indian art, started the Bengal School of Art, one of whose goals was to promote the development of styles of art outside the European realist tradition that had been taught in art colleges under the British colonial administration. The movement had many adherents, including: <a href="/wiki/Gaganendranath_Tagore" title="Gaganendranath Tagore">Gaganendranath Tagore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramkinkar_Baij" title="Ramkinkar Baij">Ramkinkar Baij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a> and Rabindranath Tagore. After Indian Independence, important groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Group" title="Calcutta Group">Calcutta Group</a> and the Society of Contemporary Artists were formed in Bengal and came to dominate the art scene in India.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformist_heritage">Reformist heritage</h3></div> The capital, Kolkata, was the workplace of several social reformers, including <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iswar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar">Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>. Their social reforms eventually led to a cultural atmosphere that made it possible for practices like <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dowry#India" title="Dowry">dowry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste-based discrimination</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a>, to be abolished.<a href="#cite_note-Bengali-speaking-202">[201]</a> The region was also home to several religious teachers, such as <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengali-speaking-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of West Bengal">Cuisine of West Bengal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:532px;max-width:532px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitha_for_Wedding-_Pakan,_Patishapta,_Bharandash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pitha_for_Wedding-_Pakan%2C_Patishapta%2C_Bharandash.jpg/200px-Pitha_for_Wedding-_Pakan%2C_Patishapta%2C_Bharandash.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pitha_for_Wedding-_Pakan%2C_Patishapta%2C_Bharandash.jpg/300px-Pitha_for_Wedding-_Pakan%2C_Patishapta%2C_Bharandash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pitha_for_Wedding-_Pakan%2C_Patishapta%2C_Bharandash.jpg/400px-Pitha_for_Wedding-_Pakan%2C_Patishapta%2C_Bharandash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="561" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Shorshe_Ilish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shorshe_Ilish.jpg/150px-Shorshe_Ilish.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shorshe_Ilish.jpg/225px-Shorshe_Ilish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shorshe_Ilish.jpg/300px-Shorshe_Ilish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="379" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rasgulla_-_Kolkata_2011-08-02_4547.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Rasgulla_-_Kolkata_2011-08-02_4547.JPG/170px-Rasgulla_-_Kolkata_2011-08-02_4547.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Rasgulla_-_Kolkata_2011-08-02_4547.JPG/255px-Rasgulla_-_Kolkata_2011-08-02_4547.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Rasgulla_-_Kolkata_2011-08-02_4547.JPG/340px-Rasgulla_-_Kolkata_2011-08-02_4547.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Assorted food eaten in West Bengal: Patisapta, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Pitha" title="Pitha">pitha</a>; shorshe <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">ilish</a> (hilsha with mustard sauce) and <a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">rasgullas</a> in sugar syrup</div></div></div></div> Rice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying in Bengali, "machhe bhate bangali", that translates as "fish and rice make a Bengali".<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes <a href="/wiki/Hilsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilsa">hilsa</a> preparations, a favourite among Bengalis. There are numerous ways of cooking fish depending on its texture, size, fat content and bones.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> Most of the people also consume eggs, chicken, mutton, and shrimp. <a href="/wiki/Panta_bhat" title="Panta bhat">Panta bhat</a> (rice soaked overnight in water) with onion and green chili is a traditional dish consumed in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> Common spices found in a Bengali kitchen include <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, ajmoda (radhuni), <a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">bay leaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">green chillies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Sweets occupy an important place in the diet of Bengalis and at their social ceremonies. Bengalis make distinctive <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">sweetmeats</a> from milk products, including <a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Rôshogolla</a>, Chômchôm, Kalojam and several kinds of <a href="/wiki/Sandesh_(confectionery)" title="Sandesh (confectionery)">sondesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pitha" title="Pitha">Pitha</a>, a kind of sweet cake, bread, or dim sum, are specialties of the winter season. Sweets such as narkol-naru, til-naru, moa and payesh are prepared during festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi puja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Popular <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street foods</a> include Aloor Chop, <a href="/wiki/Beguni" title="Beguni">Beguni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kati_roll" title="Kati roll">Kati roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phuchka" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuchka">phuchka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladeshi_bride_in_Jamdani_sari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a woman wearing a red Jamdani sari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bangladeshi_bride_in_Jamdani_sari.jpg/220px-Bangladeshi_bride_in_Jamdani_sari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bangladeshi_bride_in_Jamdani_sari.jpg/330px-Bangladeshi_bride_in_Jamdani_sari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bangladeshi_bride_in_Jamdani_sari.jpg/440px-Bangladeshi_bride_in_Jamdani_sari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a> Sari of Bangladesh is very popular in West Bengal.</figcaption></figure> Bengali women commonly wear the <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a>, often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. In urban areas, many women and men wear western attire. Among men, western dress has greater acceptance. Particularly on cultural occasions, men also wear traditional costumes such as the <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">panjabi</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhuti</a> while women wear <a href="/wiki/Salwar_kameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Salwar kameez">salwar kameez</a> or sari.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> West Bengal produces several varieties of cotton and silk saris in the country. Handlooms are a popular way for the state's rural population to earn a living through weaving. Every district has weaving clusters, which are home to artisan communities, each specialising in specific varieties of handloom weaving. Notable handloom saris include tant, <a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">jamdani</a>, garad, korial, baluchari, tussar and muslin.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_West_Bengal" title="List of festivals in West Bengal">List of festivals in West Bengal</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> is the biggest, most popular and widely celebrated festival in West Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> The five-day-long colourful Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. <a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">Pandals</a> are erected in various cities, towns, and villages throughout West Bengal. The city of Kolkata transforms Durga Puja. It is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful pandals are set up where effigies of the goddess Durga and her four children are displayed and worshipped. The idols of the goddess are brought in from <a href="/wiki/Kumortuli" title="Kumortuli">Kumortuli</a>, where idol-makers work throughout the year fashioning clay models of the goddess. Since independence in 1947, Durga Puja has slowly changed into more of a glamorous carnival than a religious festival. Today people of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds partake in the festivities.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a>, the last day of the festival, the effigies are paraded through the streets with riotous pageantry before being immersed into the rivers.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rath_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rath Yatra">Rath Yatra</a> is a Hindu festival which celebrates <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a>, a form of Krishna. It is celebrated with much fanfare in Kolkata as well as in rural Bengal. Images of Jagannath are set upon a chariot and pulled through the streets.<a href="#cite_note-Betts-2013-215">[214]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:776px;max-width:776px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga,_Burdwan,_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Durga%2C_Burdwan%2C_2011.JPG/200px-Durga%2C_Burdwan%2C_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Durga%2C_Burdwan%2C_2011.JPG/300px-Durga%2C_Burdwan%2C_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Durga%2C_Burdwan%2C_2011.JPG/400px-Durga%2C_Burdwan%2C_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="1575" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahesh_Rath_Yatra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mahesh_Rath_Yatra.jpg/190px-Mahesh_Rath_Yatra.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mahesh_Rath_Yatra.jpg/285px-Mahesh_Rath_Yatra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mahesh_Rath_Yatra.jpg/380px-Mahesh_Rath_Yatra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_Saraswati_dressed_in_yellow_sari_for_Vasant_Panchami_Festival,_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Goddess_Saraswati_dressed_in_yellow_sari_for_Vasant_Panchami_Festival%2C_Kolkata.jpg/170px-Goddess_Saraswati_dressed_in_yellow_sari_for_Vasant_Panchami_Festival%2C_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Goddess_Saraswati_dressed_in_yellow_sari_for_Vasant_Panchami_Festival%2C_Kolkata.jpg/255px-Goddess_Saraswati_dressed_in_yellow_sari_for_Vasant_Panchami_Festival%2C_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Goddess_Saraswati_dressed_in_yellow_sari_for_Vasant_Panchami_Festival%2C_Kolkata.jpg/340px-Goddess_Saraswati_dressed_in_yellow_sari_for_Vasant_Panchami_Festival%2C_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1896" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Karam_puja_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Karam_puja_4.jpg/200px-Karam_puja_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Karam_puja_4.jpg/300px-Karam_puja_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Karam_puja_4.jpg/400px-Karam_puja_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="720" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Karam_festival" title="Karam festival">Karam festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jhargram" title="Jhargram">Jhargram</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Festivals of West Bengal: <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rath_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rath Yatra">Rath Yatra</a> and Goddess Saraswati dressed in a yellow sari on <a href="/wiki/Saraswati_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswati Puja">Saraswati Puja</a></div></div></div></div> Other major festivals of West Bengal include: <a href="/wiki/Poila_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Poila Baishakh">Poila Baishakh</a> the Bengali new year, <a href="/wiki/Dolyatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolyatra">Dolyatra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> the festival of lights, <a href="/wiki/Nobanno" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobanno">Poush Parbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakta_Rash" title="Shakta Rash">Nabadwip Shakta Rash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswati Puja">Saraswati Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Deepavali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagaddhatri" title="Jagaddhatri">Jagaddhatri</a> Puja, <a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma Puja">Vishwakarma Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Phonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Phonta">Bhai Phonta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Rakhi Bandhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalpataru_Day" title="Kalpataru Day">Kalpataru Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shivratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivratri">Shivratri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chathurthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh Chathurthi">Ganesh Chathurthi</a>, Maghotsav, <a href="/wiki/Karam_festival" title="Karam festival">Karam festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartik_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik (month)">Kartik Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshay_Tritiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshay Tritiya">Akshay Tritiya</a>, Raas Yatra, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a> Puja, <a href="/wiki/Charak_Puja" title="Charak Puja">Charak Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gajan_(festival)" title="Gajan (festival)">Gajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Purnima">Buddha Purnima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Adha" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Adha">Eid ul-Adha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Jayanti" title="Rabindra Jayanti">Rabindra Jayanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Film Festival">Kolkata Film Festival</a>, and Nazrul Jayanti. All are important cultural events.<a href="#cite_note-Betts-2013-215">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> is the most important Muslim festival in West Bengal. They celebrate the end of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> with prayers, alms-giving, shopping, gift-giving, and feasting.<a href="#cite_note-Chakrabarti-2013-216">[215]</a> Christmas, called Bôŗodin (Great day) is perhaps the next major festival celebrated in Kolkata, after Durga Puja. Although Hinduism is the major religion in the state, people show significant passion to the festival. Just like Durga Puja, Christmas in Kolkata is an occasion when all communities and people of every religion take part. Large masses of people go to parks, gardens, museums, parties, fairs, churches and other places to celebrate the day. A lot of Hindus go to Hindu-temples and the festival is celebrated there too with Hindu rituals.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> The state tourism department organises a gala Christmas Festival every year in <a href="/wiki/Park_Street,_Kolkata" title="Park Street, Kolkata">Park Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> The whole of Park Street is hung with colourful lights, and food stalls sell cakes, chocolates, Chinese cuisine, momo, and various other items. The state invites musical groups from Darjeeling and other <a href="/wiki/North_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North East India">North East India</a> states to perform choir recitals, carols, and jazz numbers.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Buddha Purnima</a>, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Hindu/Buddhist festivals and is celebrated with much gusto in the Darjeeling hills. On this day, processions begin at the various Buddhist monasteries, or gumpas, and congregate at the <a href="/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)" title="Chowrasta (Darjeeling)">Chowrasta (Darjeeling)</a> Mall. The Lamas chant mantras and sound their bugles, and students, as well as people from every community, carry the holy books or pustaks on their heads. Besides Buddha Purnima, <a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dusshera" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusshera">Dusshera</a>, Holi, Diwali, <a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a>, Namsoong or the Lepcha New Year, and Losoong are the other major festivals of the Darjeeling Himalayan region.<a href="#cite_note-Chakrabarti-2013-216">[215]</a> Each year between July and August at <a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar" title="Tarakeswar">Tarakeswar</a> Yatra held, nearly 10 million devotees come from various part of India bringing holy water of Ganga fin order to offer it to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Lord Shiva</a>. Poush Mela is a popular winter festival of <a href="/wiki/Shantiniketan" title="Shantiniketan">Shantiniketan</a>, with performances of folk music, Baul songs, dance, and theatre taking place throughout the town.<a href="#cite_note-Chakrabarti-2013-216">[215]</a> Ganga Sagar Mela coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>, and hundreds of thousands of Hindu pilgrims converge where the river Ganges meets the sea to bathe en masse during this fervent festival.<a href="#cite_note-Betts-2013-215">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_West_Bengal" title="Education in West Bengal">Education in West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universities_and_colleges_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities and colleges of West Bengal">Universities and colleges of West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal">List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_West_Bengal" title="List of schools in West Bengal">List of schools in West Bengal</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Calcutta_7383.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="University of Calcutta, the oldest public university of India."><img alt="University of Calcutta, the oldest public university of India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/University_of_Calcutta_7383.JPG/339px-University_of_Calcutta_7383.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/University_of_Calcutta_7383.JPG/509px-University_of_Calcutta_7383.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/University_of_Calcutta_7383.JPG/678px-University_of_Calcutta_7383.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>, the oldest public university of India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences,_Kolkata_(front_entrance,_2006).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The front entrance to the academic block of NUJS, Kolkata."><img alt="The front entrance to the academic block of NUJS, Kolkata." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences%2C_Kolkata_%28front_entrance%2C_2006%29.jpg/300px-West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences%2C_Kolkata_%28front_entrance%2C_2006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences%2C_Kolkata_%28front_entrance%2C_2006%29.jpg/451px-West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences%2C_Kolkata_%28front_entrance%2C_2006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences%2C_Kolkata_%28front_entrance%2C_2006%29.jpg/600px-West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences%2C_Kolkata_%28front_entrance%2C_2006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The front entrance to the academic block of NUJS, Kolkata.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 526px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 524px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RKMVERI_Prajna_Bhavan_HR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prajna Bhavan, housing the School of Mathematical Sciences and School of RKMVU."><img alt="Prajna Bhavan, housing the School of Mathematical Sciences and School of RKMVU." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/RKMVERI_Prajna_Bhavan_HR.jpg/786px-RKMVERI_Prajna_Bhavan_HR.jpg" decoding="async" width="524" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/RKMVERI_Prajna_Bhavan_HR.jpg/1180px-RKMVERI_Prajna_Bhavan_HR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/RKMVERI_Prajna_Bhavan_HR.jpg/1571px-RKMVERI_Prajna_Bhavan_HR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="550" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prajna Bhavan, housing the School of Mathematical Sciences and School of RKMVU.</div> </li> </ul> West Bengal schools are run by the state government or private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali, though <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> is also used, especially in Central Kolkata. Secondary schools are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Indian_School_Certificate_Examinations" title="Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations">Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations</a> (CISCE), the <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Open_Schooling" title="National Institute of Open Schooling">National Institute of Open School (NIOS)</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="West Bengal Board of Secondary Education">West Bengal Board of Secondary Education</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Board_of_Madrasah_Education" title="West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education">West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> As of 2016 85% of children within the 6 to 17-year age group attend school (86% do so in urban areas and 84% in rural areas). School attendance is almost universal among the 6 to 14-year age group then drops to 70% with the 15 to 17-year age group. There is a gender disparity in school attendance in the 6 to 14-year age group, more girls than boys are attending school. In Bengal, 71% of women aged 15–49 years and 81% of men aged 15–49 years are literate. Only 14% of women aged 15–49 years in West Bengal have completed 12 or more years of schooling, compared with 22% of men. 22% of women and 14% of men aged 15–49 years have never attended school.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:256px;max-width:256px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Josephs_College,_North_Point,_Darjeeling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/St_Josephs_College%2C_North_Point%2C_Darjeeling.jpg/254px-St_Josephs_College%2C_North_Point%2C_Darjeeling.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/St_Josephs_College%2C_North_Point%2C_Darjeeling.jpg/381px-St_Josephs_College%2C_North_Point%2C_Darjeeling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/St_Josephs_College%2C_North_Point%2C_Darjeeling.jpg/508px-St_Josephs_College%2C_North_Point%2C_Darjeeling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3450" data-file-height="1948" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling">St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling</a></div></div></div></div></div> Some of the notable schools in the city are: <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Narendrapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramakrishna Mission Narendrapur">Ramakrishna Mission Narendrapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baranagore_Ramakrishna_Mission_Ashrama_High_School" title="Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School">Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita_Girls%27_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister Nivedita Girls' School">Sister Nivedita Girls' School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu School">Hindu School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hare_School" title="Hare School">Hare School</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Martiniere_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="La Martiniere Calcutta">La Martiniere Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Boys%27_School" title="Calcutta Boys' School">Calcutta Boys' School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._James%27_School_(Kolkata)" title="St. James' School (Kolkata)">St. James' School (Kolkata)</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Point_School" title="South Point School">South Point School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno_India_Group_Public_School" title="Techno India Group Public School">Techno India Group Public School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Collegiate_School" title="St. Xavier's Collegiate School">St. Xavier's Collegiate School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loreto_House" title="Loreto House">Loreto House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loreto_Convent,_Asansol" title="Loreto Convent, Asansol">Loreto Convent</a>, Pearl Rosary School are some of which rank amongst the best schools in the country.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Many of the schools in Kolkata and Darjeeling are colonial-era establishments housed in buildings that are exemplars of neo-classical architecture. Darjeeling's schools include: <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Paul's School, Darjeeling">St. Paul's</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling">St. Joseph's</a> North Point, <a href="/wiki/Goethals_Memorial_School" title="Goethals Memorial School">Goethals Memorial School</a>, and Dow Hill in <a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> West Bengal has eighteen universities.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Kolkata has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. It was the gateway to the revolution of European education during the British Raj.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">William Jones</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society</a> in 1794 to promote oriental studies. People such as <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hare_(philanthropist)" title="David Hare (philanthropist)">David Hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a> played leading roles in setting up modern schools and colleges in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Chakrabarti-2013-216">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>, the oldest and one of the most prestigious public universities in India, has 136 affiliated colleges. <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_College" title="Fort William College">Fort William College</a> was established in 1810. The Hindu College was established in 1817. The <a href="/wiki/Lady_Brabourne_College" title="Lady Brabourne College">Lady Brabourne College</a> was established in 1939. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_College" title="Scottish Church College">Scottish Church College</a>, the oldest Christian liberal arts college in South Asia, started in 1830. The <a href="/wiki/Vidyasagar_College" title="Vidyasagar College">Vidyasagar College</a> was established in 1872 and was the first purely Indian-run private college in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> In 1855 the Hindu College was renamed the Presidency College.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> The state government granted it university status in 2010 and it was renamed <a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_University" title="Kazi Nazrul University">Kazi Nazrul University</a> was established in 2012. The University of Calcutta and <a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a> are prestigious technical universities.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a> at <a href="/wiki/Santiniketan" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiniketan">Santiniketan</a> is a central university and an institution of national importance.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Indian Institute of Management Calcutta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg/210px-IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg/315px-IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg/420px-IIM_Calcutta_Auditorium_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Auditorium at <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Calcutta" title="Indian Institute of Management Calcutta">Indian Institute of Management Calcutta</a></div></div></div></div></div> Other higher education institutes of importance in West Bengal include: <a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Kolkata" title="St. Xavier's College, Kolkata">St. Xavier's College, Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Foreign_Trade" title="Indian Institute of Foreign Trade">Indian Institute of Foreign Trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Calcutta" title="Indian Institute of Management Calcutta">Indian Institute of Management Calcutta</a> (the first <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">IIM</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Kolkata" title="Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata">Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kharagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur">Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur</a> (the first <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">IIT</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Engineering_Science_and_Technology,_Shibpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur">Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur</a> (the first <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Engineering_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology">IIEST</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Kalyani" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani">Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_College,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical College, Kolkata">Medical College, Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Durgapur" title="National Institute of Technology, Durgapur">National Institute of Technology, Durgapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technical_Teachers%27_Training_and_Research,_Kolkata" title="National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata">National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Pharmaceutical_Education_and_Research,_Kolkata" title="National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata">National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences" title="West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences">West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences</a>. In 2003 the state government supported the creation of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bengal University of Technology">West Bengal University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="West Bengal University of Health Sciences">West Bengal University of Health Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_State_University" title="West Bengal State University">West Bengal State University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gour_Banga_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gour Banga University">Gour Banga University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Naac-232">[231]</a> Jadavpur University (Focus area—Mobile Computing and Communication and Nano-science), and the University of Calcutta (Modern Biology) are among two of the fifteen universities selected under the "University with Potential for Excellence" scheme. University of Calcutta (Focus Area—Electro-Physiological and Neuro-imaging studies including mathematical modelling) has also been selected under the "Centre with Potential for Excellence in a Particular Area" scheme.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> In addition, the state is home to <a href="/wiki/Kalyani_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani University">Kalyani University</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Burdwan" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Burdwan">The University of Burdwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidyasagar_University" title="Vidyasagar University">Vidyasagar University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_University" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bengal University">North Bengal University</a> all well established and nationally renowned schools that cover education needs at the district level and the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata. Apart from this there is a Deemed university run by the Ramakrishna mission named <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Vivekananda_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University">Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University</a> at Belur Math.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> There are several research institutes in Kolkata. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Association_for_the_Cultivation_of_Science" title="Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science">Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science</a> is the first research institute in Asia. <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a> was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery (Raman Effect) done at the IACS. The <a href="/wiki/Bose_Institute" title="Bose Institute">Bose Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saha_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics" title="Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics">Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._N._Bose_National_Centre_for_Basic_Sciences" title="S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences">S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Chemical_Biology" title="Indian Institute of Chemical Biology">Indian Institute of Chemical Biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Glass_and_Ceramic_Research_Institute" title="Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute">Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Mechanical_Engineering_Research_Institute" title="Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute">Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute</a> Durgapur, <a href="/wiki/Central_Research_Institute_for_Jute_and_Allied_Fibers" title="Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers">Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Research_on_Jute_and_Allied_Fibre_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology">National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Inland_Fisheries_Research_Institute" title="Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute">Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Biomedical_Genomics" title="National Institute of Biomedical Genomics">National Institute of Biomedical Genomics</a> (NIBMG), Kalyani, and the <a href="/wiki/Variable_Energy_Cyclotron_Centre" title="Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre">Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre</a> are the most prominent.<a href="#cite_note-Naac-232">[231]</a> Notable scholars who were born, worked, or studied in the geographic area of the state include physicists: <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-calunivalumni-235">[234]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a>;<a href="#cite_note-calunivteachers-236">[235]</a> chemist <a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Prafulla Chandra Roy">Prafulla Chandra Roy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-calunivalumni-235">[234]</a> statisticians <a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a>;<a href="#cite_note-calunivalumni-235">[234]</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Upendranath_Brahmachari" title="Upendranath Brahmachari">Upendranath Brahmachari</a>;<a href="#cite_note-calunivalumni-235">[234]</a> educator <a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee">Ashutosh Mukherjee</a>;<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> and Nobel laureates Rabindranath Tagore,<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> C. V. Raman,<a href="#cite_note-calunivteachers-236">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> In 2005 West Bengal had 505 published newspapers,<a href="#cite_note-rniindia-241">[240]</a> of which 389 were in Bengali.<a href="#cite_note-rniindia-241">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Bazar_Patrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda Bazar Patrika">Ananda Bazar Patrika</a>, published in Kolkata with 1,277,801 daily copies, has the largest circulation for a single-edition, regional language newspaper in India.<a href="#cite_note-rniindia-241">[240]</a> Other major Bengali newspapers are: <a href="/wiki/Bartaman" title="Bartaman">Bartaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ei_Samay_Sangbadpatra" title="Ei Samay Sangbadpatra">Ei Samay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangbad_Pratidin" title="Sangbad Pratidin">Sangbad Pratidin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aajkaal" title="Aajkaal">Aajkaal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttarbanga_Sambad" title="Uttarbanga Sambad">Uttarbanga Sambad</a>. Major English language newspapers include <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Kolkata)">The Telegraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)" title="The Statesman (India)">The Statesman</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Age">Asian Age</a>. Some prominent financial dailies such as: <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)" title="The Financial Express (India)">Financial Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_Line" title="Business Line">Business Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a> are widely circulated. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Nepali, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, Odia, Urdu and Punjabi also exist.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/DD_Bangla" title="DD Bangla">DD Bangla</a> is the state-owned television broadcaster. <a href="/wiki/Multi_system_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi system operator">Multi system operators</a> provide a mix of Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English and international channels via <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a>. <a href="/wiki/Category:24-hour_television_news_channels" title="Category:24-hour television news channels">Bengali 24-hour television news channels</a> include <a href="/wiki/ABP_Ananda" title="ABP Ananda">ABP Ananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/News18_Bangla" title="News18 Bangla">News18 Bangla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_Bangla" title="Republic Bangla">Republic Bangla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_TV" title="Kolkata TV">Kolkata TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="News Time">News Time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zee_24_Ghanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Zee 24 Ghanta">Zee 24 Ghanta</a>, TV9 Bangla, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_News_(TV_channel)" title="Calcutta News (TV channel)">Calcutta News</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channel_10_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 10 (India)">Channel 10</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-calcuttaweb.com-244">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> is a public radio station.<a href="#cite_note-calcuttaweb.com-244">[243]</a> Private <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> stations are available only in cities like Kolkata, Siliguri, and Asansol.<a href="#cite_note-calcuttaweb.com-244">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Idea" title="Vodafone Idea">Vodafone Idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Airtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSNL" class="mw-redirect" title="BSNL">BSNL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jio" title="Jio">Jio</a> are available <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cellular</a> phone providers. Broadband Internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. <a href="/wiki/Dial-up_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up access">Dial-up access</a> is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_West_Bengal" title="Sports in West Bengal">Sports in West Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_Lake_Stadium_-_Yuva_Bharati_Krirangan,_Kolkata_-_Calcutta_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Salt_Lake_Stadium_-_Yuva_Bharati_Krirangan%2C_Kolkata_-_Calcutta_5.jpg/220px-Salt_Lake_Stadium_-_Yuva_Bharati_Krirangan%2C_Kolkata_-_Calcutta_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Salt_Lake_Stadium_-_Yuva_Bharati_Krirangan%2C_Kolkata_-_Calcutta_5.jpg/330px-Salt_Lake_Stadium_-_Yuva_Bharati_Krirangan%2C_Kolkata_-_Calcutta_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Salt_Lake_Stadium_-_Yuva_Bharati_Krirangan%2C_Kolkata_-_Calcutta_5.jpg/440px-Salt_Lake_Stadium_-_Yuva_Bharati_Krirangan%2C_Kolkata_-_Calcutta_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium" title="Salt Lake Stadium">Salt Lake Stadium</a> (Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan), Kolkata</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> are popular. West Bengal, unlike most other states of India, is noted for its passion and patronage of football.<a href="#cite_note-dineo_foot-246">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-bose_foot-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-das_foot-248">[247]</a> Kolkata is one of the major centres for football in India<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> and houses top national clubs such as <a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_Super_Giant" title="Mohun Bagan Super Giant">Mohun Bagan Super Giant</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Club" title="East Bengal Club">East Bengal Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammedan_Sporting_Club_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)">Mohammedan Sporting Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Netaji_Indoor_Stadium_-_Kolkata_2014-08-25_7446-7450_Compress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium_-_Kolkata_2014-08-25_7446-7450_Compress.jpg/220px-Netaji_Indoor_Stadium_-_Kolkata_2014-08-25_7446-7450_Compress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium_-_Kolkata_2014-08-25_7446-7450_Compress.jpg/330px-Netaji_Indoor_Stadium_-_Kolkata_2014-08-25_7446-7450_Compress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium_-_Kolkata_2014-08-25_7446-7450_Compress.jpg/440px-Netaji_Indoor_Stadium_-_Kolkata_2014-08-25_7446-7450_Compress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14220" data-file-height="6171" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium" title="Netaji Indoor Stadium">Netaji Indoor Stadium</a>, Kolkata</figcaption></figure> West Bengal has several large stadiums. <a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens" title="Eden Gardens">Eden Gardens</a> was one of only two 100,000-seat cricket stadiums in the world;<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> renovations before the <a href="/wiki/2011_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2011 Cricket World Cup">2011 Cricket World Cup</a> reduced the capacity to 66,000.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> The stadium is the home to various cricket teams such as the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Knight_Riders" title="Kolkata Knight Riders">Kolkata Knight Riders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_cricket_team" title="Bengal cricket team">Bengal cricket team</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Zone_cricket_team" title="East Zone cricket team">East Zone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1987 Cricket World Cup">1987 Cricket World Cup</a> final was hosted in Eden Gardens. The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Cricket_and_Football_Club" title="Calcutta Cricket and Football Club">Calcutta Cricket and Football Club</a> is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium" title="Salt Lake Stadium">Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan</a> (VYBK), is a multipurpose stadium in Kolkata, with a current capacity of 85,000. It is the largest stadium in India by seating capacity.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> Before its renovation in 2011, it was the second-largest football stadium in the world, having a seating capacity of 120,000. It has hosted many national and international sporting events like the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Federation_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Federation Games">SAF Games</a> of 1987 and the 2011 FIFA friendly football match between <a href="/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team" title="Argentina national football team">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_national_football_team" title="Venezuela national football team">Venezuela</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Messi" title="Lionel Messi">Lionel Messi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> In 2008 legendary German goalkeeper, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kahn" title="Oliver Kahn">Oliver Kahn</a> played his farewell match on this ground.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> The stadium hosted the final match of the <a href="/wiki/2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup" title="2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup">2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup</a>. Notable sports persons from West Bengal include former <a href="/wiki/Indian_national_cricket_captains" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian national cricket captains">Indian national cricket team captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Sourav_Ganguly" title="Sourav Ganguly">Sourav Ganguly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Roy" title="Pankaj Roy">Pankaj Roy</a>, Olympic tennis <a href="/wiki/Bronze_medal" title="Bronze medal">bronze medallist</a> <a href="/wiki/Leander_Paes" title="Leander Paes">Leander Paes</a> and chess <a href="/wiki/International_Grandmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="International Grandmaster">grand master</a> <a href="/wiki/Dibyendu_Barua" title="Dibyendu Barua">Dibyendu Barua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dineo_foot-246">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-bose_foot-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-das_foot-248">[247]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:688px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Eden_Gardens_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the Eden Gardens Stadium during IPL 2008"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eden_Gardens_Kolkata.jpg/680px-Eden_Gardens_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="680" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eden_Gardens_Kolkata.jpg/1020px-Eden_Gardens_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eden_Gardens_Kolkata.jpg/1360px-Eden_Gardens_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5218" data-file-height="1595" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Eden_Gardens_Kolkata.jpg" title="File:Eden Gardens Kolkata.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the <a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens" title="Eden Gardens">Eden Gardens</a> Stadium during <a href="/wiki/IPL_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IPL 2008">IPL 2008</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movements_in_India" title="Bengali language movements in India">Bengali language movements in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoti people">Ghoti people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">List of people from West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_West_Bengal" title="List of tourist attractions in West Bengal">List of tourist attractions in West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_West_Bengal" title="Outline of West Bengal">Outline of West Bengal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns 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Retrieved 12 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=Kurukh+language+given+official+status+by+Bengal+government&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewsscroll%2Fkurukh-language-given-official-status-by-bengal-government%2F993228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Roy, Anirban (28 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28">"Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi make it to list of official languages in"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143710/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Kamtapuri%2C+Rajbanshi+make+it+to+list+of+official+languages+in&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Anirban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fpti-feed%2Fstory%2Fkamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/west-bengal-shows-mamata-to-telugus-663381">"West Bengal shows 'Mamata' to Telugus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hans_India" title="The Hans India">The Hans India</a>. 24 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223184833/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/west-bengal-shows-mamata-to-telugus-663381">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hans+India&rft.atitle=West+Bengal+shows+%27Mamata%27+to+Telugus&rft.date=2020-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehansindia.com%2Fandhra-pradesh%2Fwest-bengal-shows-mamata-to-telugus-663381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EcoSur-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EcoSur_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EcoSur_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EcoSur_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.wb.gov.in/writereaddata/Fiscal_Policy/FRBM23_Part1.pdf">"Financial Statements 2023-24, Government of West Bengal"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Government of West Bengal</a>. 1 February 2023. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223100803/https://finance.wb.gov.in/writereaddata/Fiscal_Policy/FRBM23_Part1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+West+Bengal&rft.atitle=Financial+Statements+2023-24%2C+Government+of+West+Bengal&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.wb.gov.in%2Fwritereaddata%2FFiscal_Policy%2FFRBM23_Part1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/HBS20222023FULLDOCUMENT2FB950EDD2A34FE2BAE3308256EAE587.PDF">"Handbook of Statistics of Indian States 2022-23"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>. pp. 11, 33. 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Government of India:Ministry of Home Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sex+ratio%2C+0%E2%80%936+age+population%2C+literates+and+literacy+rate+by+sex+for+2001+and+2011+at+a+glance+for+West+Bengal+and+the+districts%3A+provisional+population+totals+paper+1+of+2011%3A+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Government+of+India%3AMinistry+of+Home+Affairs&rft.date=2018&rft.au=NSO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmospi.nic.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication_reports%2FReport_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html">"Sex ratio, 0–6 age population, literates and literacy rate by sex for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal"</a>. Government of India:Ministry of Home Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2012. 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World Population Review. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Population+Review&rft.atitle=West+Bengal+Population+2023&rft.date=2023-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fworld-cities%2Fwest-bengal-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ray-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ray_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrajit_Ray2011" class="citation book cs1">Indrajit Ray (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857)</a>. Routledge. pp. 57, 90, 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82552-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116112335/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Industries+and+the+British+Industrial+Revolution+%281757-1857%29&rft.pages=57%2C+90%2C+174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82552-1&rft.au=Indrajit+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHOrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sengupta-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sengupta_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sengupta_14-1">b</a> Shombit Sengupta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/">Bengals plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801120317/http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/">Archived</a> 1 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)" title="The Financial Express (India)">The Financial Express</a>, 8 February 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuryMohsin2012" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhury, Sushil; Mohsin, KM (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sirajuddaula">"Sirajuddaula"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). 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The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. pp. 17, 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-142-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-142-3"><bdi>978-1-61530-142-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+India%3A+Sacred+and+Historic+Places&rft.pages=17%2C+150&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-142-3&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjr0X-8jrLAC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyayGhosh2020" class="citation book cs1">Chattopadhyay, Aparajita; Ghosh, Saswata (1 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsjgDwAAQBAJ&dq=bengal+presidency+calcutta+1912+to+1947&pg=PA6">Population Dynamics in Eastern India and Bangladesh: Demographic, Health and Developmental Issues</a>. 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Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal and Bengal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangladesh%3A+A+country+study&rft.atitle=Bangladesh%3A+early+history%2C+1000+B.C.%E2%80%93A.D.+1202&rft.date=1988-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbangladesh%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshman1865" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Clark_Marshman" title="John Clark Marshman">Marshman, John Clark</a> (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=845eAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1">Outline of the History of Bengal</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Clark_Marshman" title="John Clark Marshman">John Clark Marshman</a>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204062800/https://books.google.com/books?id=845eAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outline+of+the+History+of+Bengal&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=John+Clark+Marshman&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Marshman&rft.aufirst=John+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D845eAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabarty2004142-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakrabarty2004142_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakrabarty2004">Chakrabarty 2004</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2373155.ece">"West Bengal may be renamed PaschimBanga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. 19 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121204545/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2373155.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=West+Bengal+may+be+renamed+PaschimBanga&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Farticle2373155.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-namec-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-namec_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-namec_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Assembly-drops-West-renames-State-as-Bengal/article14596751.ece">"Assembly drops West, renames State as Bengal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 29 August 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225084838/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Assembly-drops-West-renames-State-as-Bengal/article14596751.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Assembly+drops+West%2C+renames+State+as+Bengal&rft.date=2016-08-29&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2FAssembly-drops-West-renames-State-as-Bengal%2Farticle14596751.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051528/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/29/foreign-ministry-turns-down-mamata-banerjees-bangla-for-west-bengal-1587394--1.html">"Foreign ministry turns down Mamata Banerjee's 'Bangla' for West Bengal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/29/foreign-ministry-turns-down-mamata-banerjees-bangla-for-west-bengal-1587394--1.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Foreign+ministry+turns+down+Mamata+Banerjee%27s+%27Bangla%27+for+West+Bengal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2F2017%2Fmar%2F29%2Fforeign-ministry-turns-down-mamata-banerjees-bangla-for-west-bengal-1587394--1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-to-send-another-proposal-to-centre-on-changing-its-name/story-VaJhR4kFv9WhaYEk6QmQKI.html">"West Bengal to send another proposal to Centre on changing its name"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 8 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051404/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-to-send-another-proposal-to-centre-on-changing-its-name/story-VaJhR4kFv9WhaYEk6QmQKI.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=West+Bengal+to+send+another+proposal+to+Centre+on+changing+its+name&rft.date=2017-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fwest-bengal-to-send-another-proposal-to-centre-on-changing-its-name%2Fstory-VaJhR4kFv9WhaYEk6QmQKI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2008" class="citation news cs1">Sarkar, Sebanti (28 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912042911/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080328/jsp/frontpage/story_9067406.jsp">"History of Bengal just got a lot older"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a>. Calcutta, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080328/jsp/frontpage/story_9067406.jsp">the original</a> on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2010. <q>Humans walked on Bengal's soil 20,000 years ago, archaeologists have found out, pushing the state's pre-history back by some 8,000 years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=History+of+Bengal+just+got+a+lot+older&rft.date=2008-03-28&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sebanti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1080328%2Fjsp%2Ffrontpage%2Fstory_9067406.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, S. N. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC">Ancient Indian History And Civilization</a>. New Age International. pp. 273–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101213233/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+And+Civilization&rft.pages=273-274&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti2001" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (2001). Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga. Delhi: Permanent Black. pp. 154–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-016-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-016-9"><bdi>978-81-7824-016-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Geography+of+the+Ganga+Plain%3A+The+Lower+and+the+Middle+Ganga&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=154-155&rft.pub=Permanent+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-016-9&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Dilip+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad2003" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Prakash Chandra (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mFW3sXnzEQ4C&q=ancient+history+of+bengal+trade&pg=PA231">Foreign trade and commerce in ancient India</a>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-053-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-053-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-053-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001159/https://books.google.com/books?id=mFW3sXnzEQ4C&q=ancient+history+of+bengal+trade&pg=PA231">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+trade+and+commerce+in+ancient+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-053-2&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Prakash+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmFW3sXnzEQ4C%26q%3Dancient%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbengal%2Btrade%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeigerHaynes_Bode2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Geiger" title="Wilhelm Geiger">Geiger, Wilhelm</a>; Haynes Bode, Mabel (2003) [1908]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap006.html">"Chapter VI: The Coming of Vijaya"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nX2af3kcregC&q=wilhelm+geiger">Mahavamsa: Great Chronicle of Ceylon</a>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Educational_Services" title="Asian Educational Services">Asian Educational Services</a>. pp. 51–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0218-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0218-2"><bdi>978-81-206-0218-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001207/https://books.google.com/books?id=nX2af3kcregC&q=wilhelm+geiger">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VI%3A+The+Coming+of+Vijaya&rft.btitle=Mahavamsa%3A+Great+Chronicle+of+Ceylon&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=51-54&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0218-2&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Haynes+Bode%2C+Mabel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flakdiva.org%2Fmahavamsa%2Fchap006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSultana" class="citation web cs1">Sultana, Sabiha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Settlement_in_Bengal">"Settlement in Bengal (Early Period)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614193503/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Settlement_in_Bengal">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Settlement+in+Bengal+%28Early+Period%29&rft.aulast=Sultana&rft.aufirst=Sabiha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSettlement_in_Bengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1959" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC">The Gupta Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. pp. 11, 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0440-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0440-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gupta+Empire&rft.pages=11%2C+113&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0440-1&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuYXDB2gIYbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA275">Ancient Indian History and Civilization</a>. New Age International. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231212731/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA275">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shashanka">"Shashanka"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614200631/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shashanka">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Shashanka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DShashanka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2015" class="citation web cs1">Joseph, Tony (11 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/774898/intolerance-debate-how-some-historical-brutalities-are-more-special-than-others">"Intolerance debate: How some historical brutalities are more special than others"</a>. Scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225181534/http://scroll.in/article/774898/intolerance-debate-how-some-historical-brutalities-are-more-special-than-others">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Intolerance+debate%3A+How+some+historical+brutalities+are+more+special+than+others&rft.date=2015-12-11&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F774898%2Fintolerance-debate-how-some-historical-brutalities-are-more-special-than-others&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagchi1993" class="citation book cs1">Bagchi, Jhunu (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7RKoMeAtpUC">The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, Cir. 750 A.D.-cir. 1200 A.D.</a> Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-301-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-301-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423230909/https://books.google.com/books?id=J7RKoMeAtpUC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+P%C4%81las+of+Bengal+and+Bihar%2C+Cir.+750+A.D.-cir.+1200+A.D.&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-301-4&rft.aulast=Bagchi&rft.aufirst=Jhunu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7RKoMeAtpUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2013" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (21 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal</a>. Kube Publishing Limited. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-062-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-062-5"><bdi>978-1-84774-062-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126080958/https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Heritage+of+Bengal%3A+The+Lives%2C+Thoughts+and+Achievements+of+Great+Muslim+Scholars%2C+Writers+and+Reformers+of+Bangladesh+and+West+Bengal&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Kube+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft.isbn=978-1-84774-062-5&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Mojlum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2s9BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2011" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Nitish K. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA45">Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Books India">Penguin Books India</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4"><bdi>978-0-14-341678-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101213233/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Two+Rivers%3A+A+History+of+Bengal+from+the+Mahabharata+to+Mujib&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341678-4&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Nitish+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVSh_TyJ0YoC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj_Kumar2003" class="citation book cs1">Raj Kumar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvnjXOCjv7EC">Essays on Ancient India</a>. Discovery Publishing House. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-682-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-682-0"><bdi>978-81-7141-682-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Ancient+India&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7141-682-0&rft.au=Raj+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqvnjXOCjv7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Nanda, J. N (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2"><bdi>978-81-8069-149-2</bdi></a>. <q>Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+the+unique+state&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company.+p.+10.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-149-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanu1992" class="citation book cs1">Banu, U. A. B. Razia Akter (January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC">Islam in Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. pp. 2, 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09497-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09497-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09497-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101175100/http://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Bangladesh&rft.pages=2%2C+17&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1992-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09497-0&rft.aulast=Banu&rft.aufirst=U.+A.+B.+Razia+Akter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXyzqATEDPSgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal">"Islam (in Bengal)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723091245/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Islam+%28in+Bengal%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIslam%2C_Bengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2011" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, David (31 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA44">Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50257-3"><bdi>978-1-139-50257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Civil+Society&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50257-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lH40gT7xvYC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguly1994" class="citation book cs1">Ganguly, Dilip Kumar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2tlKzxwhY8C&pg=PA41">Ancient India, History and Archaeology</a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170173045" title="Special:BookSources/9788170173045"><bdi>9788170173045</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001202/https://books.google.com/books?id=N2tlKzxwhY8C&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India%2C+History+and+Archaeology&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788170173045&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=Dilip+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2tlKzxwhY8C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuryMohsin" class="citation web cs1">Chaudhury, S; Mohsin, KM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sirajuddaula">"Sirajuddaula"</a>. Banglapedia. <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614191817/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sirajuddaula">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Sirajuddaula&rft.aulast=Chaudhury&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Mohsin%2C+KM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSirajuddaula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske" class="citation web cs1">Fiske, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205020541/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fiske/john/f54u/chapter9.html">"The famine of 1770 in Bengal"</a>. The Unseen World, and Other Essays. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Library Electronic Texts Collection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fiske/john/f54u/chapter9.html">the original</a> on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unseen+World%2C+and+Other+Essays&rft.atitle=The+famine+of+1770+in+Bengal&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Ff%2Ffiske%2Fjohn%2Ff54u%2Fchapter9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnold-Baker2015">Arnold-Baker 2015</a>, p. 504 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1997">Baxter 1997</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayly1987">Bayly 1987</a>, pp. 194–197 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar1990">Sarkar 1990</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1997">Baxter 1997</a>, pp. 39–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Wolpert, Stanley</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHnOERqf-MQC">India</a>. Berkeley, California, US: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22172-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22172-7"><bdi>978-0-520-22172-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509231648/http://books.google.com/books?id=nHnOERqf-MQC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California%2C+US&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22172-7&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnHnOERqf-MQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandraMukherjeeMukherjeePanikkar1989">Chandra et al. 1989</a>, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam" class="citation web cs1">Islam, Sirajul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Bengal,_1947">"Partition of Bengal, 1947"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702002256/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Bengal,_1947">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2015. 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Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainability+Science+for+Social%2C+Economic%2C+and+Environmental+Development&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4666-4996-5&rft.aulast=Nilanjan&rft.aufirst=Ghosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMexGAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkolkata%2Bautorickshaws%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html">"A-02: Decadal variation in population 1901-2011"</a>. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A-02%3A+Decadal+variation+in+population+1901-2011&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FPCA%2FA2_Data_Table.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43352/download/47040/19%20A-2%20West%20Bengal.pdf">Alt URL</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiastatesprov2011-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indiastatesprov2011_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiastatesprov2011_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiastatesprov2011_155-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html">"Table 1: Distribution of population, sex ratio, density and decadal growth rate of population: 2011"</a>. Provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011 India: series 1. <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212184630/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Provisional+population+totals+paper+1+of+2011+India%3A+series+1&rft.atitle=Table+1%3A+Distribution+of+population%2C+sex+ratio%2C+density+and+decadal+growth+rate+of+population%3A+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011-prov-results%2Fprov_results_paper1_india.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html">"Table 2(3): Literates and literacy rates by sex : 2011"</a>. Provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011 India: series 1. <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212184630/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Provisional+population+totals+paper+1+of+2011+India%3A+series+1&rft.atitle=Table+2%283%29%3A+Literates+and+literacy+rates+by+sex+%3A+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011-prov-results%2Fprov_results_paper1_india.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/1.CONTENTS-2010-14.pdf">"Contents 2010–14"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113174353/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/1.CONTENTS-2010-14.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contents+2010%E2%80%9314&rft.pub=Registrar+General+and+Census+Commissioner+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2FVital_Statistics%2FSRS_Life_Table%2F1.CONTENTS-2010-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/2.Analysis_2010-14.pdf">"Abridged Life Tables- 2010–14"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110123124/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/2.Analysis_2010-14.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abridged+Life+Tables-+2010%E2%80%9314&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Registrar+General+and+Census+Commissioner+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2FVital_Statistics%2FSRS_Life_Table%2F2.Analysis_2010-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102043/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283">"Table 162, Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, Government of India. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283">the original</a> on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+162%2C+Number+and+Percentage+of+Population+Below+Poverty+Line&rft.pub=Reserve+Bank+of+India%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbi.org.in%2Fscripts%2FPublicationsView.aspx%3Fid%3D15283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Bengal is 100% electrified now". <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>, Kolkata. 3 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India%2C+Kolkata&rft.atitle=Bengal+is+100%25+electrified+now&rft.date=2017-11-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti2017" class="citation news cs1">Chakrabarti, Suman (6 September 2017). "76 Bengal towns free of open defecation". <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=76+Bengal+towns+free+of+open+defecation&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Suman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2017" class="citation web cs1">Dutta, Saptarshi (7 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/with-76-towns-and-cities-already-open-defecation-free-west-bengal-aims-to-reach-the-100-mark-by-the-end-of-this-year-11586/">"With 76 Towns And Cities Already Open Defecation Free, West Bengal Aims To Reach The 100% Mark by the End of This Year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV_India" title="NDTV India">NDTV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017163154/https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/with-76-towns-and-cities-already-open-defecation-free-west-bengal-aims-to-reach-the-100-mark-by-the-end-of-this-year-11586/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=With+76+Towns+And+Cities+Already+Open+Defecation+Free%2C+West+Bengal+Aims+To+Reach+The+100%25+Mark+by+the+End+of+This+Year&rft.date=2017-09-07&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Saptarshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswachhindia.ndtv.com%2Fwith-76-towns-and-cities-already-open-defecation-free-west-bengal-aims-to-reach-the-100-mark-by-the-end-of-this-year-11586%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanjilalSwadhin_MondalMoumita_MukherjeeDebjani_Barman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kanjilal, Barun; Swadhin Mondal; Moumita Mukherjee; Debjani Barman; Arnab Mondal (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/fhs-india-research-brief-4-catastrophic-health-care-payment.html">"Catastrophic Health Care Payment: how much protected are the users of public hospitals?"</a>. FHS Research Brief (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309062513/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/fhs-india-research-brief-4-catastrophic-health-care-payment.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FHS+Research+Brief&rft.atitle=Catastrophic+Health+Care+Payment%3A+how+much+protected+are+the+users+of+public+hospitals%3F&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2008-10&rft.aulast=Kanjilal&rft.aufirst=Barun&rft.au=Swadhin+Mondal&rft.au=Moumita+Mukherjee&rft.au=Debjani+Barman&rft.au=Arnab+Mondal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.futurehealthsystems.org%2Fpublications%2Ffhs-india-research-brief-4-catastrophic-health-care-payment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/1rl0WtFHAUyrXy1KcwGYlK/Why-West-Bengal-is-like-Canada-and-Bihar-like-Swaziland.html">"Why West Bengal is like Canada, and Bihar like Swaziland"</a>. 25 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724083636/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/1rl0WtFHAUyrXy1KcwGYlK/Why-West-Bengal-is-like-Canada-and-Bihar-like-Swaziland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+West+Bengal+is+like+Canada%2C+and+Bihar+like+Swaziland&rft.date=2014-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FPolitics%2F1rl0WtFHAUyrXy1KcwGYlK%2FWhy-West-Bengal-is-like-Canada-and-Bihar-like-Swaziland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoddie2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoddie, Matthew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ka0nMJgKbYC">Ethnic realignments: a comparative study of government influences on identity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. pp. 114–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1325-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1325-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-1325-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510061300/http://books.google.com/books?id=6ka0nMJgKbYC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+realignments%3A+a+comparative+study+of+government+influences+on+identity&rft.pages=114-115&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1325-7&rft.aulast=Hoddie&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ka0nMJgKbYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=angika+in+west+bengal&pg=PA481">International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE – Esperanto</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 10 March 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513977-8"><bdi>978-0-19-513977-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001146/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=angika+in+west+bengal&pg=PA481">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics%3A+AAVE+%E2%80%93+Esperanto&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-03-10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513977-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsl_dDVctycgC%26q%3Dangika%2Bin%2Bwest%2Bbengal%26pg%3DPA481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández-CampoyConde-Silvestre2012" class="citation book cs1">Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel; Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo (15 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zc77I8CMgTYC&q=surjapuri+west+bengal&pg=PA508">The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-25726-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-25726-5"><bdi>978-1-118-25726-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001146/https://books.google.com/books?id=zc77I8CMgTYC&q=surjapuri+west+bengal&pg=PA508">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Historical+Sociolinguistics&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft.isbn=978-1-118-25726-5&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Campoy&rft.aufirst=Juan+Manuel&rft.au=Conde-Silvestre%2C+Juan+Camilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzc77I8CMgTYC%26q%3Dsurjapuri%2Bwest%2Bbengal%26pg%3DPA508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjeeGuptaMukherjee2009" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Himadri; Gupta, Nilanjana; Mukherjee, Sipra, eds. 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Retrieved 29 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta+mosaic%3A+essays+and+interviews+on+the+minority+communities+of+Calcutta&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-905835-5-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSTEOx_Lw9MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjeeGuptaMukherjee2009" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Himadri; Gupta, Nilanjana; Mukherjee, Sipra, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC">Calcutta mosaic: essays and interviews on the minority communities of Calcutta</a>. Anthem Press. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-905835-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-905835-5-8"><bdi>978-81-905835-5-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233321/http://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013. 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New York City: <a href="/wiki/Facts_on_File,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Facts on File, Inc.">Facts on File, Inc.</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/factsonfilecompa00aran/page/n140">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6457-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6457-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-6457-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Companion+to+World+poetry%2C+1900+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6457-1&rft.aulast=Mookerjea-Leonard&rft.aufirst=Debali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffactsonfilecompa00aran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1979" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sukumar (1979) [1960]. 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New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-107-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-107-9"><bdi>978-81-7201-107-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Bengali+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=345&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-107-9&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sukumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDatta1988">Datta 1988</a>, p. 1213 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDatta1988">Datta 1988</a>, p. 1367 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBardhan2010">Bardhan 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpenshaw2002" class="citation book cs1">Openshaw, Jeanne (25 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AvsQjPPu_okC">Seeking Bauls of Bengal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81125-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81125-5"><bdi>978-0-521-81125-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609180102/https://books.google.com/books?id=AvsQjPPu_okC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Bauls+of+Bengal&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81125-5&rft.aulast=Openshaw&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAvsQjPPu_okC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha-Thakurta2013" class="citation book cs1">Guha-Thakurta, P. (5 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qaFBDexuKd4C&pg=PA26">The Bengali Drama: Its Origin and Development</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-38553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-38553-7"><bdi>978-1-136-38553-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bengali+Drama%3A+Its+Origin+and+Development&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-38553-7&rft.aulast=Guha-Thakurta&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqaFBDexuKd4C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1990" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Sukanta (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7GZuAAAAMAAJ">Calcutta, the Living City: The past</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195625851" title="Special:BookSources/9780195625851"><bdi>9780195625851</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803015752/https://books.google.com/books?id=7GZuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta%2C+the+Living+City%3A+The+past&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780195625851&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Sukanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7GZuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html">"Folk & Culture : Purulia, Famous Folk Dance "Chau""</a>. The Official Website of Purulia District. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170603002555/http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Website+of+Purulia+District&rft.atitle=Folk+%26+Culture+%3A+Purulia%2C+Famous+Folk+Dance+%22Chau%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurulia.gov.in%2FdistAdmin%2Fdepartments%2Fdico%2Fchau_dance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTmh2007" class="citation book cs1">Tmh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iT_L433p6tIC&q=greatest+filmmakers+of+the+20th+century+Satyajit+Ray&pg=PT33">Book of Knowledge Viii, 5E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tata_McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata McGraw-Hill">Tata McGraw-Hill</a> Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-066806-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-066806-5"><bdi>978-0-07-066806-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808220905/https://books.google.com/books?id=iT_L433p6tIC&pg=PT33&lpg=PT33&dq=greatest+filmmakers+of+the+20th+century+Satyajit+Ray">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Knowledge+Viii%2C+5E&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-07-066806-5&rft.au=Tmh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiT_L433p6tIC%26q%3Dgreatest%2Bfilmmakers%2Bof%2Bthe%2B20th%2Bcentury%2BSatyajit%2BRay%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/master-filmmaker-tapan-sinha-dead/411264/2">"Master filmmaker Tapan Sinha dead"</a>. 16 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072607/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/master-filmmaker-tapan-sinha-dead/411264/2">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Master+filmmaker+Tapan+Sinha+dead&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fmaster-filmmaker-tapan-sinha-dead%2F411264%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGooptu2013">Gooptu 2013</a>, pp. 37–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGooptu2010">Gooptu 2010</a>, pp. 170–182 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswas2014" class="citation news cs1">Biswas, Premankur (31 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/making-a-mark-8/">"'Chatushkone' director Srijit Mukherji: I have gained enough confidence as a director"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311150532/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/making-a-mark-8/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=%27Chatushkone%27+director+Srijit+Mukherji%3A+I+have+gained+enough+confidence+as+a+director&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=Premankur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fentertainment%2Fplay%2Fmaking-a-mark-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury2021" class="citation book cs1">Chowdhury, S. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yD9cEAAAQBAJ">Uttam Kumar: A Life in Cinema</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5435-271-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5435-271-3"><bdi>978-93-5435-271-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001203/https://books.google.com/books?id=yD9cEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uttam+Kumar%3A+A+Life+in+Cinema&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-93-5435-271-3&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyD9cEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri" class="citation web cs1">Raychaudhuri, Baidehi Chatterjee and Roshmi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contemporaryart-india.com/art_history_art_in_calcutta_bengal.php">"contemporaryart-india – Art History: Bengal Region"</a>. www.contemporaryart-india.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507050409/http://www.contemporaryart-india.com/art_history_art_in_calcutta_bengal.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.contemporaryart-india.com&rft.atitle=contemporaryart-india+%E2%80%93+Art+History%3A+Bengal+Region&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Baidehi+Chatterjee+and+Roshmi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contemporaryart-india.com%2Fart_history_art_in_calcutta_bengal.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnians2004" class="citation book cs1">Onians, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3h2KfXoOPYC">Atlas of World Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Laurence_King_Publishing" title="Laurence King Publishing">Laurence King Publishing</a>. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-377-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-377-6"><bdi>978-1-85669-377-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001150/https://books.google.com/books?id=O3h2KfXoOPYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+Art&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85669-377-6&rft.aulast=Onians&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3h2KfXoOPYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bengali-speaking-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bengali-speaking_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bengali-speaking_202-1">b</a> History of the Bengali-speaking People by Nitish Sengupta, p 211, UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7476-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7476-355-4">81-7476-355-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGertjan_de_Graaf,_Abdul_Latif" class="citation web cs1">Gertjan de Graaf, Abdul Latif. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061101103614/http://govdocs.aquake.org/cgi/reprint/2003/1201/12010300.pdf">"Development of freshwater fish farming and poverty alleviation: A case study from Bangladesh"</a> (PDF). Aqua KE Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://govdocs.aquake.org/cgi/reprint/2003/1201/12010300.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 November 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+freshwater+fish+farming+and+poverty+alleviation%3A+A+case+study+from+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Aqua+KE+Government&rft.au=Gertjan+de+Graaf%2C+Abdul+Latif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgovdocs.aquake.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F2003%2F1201%2F12010300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19970915-bengalis-relish-hilsa-fish-as-imports-of-the-bangladeshi-delicacy-grow-830545-1997-09-15">"Bengalis relish hilsa fish as imports of the Bangladeshi delicacy grow"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126080959/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19970915-bengalis-relish-hilsa-fish-as-imports-of-the-bangladeshi-delicacy-grow-830545-1997-09-15">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bengalis+relish+hilsa+fish+as+imports+of+the+Bangladeshi+delicacy+grow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fliving%2Fstory%2F19970915-bengalis-relish-hilsa-fish-as-imports-of-the-bangladeshi-delicacy-grow-830545-1997-09-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804113510/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110804/jsp/northeast/story_14328967.jsp">"Ferment rice for a healthy morsel"</a>. www.telegraphindia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110804/jsp/northeast/story_14328967.jsp">the original</a> on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraphindia.com&rft.atitle=Ferment+rice+for+a+healthy+morsel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1110804%2Fjsp%2Fnortheast%2Fstory_14328967.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerji2006" class="citation book cs1">Banerji, Chitrita (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tgU8AgAACAAJ">Bengali Cooking: Seasons and Festivals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Serif_(publisher)" title="Serif (publisher)">Serif</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897959-50-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897959-50-3"><bdi>978-1-897959-50-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001150/https://books.google.com/books?id=tgU8AgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+Cooking%3A+Seasons+and+Festivals&rft.pub=Serif&rft.date=2006-12&rft.isbn=978-1-897959-50-3&rft.aulast=Banerji&rft.aufirst=Chitrita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtgU8AgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bengalcuisine.in/sweets">"Sweet Items | Bengal Cuisine"</a>. bengalcuisine.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213142211/http://bengalcuisine.in/sweets">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bengalcuisine.in&rft.atitle=Sweet+Items+%7C+Bengal+Cuisine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbengalcuisine.in%2Fsweets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaha2006" class="citation news cs1">Saha, S (18 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060228160826/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060118/asp/calcutta/story_5733258.asp">"Resurrected, the kathi roll – Face-off resolved, Nizam's set to open with food court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Kolkata)">The Telegraph (Kolkata)</a>. Calcutta, India. 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Bangalinet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021122336/http://bangalinet.com/mobile_foodstalls.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mobile+food+stalls&rft.pub=Bangalinet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangalinet.com%2Fmobile_foodstalls.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghBagchiIndia2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kumar Suresh; Bagchi, Tilak; India, Anthropological Survey of (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHcMAQAAMAAJ&q=women+in+west+bengal+prefer+salwar+kameez">People of India: West Bengal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Survey_of_India" title="Anthropological Survey of India">Anthropological Survey of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170463009" title="Special:BookSources/9788170463009"><bdi>9788170463009</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001206/https://books.google.com/books?id=mHcMAQAAMAAJ&q=women+in+west+bengal+prefer+salwar+kameez">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India%3A+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788170463009&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kumar+Suresh&rft.au=Bagchi%2C+Tilak&rft.au=India%2C+Anthropological+Survey+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHcMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dwomen%2Bin%2Bwest%2Bbengal%2Bprefer%2Bsalwar%2Bkameez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parinita.co.in/blogs/articles/35661569-handloom-map-of-west-bengal">"Parinita – Handloom map of West Bengal"</a>. 26 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022152619/http://www.parinita.co.in/blogs/articles/35661569-handloom-map-of-west-bengal">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parinita+%E2%80%93+Handloom+map+of+West+Bengal&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parinita.co.in%2Fblogs%2Farticles%2F35661569-handloom-map-of-west-bengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116073347/https://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/festival-home">"Durga Puja"</a>. Festivals celebrated throughout West Bengal. Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/festival-home">the original</a> on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festivals+celebrated+throughout+West+Bengal&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westbengaltourism.gov.in%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Ffestival-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kolkata.china-consulate.org/eng/zlgxw/t1309532.htm">"Durga Puja in India: Largest Open-Air Art Expo"</a>. kolkata.china-consulate.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225163234/http://kolkata.china-consulate.org/eng/zlgxw/t1309532.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kolkata.china-consulate.org&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja+in+India%3A+Largest+Open-Air+Art+Expo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkolkata.china-consulate.org%2Feng%2Fzlgxw%2Ft1309532.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Foreign-bloggers-and-travel-writers-soak-in-Kolkatas-festive-spirit/articleshow/49531930.cms">"Foreign bloggers and travel writers soak in Kolkata's festive spirit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 26 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101213233/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Foreign-bloggers-and-travel-writers-soak-in-Kolkatas-festive-spirit/articleshow/49531930.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Foreign+bloggers+and+travel+writers+soak+in+Kolkata%27s+festive+spirit&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2FForeign-bloggers-and-travel-writers-soak-in-Kolkatas-festive-spirit%2Farticleshow%2F49531930.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Betts-2013-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Betts-2013_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Betts-2013_215-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Betts-2013_215-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2013" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Vanessa (30 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aD_-AgAAQBAJ">Footprint Focus-Kolkata and West Bengal</a>. Footprint Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909268-41-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909268-41-8"><bdi>978-1-909268-41-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001158/https://books.google.com/books?id=aD_-AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Footprint+Focus-Kolkata+and+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1-909268-41-8&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaD_-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakrabarti-2013-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chakrabarti-2013_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chakrabarti-2013_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chakrabarti-2013_216-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chakrabarti-2013_216-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabartiChakrabarti2013" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarti, Kunal; Chakrabarti, Shubhra (22 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&q=Eid-ul-Fitr+in+West+Bengal&pg=PA182">Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8024-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-8024-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001200/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&q=Eid-ul-Fitr+in+West+Bengal&pg=PA182">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Bengalis&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Kunal&rft.au=Chakrabarti%2C+Shubhra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVOFAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DEid-ul-Fitr%2Bin%2BWest%2BBengal%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dakshineswar.yssashram.org/article/view/280">"YSSKendra - Christmas Celebration at Dakshineswar Ashram, December 2016"</a>. dakshineswar.yssashram.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902113328/https://dakshineswar.yssashram.org/article/view/280">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2022. 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ETV Bharat News (in Bengali). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902113327/https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/howrah/christmas-celebrate-by-belur-math-monks-old-rituals/wb20211224220302236">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ETV+Bharat+News&rft.atitle=Christmas+In+Belur+Math%3A+%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etvbharat.com%2Fbengali%2Fwest-bengal%2Fstate%2Fhowrah%2Fchristmas-celebrate-by-belur-math-monks-old-rituals%2Fwb20211224220302236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225190848/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/parkstreetchristmascarnival">"West Bengal Tourism"</a>. www.westbengaltourism.gov.in. 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Retrieved 8 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+British+History&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft.isbn=978-1-317-40039-4&rft.aulast=Arnold-Baker&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75ZGCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardhan2010" class="citation book cs1">Bardhan, Kalpana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XQSQgAACAAJ">The Oxford India Anthology of Bengali Literature: 1941–1991</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806461-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806461-9"><bdi>978-0-19-806461-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+India+Anthology+of+Bengali+Literature%3A+1941%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-806461-9&rft.aulast=Bardhan&rft.aufirst=Kalpana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5XQSQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Baxter" title="Craig Baxter">Baxter, Craig</a> (1997). 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Retrieved 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+Bengal+and+Assam%2C+1932-1947%3A+Contour+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781134332748&rft.aulast=Chakrabarty&rft.aufirst=Bidyut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Din1_AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandraMukherjeeMukherjeePanikkar1989" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Bipan; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya; Panikkar, K. 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Retrieved 28 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1194-0&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Amaresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzB4n3MVozbUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooptu2010" class="citation book cs1">Gooptu, Sharmistha (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcUtCgAAQBAJ">Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-91217-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-91217-7"><bdi>978-1-136-91217-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+Cinema%3A+%27An+Other+Nation%27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=978-1-136-91217-7&rft.aulast=Gooptu&rft.aufirst=Sharmistha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDcUtCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooptu2013" class="citation book cs1">Gooptu, Sharmistha (17 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC">"'Bengali' cinema: Its making and unmaking"</a>. 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Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195625851" title="Special:BookSources/9780195625851"><bdi>9780195625851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calcutta+and+the+Bengal+Renaissance&rft.btitle=Calcutta%2C+the+Living+City%3A+The+past&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780195625851&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7GZuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307135928/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wbm_indx.htm">Impact of Social Sector Development in West Bengal</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)" title="Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission, Government of India</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wbm_indx.htm">the original</a> on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Impact+of+Social+Sector+Development+in+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Planning+Commission%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanningcommission.nic.in%2Freports%2Fsereport%2Fser%2Fwbm_indx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest_Bengal_Human_Development_Report2004" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_west_bengal_2004_en.pdf">West Bengal Human Development Report, 2004</a> (PDF) (Report). Kolkata: Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. May 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7955-030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7955-030-4"><bdi>978-81-7955-030-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190118/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_west_bengal_2004_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=West+Bengal+Human+Development+Report%2C+2004&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pub=Development+and+Planning+Department%2C+Government+of+West+Bengal&rft.date=2004-05&rft.isbn=978-81-7955-030-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Findia_west_bengal_2004_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list">"UNESCO World Heritage List"</a>. Whc.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103112820/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+List&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmrita_Basu1997" class="citation book cs1">Amrita Basu, V. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyY0Yb5BrqgC&q=communism+in+west+bengal&pg=PA25">Two Faces of Protest: Contrasting Modes of Women's Activism in India</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a> ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06506-2"><bdi>978-0-520-06506-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001207/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyY0Yb5BrqgC&q=communism+in+west+bengal&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Faces+of+Protest%3A+Contrasting+Modes+of+Women%27s+Activism+in+India&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press+ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06506-2&rft.aulast=Amrita+Basu&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZyY0Yb5BrqgC%26q%3Dcommunism%2Bin%2Bwest%2Bbengal%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtul_Kohli1987" class="citation book cs1">Atul Kohli, I. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vxLAK8EXo84C&q=poverty+in+west+bengal&pg=PA117">The State and Poverty in India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37876-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37876-5"><bdi>978-0-521-37876-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001211/https://books.google.com/books?id=vxLAK8EXo84C&q=poverty+in+west+bengal&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+and+Poverty+in+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37876-5&rft.aulast=Atul+Kohli&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvxLAK8EXo84C%26q%3Dpoverty%2Bin%2Bwest%2Bbengal%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBald2013" class="citation book cs1">Bald, Vivek (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPXkrZeMyfIC&q=History+of+West+Bengal">Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07040-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07040-0"><bdi>978-0-674-07040-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001214/https://books.google.com/books?id=iPXkrZeMyfIC&q=History+of+West+Bengal">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+Harlem+and+the+Lost+Histories+of+South+Asian+America&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-07040-0&rft.aulast=Bald&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPXkrZeMyfIC%26q%3DHistory%2Bof%2BWest%2BBengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyay2004" class="citation book cs1">Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004). Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal. SAGE Publications India. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0407-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0407-0"><bdi>978-81-321-0407-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Culture+and+Hegemony%3A+Social+Dominance+in+Colonial+Bengal&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+India&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-321-0407-0&rft.aulast=Bandyopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Sekhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyay2009" class="citation book cs1">Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2009). Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01823-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01823-9"><bdi>978-1-134-01823-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonization+in+South+Asia%3A+Meanings+of+Freedom+in+Post-independence+West+Bengal%2C+1947%E2%80%9352&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-134-01823-9&rft.aulast=Bandyopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Sekhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee1998" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Anuradha (1998). Environment, population, and human settlements of Sundarban Delta. Ashok Kumar Mittal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-739-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-739-7"><bdi>978-81-7022-739-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environment%2C+population%2C+and+human+settlements+of+Sundarban+Delta&rft.pub=Ashok+Kumar+Mittal&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-739-7&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Anuradha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhargava2008" class="citation book cs1">Bhargava, Gopal, ed. (2008). Encyclopaedia of Art And Culture in India (West Bengal) 20th Volume. Isha Books. p. 508. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-460-8"><bdi>978-81-8205-460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Art+And+Culture+in+India+%28West+Bengal%29+20th+Volume&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Isha+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8205-460-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose1993" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Sugata (1993). Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal Since 1770, Volume 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26694-9"><bdi>978-0-521-26694-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasant+Labour+and+Colonial+Capital%3A+Rural+Bengal+Since+1770%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26694-9&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sugata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti2013" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarti, Ranjan (2013). Dictionary of Historical Places: Bengal, 1757–1947. Primus Books. p. 657. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-41-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-41-2"><bdi>978-93-80607-41-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Historical+Places%3A+Bengal%2C+1757%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=657&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-41-2&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Ranjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabartiChakrabarti2013" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarti, Kunal; Chakrabarti, Shubhra (22 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8024-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-8024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Bengalis&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Kunal&rft.au=Chakrabarti%2C+Shubhra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVOFAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee1997" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Partha (1997). The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism. the University of Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563945-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563945-2"><bdi>978-0-19-563945-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Present+History+of+West+Bengal%3A+Essays+in+Political+Criticism&rft.place=the+University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563945-2&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Partha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2009" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Pranab (2009). A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal: The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Lang Publishing">Peter Lang</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0820-4"><bdi>978-1-4331-0820-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Story+of+Ambivalent+Modernization+in+Bangladesh+and+West+Bengal%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Bengali+Elitism+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0820-4&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Pranab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji2007" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Joya (2007). The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46830-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46830-5"><bdi>978-1-139-46830-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spoils+of+Partition%3A+Bengal+and+India%2C+1947%E2%80%931967&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46830-5&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Joya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1993). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08077-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08077-7">0-520-08077-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Government of West Bengal</a>, Law Department, Legislative Notification. No. 182- L – 24 January 2013. West Bengal Act XXXVI of 2012. The West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Act, 2012.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriss-White2008" class="citation book cs1">Harriss-White, Barbara, ed. (2008). Rural Commercial Capital: Agricultural Markets in West Bengal. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569159-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569159-7"><bdi>978-0-19-569159-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+Commercial+Capital%3A+Agricultural+Markets+in+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-569159-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndenRonald_B.Ralph_W2005" class="citation book cs1">Inden; Ronald B.; Ralph W (2005). Kinship in Bengali Culture. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1977. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-018-4"><bdi>978-81-8028-018-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinship+in+Bengali+Culture&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press%2C+1977&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8028-018-4&rft.au=Inden&rft.au=Ronald+B.&rft.au=Ralph+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasodhara_Bagchi,_Sarmistha_Dutta_Gupta2000" class="citation book cs1">Jasodhara Bagchi, Sarmistha Dutta Gupta, V. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYYW8Un5zFAC&q=violence+west+bengal&pg=PA119">The changing status of women in West Bengal, 1970–2000: the challenge ahead</a>. Saga Publication India Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3242-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3242-0"><bdi>978-0-7619-3242-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001210/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYYW8Un5zFAC&q=violence+west+bengal&pg=PA119">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+changing+status+of+women+in+West+Bengal%2C+1970%E2%80%932000%3A+the+challenge+ahead&rft.pub=Saga+Publication+India+Pvt+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3242-0&rft.aulast=Jasodhara+Bagchi%2C+Sarmistha+Dutta+Gupta&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYYW8Un5zFAC%26q%3Dviolence%2Bwest%2Bbengal%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2013" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-062-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-062-5"><bdi>978-1-84774-062-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Heritage+of+Bengal%3A+The+Lives%2C+Thoughts+and+Achievements+of+Great+Muslim+Scholars%2C+Writers+and+Reformers+of+Bangladesh+and+West+Bengal&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Kube+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84774-062-5&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Mojlum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlassMorton1996" class="citation book cs1">Klass, L; Morton, S (1996). Community Structure and industrialization in West Bengal. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a> Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0420-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0420-8"><bdi>978-0-7618-0420-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Structure+and+industrialization+in+West+Bengal&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America+Inc.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-0420-8&rft.aulast=Klass&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Morton%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mallick, Ross. (1955). Development Policy of a Communist Government: West Bengal Since 1977, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, Cambridge (Reprinted 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43292-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43292-4">978-0-521-43292-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin1983" class="citation book cs1">Marvin, Davis (1983). Rank and rivalry: the politics of inequality in rural West Bengal. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. xxvii, 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24657-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24657-6"><bdi>978-0-521-24657-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rank+and+rivalry%3A+the+politics+of+inequality+in+rural+West+Bengal&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=xxvii%2C+239&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24657-6&rft.aulast=Marvin&rft.aufirst=Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1991" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Bharati (1991). Political Culture and Leadership in India: A Study of West Bengal. Mittal Publications. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-320-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-320-9"><bdi>978-81-7099-320-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Culture+and+Leadership+in+India%3A+A+Study+of+West+Bengal&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-320-9&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Bharati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖberg,_MagnusStrom,_Kaare2008" class="citation book cs1">Öberg, Magnus; Strom, Kaare, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eBW-KtJ28ZsC&q=Naxalite+in+west+bengal&pg=PA93">Resources, governance and civil conflict</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41671-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41671-9"><bdi>978-0-415-41671-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001155/https://books.google.com/books?id=eBW-KtJ28ZsC&q=Naxalite+in+west+bengal&pg=PA93">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resources%2C+governance+and+civil+conflict&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41671-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeBW-KtJ28ZsC%26q%3DNaxalite%2Bin%2Bwest%2Bbengal%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tapan_Raychaudhuri" title="Tapan Raychaudhuri">Raychaudhuri, Tapan</a> (2002). Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West in Nineteenth-Century Bengal. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566109-5"><bdi>978-0-19-566109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Reconsidered%3A+Perceptions+of+the+West+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bengal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566109-5&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Tapan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuriDas2005" class="citation book cs1">Raychaudhuri, Ajitava; Das, Tuhin K., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTeHPuhTsXcC&q=politics+in+west+bengal&pg=PA45">West Bengal economy: some contemporary issues</a>. Jadavpur University Press, India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7764-731-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7764-731-0"><bdi>978-81-7764-731-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001210/https://books.google.com/books?id=NTeHPuhTsXcC&q=politics+in+west+bengal&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Bengal+economy%3A+some+contemporary+issues&rft.pub=Jadavpur+University+Press%2C+India&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7764-731-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTeHPuhTsXcC%26q%3Dpolitics%2Bin%2Bwest%2Bbengal%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyAlSayyad2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ananya_Roy" title="Ananya Roy">Roy, Ananya</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nezar_AlSayyad" title="Nezar AlSayyad">AlSayyad, Nezar</a> (2004). Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0741-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0741-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-0741-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Informality%3A+Transnational+Perspectives+from+the+Middle+East%2C+Latin+America%2C+and+South+Asia&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0741-6&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Ananya&rft.au=AlSayyad%2C+Nezar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2013" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Dayabati (2013). Rural Politics in India: Political Stratification and Governance in West Bengal. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-51316-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-51316-7"><bdi>978-1-107-51316-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+Politics+in+India%3A+Political+Stratification+and+Governance+in+West+Bengal&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-51316-7&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Dayabati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamaddar1999" class="citation book cs1">Samaddar, Ranabir (1999). The Marginal Nation: Transborder Migration from Bangladesh to West Bengal. the University of Michigan: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9283-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9283-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-9283-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marginal+Nation%3A+Transborder+Migration+from+Bangladesh+to+West+Bengal&rft.place=the+University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9283-7&rft.aulast=Samaddar&rft.aufirst=Ranabir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1988" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Jyotirmoy (1988). Land Utilisation and Population Distribution: A Case Study of West Bengal, 1850–1985. Daya Books. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7035-043-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7035-043-9"><bdi>978-81-7035-043-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Utilisation+and+Population+Distribution%3A+A+Case+Study+of+West+Bengal%2C+1850%E2%80%931985&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Daya+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-7035-043-9&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Jyotirmoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenDasgupta2007" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Raj Kumar; Dasgupta, Asis (2007). West Bengal Today: 25 Years of Economic Development. Deep and Deep Publications. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7629-984-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7629-984-8"><bdi>978-81-7629-984-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Bengal+Today%3A+25+Years+of+Economic+Development&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Deep+and+Deep+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7629-984-8&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Raj+Kumar&rft.au=Dasgupta%2C+Asis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunny1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sunny, C (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207093342/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wbm/wbm_ch2.pdf">"Poverty and social development in west bengal"</a> (PDF). India Rural Development Report, NIRD. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wbm/wbm_ch2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Rural+Development+Report%2C+NIRD&rft.atitle=Poverty+and+social+development+in+west+bengal&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sunny&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanningcommission.nic.in%2Freports%2Fsereport%2Fser%2Fwbm%2Fwbm_ch2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Bengal" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wb.gov.in">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbtourism.gov.in/">Official tourism site</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=West%20Bengal">West Bengal</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640088">West Bengal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of West Bengal">Wikimedia Atlas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1960177">West Bengal</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to West Bengal</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koshi_Province" title="Koshi Province">Koshi Province</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" />   <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chukha_District" title="Chukha District">Chukha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagana_District" title="Dagana District">Dagana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samtse_District" title="Samtse District">Samtse Districts</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />West Bengal<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> <a href="/wiki/Rangpur_Division" title="Rangpur Division">Rangpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" title="Rajshahi Division">Rajshahi Divisions</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" title="Khulna Division">Khulna Division</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Template:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Template talk:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">British Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_CD_blocks_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Municipalities_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Municipalities of West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_of_West_Bengal" title="Template talk:Municipalities of West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_of_West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities of West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_CD_blocks_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and CD blocks of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asansol_Municipal_Corporation" title="Asansol Municipal Corporation"> Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhannagar_Municipal_Corporation" title="Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation"> Bidhannagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandernagore_Municipal_Corporation" title="Chandernagore Municipal Corporation"> Chandannagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Durgapur Municipal Corporation"> Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_Municipal_Corporation" title="Howrah Municipal Corporation"> Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kolkata Municipal Corporation"> Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Municipal_Corporation" title="Siliguri Municipal Corporation"> Siliguri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar" title="Alipurduar">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arambag" class="mw-redirect" title="Arambag">Arambagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoknagar_Kalyangarh" title="Ashoknagar Kalyangarh">Ashoknagar Kalyangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baduria" title="Baduria">Baduria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidyabati" title="Baidyabati">Baidyabati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangaon" title="Bangaon">Bangaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansberia" title="Bansberia">Bansberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranagar_Municipality" title="Baranagar Municipality">Baranagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrackpore" title="Barrackpore">Barrackpore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruipur" title="Baruipur">Baruipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat" title="Basirhat">Basirhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beldanga" title="Beldanga">Beldanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadreswar,_Hooghly" title="Bhadreswar, Hooghly">Bhadreswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatpara" title="Bhatpara">Bhatpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birnagar" title="Birnagar">Birnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolpur" title="Bolpur">Bolpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budge_Budge" title="Budge Budge">Budge Budge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buniadpur" title="Buniadpur">Buniadpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakdaha" title="Chakdaha">Chakdaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champdani" title="Champdani">Champdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakona" title="Chandrakona">Chandrakona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contai" title="Contai">Contai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainhat" title="Dainhat">Dainhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalkhola" title="Dalkhola">Dalkhola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuliyan" title="Dhuliyan">Dhuliyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhupguri" title="Dhupguri">Dhupguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Harbour" title="Diamond Harbour">Diamond Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinhata" title="Dinhata">Dinhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrajpur" title="Dubrajpur">Dubrajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_Dum" title="Dum Dum">Dum Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egra" title="Egra">Egra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Bazar" class="mw-redirect" title="English Bazar">English Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangarampur" title="Gangarampur">Gangarampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garulia" title="Garulia">Garulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayespur" title="Gayespur">Gayespur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatal" title="Ghatal">Ghatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobardanga" title="Gobardanga">Gobardanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guskara" title="Guskara">Guskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habra" title="Habra">Habra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldibari,_India" title="Haldibari, India">Haldibari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halisahar" title="Halisahar">Halisahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haringhata" title="Haringhata">Haringhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islampur,_Uttar_Dinajpur" title="Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur">Islampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur,_Murshidabad" title="Jangipur, Murshidabad">Jangipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhalda" title="Jhalda">Jhalda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram" title="Jhargram">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliaganj" title="Kaliaganj">Kaliaganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalna_City" title="Kalna City">Kalna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani,_West_Bengal" title="Kalyani, West Bengal">Kalyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarhati" title="Kamarhati">Kamarhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchrapara" title="Kanchrapara">Kanchrapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandi,_Murshidabad" title="Kandi, Murshidabad">Kandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katwa" title="Katwa">Katwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharar,_Ghatal" title="Kharar, Ghatal">Kharar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khardaha" title="Khardaha">Khardaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirpai" title="Khirpai">Khirpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konnagar" title="Konnagar">Konnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamgram" title="Madhyamgram">Madhyamgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maheshtala" title="Maheshtala">Maheshtala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainaguri" title="Mainaguri">Mainaguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbazar" title="Malbazar">Malbazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathabhanga" title="Mathabhanga">Mathabhanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhliganj" title="Mekhliganj">Mekhliganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memari" title="Memari">Memari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabadwip" title="Nabadwip">Nabadwip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naihati" title="Naihati">Naihati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalhati" title="Nalhati">Nalhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Barrackpore" title="New Barrackpore">New Barrackpore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Barrackpur" title="North Barrackpur">North Barrackpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dum_Dum" title="North Dum Dum">North Dum Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Malda" title="Old Malda">Old Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panihati" title="Panihati">Panihati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panskura" title="Panskura">Panskura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujali" title="Pujali">Pujali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunathpur,_Purulia" title="Raghunathpur, Purulia">Raghunathpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajarhat" title="Rajarhat">Rajarhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajpur_Sonarpur" title="Rajpur Sonarpur">Rajpur Sonarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjibanpur" title="Ramjibanpur">Ramjibanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampurhat" title="Rampurhat">Rampurhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat" title="Ranaghat">Ranaghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishra" title="Rishra">Rishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainthia" title="Sainthia">Sainthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipur" title="Shantipur">Shantipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonamukhi" title="Sonamukhi">Sonamukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dum_Dum" title="South Dum Dum">South Dum Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taki (India)">Taki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar" title="Tarakeswar">Tarakeswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titagarh" title="Titagarh">Titagarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufanganj" title="Tufanganj">Tufanganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluberia" title="Uluberia">Uluberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarpara" title="Uttarpara">Uttarpara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_development_blocks_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Community development blocks in India">Community development blocks</a>1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_I" title="Alipurduar I">Alipurduar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_II" title="Alipurduar II">Alipurduar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdanga" title="Amdanga">Amdanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amta_I" title="Amta I">Amta I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amta_II" title="Amta II">Amta II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andal_(community_development_block)" title="Andal (community development block)">Andal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arambagh_(community_development_block)" title="Arambagh (community development block)">Arambagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsha_(community_development_block)" title="Arsha (community development block)">Arsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausgram_I" title="Ausgram I">Ausgram I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausgram_II" title="Ausgram II">Ausgram II</a></li> <li>B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baduria_(community_development_block)" title="Baduria (community development block)">Baduria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdah_(community_development_block)" title="Bagdah (community development block)">Bagdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghmundi_(community_development_block)" title="Baghmundi (community development block)">Baghmundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagnan_I" title="Bagnan I">Bagnan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagnan_II" title="Bagnan II">Bagnan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balagarh_(community_development_block)" title="Balagarh (community development block)">Balagarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarampur,_Purulia_(community_development_block)" title="Balarampur, Purulia (community development block)">Balarampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat_(community_development_block)" title="Balurghat (community development block)">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bally_Jagachha" title="Bally Jagachha">Bally Jagachha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamangola_(community_development_block)" title="Bamangola (community development block)">Bamangola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwan_(community_development_block)" title="Bandwan (community development block)">Bandwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangaon_(community_development_block)" title="Bangaon (community development block)">Bangaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_I" title="Bankura I">Bankura I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_II" title="Bankura II">Bankura II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barjora_(community_development_block)" title="Barjora (community development block)">Barjora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansihari_(community_development_block)" title="Bansihari (community development block)">Bansihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabani_(community_development_block)" title="Barabani (community development block)">Barabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabazar_(community_development_block)" title="Barabazar (community development block)">Barabazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrackpore_I" title="Barrackpore I">Barrackpore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrackpore_II" title="Barrackpore II">Barrackpore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat_I" title="Barasat I">Barasat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat_II" title="Barasat II">Barasat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruipur_(community_development_block)" title="Baruipur (community development block)">Baruipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_(community_development_block)" title="Basanti (community development block)">Basanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_I" title="Basirhat I">Basirhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_II" title="Basirhat II">Basirhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beldanga_I" title="Beldanga I">Beldanga I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beldanga_II" title="Beldanga II">Beldanga II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_(community_development_block)" title="Berhampore (community development block)">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagawangola_I" title="Bhagawangola I">Bhagawangola I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagawangola_II" title="Bhagawangola II">Bhagawangola II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagabanpur_I" title="Bhagabanpur I">Bhagabanpur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagabanpur_II" title="Bhagabanpur II">Bhagabanpur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangar_I" title="Bhangar I">Bhangar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangar_II" title="Bhangar II">Bhangar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_I" title="Bharatpur I">Bharatpur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_II" title="Bharatpur II">Bharatpur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatar_(community_development_block)" title="Bhatar (community development block)">Bhatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binpur_I" title="Binpur I">Binpur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binpur_II" title="Binpur II">Binpur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura_(community_development_block)" title="Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)">Bishnupur, Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_I" title="Bishnupur I">Bishnupur I, South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_II" title="Bishnupur II">Bishnupur II, South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolpur_Sriniketan" title="Bolpur Sriniketan">Bolpur Sriniketan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budge_Budge_I" title="Budge Budge I">Budge Budge I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budge_Budge_II" title="Budge Budge II">Budge Budge II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_I" title="Burdwan I">Burdwan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_II" title="Burdwan II">Burdwan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burwan_(community_development_block)" title="Burwan (community development block)">Burwan</a></li> <li>C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning_I" title="Canning I">Canning I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning_II" title="Canning II">Canning II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakdaha_(community_development_block)" title="Chakdaha (community development block)">Chakdaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanchal_I" title="Chanchal I">Chanchal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanchal_II" title="Chanchal II">Chanchal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandipur_(community_development_block)" title="Chandipur (community development block)">Chandipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanditala_I" title="Chanditala I">Chanditala I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanditala_II" title="Chanditala II">Chanditala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapra,_Nadia_(community_development_block)" title="Chapra, Nadia (community development block)">Chapra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakona_I" title="Chandrakona I">Chandrakona I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakona_II" title="Chandrakona II">Chandrakona II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatna_(community_development_block)" title="Chhatna (community development block)">Chhatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinsurah_Mogra" title="Chinsurah Mogra">Chinsurah Mogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopra_(community_development_block)" title="Chopra (community development block)">Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contai_I" title="Contai I">Contai I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contai_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Contai II">Contai II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contai_III" title="Contai III">Contai III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_I" title="Cooch Behar I">Cooch Behar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_II" title="Cooch Behar II">Cooch Behar II</a></li> <li>D</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Pulbazar_(community_development_block)" title="Darjeeling Pulbazar (community development block)">Darjeeling Pulbazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dantan_I" title="Dantan I">Dantan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dantan_II" title="Dantan II">Dantan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daspur_I" title="Daspur I">Daspur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daspur_II" title="Daspur II">Daspur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_(community_development_block)" title="Debra (community development block)">Debra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deganga" title="Deganga">Deganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Harbour_I" title="Diamond Harbour I">Diamond Harbour I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Harbour_II" title="Diamond Harbour II">Diamond Harbour II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshapran_(community_development_block)" title="Deshapran (community development block)">Deshapran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_(community_development_block)" title="Dhaniakhali (community development block)">Dhaniakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhupguri_(community_development_block)" title="Dhupguri (community development block)">Dhupguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinhata_I" title="Dinhata I">Dinhata I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinhata_II" title="Dinhata II">Dinhata II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domjur_(community_development_block)" title="Domjur (community development block)">Domjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domkal_(community_development_block)" title="Domkal (community development block)">Domkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrajpur_(community_development_block)" title="Dubrajpur (community development block)">Dubrajpur</a></li> <li>E</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egra_I" title="Egra I">Egra I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egra_II" title="Egra II">Egra II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Bazar_(community_development_block)" title="English Bazar (community development block)">English Bazar</a></li> <li>F</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falakata_(community_development_block)" title="Falakata (community development block)">Falakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falta_(community_development_block)" title="Falta (community development block)">Falta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farakka_(community_development_block)" title="Farakka (community development block)">Farakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faridpur_Durgapur" title="Faridpur Durgapur">Faridpur Durgapur</a></li> <li>G</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaighata" title="Gaighata">Gaighata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galsi_I" title="Galsi I">Galsi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galsi_II" title="Galsi II">Galsi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangajalghati_(community_development_block)" title="Gangajalghati (community development block)">Gangajalghati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangarampur_(community_development_block)" title="Gangarampur (community development block)">Gangarampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhbeta_I" title="Garhbeta I">Garhbeta I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhbeta_II" title="Garhbeta II">Garhbeta II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhbeta_III" title="Garhbeta III">Garhbeta III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazole_(community_development_block)" title="Gazole (community development block)">Gazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatal_(community_development_block)" title="Ghatal (community development block)">Ghatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpokhar_I" title="Goalpokhar I">Goalpokhar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpokhar_II" title="Goalpokhar II">Goalpokhar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goghat_I" title="Goghat I">Goghat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goghat_II" title="Goghat II">Goghat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopiballavpur_I" title="Gopiballavpur I">Gopiballavpur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopiballavpur_II" title="Gopiballavpur II">Gopiballavpur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorubathan_(community_development_block)" title="Gorubathan (community development block)">Gorubathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosaba_(community_development_block)" title="Gosaba (community development block)">Gosaba</a></li> <li>H</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibpur_(community_development_block)" title="Habibpur (community development block)">Habibpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habra_I" title="Habra I">Habra I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habra_II" title="Habra II">Habra II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia_(community_development_block)" title="Haldia (community development block)">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldibari_(community_development_block)" title="Haldibari (community development block)">Haldibari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanskhali_(community_development_block)" title="Hanskhali (community development block)">Hanskhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharpara_(community_development_block)" title="Hariharpara (community development block)">Hariharpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haringhata_(community_development_block)" title="Haringhata (community development block)">Haringhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haripal_(community_development_block)" title="Haripal (community development block)">Haripal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harirampur_(community_development_block)" title="Harirampur (community development block)">Harirampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harishchandrapur_I" title="Harishchandrapur I">Harishchandrapur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harishchandrapur_II" title="Harishchandrapur II">Harishchandrapur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroa_(community_development_block)" title="Haroa (community development block)">Haroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasnabad_(community_development_block)" title="Hasnabad (community development block)">Hasnabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemtabad" title="Hemtabad">Hemtabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hili_(community_development_block)" title="Hili (community development block)">Hili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingalganj" title="Hingalganj">Hingalganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirbandh_(community_development_block)" title="Hirbandh (community development block)">Hirbandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hura_(community_development_block)" title="Hura (community development block)">Hura</a></li> <li>I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilambazar_(community_development_block)" title="Ilambazar (community development block)">Ilambazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indas_(community_development_block)" title="Indas (community development block)">Indas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indpur_(community_development_block)" title="Indpur (community development block)">Indpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islampur,_Uttar_Dinajpur_(community_development_block)" title="Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur (community development block)">Islampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itahar" title="Itahar">Itahar</a></li> <li>J</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagatballavpur_(community_development_block)" title="Jagatballavpur (community development block)">Jagatballavpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalangi_(community_development_block)" title="Jalangi (community development block)">Jalangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_(community_development_block)" title="Jalpaiguri (community development block)">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamalpur_(community_development_block)" title="Jamalpur (community development block)">Jamalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamboni_(community_development_block)" title="Jamboni (community development block)">Jamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamuria_(community_development_block)" title="Jamuria (community development block)">Jamuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipara_(community_development_block)" title="Jangipara (community development block)">Jangipara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_I" title="Jaynagar I">Jaynagar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_II" title="Jaynagar II">Jaynagar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhalda_I" title="Jhalda I">Jhalda I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhalda_II" title="Jhalda II">Jhalda II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_(community_development_block)" title="Jhargram (community development block)">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorebunglow_Sukhiapokhri_(community_development_block)" title="Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri (community development block)">Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joypur,_Bankura_(community_development_block)" title="Joypur, Bankura (community development block)">Joypur, Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joypur,_Purulia" title="Joypur, Purulia">Joypur, Purulia</a></li> <li>K</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakdwip_(community_development_block)" title="Kakdwip (community development block)">Kakdwip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalchini" title="Kalchini">Kalchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliachak_I" title="Kaliachak I">Kaliachak I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliachak_II" title="Kaliachak II">Kaliachak II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliachak_III" title="Kaliachak III">Kaliachak III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliaganj_(community_development_block)" title="Kaliaganj (community development block)">Kaliaganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliganj_(community_development_block)" title="Kaliganj (community development block)">Kaliganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_I" title="Kalimpong I">Kalimpong I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_II" title="Kalimpong II">Kalimpong II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalna_I" title="Kalna I">Kalna I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalna_II" title="Kalna II">Kalna II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandi_(community_development_block)" title="Kandi (community development block)">Kandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanksa_(community_development_block)" title="Kanksa (community development block)">Kanksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karandighi" title="Karandighi">Karandighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpur_I" title="Karimpur I">Karimpur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpur_II" title="Karimpur II">Karimpur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashipur_(community_development_block)" title="Kashipur (community development block)">Kashipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katwa_I" title="Katwa I">Katwa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katwa_II" title="Katwa II">Katwa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshiari" title="Keshiari">Keshiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshpur_(community_development_block)" title="Keshpur (community development block)">Keshpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketugram_I" title="Ketugram I">Ketugram I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketugram_II" title="Ketugram II">Ketugram II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanakul_I" title="Khanakul I">Khanakul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanakul_II" title="Khanakul II">Khanakul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandaghosh_(community_development_block)" title="Khandaghosh (community development block)">Khandaghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur_I" title="Kharagpur I">Kharagpur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur_II" title="Kharagpur II">Kharagpur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khargram_(community_development_block)" title="Khargram (community development block)">Khargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharibari_(community_development_block)" title="Kharibari (community development block)">Kharibari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatra_(community_development_block)" title="Khatra (community development block)">Khatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khejuri_I" title="Khejuri I">Khejuri I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khejuri_II" title="Khejuri II">Khejuri II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoyrasol_(community_development_block)" title="Khoyrasol (community development block)">Khoyrasole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolaghat_(community_development_block)" title="Kolaghat (community development block)">Kolaghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotulpur_(community_development_block)" title="Kotulpur (community development block)">Kotulpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaganj_(community_development_block)" title="Krishnaganj (community development block)">Krishnaganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar_I" title="Krishnanagar I">Krishnanagar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar_II" title="Krishnanagar II">Krishnanagar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulpi_(community_development_block)" title="Kulpi (community development block)">Kulpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kultali_(community_development_block)" title="Kultali (community development block)">Kultali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarganj" title="Kumarganj">Kumarganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumargram" title="Kumargram">Kumargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong_(community_development_block)" title="Kurseong (community development block)">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushmandi" title="Kushmandi">Kushmandi</a></li> <li>L</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labpur_(community_development_block)" title="Labpur (community development block)">Labpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalgola_(community_development_block)" title="Lalgola (community development block)">Lalgola</a></li> <li>M</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madarihat-Birpara_(community_development_block)" title="Madarihat-Birpara (community development block)">Madarihat-Birpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magrahat_I" title="Magrahat I">Magrahat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magrahat_II" title="Magrahat II">Magrahat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahishadal_(community_development_block)" title="Mahishadal (community development block)">Mahisadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_(community_development_block)" title="Mal (community development block)">Mal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbazar_I" title="Manbazar I">Manbazar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbazar_II" title="Manbazar II">Manbazar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandirbazar_(community_development_block)" title="Mandirbazar (community development block)">Mandirbazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manikchak" title="Manikchak">Manikchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteswar" title="Manteswar">Manteswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathabhanga_I" title="Mathabhanga I">Mathabhanga I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathabhanga_II" title="Mathabhanga II">Mathabhanga II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathurapur_I" title="Mathurapur I">Mathurapur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathurapur_II" title="Mathurapur II">Mathurapur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiali_(community_development_block)" title="Matiali (community development block)">Matiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigara_(community_development_block)" title="Matigara (community development block)">Matigara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynaguri_(community_development_block)" title="Maynaguri (community development block)">Maynaguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayureswar_I" title="Mayureswar I">Mayureswar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayureswar_II" title="Mayureswar II">Mayureswar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejia_(community_development_block)" title="Mejia (community development block)">Mejia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhliganj_(community_development_block)" title="Mekhliganj (community development block)">Mekhliganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memari_I" title="Memari I">Memari I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memari_II" title="Memari II">Memari II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore_Sadar_(community_development_block)" title="Midnapore Sadar (community development block)">Midnapore Sadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minakhan" title="Minakhan">Minakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirik_(community_development_block)" title="Mirik (community development block)">Mirik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bazar_(community_development_block)" title="Mohammad Bazar (community development block)">Mohammad Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanpur_(community_development_block)" title="Mohanpur (community development block)">Mohanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongalkote_(community_development_block)" title="Mongalkote (community development block)">Mongalkote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyna_(community_development_block)" title="Moyna (community development block)">Moyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murarai_I" title="Murarai I">Murarai I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murarai_II" title="Murarai II">Murarai II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad-Jiaganj" title="Murshidabad-Jiaganj">Murshidabad-Jiaganj</a></li> <li>N</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabadwip_(community_development_block)" title="Nabadwip (community development block)">Nabadwip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabagram_(community_development_block)" title="Nabagram (community development block)">Nabagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagrakata_(community_development_block)" title="Nagrakata (community development block)">Nagrakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakashipara_(community_development_block)" title="Nakashipara (community development block)">Nakashipara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalhati_I" title="Nalhati I">Nalhati I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalhati_II" title="Nalhati II">Nalhati II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namkhana_(community_development_block)" title="Namkhana (community development block)">Namkhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandakumar_(community_development_block)" title="Nandakumar (community development block)">Nandakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandigram_I" title="Nandigram I">Nandigram I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandigram_II" title="Nandigram II">Nandigram II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoor_(community_development_block)" title="Nanoor (community development block)">Nanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naoda_(community_development_block)" title="Naoda (community development block)">Naoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayangarh_(community_development_block)" title="Narayangarh (community development block)">Narayangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalbari_(community_development_block)" title="Naxalbari (community development block)">Naxalbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayagram_(community_development_block)" title="Nayagram (community development block)">Nayagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neturia_(community_development_block)" title="Neturia (community development block)">Neturia</a></li> <li>O</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Malda_(community_development_block)" title="Old Malda (community development block)">Old Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onda_(community_development_block)" title="Onda (community development block)">Onda</a></li> <li>P</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchla_(community_development_block)" title="Panchla (community development block)">Panchla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandabeswar" title="Pandabeswar">Pandabeswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandua_(community_development_block)" title="Pandua (community development block)">Pandua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panskura" title="Panskura">Panskura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_(community_development_block)" title="Para (community development block)">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patashpur_I" title="Patashpur I">Patashpur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patashpur_II" title="Patashpur II">Patashpur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patharpratima_(community_development_block)" title="Patharpratima (community development block)">Patharpratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrasayer_(community_development_block)" title="Patrasayer (community development block)">Patrasayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phansidewa" title="Phansidewa">Phansidewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingla_(community_development_block)" title="Pingla (community development block)">Pingla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polba_Dadpur" title="Polba Dadpur">Polba Dadpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puncha_(community_development_block)" title="Puncha (community development block)">Puncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purbasthali_I" title="Purbasthali I">Purbasthali I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purbasthali_II" title="Purbasthali II">Purbasthali II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursurah_(community_development_block)" title="Pursurah (community development block)">Pursurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_I" title="Purulia I">Purulia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_II" title="Purulia II">Purulia II</a></li> <li>R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunathganj_I" title="Raghunathganj I">Raghunathganj I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunathganj_II" title="Raghunathganj II">Raghunathganj II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunathpur_I" title="Raghunathpur I">Raghunathpur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunathpur_II" title="Raghunathpur II">Raghunathpur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj_(community_development_block)" title="Raiganj (community development block)">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raina_I" title="Raina I">Raina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raina_II" title="Raina II">Raina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur,_Bankura_(community_development_block)" title="Raipur, Bankura (community development block)">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajarhat_(community_development_block)" title="Rajarhat (community development block)">Rajarhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajganj_(community_development_block)" title="Rajganj (community development block)">Rajganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnagar_(community_development_block)" title="Rajnagar (community development block)">Rajnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramnagar_I" title="Ramnagar I">Ramnagar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramnagar_II" title="Ramnagar II">Ramnagar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampurhat_I" title="Rampurhat I">Rampurhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampurhat_II" title="Rampurhat II">Rampurhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_I" title="Ranaghat I">Ranaghat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_II" title="Ranaghat II">Ranaghat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangli_Rangliot_(community_development_block)" title="Rangli Rangliot (community development block)">Rangli Rangliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranibandh_(community_development_block)" title="Ranibandh (community development block)">Ranibandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniganj_(community_development_block)" title="Raniganj (community development block)">Raniganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raninagar_I" title="Raninagar I">Raninagar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raninagar_II" title="Raninagar II">Raninagar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratua_I" title="Ratua I">Ratua I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratua_II" title="Ratua II">Ratua II</a></li> <li>S</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabang_(community_development_block)" title="Sabang (community development block)">Sabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagar_(community_development_block)" title="Sagar (community development block)">Sagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagardighi_(community_development_block)" title="Sagardighi (community development block)">Sagardighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahid_Matangini_(community_development_block)" title="Sahid Matangini (community development block)">Sahid Matangini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainthia_(community_development_block)" title="Sainthia (community development block)">Sainthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salanpur_(community_development_block)" title="Salanpur (community development block)">Salanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salboni_(community_development_block)" title="Salboni (community development block)">Salboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltora_(community_development_block)" title="Saltora (community development block)">Saltora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samserganj_(community_development_block)" title="Samserganj (community development block)">Samserganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandeshkhali_I" title="Sandeshkhali I">Sandeshkhali I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandeshkhali_II" title="Sandeshkhali II">Sandeshkhali II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankrail_(community_development_block)" title="Sankrail (community development block)">Sankrail, Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankrail,_Jhargram_(community_development_block)" title="Sankrail, Jhargram (community development block)">Sankrail, Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santipur_(community_development_block)" title="Santipur (community development block)">Santipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santuri_(community_development_block)" title="Santuri (community development block)">Santuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarenga,_Bankura_(community_development_block)" title="Sarenga, Bankura (community development block)">Sarenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyampur_I" title="Shyampur I">Shyampur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyampur_II" title="Shyampur II">Shyampur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simlapal_(community_development_block)" title="Simlapal (community development block)">Simlapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singur_(community_development_block)" title="Singur (community development block)">Singur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitai" title="Sitai">Sitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitalkuchi" title="Sitalkuchi">Sitalkuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonamukhi_(community_development_block)" title="Sonamukhi (community development block)">Sonamukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarpur_(community_development_block)" title="Sonarpur (community development block)">Sonarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreerampur_Uttarpara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sreerampur Uttarpara">Sreerampur Uttarpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri_I" title="Suri I">Suri I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri_II" title="Suri II">Suri II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutahata_(community_development_block)" title="Sutahata (community development block)">Sutahata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suti_I" title="Suti I">Suti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suti_II" title="Suti II">Suti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarupnagar" title="Swarupnagar">Swarupnagar</a></li> <li>T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taldangra_(community_development_block)" title="Taldangra (community development block)">Taldangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk_(community_development_block)" title="Tamluk (community development block)">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapan_(community_development_block)" title="Tapan (community development block)">Tapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar_(community_development_block)" title="Tarakeswar (community development block)">Tarakeswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehatta_I" title="Tehatta I">Tehatta I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehatta_II" title="Tehatta II">Tehatta II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakurpukur_Maheshtala" title="Thakurpukur Maheshtala">Thakurpukur Maheshtala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufanganj_I" title="Tufanganj I">Tufanganj I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufanganj_II" title="Tufanganj II">Tufanganj II</a></li> <li>U</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udaynarayanpur" title="Udaynarayanpur">Udaynarayanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluberia_I" title="Uluberia I">Uluberia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluberia_II" title="Uluberia II">Uluberia II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><div> <ol><li>Similar to <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsils</a> in many states of India</li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">West Bengal at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/West Bengal">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" class="extiw" title="c:পশ্চিমবঙ্গ">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="n:Category:West Bengal">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="q:West Bengal">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:West Bengal">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/West Bengal">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="voy:West Bengal">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356" class="extiw" title="d:Q1356">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/247646820">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4079196-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81063203">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949505z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949505z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128743&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134604&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX462297">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhgtxm02vl9sv">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564574605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/5b473d1f-6803-4ef2-a525-0519fc2ed2a8">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1249691">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mf4ts","wgBackendResponseTime":255,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.241","walltime":"4.905","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31316,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":867485,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":46643,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":28,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":52,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1090874,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4077.241 1 -total"," 40.34% 1644.850 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.00% 693.115 1 Template:Infobox_Indian_state_or_territory"," 16.81% 685.565 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 16.02% 653.127 2 Template:Infobox"," 14.67% 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[\"CITEREFBhargava2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhaumik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiswas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiswas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBose1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBose2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckland1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbellWatts1760\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarti2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarti2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarti2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabartiChakrabarti2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarty2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandraMukherjeeMukherjeePanikkar1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjee1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjee2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterji2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChattopadhyay2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChattopadhyayGhosh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhuri1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhuryMohsin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhuryMohsin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoudhury2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChowdhury2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas_Sharma2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDatta1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelimitation_Commission2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDineoMills2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutta2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutta2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiske\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrenz,_Horst1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguly1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeigerHaynes_Bode2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGertjan_de_Graaf,_Abdul_Latif\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh_Roy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGooptu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGooptu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha-Thakurta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarriss-White2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández-CampoyConde-Silvestre2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHindle1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoddie2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndenRonald_B.Ralph_W2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndrajit_Ray2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIslam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIslam2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanaMajumder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasodhara_Bagchi,_Sarmistha_Dutta_Gupta2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayapalan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanjilalSwadhin_MondalMoumita_MukherjeeDebjani_Barman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKlassMorton1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLingAxelrod1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshman1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvin1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitra2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMookerjea-Leonard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMookerji1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherji2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNAAC\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNSO2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilanjan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnians2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpenshaw2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetitjeanJamiMoulin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPletcher2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrabhakaran2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPramanik2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaj_Kumar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaju2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaychaudhuri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaychaudhuri2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaychaudhuriDas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyAlSayyad2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaha2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamaddar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSenDasgupta2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeni2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghBagchiIndia2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSridharMishra2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSultana\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunny1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbotSingh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanKudaisya2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTmh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest_Bengal_Human_Development_Report2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖberg,_MagnusStrom,_Kaare2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"*\"] = 11,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 93,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 122,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 17,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Endash\"] = 11,\n [\"Estimated\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 4,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 14,\n [\"Historical population\"] = 1,\n [\"INRConvert\"] = 6,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Increase\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox Indian state or territory\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 9,\n [\"Municipalities of West Bengal\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 20,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Photomontage\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 7,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"States and territories of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"West Bengal topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","15.5"],["?","380","14.7"],["dataWrapper 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