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href="#As_a_part_of_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 As a part of Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_part_of_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Independent Bangladesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Civil society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Urban centres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Holidays and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts,_crafts_and_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts,_crafts_and_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Visual arts, crafts and clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts,_crafts_and_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Media and cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bangladesh</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 273 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-273" aria-hidden="true" > 273 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A8sh" title="Bangladèsh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bangladèsh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesj" title="Bangladesj – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bangladesj" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%BD" title="ባንግላዴሽ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባንግላዴሽ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बांग्लादेश – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बांग्लादेश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6ngladesc" title="Bængladesc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bængladesc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="بنغلاديش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنغلاديش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangllad%C3%A8cho" title="Banglladècho – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Banglladècho" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="বাংলাদেশ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাংলাদেশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladex" title="Bangladex – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bangladex" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बांग्लादेश – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बांग्लादेश" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangalande" title="Vangalande – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vangalande" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banladish" title="Banladish – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Banladish" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banqlade%C5%9F" title="Banqladeş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Banqladeş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="بنقلادش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنقلادش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="বাংলাদেশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাংলাদেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladisa" title="Bangladisa – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bangladisa" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%88" title="Бангладэш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бангладэш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%88" title="Банглядэш – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Банглядэш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बांग्लादेश – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बांग्लादेश" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglades" title="Banglades – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Banglades" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglades" title="Banglades – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Banglades" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="བྷང་ལ་རྡེ་ཤུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྷང་ལ་རྡེ་ཤུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A9%C5%A1" title="Bangladéš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bangladéš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhangaladhesha" title="Bhangaladhesha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhangaladhesha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DD%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="بانݣلاديش – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بانݣلاديش" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%A7%DE%85%DE%AA" title="ބަންގާޅު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަންގާޅު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CA%BCa%CA%BCaahj%C3%AD_Naakaii_Doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Haʼaʼaahjí Naakaii Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Haʼaʼaahjí Naakaii Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बङ्गलादेश – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बङ्गलादेश" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%84%E0%BE%92%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A4" title="བངྒ་ལ་དེཤ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བངྒ་ལ་དེཤ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Μπανγκλαντές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπανγκλαντές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бангладеш Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бангладеш Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A9s" title="Bangladés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bangladés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9Do" title="Bangladeŝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bangladeŝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="بنگلادش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنگلادش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesj" title="Bangladesj – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bangladesj" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesj" title="Bangladesj – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bangladesj" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banngladesh" title="Banngladesh – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Banngladesh" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhanglaid%C3%A9is" title="An Bhanglaidéis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhanglaidéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vangladesh" title="Yn Vangladesh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vangladesh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9F" title="Bangladeş – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Bangladeş" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladais" title="Bangladais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bangladais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Бенгалойче – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Бенгалойче" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89" title="孟加拉 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="孟加拉" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6" title="બાંગ્લાદેશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાંગ્લાદેશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बांगलादेश – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बांगलादेश" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EA%B8%80%EB%9D%BC%EB%8D%B0%EC%8B%9C" title="방글라데시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방글라데시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banagaladesa" title="Banagaladesa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Banagaladesa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B7" title="Բանգլադեշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բանգլադեշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बांग्लादेश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बांग्लादेश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglades" title="Banglades – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Banglades" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="বাংলাদেশ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বাংলাদেশ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladess" title="Bangladess – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bangladess" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A9" title="בנגלדש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנגלדש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banggalad%C3%A9sa" title="Banggaladésa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Banggaladésa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%8Bg%C9%A9lad%C9%9B%C9%9Bs%C9%A9" title="Paŋgɩladɛɛsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Paŋgɩladɛɛsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6" title="ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglades" title="Banglades – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Banglades" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ბანგლადეში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბანგლადეში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B4" title="بَنٛگلہ دیٖش – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بَنٛگلہ دیٖش" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesz" title="Bangladesz – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bangladesz" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangaladeshi" title="Bangaladeshi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bangaladeshi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeca" title="Bangladeca – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Bangladeca" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A8ch" title="Bangladèch – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bangladèch" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benglade%C5%9F" title="Bengladeş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bengladeş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesc" title="Bangladesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bangladesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດບັງກລາເທດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດບັງກລາເທດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesa" title="Bangladesa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bangladesa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1a" title="Bangladeša – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bangladeša" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1as" title="Bangladešas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bangladešas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ngalad%C9%9B%CC%81si" title="Bángaladɛ́si – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bángaladɛ́si" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladex" title="Bangladex – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bangladex" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/begygu%27e" title="begygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="begygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglades" title="Banglades – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Banglades" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बाङ्लादेश – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बाङ्लादेश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesy" title="Bangladesy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bangladesy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D" title="ബംഗ്ലാദേശ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബംഗ്ലാദേശ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladexx" title="Bangladexx – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bangladexx" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81karat%C4%93hi" title="Pākaratēhi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pākaratēhi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बांगलादेश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बांगलादेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ბანგლადეში – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბანგლადეში" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="بانجلاديش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بانجلاديش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="بنگلادش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنگلادش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81" title="ꯕꯥꯡꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯥꯡꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladexe" title="Bangladexe – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bangladexe" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%88" title="Бангладэш – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бангладэш" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘင်္ဂလားဒေ့ရှ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘင်္ဂလားဒေ့ရှ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बङ्गलादेश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बङ्गलादेश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बंगलादेश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बंगलादेश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="バングラデシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バングラデシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A8sh" title="Bangladèsh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bangladèsh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6" title="ବଙ୍ଗଳାଦେଶ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବଙ୍ଗଳାଦେଶ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baangilaadish" title="Baangilaadish – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baangilaadish" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बंगलादेश – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बंगलादेश" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="بنگلا دیش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنگلا دیش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဗန်းကလားဒေတ်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗန်းကလားဒေတ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A8sh" title="Bangladèsh – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bangladèsh" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%B4" title="بنګله دېش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بنګله دېش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banggladesh" title="Banggladesh – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Banggladesh" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9F" title="បង់ក្លាដែស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បង់ក្លាដែស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladek" title="Bangladek – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bangladek" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesz" title="Bangladesz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bangladesz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9F" title="Bangladeş – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bangladeş" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panlaris" title="Panlaris – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Panlaris" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Банґладеш – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Банґладеш" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Баҥладеш – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Баҥладеш" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagalatesi" title="Pagalatesi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Pagalatesi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="बाङ्गलादेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बाङ्गलादेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="بنگلہ دیش – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بنگلہ دیش" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi" title="Bangladeshi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bangladeshi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesci" title="Bangladesci – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bangladesci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="බංග්ලාදේශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බංග්ලාදේශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="بنگلاديش – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بنگلاديش" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhangladeshi" title="IBhangladeshi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhangladeshi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A9%C5%A1" title="Bangladéš – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bangladéš" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesz" title="Bangladesz – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bangladesz" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangaladhesh" title="Bangaladhesh – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bangaladhesh" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B4" title="بەنگلادێش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەنگلادێش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A9s" title="Bangladés – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bangladés" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வங்காளதேசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்காளதேசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladec" title="Bangladec – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bangladec" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%9C%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B5%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းပင်းၵလႃးတဵတ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပင်းၵလႃးတဵတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D" title="బంగ్లాదేశ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బంగ్లాదేశ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladexe" title="Bangladexe – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Bangladexe" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="ประเทศบังกลาเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศบังกลาเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%BD" title="ባንግላደሽ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ባንግላደሽ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Банглодеш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Банглодеш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengil%C4%81tesi" title="Pengilātesi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pengilātesi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%95%E1%8F%8D" title="ᏆᏂᎦᎵᏕᏍ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᏂᎦᎵᏕᏍ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6" title="ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9F" title="Bangladeş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bangladeş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9F" title="Bangladeş – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bangladeş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="بنگلہ دیش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنگلہ دیش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%B4" title="بانگلادېش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بانگلادېش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladej%C3%A4n" title="Bangladejän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bangladejän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%8B" title="孟加拉國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="孟加拉國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglaades" title="Banglaades – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Banglaades" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="孟加拉国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A9" title="באנגלאדעש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באנגלאדעש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%E1%BA%B9%CC%81sh%C3%AC" title="Bangladẹ́shì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bangladẹ́shì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%8B" title="孟加拉國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孟加拉國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benglade%C5%9F" title="Bengladeş – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bengladeş" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1os" title="Bangladešos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bangladešos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孟加拉国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggalad%C3%A9sa" title="Benggaladésa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Benggaladésa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%9B%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%8B%EA%A0%9F%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%96%EA%A0%A6%EA%A0%A1" title="ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangl%C9%99de%C5%A1" title="Banglədeš – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Banglədeš" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9B" title="ⴱⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⴷⵉⵛ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⴷⵉⵛ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q902#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in South Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bangladesh (disambiguation)">Bangladesh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">People's Republic of Bangladesh</div><div class="ib-country-names">গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Gôṇôprôjātôntrī Bāṅlādēś</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bangladesh"><img alt="Flag of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/125px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/188px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/250px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bangladesh"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg/85px-National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg/128px-National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg/170px-National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Bangladesh"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: আমার সোনার বাংলা (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>) <a href="/wiki/Amar_Sonar_Bangla" title="Amar Sonar Bangla">Amar Sonar Bangla</a> "My Golden Bengal" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="135" data-mwtitle="Amar_Sonar_Bangla_instrumental_by_US_Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Amar_Sonar_Bangla_instrumental_by_US_Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Amar_Sonar_Bangla_instrumental_by_US_Navy_Band.oga/Amar_Sonar_Bangla_instrumental_by_US_Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAmar_Sonar_Bangla_instrumental_by_US_Navy_Band.oga&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAmar_Sonar_Bangla_instrumental_by_US_Navy_Band.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Martial Anthem: নতুনের গান (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language">Bengali</a>) <a href="/wiki/Notuner_Gaan" title="Notuner Gaan">Notuner Gaan</a> "The Song of Youth" <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="144" data-mwtitle="Notuner_Gaan_(Chol_Chol_Chol,_Instrumental_"Metal").oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Notuner_Gaan_%28Chol_Chol_Chol%2C_Instrumental_%22Metal%22%29.oga/Notuner_Gaan_%28Chol_Chol_Chol%2C_Instrumental_%22Metal%22%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Notuner_Gaan_%28Chol_Chol_Chol%2C_Instrumental_%22Metal%22%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh" title="Government Seal of Bangladesh">Government Seal</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the Government of Bangladesh"><img alt="Seal of the Government of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg/120px-Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg/250px-Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bangladesh_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Bangladesh_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bangladesh_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Bangladesh_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bangladesh_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Bangladesh_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_rel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bangladesh_rel_location_map.svg/250px-Bangladesh_rel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bangladesh_rel_location_map.svg/375px-Bangladesh_rel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bangladesh_rel_location_map.svg/500px-Bangladesh_rel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1535" /></a>Show map of Bangladesh</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bangladesh&params=23_45_50_N_90_23_20_E_type:city_region:BD">23°45′50″N 90°23′20″E / 23.76389°N 90.38889°E / 23.76389; 90.38889</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />and national language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a><a href="#cite_note-bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cnote_A">[A]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022 census)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">99% <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;"><div>1% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in Bangladesh">others</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chakma_people" title="Chakma people">Chakmas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garos</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Khumi_people" title="Khumi people">Khumis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Manipuris</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marmas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mizo_people" title="Mizo people">Mizos</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Arakanese</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mru_people_(Mrucha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mru people (Mrucha)">Mrus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Santal_people" title="Santal people">Santals</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_people" title="Tanchangya people">Tanchangyas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tripuri_people" title="Tripuri people">Tripuris</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_people" title="Bishnupriya people">Bishnupriyas</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022 census)<a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">91.04% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">Official</a>)</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">7.94% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Hinduism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.60% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Buddhism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.30% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.12% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Yunus_ministry" title="Yunus ministry">interim government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shahabuddin" title="Mohammed Shahabuddin">Mohammed Shahabuddin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Adviser_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Adviser of Bangladesh">Chief Adviser</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh" title="Chief Justice of Bangladesh">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Refaat_Ahmed" title="Syed Refaat Ahmed">Syed Refaat Ahmed</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Jatiya Sangsad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 October 1955</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of independence from Pakistan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 March 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Victory</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1972</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">148,460<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> km2 (57,320 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">92nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.4</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Land area</div></th><td class="infobox-data">130,170 km2<a href="#cite_note-cia-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water area</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18,290 km2<a href="#cite_note-cia-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2025 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">174,655,977 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">169,828,911<a href="#cite_note-populationcensus2022-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,165/km2 (3,017.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">13th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2025 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.801 trillion<a href="#cite_note-imf-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">24th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $10,367<a href="#cite_note-imf-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">124th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2025 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $481.86 billion<a href="#cite_note-imf-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">34th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2,773<a href="#cite_note-imf-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">139th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/20px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/40px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 33.4<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.670<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">129th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Taka</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A7%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="৳">৳</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BDT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+6 (<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Standard_Time" title="Bangladesh Standard Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bangladesh" title="Telephone numbers in Bangladesh">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bangladesh" title="Telephone numbers in Bangladesh">+880</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BD" title="ISO 3166-2:BD">BD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bd" title=".bd">.bd</a> <a href="/wiki/.bangla" title=".bangla">.বাংলা</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><a href="#ref_A">^</a> A: <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">English</a> is also widely used in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="Bengali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg/40px-Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg/60px-Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg/80px-Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bangla_script_display_help" title="Wikipedia:Bangla script display help">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> Bangladesh,<a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a> officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh,<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">eighth-most populous country</a> in the world and among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">most densely populated</a> with a population exceeding 170 million within an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi). Bangladesh shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to the north, west, and east, and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> to the southeast. To the south, it has a coastline along the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. To the north, it is separated from <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> by the mountainous Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bangladesh" title="List of cities and towns in Bangladesh">largest city</a>, is the nation's political, financial, and cultural centre. <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> is the second-largest city and the busiest port of the country. The official language is <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Islam</a> is the official and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">largest religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim">Bengali Muslims</a> form the largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a> in the country. Bangladesh is part of the historic and <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnolinguistic">ethnolinguistic</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, which was divided during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> in 1947 as the <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">eastern exclave</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>. Ancient Bengal was known as <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a> and was a stronghold of pre-Islamic kingdoms. The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquest</a> after 1204 led to the sultanate and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> periods, during which an independent <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> and wealthy <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a> transformed the region into an important centre of regional affairs, trade, and diplomacy. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757 marked the beginning of British rule for next 200 years. The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">creation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> in 1905 set a precedent for the emergence of Bangladesh. The <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a>, which was founded in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> in 1906,<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> fought for a separate Bengali Muslim homeland in the Eastern Bengal, which was proposed in the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> in 1940 by <a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a>. The present-day territorial boundary was established with the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. In 1947, <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> became the most populous province in the Dominion of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and was renamed <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, with Dhaka as the legislative capital. The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a> in 1952, the <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">1958 Pakistani coup d'état</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">1970 Pakistani general election</a> spurred <a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-democracy">pro-democracy</a> movements. The refusal of the Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> to transfer power to the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, triggered the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> in 1971. The <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a> waged a successful <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">armed revolution</a>; the conflict saw the <a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">Bangladeshi genocide</a>. The country came into existence on 16 December 1971 after the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">surrender of Pakistan</a>, ending the 9-month long <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Liberation War</a>. After the war, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujib</a> became the leader of the country. <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Mujib's assassination</a> in 1975 led to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a>, who himself was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ziaur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Ziaur Rahman">assassinated</a> in 1981. The 1980s was dominated by the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Muhammad_Ershad" title="Hussain Muhammad Ershad">Hussain Muhammad Ershad</a>, who was overthrown in a <a href="/wiki/1990_Bangladesh_mass_uprising" title="1990 Bangladesh mass uprising">mass uprising</a> in 1990. After 1990, the "Battle of the <a href="/wiki/Begum" title="Begum">Begums</a>" between <a href="/wiki/Khaleda_Zia" title="Khaleda Zia">Khaleda Zia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a> defined Bangladesh's politics and history for next three decades. Following the overthrow of Hasina in a <a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Student–People's uprising">student–led mass uprising</a> in August 2024, an <a href="/wiki/Yunus_ministry" title="Yunus ministry">interim government</a> led by Nobel Peace laureate <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a> took power. Bangladesh is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">second-largest economy</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. Bangladesh is home to the <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">third-largest Muslim-majority population</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">fifth-most spoken native language</a>. It maintains the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">third-largest military</a> in South Asia and is the largest contributor to <a href="/wiki/UN_peacekeeping" class="mw-redirect" title="UN peacekeeping">UN peacekeeping</a> operations. It consists of <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">eight divisions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bangladesh" title="Districts of Bangladesh">64 districts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upazila" title="Upazila">495 sub districts</a>, and includes the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">largest mangrove forest</a> in the world. However, Bangladesh has one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_refugees_in_Bangladesh" title="Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh">refugee populations</a> in the world and continues to face challenges such as <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Political instability">political instability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>. It has twice chaired the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Vulnerable_Forum" title="Climate Vulnerable Forum">Climate Vulnerable Forum</a> and hosts the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a>. Bangladesh is also a founding member of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">OIC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Names of Bengal</a></div> The etymology of Bangladesh ("Bengali country") can be traced to the early 20th century, when Bengali patriotic songs, such as Aaji Bangladesher Hridoy by <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> and Namo Namo Namo Bangladesh Momo by <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a>, used the term in 1905 and 1932 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> Starting in the 1950s, Bengali nationalists used the term in political rallies in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. The term Bangla is a major name for both the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> region and the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a>. The origins of the term Bangla are unclear, with theories pointing to a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">proto-Dravidian</a> tribe,<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> and the Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> The earliest known usage of the term is the <a href="/wiki/Nesari" title="Nesari">Nesari plate</a> in 805 AD. The term Vangala Desa is found in 11th-century South Indian records.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sen-1999-21">[19]</a> The term gained official status during the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Bengal">Sultanate of Bengal</a> in the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2004-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a> proclaimed himself as the first "<a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> of Bangala" in 1342.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2004-22">[20]</a> The word Bangāl became the most common name for the region during the Islamic period.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> 16th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a> mentions in his <a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a> that the addition of the suffix "al" came from the fact that the ancient rajahs of the land raised mounds of earth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al".<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> This is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Husain_Salim" title="Ghulam Husain Salim">Ghulam Husain Salim</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Riyaz-us-Salatin" title="Riyaz-us-Salatin">Riyaz-us-Salatin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-riaj-26">[24]</a> The Indo-Aryan suffix <a href="/wiki/-desh" class="mw-redirect" title="-desh">Desh</a> is derived from the Sanskrit word deśha, which means "land" or "country". Hence, the name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal".<a href="#cite_note-Sen-1999-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History of Bangladesh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> The first great indigenous empire to cover the territory was the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> (ca. 320-180 B.C.). Following its decline, the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a> arose, which was a tributary state of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> (A.D. ca. 319-ca. 540). <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> (A.D. 606–47) drew Samatata into its loosely administered political structure. Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pala_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala Dynasty">Pala Dynasty</a> ruled the region from A.D. 750 to 1150. It was overthrown by the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a>, which ruled the territory until the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" title="Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji">Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a> in 1204.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamization_and_economic_prosperity">Islamization and economic prosperity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murshid_Quli_Jafar_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Murshid_Quli_Jafar_Khan.jpg/130px-Murshid_Quli_Jafar_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Murshid_Quli_Jafar_Khan.jpg/195px-Murshid_Quli_Jafar_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Murshid_Quli_Jafar_Khan.jpg/260px-Murshid_Quli_Jafar_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Murshid_Quli_Khan" title="Murshid Quli Khan">Murshid Quli Khan</a>, the first independent <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a></figcaption></figure> Bengal was then incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> (A.D. 1206–1526).<a href="#cite_note-islamization-28">[26]</a> In 1341, the independent <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah" title="Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah">Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-islamization-28">[26]</a> Amidst geographic expansion and economic prosperity, it was regarded by European and Chinese visitors as the "richest country to trade with".<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a>: 10  The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> conquered Bengal in 1576.<a href="#cite_note-islamization-28">[26]</a> By the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> emerged as the wealthiest province of the empire, and was described as the "Paradise of Countries" and the "breadbasket of India".<a href="#cite_note-islamization-28">[26]</a> Its citizens enjoyed some of the best <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standards of living</a> in the world, as the region was a major global exporter and producer of cotton textiles (<a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">muslin</a> in particular), silk and <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Bangladesh" title="Shipbuilding in Bangladesh">shipbuilding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ray-30">[28]</a>: 174  Following the decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 1700s, the region became a semi-independent state under the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Murshid_Quli_Khan" title="Murshid Quli Khan">Murshid Quli Khan</a> in 1717. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colonial_rule">British colonial rule</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></div> In 1757, the state led by <a href="/wiki/Siraj-ud-Daulah" title="Siraj-ud-Daulah">Siraj-ud-Daulah</a> was defeated by the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>—which was key in establishing colonial <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a> over Bengal and the wider Indian subcontinent. Bengal played a crucial role in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> at the expense of an extraordinary <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> following British colonial loot and the collapse of the Bengali textile industry.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-ray-30">[28]</a>: 7–10  The catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a> caused over ten million deaths,<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> killing one-third of the total population of the Bengal Presidency,<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a>: 47  and remains one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_famines" title="List of famines">deadliest man-made famines</a> in history. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_part_of_Pakistan">As a part of Pakistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></div> In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">direct British rule</a> for three centuries, the borders of modern Bangladesh were established with the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">partition of Bengal</a> between India and Pakistan by the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> on 15 August 1947, when the region became <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> as the eastern and most populous wing of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>—alongside <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> The western and eastern wings of the newly formed Pakistan were geographically separated by a distance of over 1,000 miles, which became the root cause of deep <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Khawaja Nazimuddin was East Bengal's first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_East_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of East Bengal">chief minister</a> with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chalmers_Bourne" title="Frederick Chalmers Bourne">Frederick Chalmers Bourne</a> its governor. The <a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Awami_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All Pakistan Awami Muslim League">All Pakistan Awami Muslim League</a> was formed in 1949. In 1950, the <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengal Legislative Assembly">East Bengal Legislative Assembly</a> enacted <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>, abolishing the Permanent Settlement and the zamindari system.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> The Awami Muslim League was renamed as a more "secular" <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-LewisSagar1992-38">[36]</a> The first constituent assembly was dissolved in 1954. The <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(East_Pakistan)" title="United Front (East Pakistan)">United Front</a> coalition swept aside the Muslim League in a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/1954_East_Bengali_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 East Bengali legislative election">1954 East Bengali legislative election</a>. The following year, East Bengal was renamed <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/One_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="One Unit">One Unit</a> programme, and the province became a vital part of the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">Southeast Asia Treaty Organization</a>. Amidst rising cultural and societal differences—the brutal government crackdown on the 1952 <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a> to establish <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> as the official language of Pakistan spurred <a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-democracy">pro-democracy</a> movements. Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> imposed <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in 1958, following a <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">Ayub Khan</a> establishing a dictatorship for over a decade. A new constitution was introduced in 1962, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> with a presidential and gubernatorial system (based on <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a> selection) known as "Basic Democracy".<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> In 1962, Dhaka became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly of Pakistan</a>, a move seen as appeasing increased Bengali nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> In 1966, Awami League leader <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> announced a <a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">six-point movement</a> for a federal parliamentary democracy. Ethnic, linguistic, and cultural discrimination was common in Pakistan's civil and military services, in which Bengalis were under-represented;<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> leading to East Pakistan forging a distinct political identity.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Authorities banned Bengali literature and music in the state media.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The Pakistani government practised extensive <a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">economic discrimination</a> against East Pakistan, including the refusal for foreign aid allocation.<a href="#cite_note-google.co.nz-45">[43]</a> Despite generating 70% of Pakistan's export revenue with jute and tea, East Pakistan received much less government spending. Notable economists from East Pakistan, including <a href="/wiki/Rehman_Sobhan" title="Rehman Sobhan">Rehman Sobhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nurul_Islam_(economist)" title="Nurul Islam (economist)">Nurul Islam</a> demanded a separate foreign exchange account for the eastern wing, also pointing to the existence of two different economies within Pakistan itself, dubbed the Two-Economies Theory.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The populist leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested for treason in the <a href="/wiki/Agartala_Conspiracy_Case" title="Agartala Conspiracy Case">Agartala Conspiracy Case</a> and was released during the <a href="/wiki/1969_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 uprising in East Pakistan">1969 uprising in East Pakistan</a> which resulted in Ayub Khan's resignation. General <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> assumed power, reintroducing martial law. A <a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">cyclone</a> devastated the coast of East Pakistan in 1970, killing an estimated 500,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> and the central government was criticised for its poor response.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us1-49">[47]</a> After the December 1970 elections, the Bengali-nationalist Awami League won 167 of 169 East Pakistani seats in the National Assembly. The League claimed the right to form a government and develop a new constitution but was strongly opposed by the Pakistani military and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>). The <a href="/wiki/7_March_Speech_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="7 March Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">7 March Speech</a> of Mujib led to a <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">non-cooperation movement</a>. The autocratic Pakistani government then initiated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a> on 25 March 1971 in response.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Mujib signed the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Independence</a> on 26 March 1971, leading to the nine-month-long bloody <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">liberation war</a>, which led to <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">a genocide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> and the culmination of Bangladesh as an sovereign nation following <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani surrender</a> on 16 December 1971. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Bangladesh">Independent Bangladesh</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution of Bangladesh</a> was enacted on November 4, 1972.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Following independence, the Mujib-led government engaged in large-scale corruption and mismanagement, leading to nationwide lawlessness and economic devastation. Efforts to establish <a href="/wiki/BAKSAL" class="mw-redirect" title="BAKSAL">one party socialism</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974" title="Bangladesh famine of 1974">large famine in 1974</a> led to <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Mujib's assassination</a> in 1975, whose popularity had experienced a significant decline among the general populace.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-gov0-54">[52]</a>: 131  Presidency was then transferred to <a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a>, who re-established public order, industrialized agriculture, founded the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party" title="Bangladesh Nationalist Party">Bangladesh Nationalist Party</a> (BNP) and initiated the creation of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ziaur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Ziaur Rahman">Zia's assassination</a> in 1981, the ensuing decade was a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Muhammad_Ershad" title="Hussain Muhammad Ershad">Hussain Muhammad Ershad</a> which saw infrastructural development, <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a> reforms, privatization of nationalised industries and the declaration of Islam as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> After the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> in 1991, power alternated between <a href="/wiki/Khaleda_Zia" title="Khaleda Zia">Khaleda Zia</a> of the BNP and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a> of the Awami League, an era dubbed the "Battle of the <a href="/wiki/Begum" title="Begum">Begums</a>"—which defined Bangladesh's politics and history for next 34 years.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-gov0-54">[52]</a>: 130  The return of the Awami League to power following a <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide victory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Bangladeshi_general_election" title="2008 Bangladeshi general election">2008 general election</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a>'s leadership saw unprecedented economic progress alongside <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a>, increasing <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, endemic <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">corruption</a>, and widespread <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">human right abuses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Hasina won her second, third and fourth consecutive terms in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Bangladeshi_general_election" title="2014 Bangladeshi general election">2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladeshi_general_election" title="2018 Bangladeshi general election">2018</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladeshi_general_election" title="2024 Bangladeshi general election">2024 general elections</a>—all of which were sham and neither <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_election" title="Free and fair election">free or fair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Following a <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution_(Bangladesh)" title="July Revolution (Bangladesh)">student-led mass uprising</a> against the authoritarian government, Hasina was <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(2024)#Resignation_of_Sheikh_Hasina" title="Non-cooperation movement (2024)">forced to resign and flee</a> to India on 5 August 2024.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> An <a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_interim_government" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Bangladesh interim government">interim government</a> was formed on 8 August 2024, with Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Adviser_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Adviser of Bangladesh">Chief Adviser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Since the 1980s, driven by <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> policies and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a> measures, Bangladesh has achieved significant economic growth—emerging as one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">fastest-growing economies in the world</a>, driven by its large <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Textile industry in Bangladesh">textile industry</a>, which is the second-largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> It has emerged as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">second-largest economy in South Asia</a>, surpassing the nominal GDP per capita of neighboring India.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Bangladesh has achieved remarkable feats in reducing its <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bangladesh" title="Poverty in Bangladesh">poverty rate</a>, which has gone down from 80% in 1971,<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> to 44.2% in 1991,<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> all the way down to 18.7% in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> growth during the 21st century was surpassed only by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Green_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Green transition">green transition</a>, Bangladesh's industrial sector emerged as a leader in building <a href="/wiki/Green_factory" title="Green factory">green factories</a>, with the country having the largest number of certified green factories in the world.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> It has also given shelter to <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_refugees_in_Bangladesh" title="Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh">over a million Rohingya refugees</a> fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> since 2017, which has strained its resources and highlighted its humanitarian commitments.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Geography of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg/220px-Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg/330px-Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg/440px-Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption>Physical map of Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> Bangladesh is in South Asia on the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. It is surrounded almost entirely by neighbouring India, and shares a small border with <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> to its southeast, though it lies very close to <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, and China. The country is divided into three regions. Most of the country is dominated by the fertile <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a>, the largest river delta in the world.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The northwest and central parts of the country are formed by the <a href="/wiki/Madhupur_tract" title="Madhupur tract">Madhupur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barind_Tract" title="Barind Tract">Barind</a> plateaus. The northeast and southeast are home to <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> hill ranges. The Ganges delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name <a href="/wiki/Padma_River" title="Padma River">Padma</a> or Pôdda), <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jamuna_River_(Bangladesh)" title="Jamuna River (Bangladesh)">Jamuna</a> or Jomuna), and <a href="/wiki/Meghna_River" title="Meghna River">Meghna</a> rivers and their tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna, finally flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh is called the "Land of Rivers",<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> as it is home to over 57 <a href="/wiki/Trans-boundary_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-boundary river">trans-boundary rivers</a>, the most of any nation-state. Water issues are politically complicated since Bangladesh is downstream of India.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Bangladesh is predominantly rich fertile flat land. Most of it is less than 12 m (39 ft) above sea level, and it is estimated that about 10% of its land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by 1 m (3.3 ft).<a href="#cite_note-ali-80">[78]</a> 12% of the country is covered by hill systems. The country's <a href="/wiki/Haor" title="Haor">haor</a> wetlands are of significance to global environmental science. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Bangladesh" title="List of mountains of Bangladesh">highest point in Bangladesh</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Saka_Haphong" title="Saka Haphong">Saka Haphong</a>, located near the border with Myanmar, with an elevation of 1,064 m (3,491 ft).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-81">[79]</a> Previously, either <a href="/wiki/Keokradong" title="Keokradong">Keokradong</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tazing_Dong" title="Tazing Dong">Tazing Dong</a> were considered the highest. In Bangladesh <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 14% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,883,400 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 1,920,330 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 1,725,330 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 158,070 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 33% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh#Climate" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Geography of Bangladesh § Climate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh" title="Climate change in Bangladesh">Climate change in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India,_Bangladesh,_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India%2C_Bangladesh%2C_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg/197px-Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India%2C_Bangladesh%2C_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India%2C_Bangladesh%2C_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg/295px-Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India%2C_Bangladesh%2C_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India%2C_Bangladesh%2C_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg/393px-Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India%2C_Bangladesh%2C_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="7200" /></a><figcaption>A photo from space showing off the pollution over Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> Straddling the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>, Bangladesh's climate is tropical, with a mild winter from October to March and a hot, humid summer from March to June. The country has never recorded an air temperature below 0 °C (32 °F), with a record low of 1.1 °C (34.0 °F) in the northwest city of <a href="/wiki/Dinajpur" title="Dinajpur">Dinajpur</a> on 3 February 1905.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> A warm and humid <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Bangladesh" title="Floods in Bangladesh">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">tidal bores</a> occur almost every year,<a href="#cite_note-NatDis-85">[83]</a> combined with the effects of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soils_retrogression_and_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soils retrogression and degradation">soil degradation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_tropical_cyclones" title="List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones">cyclones</a> of 1970 and 1991 were particularly devastating, the <a href="/wiki/1991_Bangladesh_cyclone" title="1991 Bangladesh cyclone">latter</a> killing approximately 140,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In September 1998, Bangladesh saw the <a href="/wiki/1998_Bangladesh_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Bangladesh floods">most severe flooding</a> in modern history, after which two-thirds of the country went underwater, along with a death toll of 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-EWG-87">[85]</a> As a result of various international and national level initiatives in disaster risk reduction, the human toll and economic damage from floods and cyclones have come down over the years.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2007_South_Asian_floods" title="2007 South Asian floods">2007 South Asian floods</a> ravaged areas across the country, leaving five million people displaced, with a death toll around 500.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg/199px-Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg/299px-Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg/398px-Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Flooding after the <a href="/wiki/1991_Bangladesh_cyclone" title="1991 Bangladesh cyclone">1991 Bangladesh cyclone</a>, which killed around 140,000 people</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh" title="Climate change in Bangladesh">Climate change in Bangladesh</a></div> Bangladesh is recognised to be one of the countries most <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable to climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Over the course of a century, 508 cyclones have affected the Bay of Bengal region, 17 percent of which are believed to have made landfall in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazards">Natural hazards</a> that come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as the climate changes, each seriously affecting agriculture, water and food security, human health, and shelter.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> It is estimated that by 2050, a three-foot rise in sea levels will inundate some 20 percent of the land and displace more than 30 million people.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> To address the <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> threat in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 has been launched.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Bangladesh" title="Fauna of Bangladesh">Fauna of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg/250px-Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg/330px-Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg/500px-Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, the national animal, in the Sundarbans</figcaption></figure> Bangladesh is located in the <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan realm</a>, and lies within four terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Lower_Gangetic_Plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests">Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram%E2%80%93Manipur%E2%80%93Kachin_rain_forests" title="Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests">Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_freshwater_swamp_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests">Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarbans mangroves">Sundarbans mangroves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-97">[95]</a> Its ecology includes a long sea coastline, numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers in Bangladesh">rivers and tributaries</a>, lakes, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, evergreen forests, semi evergreen forests, hill forests, moist <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forest">deciduous forests</a>, freshwater swamp forests and flat land with tall grass. The Bangladesh Plain is famous for its fertile <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> soil which supports extensive cultivation. The country is dominated by lush vegetation, with villages often buried in groves of <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nut">betel nut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-global.britannica.com-98">[96]</a> The country has up to 6000 species of plant life, including 5000 flowering plants.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Water bodies and wetland systems provide a habitat for many aquatic plants. <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Water lilies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotuses</a> grow vividly during the monsoon season. The country has <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Bangladesh" title="List of protected areas of Bangladesh">50 wildlife sanctuaries</a>. Bangladesh is home to most of the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forest</a>, covering an area of 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) in the southwest littoral region. It is divided into three protected sanctuaries: the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary">South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary">East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary">West</a> zones. The forest is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The northeastern Sylhet region is home to haor wetlands, a unique ecosystem. It also includes <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">tropical and subtropical coniferous forests</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">freshwater swamp forest</a>, and mixed deciduous forests. The southeastern Chittagong region covers evergreen and semi-evergreen hilly jungles. Central Bangladesh includes the plainland Sal forest running along with the districts of Gazipur, <a href="/wiki/Tangail" title="Tangail">Tangail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Island" title="St. Martin's Island">St. Martin's Island</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> in the country. Bangladesh has an abundance of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife in Bangladesh">wildlife</a> in its forests, marshes, woodlands, and hills.<a href="#cite_note-global.britannica.com-98">[96]</a> The vast majority of animals dwell within a habitat of 150,000 square kilometres (58,000 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">clouded leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_panther" title="Black panther">black panther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">fishing cat</a> are among the chief predators in the Sundarbans.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Northern and eastern Bangladesh is home to the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoolock_gibbon" title="Hoolock gibbon">hoolock gibbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_pied_hornbill" title="Oriental pied hornbill">oriental pied hornbill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bearprojectbd.weebly.com-102">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a> deer are widely seen in southwestern woodlands. Other animals include the <a href="/wiki/Black_giant_squirrel" title="Black giant squirrel">black giant squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capped_langur" title="Capped langur">capped langur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">jungle cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_cobra" title="King cobra">king cobra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongooses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(genus)" title="Python (genus)">pythons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_water_monitor" title="Asian water monitor">water monitors</a>. Bangladesh has one of the largest populations of <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrawaddy dolphins">Irrawaddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_river_dolphin" title="South Asian river dolphin">Ganges dolphins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> The country has numerous species of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> (53), reptiles (139), <a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">marine reptiles</a> (19) and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a> (5). It also has <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Bangladesh" title="List of birds of Bangladesh">628 species of birds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Several animals became extinct in Bangladesh during the last century, including the one-horned and two-horned <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> and common <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peafowl</a>. The human population is concentrated in urban areas, limiting deforestation to a certain extent. Rapid urban growth has threatened natural habitats. The country has widespread environmental issues; pollution of the <a href="/wiki/Dhaleshwari_River" title="Dhaleshwari River">Dhaleshwari River</a> by the textile industry and shrimp cultivation in Chakaria Sundarbans have both been described by academics as <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Although many areas are protected under law, some Bangladeshi wildlife is threatened by this growth. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Environment_Conservation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act">Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act</a> was enacted in 1995. The government has designated several regions as <a href="/wiki/Ecologically_Critical_Area" title="Ecologically Critical Area">Ecologically Critical Areas</a>, including wetlands, forests, and rivers. The <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_tiger_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarbans tiger project">Sundarbans tiger project</a> and the Bangladesh Bear Project are among the key initiatives to strengthen conservation.<a href="#cite_note-bearprojectbd.weebly.com-102">[100]</a> It ratified the Rio <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> on 3 May 1994.<a href="#cite_note-cbd.int-107">[105]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, the country was set to revise its <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan" title="Biodiversity action plan">National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cbd.int-107">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government of Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Politics of Bangladesh</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Assembly_of_Bangladesh_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Assembly_of_Bangladesh_%2810%29.jpg/208px-National_Assembly_of_Bangladesh_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Assembly_of_Bangladesh_%2810%29.jpg/312px-National_Assembly_of_Bangladesh_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Assembly_of_Bangladesh_%2810%29.jpg/416px-National_Assembly_of_Bangladesh_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6957" data-file-height="4311" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad_Bhaban" title="Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban">National Parliament</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_Nagar" title="Sher-e-Bangla Nagar">Sher-e-Bangla Nagar</a>, a neighborhood named after the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:119px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangabhaban,_Dhaka_April_(33244270994).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bangabhaban%2C_Dhaka_April_%2833244270994%29.jpg/208px-Bangabhaban%2C_Dhaka_April_%2833244270994%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bangabhaban%2C_Dhaka_April_%2833244270994%29.jpg/312px-Bangabhaban%2C_Dhaka_April_%2833244270994%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bangabhaban%2C_Dhaka_April_%2833244270994%29.jpg/416px-Bangabhaban%2C_Dhaka_April_%2833244270994%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="976" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bangabhaban" title="Bangabhaban">Bangabhaban</a> (Translation: Bengal House) is the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_palace" title="Presidential palace">presidential palace</a> of Bangladesh. It was originally a house for the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bengal_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bengal Presidency">Governor of Bengal</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> Bangladesh, by <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">constitution</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a><a href="#cite_note-gov2-108">[106]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary system</a><a href="#cite_note-gov0-54">[52]</a> that has <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gov-109">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">government</a> can be divided into three pillars: the executive, the legislative and the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Bangladesh" title="Judiciary of Bangladesh">judiciary</a>—all function harmoniously to ensure accountability, transparency and checks and balances of the government.<a href="#cite_note-gov2-108">[106]</a> Since its independence, the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> (AL) and the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party" title="Bangladesh Nationalist Party">Bangladesh Nationalist Party</a> (BNP) have remained two of the most powerful <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bangladesh" title="List of political parties in Bangladesh">political parties in Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gov0-54">[52]</a> <ul><li>The first pillar of the government is the executive organ, which is entrusted with the total administration of the country.<a href="#cite_note-gov2-108">[106]</a> Executive powers are largely vested in the Prime Minister, who is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and oversees the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bangladesh" title="Cabinet of Bangladesh">cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gov2-108">[106]</a> The tenure of a parliamentary government is five years. Various <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> form the bulk of the executive organ, overseeing government departments and forming policies.<a href="#cite_note-gov2-108">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Civil_Service" title="Bangladesh Civil Service">Civil Service</a> assists the ministers in implementing the policies.<a href="#cite_note-gov2-108">[106]</a> All authorities unite to formulate policies, manage public services, and implement national development plans.<a href="#cite_note-gov2-108">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President</a> is the ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, whose powers include signing bills passed by parliament into law and maintaining the government's stability and continuity;<a href="#cite_note-gov2-108">[106]</a> as well as fulfilling their duties as the commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">chancellor</a> of all universities.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>The second pillar of the government is the legislative organ, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Jatiya Sangsad</a> (House of the Nation).<a href="#cite_note-parliament-112">[110]</a> Citizens across the country vote to elect the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">members of parliament</a> (MPs).<a href="#cite_note-gov2-108">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> parliament has 350 MPs, including 300 elected on the <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a> system and 50 appointed to reserved seats for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">women's empowerment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parliament-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Article_70_of_the_Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Article 70 of the Constitution of Bangladesh">Article 70 of the Constitution of Bangladesh</a> forbids MPs from voting against their party.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> The parliament is presided over by the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad">Speaker</a>, who is second in line to the president as per the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>The third pillar of the government is the judiciary organ, which is in charge of interpreting the law, resolving conflicts, and maintaining justice across the nation.<a href="#cite_note-gov2-108">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Supreme Court</a> is the highest court, separated into the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_Division,_Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Appellate Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Appellate Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_Division,_Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh">High Court Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-court-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-gov2-108">[106]</a> It is led by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh" title="Chief Justice of Bangladesh">Chief Justice</a> with the assistance of other justices.<a href="#cite_note-court-116">[114]</a> The judiciary has the power to assess a law's constitutionality and offer legal remedies. Protecting citizens' rights, making sure the law is applied fairly, and preserving the balance of power within the government are all made possible by the court.<a href="#cite_note-gov2-108">[106]</a> The courts have wide latitude in <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_Bangladesh" title="Judicial review in Bangladesh">judicial review</a>, and judicial <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a> is supported by Article 111 of the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The judiciary includes district and metropolitan courts divided into civil and criminal courts. Due to a shortage of judges, the judiciary has a large backlog.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Administrative geography of Bangladesh">Administrative geography of Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">Divisions of Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bangladesh" title="Districts of Bangladesh">Districts of Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Upazilas of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-top-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="A clickable map of Bangladesh exhibiting its divisions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg/300px-Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg/450px-Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg/600px-Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="2150" usemap="#ImageMap_7e2ae818281c9310" resource="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg" /><map name="ImageMap_7e2ae818281c9310"><area href="/wiki/Rangpur_Division" shape="poly" coords="107,110,97,112,82,107,77,101,66,95,56,89,52,76,46,81,36,81,30,70,19,59,12,60,8,50,13,45,16,34,31,21,33,14,23,14,25,4,33,11,56,31,68,30,58,19,61,15,69,19,75,33,90,44,104,46,105,41,103,36,109,33,115,42,119,58,119,80,113,90,104,110" alt="Rangpur Division" title="Rangpur Division" /><area href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" shape="poly" coords="111,193,98,196,85,188,74,184,48,171,45,159,37,162,14,151,5,135,12,126,11,119,14,117,19,122,29,114,32,101,42,101,53,101,66,97,83,108,88,111,105,110,109,125,115,133,113,145,113,159,117,176,109,183,109,193" alt="Rajshahi Division" title="Rajshahi Division" /><area href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" shape="poly" coords="78,344,71,320,65,299,62,272,59,248,65,238,45,230,52,222,41,206,42,191,49,189,45,171,62,175,76,188,85,199,100,216,110,245,122,269,123,289,120,327,80,344" alt="Khulna Division" title="Khulna Division" /><area href="/wiki/Mymensingh_Division" shape="poly" coords="117,86,112,92,116,98,108,110,112,128,115,145,122,141,121,133,124,131,126,133,135,131,137,134,143,150,147,164,159,159,171,164,171,158,165,150,174,147,194,142,208,139,206,131,194,120,192,105,177,104,163,104,144,100,128,94,124,94,116,90,113,92" alt="Mymensingh Division" title="Mymensingh Division" /><area href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" shape="poly" coords="135,127,122,136,113,146,111,154,116,167,116,178,109,183,111,194,99,196,90,191,85,199,92,203,105,230,120,259,142,246,146,250,154,250,163,244,164,226,165,211,171,204,177,193,186,189,194,176,193,170,201,164,208,160,207,139,183,146,167,149,172,153,172,160,164,164,160,159,153,164,143,160,144,150,136,141,135,126,116,143" alt="Dhaka Division" title="Dhaka Division" /><area href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" shape="poly" coords="153,251,174,260,188,287,190,309,177,326,144,333,126,331,121,304,124,279,124,260,140,247,169,253" alt="Barisal Division" title="Barisal Division" /><area href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" shape="poly" coords="192,100,217,104,244,101,263,101,283,112,289,122,274,125,266,148,256,158,251,169,250,171,240,166,240,172,233,169,233,174,218,175,217,184,212,183,213,165,206,164,209,160,209,145,209,135,206,124,197,119,194,103,210,99" alt="Sylhet Division" title="Sylhet Division" /><area href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" shape="poly" coords="212,167,214,184,205,194,203,210,210,230,216,247,219,246,218,235,223,235,228,253,238,253,243,244,242,231,251,223,255,218,253,203,260,208,268,203,274,208,280,235,281,254,285,265,296,309,294,310,296,329,294,344,299,369,294,372,289,365,286,364,278,357,274,365,270,369,270,379,278,403,277,405,262,379,256,360,251,354,248,355,247,337,247,326,247,316,239,292,228,293,222,300,204,308,179,311,185,287,175,262,164,247,163,226,171,216,171,203,179,194,188,189,194,180,194,171,212,168" alt="Chittagong Division" title="Chittagong Division" /></map><figcaption>A clickable map of Bangladesh exhibiting its divisions.</figcaption></figure> Bangladesh is divided into eight administrative divisions,<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> each named after their respective divisional headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" title="Barisal Division">Barisal</a> (officially Barishal<a href="#cite_note-namechange-121">[119]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong</a> (officially Chattogram<a href="#cite_note-namechange-121">[119]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" title="Khulna Division">Khulna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh_Division" title="Mymensingh Division">Mymensingh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" title="Rajshahi Division">Rajshahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangpur_Division" title="Rangpur Division">Rangpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet</a>. Divisions are subdivided into districts (zila). There are 64 districts in Bangladesh, each further subdivided into upazila (subdistricts) or thana. The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas, is divided into several <a href="/wiki/Union_Councils_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Councils of Bangladesh">unions</a>, with each union consisting of multiple villages. In the metropolitan areas, police stations are divided into wards, further divided into mahallas. There are no elected officials at the divisional or district levels, and the administration is composed only of government officials. Direct elections are held in each union (or ward) for a chairperson and several members. In 1997, a parliamentary act was passed to reserve three seats (out of 12) in every union for female candidates.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Administrative Divisions of Bangladesh </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">Division</a> </th> <th scope="col">Capital </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="date">Established </th> <th scope="col">Area (km2) <a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> </th> <th scope="col">2021 Population (projected)<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Density 2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" title="Barisal Division">Barisal Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a> </td> <td>1 January 1993 </td> <td>13,225 </td> <td>9,713,000 </td> <td>734 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> </td> <td>1 January 1829 </td> <td>33,909 </td> <td>34,747,000 </td> <td>1,025 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> </td> <td>1 January 1829 </td> <td>20,594 </td> <td>42,607,000 </td> <td>2,069 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" title="Khulna Division">Khulna Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a> </td> <td>1 October 1960 </td> <td>22,284 </td> <td>18,217,000 </td> <td>817 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mymensingh_Division" title="Mymensingh Division">Mymensingh Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a> </td> <td>14 September 2015 </td> <td>10,584 </td> <td>13,457,000 </td> <td>1,271 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" title="Rajshahi Division">Rajshahi Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a> </td> <td>1 January 1829 </td> <td>18,153 </td> <td>21,607,000 </td> <td>1,190 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rangpur_Division" title="Rangpur Division">Rangpur Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh" title="Rangpur, Bangladesh">Rangpur</a> </td> <td>25 January 2010 </td> <td>16,185 </td> <td>18,868,000 </td> <td>1,166 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a> </td> <td>1 August 1995 </td> <td>12,635 </td> <td>12,463,000 </td> <td>986 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bangladesh" title="Foreign relations of Bangladesh">Foreign relations of Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomatic_relations_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Diplomatic_relations_of_Bangladesh.svg/208px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Diplomatic_relations_of_Bangladesh.svg/312px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Diplomatic_relations_of_Bangladesh.svg/416px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Countries that share diplomatic relations with Bangladesh</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_meets_with_Muhammad_Yunus_(54021235154).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/President_Joe_Biden_meets_with_Muhammad_Yunus_%2854021235154%29.jpg/208px-President_Joe_Biden_meets_with_Muhammad_Yunus_%2854021235154%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/President_Joe_Biden_meets_with_Muhammad_Yunus_%2854021235154%29.jpg/312px-President_Joe_Biden_meets_with_Muhammad_Yunus_%2854021235154%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/President_Joe_Biden_meets_with_Muhammad_Yunus_%2854021235154%29.jpg/416px-President_Joe_Biden_meets_with_Muhammad_Yunus_%2854021235154%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> with Chief Adviser <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters of the United Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div></div></div></div></div> Bangladesh is considered a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in <a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">global politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> It plays an important role in the geopolitical affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> due to its strategic location between South and Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Bangladesh joined the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> in 1972 and the United Nations in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> It relies on multilateral diplomacy on issues like climate change, nuclear non-proliferation, trade policy and non-traditional security issues.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Bangladesh pioneered the creation of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a>, which has been the preeminent forum for regional diplomacy among the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> It joined the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">OIC</a> in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> and is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation">Developing-8</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> In recent years, Bangladesh has focused on promoting regional trade and transport links with support from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Dhaka hosts the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/BIMSTEC" title="BIMSTEC">BIMSTEC</a>, an organisation that brings together <a href="/wiki/Countries_dependent_on_the_Bay_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal">countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="Bangladesh–Myanmar relations">Relations</a> with neighbouring Myanmar have been severely strained since 2016–2017, after over 700,000 <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_refugees_in_Bangladesh" title="Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh">Rohingya refugees</a> illegally entered Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-RohingyaHRW-135">[133]</a> The parliament, government, and civil society of Bangladesh have been at the forefront of <a href="/wiki/International_reaction_to_the_2016%E2%80%9317_Rohingya_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="International reaction to the 2016–17 Rohingya exodus">international criticism</a> against Myanmar for military operations against the Rohingya, and have demanded their <a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">right of return</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Bangladesh shares an important <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bangladesh–India relations">bilateral and economic relationship</a> with its largest neighbour India,<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> which is often strained by <a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Water politics in India">water politics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_water_dispute" title="Ganges water dispute">Ganges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Teesta_River#Water_sharing_challenge" title="Teesta River">Teesta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deaths_along_the_Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_border" title="Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border">border killings of Bangladeshi civilians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Post-independent Bangladesh has continued to have a problematic relationship with Pakistan, mainly due to its denial of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> It maintains a <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh-China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh-China relations">warm relationship</a> with China, which is its largest trading partner, and the largest arms supplier.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Japan is Bangladesh's largest economic aid provider, and the two maintain a <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Bangladesh–Japan relations">strategic and economic partnership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Political relations with Middle Eastern countries are robust.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Bangladesh receives 59% of its remittances from the Middle East,<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> despite poor working conditions affecting over four million <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_the_Middle_East" title="Bangladeshis in the Middle East">Bangladeshi workers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Bangladesh plays a major role in <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global climate</a> diplomacy as a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Vulnerable_Forum" title="Climate Vulnerable Forum">Climate Vulnerable Forum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Bangladesh Armed Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladeshi_soldiers_on_a_BTR-80_APC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bangladeshi_soldiers_on_a_BTR-80_APC.jpg/208px-Bangladeshi_soldiers_on_a_BTR-80_APC.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bangladeshi_soldiers_on_a_BTR-80_APC.jpg/312px-Bangladeshi_soldiers_on_a_BTR-80_APC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bangladeshi_soldiers_on_a_BTR-80_APC.jpg/416px-Bangladeshi_soldiers_on_a_BTR-80_APC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="574" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bangladesh Army personnel on a <a href="/wiki/BTR-80" title="BTR-80">BTR-80</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:147px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BNS_Bongobondhu2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BNS_Bongobondhu2.jpg/250px-BNS_Bongobondhu2.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BNS_Bongobondhu2.jpg/330px-BNS_Bongobondhu2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BNS_Bongobondhu2.jpg/500px-BNS_Bongobondhu2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="454" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bangladesh Navy <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a>, <a href="/wiki/BNS_Bangabandhu" class="mw-redirect" title="BNS Bangabandhu">BNS Bangabandhu</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikoyan_MiG-29-Chengdu_F-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mikoyan_MiG-29-Chengdu_F-7.jpg/208px-Mikoyan_MiG-29-Chengdu_F-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mikoyan_MiG-29-Chengdu_F-7.jpg/312px-Mikoyan_MiG-29-Chengdu_F-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mikoyan_MiG-29-Chengdu_F-7.jpg/416px-Mikoyan_MiG-29-Chengdu_F-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mig-29 and F-7, Fighter aircraft’s of Bangladesh Air Force.</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Bangladesh Armed Forces</a> have inherited the institutional framework of the <a href="/wiki/British_military" class="mw-redirect" title="British military">British military</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> In 2022, the active personnel strength of the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Bangladesh Army</a> was around 250,000,<a href="#cite_note-IISS-152">[150]</a> excluding the Air Force and the Navy (24,000).<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> In addition to traditional defence roles, the military has supported civil authorities in disaster relief and provided internal security during periods of political unrest. For many years, Bangladesh has been the world's largest contributor to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN peacekeeping forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_Bangladesh" title="Military budget of Bangladesh">military budget of Bangladesh</a> accounts for 1.3% of GDP, amounting to US$4.3 billion in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Bangladesh Navy</a>, one of the largest in the Bay of Bengal, includes a <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_ships_of_the_Bangladesh_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active ships of the Bangladesh Navy">fleet</a> of frigates, submarines, corvettes, and other vessels. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Bangladesh Air Force</a> has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Bangladesh_military_aircraft" title="List of active Bangladesh military aircraft">small fleet</a> of multi-role combat aircraft. Most of Bangladesh's military equipment comes from China.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> In recent years, Bangladesh and India have increased joint military exercises, high-level visits of military leaders, <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> cooperation and intelligence sharing. Bangladesh is vital to ensuring stability and security in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeast India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Bangladesh's strategic importance in the eastern subcontinent hinges on its proximity to China, its frontier with Burma, the separation of mainland and northeast India, and its maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> In 2002, Bangladesh and China signed a Defence Cooperation Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> The United States has pursued negotiations with Bangladesh on a <a href="/wiki/Status_of_forces_agreement" title="Status of forces agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_and_Cross-Servicing_Agreement" title="Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement">Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement</a> and a General Security of Military Information Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> In 2019, Bangladesh ratified the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_society">Civil society</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_non-governmental_organisations_in_Bangladesh" title="List of non-governmental organisations in Bangladesh">List of non-governmental organisations in Bangladesh</a></div> Since the colonial period, Bangladesh has had a prominent <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>. There are various special interest groups, including <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisations">non-governmental organisations</a>, human rights organisations, professional associations, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">chambers of commerce</a>, employers' associations, and trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_of_Bangladesh" title="National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh">National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh</a> was set up in 2007. Notable human rights organisations and initiatives include the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Law_and_Mediation_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Law and Mediation (Bangladesh)">Centre for Law and Mediation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odhikar" title="Odhikar">Odhikar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Bangladesh_Worker_Safety" title="Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety">Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Environmental_Lawyers_Association" title="Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association">Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Hindu_Buddhist_Christian_Unity_Council" title="Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council">Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_Crimes_Fact_Finding_Committee" title="War Crimes Fact Finding Committee">War Crimes Fact Finding Committee</a>. The world's largest international NGO <a href="/wiki/BRAC_(organisation)" title="BRAC (organisation)">BRAC</a> is based in Bangladesh. There have been concerns regarding the shrinking space for independent civil society in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Human rights in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R.A.B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Armed men in black uniforms on a street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/R.A.B.jpg/170px-R.A.B.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/R.A.B.jpg/255px-R.A.B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/R.A.B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Battalion" title="Rapid Action Battalion">Rapid Action Battalion</a> (RAB) have been widely accused of <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">enforced disappearances</a> and human right abuses. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> sanctioned RAB in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a> is banned by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution of Bangladesh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> but is rampantly used by Bangladesh's security forces. Bangladesh joined the <a href="/wiki/Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention against Torture">Convention against Torture</a> in 1998 and it enacted its first anti-torture law, the <a href="/wiki/Torture_and_Custodial_Death_(Prevention)_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act">Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act</a>, in 2013. The first conviction under this law was announced in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Amnesty International <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">Prisoners of Conscience</a> from Bangladesh have included <a href="/wiki/Saber_Hossain_Chowdhury" title="Saber Hossain Chowdhury">Saber Hossain Chowdhury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahidul_Alam" title="Shahidul Alam">Shahidul Alam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> The widely criticized <a href="/wiki/Digital_Security_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Security Act">Digital Security Act</a> was repealed and replaced by the Cyber Security Act in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> The repeal was welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Press_Institute" title="International Press Institute">International Press Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> On <a href="/wiki/International_Human_Rights_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="International Human Rights Day">International Human Rights Day</a> in December 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> announced <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">sanctions</a> on commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Battalion" title="Rapid Action Battalion">Rapid Action Battalion</a> for extrajudicial killings, torture, and other human rights abuses.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has criticised the government for human rights abuses, the crackdown on the opposition, mass media, and civil society through politicized enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Bangladesh is ranked "partly free" in Freedom House's <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> report,<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> but its <a href="/wiki/Press_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Press freedom">press freedom</a> has deteriorated from "free" to "not free" in recent years due to increasing pressure from the government.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> According to the British <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>, the country has a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a>: the third of four rankings in its <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Bangladesh was ranked 96th among 163 countries in the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> According to National Human Rights Commission, 70% of alleged human-rights violations are committed by law-enforcement agencies.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bangladesh">LGBT rights</a> are frowned upon among social conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Homosexuality is affected by <a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Code_of_Bangladesh" title="Penal Code of Bangladesh">Penal Code of Bangladesh</a>, which was originally enacted by the British colonial government.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> The government only recognises the <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> community known as the <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> According to the 2023 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 1.2 million people were enslaved in Bangladesh as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, which is among the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Corruption in Bangladesh</a></div> Like many developing countries, <a href="/wiki/Institutional_corruption" title="Institutional corruption">institutional corruption</a> is an issue of concern for Bangladesh. Bangladesh was ranked 146th among 180 countries on <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s 2018 <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Land administration was the sector with the most bribery in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> followed by education,<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> police<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> and water supply.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti_Corruption_Commission_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti Corruption Commission Bangladesh">Anti Corruption Commission</a> was formed in 2004, and it was active during the <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis</a>, indicting many leading politicians, bureaucrats and businessmen for <a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">graft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Economy of Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Bangladesh" title="List of companies of Bangladesh">List of companies of Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhaka_April_(33244268934).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg/208px-Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg/312px-Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg/416px-Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1062" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Motijheel_Thana" title="Motijheel Thana">Motijheel</a> in the nation's capital Dhaka is the largest <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">commercial district</a> in the city</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_padma_bridge_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_padma_bridge_04.jpg/208px-The_padma_bridge_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_padma_bridge_04.jpg/312px-The_padma_bridge_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_padma_bridge_04.jpg/416px-The_padma_bridge_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5272" data-file-height="3948" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bridge" title="Padma Bridge">Padma Bridge</a>, opened in 2022, is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_road%E2%80%93rail_bridges" title="List of road–rail bridges">road-rail bridge</a> which spans the <a href="/wiki/Padma_River" title="Padma River">Padma River</a></div></div></div></div></div> Bangladesh's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita#Lower-middle-income_group" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">lower-middle income</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed-market economy</a> is among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">fastest growing economies</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> A rapidly <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a>, it has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">36th-largest economy</a> by nominal terms, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">24th-largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>. Bangladesh has a <a href="/wiki/Labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">labor force</a> of 71.4 million,<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> which is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_force" title="List of countries by labour force">seventh-largest</a>; with an unemployment rate of 5.1% as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign exchange reserves</a>, although depleting,<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> remain the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign_exchange_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by foreign exchange reserves">second-highest in South Asia</a>, after India. Bangladesh's <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">large diaspora</a> contributed roughly $27 billion in <a href="/wiki/Remittance_to_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittance to Bangladesh">remittances</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka</a> is the national currency. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, the large service sector accounts for about 51.5% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (34.6%), while the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">agriculture sector</a> is by far the smallest, making up only 11% of total GDP;<a href="#cite_note-cia-6">[6]</a> despite being the largest employment sector, providing roughly half of the total workforce.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Over 84% of the export earnings come from the <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Textile industry in Bangladesh">textile industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Bangladesh is the second-leading garments exporter in the world, and plays a crucial role in the global <a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">fast fashion</a> industry, exporting to various Western fashion brands.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> It is also a major producer of <a href="/wiki/Jute_industry_of_Bangladesh" title="Jute industry of Bangladesh">jute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Rice production in Bangladesh">rice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_fishes_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishes in Bangladesh">fish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">tea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> and flowers.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> Other major industries include <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Bangladesh" title="Shipbuilding in Bangladesh">shipbuilding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh">pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Electronics industry in Bangladesh">electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leather_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Leather industry in Bangladesh">leather goods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_Bangladesh" title="List of the largest trading partners of Bangladesh">largest trading partner</a> of Bangladesh, accounting for 15% of the total trade, followed by India; which accounts for 8% of the total trade.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> The private sector accounts for 80% of GDP compared to the dwindling role of state-owned companies.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> Bangladesh's economy is dominated by family-owned <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Bangladesh" title="List of companies of Bangladesh">conglomerates</a> and small and medium-sized businesses. Some of the largest publicly traded companies in Bangladesh include <a href="/wiki/BEXIMCO" title="BEXIMCO">BEXIMCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/BRAC_Bank" title="BRAC Bank">BRAC Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSRM" title="BSRM">BSRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPH_Ispat" title="GPH Ispat">GPH Ispat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grameenphone" title="Grameenphone">Grameenphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summit_Group" title="Summit Group">Summit Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Square_Pharmaceuticals" title="Square Pharmaceuticals">Square Pharmaceuticals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Stock_Exchange" title="Dhaka Stock Exchange">Dhaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Stock_Exchange" title="Chittagong Stock Exchange">Chittagong Stock Exchanges</a> are the country's twin <a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">capital markets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">telecommunications industry</a> is one of the world's fastest growing, with 188.78 million cellphone subscribers at the end of November 2024.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Political instability,<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> high inflation,<a href="#cite_note-sadiq-219">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">endemic corruption</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> insufficient power supplies,<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> and slow implementation of reforms are major challenges to economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-sadiq-219">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Bangladesh" title="Electricity sector in Bangladesh">Electricity sector in Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Energy policy of Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Power_Development_Board" title="Bangladesh Power Development Board">Bangladesh Power Development Board</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_and_petroleum_in_Bangladesh" title="Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh">Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruppur_Nuclear_Power_Plant_,_Ruppur,_Pabna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ruppur_Nuclear_Power_Plant_%2C_Ruppur%2C_Pabna.jpg/208px-Ruppur_Nuclear_Power_Plant_%2C_Ruppur%2C_Pabna.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ruppur_Nuclear_Power_Plant_%2C_Ruppur%2C_Pabna.jpg/312px-Ruppur_Nuclear_Power_Plant_%2C_Ruppur%2C_Pabna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ruppur_Nuclear_Power_Plant_%2C_Ruppur%2C_Pabna.jpg/416px-Ruppur_Nuclear_Power_Plant_%2C_Ruppur%2C_Pabna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5879" data-file-height="3919" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The under-construction <a href="/wiki/Rooppur_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant">Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant</a> at night</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Moving_Turbines!!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Moving_Turbines%21%21.jpg/250px-Moving_Turbines%21%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Moving_Turbines%21%21.jpg/330px-Moving_Turbines%21%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Moving_Turbines%21%21.jpg/500px-Moving_Turbines%21%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2989" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wind turbines on <a href="/wiki/Kutubdia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutubdia Island">Kutubdia Island</a></div></div></div></div></div> Bangladesh, a country experiencing daily blackouts several times a day in 2009, achieved 100% electrification by 2022.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> It is gradually transitioning to a <a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">green economy</a> and has the largest off-grid solar power programme in the world, benefiting 20 million people.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric car</a> called the Palki is being developed for production in the country.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a> is being used to produce organic fertilizer.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> The under-construction <a href="/wiki/Rooppur_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant">Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant</a>, under-construction with assistance from the Russian company <a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a>, will be the first operational <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a> in the country. Its first unit, out of the two total units, is expected to go into operation in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> Bangladesh continues to have huge untapped reserves of natural gas, particularly in its maritime territory.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> A lack of exploration and decreasing proven reserves have forced Bangladesh to import <a href="/wiki/LNG" class="mw-redirect" title="LNG">LNG</a> from abroad.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Gas shortages were further exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> Bangladesh stopped buying <a href="/wiki/Spot_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot price">spot price</a> LNG temporarily in July 2022, despite constant load-shedding, due to a steep price hike in the global market.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> It restarted buying spot price LNG once again in February 2023 as prices eased.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> While <a href="/wiki/List_of_government-owned_companies_of_Bangladesh" title="List of government-owned companies of Bangladesh">government-owned companies in Bangladesh</a> generate nearly half of Bangladesh's electricity, privately owned companies like the Summit Group and <a href="/wiki/Orion_Group_(Bangladesh)" title="Orion Group (Bangladesh)">Orion Group</a> are playing an increasingly important role in both generating electricity, and supplying machinery, reactors, and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Bangladesh increased electricity production from 5 gigawatts in 2009 to 25.5 gigawatts in 2022. It plans to produce 50 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatts">gigawatts</a> by 2041. U.S. companies like <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> supply around 55% of Bangladesh's domestic natural gas production and are among the largest investors in power projects. 80% of Bangladesh's installed gas-fired power generation capacity comes from turbines manufactured in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangladesh" title="Tourism in Bangladesh">Tourism in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg/220px-Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg/330px-Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg/440px-Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forest</a> in the world</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangladesh" title="Tourism in Bangladesh">tourism industry</a> is expanding, contributing some 3.02% of total GDP.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> Bangladesh's international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $391 million.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> The country has <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">three UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Historic_Mosque_City_of_Bagerhat" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat">the Mosque City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruins_of_the_Buddhist_Vihara_at_Paharpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur">the Buddhist Vihara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a>) and seven <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Nominating_process" title="World Heritage Site">tentative-list</a> sites.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Travel_and_Tourism_Council" title="World Travel and Tourism Council">World Travel and Tourism Council</a> (WTTC) reported in 2019 that the travel and tourism industry in Bangladesh directly generated 1,180,500 jobs in 2018 or 1.9% of the country's total employment.<a href="#cite_note-2019_report-241">[239]</a> According to the same report, Bangladesh experiences around 125,000 international tourist arrivals per year.<a href="#cite_note-2019_report-241">[239]</a> Domestic spending generated 97.7 percent of direct travel and tourism gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-2013_report-242">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Demographics of Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population (millions)</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">51,828,660</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,276,758</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.81%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">88,016,432</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.53%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">111,633,717</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.41%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">134,544,304</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.88%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">152,201,981</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.24%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">171,466,990</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.92%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: World Bank<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> According to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Census_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Census of Bangladesh">2022 Census</a>, Bangladesh has a population of 165.1 million,<a href="#cite_note-populationcensus2022-7">[7]</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">eighth-most-populous country</a> in the world, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_population" title="List of Asian countries by population">fifth-most populous country</a> in Asia, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">most densely populated large country</a> in the world, with a headline population density of 1,265 people/km2 as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR), once among the highest in the world, has experienced a dramatic decline, from 5.5 in 1985 to 3.7 in 1995, down to 1.9 in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> which is below the <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a> of 2.1.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> The majority of Bangladeshis live in rural areas, with 40% of the population living in urban areas as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> It has a <a href="/wiki/Median_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Median age">median age</a> of roughly 28 years, with 26% of the total population aged 14 or younger,<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> and merely 6% aged 65 and above as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> Bangladesh is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_ranked_by_ethnic_and_cultural_diversity_level" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level">ethnically and culturally homogeneous society</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengalis</a> form 99% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-cia-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a> population includes the <a href="/wiki/Chakma_people" title="Chakma people">Chakmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santhal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal people">Santhals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mru_people_(Mrucha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mru people (Mrucha)">Mros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_people" title="Tanchangya people">Tanchangyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bawm_people" title="Bawm people">Bawms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripuri_people" title="Tripuri people">Tripuris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khumi_people" title="Khumi people">Khumis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuki_people" title="Kuki people">Kukis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bisnupriya_Manipuri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisnupriya Manipuri people">Bisnupriya Manipuris</a>. The Chittagong Hill Tracts region experienced unrest and an <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">insurgency</a> from 1975 to 1997 in an autonomy movement by its indigenous people. Although a peace accord was signed in 1997, the region remains militarised.<a href="#cite_note-rashiduzzaman-250">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stranded Pakistanis">stranded Pakistanis</a> were given citizenship by the Supreme Court in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> Bangladesh also hosts over 700,000 Rohingya refugees since 2017, giving it one of the largest refugee populations in the world.<a href="#cite_note-RohingyaHRW-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_centres">Urban centres</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bangladesh" title="List of cities and towns in Bangladesh">List of cities and towns in Bangladesh</a></div> Bangladesh's capital Dhaka and the largest city and is overseen by two city corporations that manage between them the northern and southern parts of the city. There are 12 <a href="/wiki/List_of_City_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of City Corporations of Bangladesh">city corporations</a> which hold mayoral elections: Dhaka South, Dhaka North, <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comilla" title="Comilla">Comilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh" title="Rangpur, Bangladesh">Rangpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazipur,_Dhaka_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazipur, Dhaka Division">Gazipur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narayanganj" title="Narayanganj">Narayanganj</a>. There are, however, eight divisions in total. They are: <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh" title="Rangpur, Bangladesh">Rangpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barishal" class="mw-redirect" title="Barishal">Barishal</a>. Mayors are elected for five-year terms. Altogether there are 506 urban centres in Bangladesh which 43 cities have a population of more than 100,000. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Bangladesh <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf">[1]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Bangladesh">Name</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dhaka"><img alt="Dhaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg/120px-2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg/180px-2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg/240px-2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="3232" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Amanat_763.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chittagong"><img alt="Chittagong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shah_Amanat_763.jpg/120px-Shah_Amanat_763.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shah_Amanat_763.jpg/250px-Shah_Amanat_763.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,278,882 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Halls_and_student_center_(front_view),_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gazipur"><img alt="Gazipur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halls_and_student_center_%28front_view%29%2C_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg/120px-Halls_and_student_center_%28front_view%29%2C_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halls_and_student_center_%28front_view%29%2C_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg/180px-Halls_and_student_center_%28front_view%29%2C_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halls_and_student_center_%28front_view%29%2C_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg/240px-Halls_and_student_center_%28front_view%29%2C_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gazipur" title="Gazipur">Gazipur</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hajiganj_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narayanganj"><img alt="Narayanganj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hajiganj_Fort.jpg/120px-Hajiganj_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hajiganj_Fort.jpg/180px-Hajiganj_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hajiganj_Fort.jpg/240px-Hajiganj_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="1218" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narayanganj" title="Narayanganj">Narayanganj</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,227,246 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gazipur" title="Gazipur">Gazipur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,674,697 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Narayanganj" title="Narayanganj">Narayanganj</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">967,724 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">718,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh" title="Rangpur, Bangladesh">Rangpur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">708,384 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">576,722 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">552,791 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">532,426 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cumilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumilla">Cumilla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">439,414 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Languages of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaheed_Minar,_Dhaka,_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Shaheed_Minar%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh.jpg/220px-Shaheed_Minar%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Shaheed_Minar%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh.jpg/330px-Shaheed_Minar%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Shaheed_Minar%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh.jpg/440px-Shaheed_Minar%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Dhaka" title="Shaheed Minar, Dhaka">Shaheed Minar</a>, a national monument in Dhaka established to commemorate the martyrs of the 1952 <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a>, is a symbol of Bengali nationalism.</figcaption></figure> The official and predominant language of Bangladesh is <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, which is spoken by more than 99% of the population as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-LOG-253">[251]</a> Bengali is described as a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> where there are various <a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a> spoken throughout the country. There is a <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> in which much of the population can understand or speak in Standard Colloquial Bengali, and in their regional dialect or language.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a> which is spoken in the southeastern region of Chittagong,<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_language" title="Noakhali language">Noakhali</a> spoken in the southern district of <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_District" title="Noakhali District">Noakhali</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a> spoken in the northeastern region of <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LOG-253">[251]</a> English plays an important role in Bangladesh's judicial and educational affairs, due to the country's history as part of the British Empire. It is widely spoken and commonly understood, and is taught as a compulsory subject in all <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangladesh" title="List of schools in Bangladesh">schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Bangladesh" title="List of colleges in Bangladesh">colleges</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh" title="List of universities in Bangladesh">universities</a>, while the English-medium educational system is widely attended.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> Tribal languages, although increasingly endangered, include the <a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma language</a>, another native Eastern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by the Chakma people.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> Others are <a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_language" title="Rakhine language">Rakhine</a>. Among the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a>, the most spoken is the <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali language</a>, native to the <a href="/wiki/Santal_people" title="Santal people">Santal people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">stranded Pakistanis</a> and some sections of the <a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Old Dhakaites</a> often use <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> as their native tongue. Still, the usage of the latter remains highly reproached.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Religion in Bangladesh</a></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd116"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religions in Bangladesh (2022 census)<a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Muslims</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:91.04%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">91.04%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Hindus</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:7.94%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.94%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Buddhism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:0.60%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.60%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Christians</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:0.31%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.31%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:0.11%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.11%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Islam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-state_religion-262">[260]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">constitution</a> also upholds secularism and ensures equal rights for all religions.<a href="#cite_note-secularism-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-state_religion-262">[260]</a> Every citizen has the freedom to practice any religion. <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Islam</a> the largest religion across the country, being followed by about 91.1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a> The vast majority of Bangladeshi citizens are <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a>, adhering to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-state-264">[262]</a> The country is the third-most populous Muslim-majority state in the world and has the fourth-largest overall Muslim population.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a> form the country's <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">second-largest religious minority</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hindus#Demographics" title="Hindus">third-largest Hindu community</a> in the world. According to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Bangladeshi_census" title="2022 Bangladeshi census">2022 census</a> Hindus form 7.95% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-state-264">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladeshi_census" title="2011 Bangladeshi census">2011 census</a>, Hindus formed 8.54% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Buddhism</a> is the third-most followed religion, adhered to by merely 0.6% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a> Bangladeshi Buddhists are concentrated among the tribal ethnic groups in the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Bengali Buddhist</a> minority across coastal Chittagong, who mostly follow the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-state-264">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Christianity</a> is the fourth-largest religion at 0.3%, followed mainly by a small <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Bengali Christian</a> minority.<a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a> 0.1% of the population practices other religions such as <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> or is <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a>.<a href="#cite_note-state-264">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Education in Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:269px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_(2022,_Total).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_%282022%2C_Total%29.svg/250px-Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_%282022%2C_Total%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_%282022%2C_Total%29.svg/330px-Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_%282022%2C_Total%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_%282022%2C_Total%29.svg/500px-Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_%282022%2C_Total%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="663" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy rate</a> of the districts of Bangladesh</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1992.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1992.JPG/208px-Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1992.JPG" decoding="async" width="208" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1992.JPG/312px-Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1992.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1992.JPG/416px-Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1992.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Curzon_Hall" title="Curzon Hall">Curzon Hall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a></div></div></div></div></div> The constitution states that all children shall receive free and compulsory education.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> Education in Bangladesh is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Education</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Primary_and_Mass_Education" title="Ministry of Primary and Mass Education">Ministry of Primary and Mass Education</a> is responsible for implementing policy for primary education and state-funded schools at a local level. Primary and secondary education is <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a>, and is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools. Bangladesh has a <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> of 76% as of 2021: 79% for males and 71.9% for females.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> Its educational system is three-tiered and heavily subsidised, with the government operating many schools at the primary, secondary and higher secondary levels and subsidising many private schools. However, government expenditure in education remains among the lowest in the world, at only 1.8% of the total GDP.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> The education system is divided into five levels: primary (first to fifth grade), junior secondary (sixth to eighth grade), secondary (ninth and tenth grade), higher secondary (11th and 12th grade), and tertiary which is university level.<a href="#cite_note-CompEd2-271">[269]</a> Primary level students have to pass the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Education_Completion" title="Primary Education Completion">Primary Education Completion</a> (PEC) exam to proceed to junior secondary. The junior secondary students then give the <a href="/wiki/Junior_School_Certificate" title="Junior School Certificate">Junior School Certificate</a> (JSC) exam to get enrolled in ninth grade, while tenth-grade students have to pass the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_School_Certificate" title="Secondary School Certificate">Secondary School Certificate</a> (SSC) exam to proceed to eleventh grade. Lastly, students have to pass the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Secondary_Certificate" title="Higher Secondary Certificate">Higher Secondary Certificate</a> (HSC) exam at grade twelve to apply for higher education or universities.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Bangladesh" title="Universities in Bangladesh">Universities</a> are three general types: public (government-owned and funded by the <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="University Grants Commission (Bangladesh)">University Grants Commission</a>), private (privately owned universities) and international (operated and funded by international organisations). The country has 55 public,<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> 115 private<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> and 2 international universities.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_University,_Bangladesh" title="National University, Bangladesh">National University</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_universities_and_university_networks_by_enrollment" title="List of largest universities and university networks by enrollment">third-largest university in the world by enrolment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a>, established in 1921, is the oldest public university.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology">BUET</a> is the premiere university for <a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">engineering education</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chittagong" title="University of Chittagong">University of Chittagong</a>, established in 1966, has the largest campus.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_University_of_Professionals" title="Bangladesh University of Professionals">BUP</a> is the largest public university affiliated with the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_College" title="Dhaka College">Dhaka College</a>, established in 1841, is among the oldest educational institutes in the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> Medical education is provided by 39 government, 6 armed force and 68 private <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_Bangladesh" title="List of medical colleges in Bangladesh">medical colleges</a>. All medical colleges are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bangladesh" title="Health in Bangladesh">Health in Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png/208px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png/312px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png/416px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="743" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Historical development of <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> in Bangladesh, displaying significant strides since independence</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_mortality_rate_in_Bangladesh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Child_mortality_rate_in_Bangladesh.png/208px-Child_mortality_rate_in_Bangladesh.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Child_mortality_rate_in_Bangladesh.png/312px-Child_mortality_rate_in_Bangladesh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Child_mortality_rate_in_Bangladesh.png/416px-Child_mortality_rate_in_Bangladesh.png 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="644" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Historical development of <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a> in Bangladesh since 1990, showing a significant decrease</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:A_community_health_worker_conducting_a_survey_in_the_Korail_slum,_Bangladesh_(8630810827).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_community_health_worker_conducting_a_survey_in_the_Korail_slum%2C_Bangladesh_%288630810827%29.jpg/208px-A_community_health_worker_conducting_a_survey_in_the_Korail_slum%2C_Bangladesh_%288630810827%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_community_health_worker_conducting_a_survey_in_the_Korail_slum%2C_Bangladesh_%288630810827%29.jpg/312px-A_community_health_worker_conducting_a_survey_in_the_Korail_slum%2C_Bangladesh_%288630810827%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_community_health_worker_conducting_a_survey_in_the_Korail_slum%2C_Bangladesh_%288630810827%29.jpg/416px-A_community_health_worker_conducting_a_survey_in_the_Korail_slum%2C_Bangladesh_%288630810827%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3615" data-file-height="2410" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A community health worker conducting a survey in a slum of the capital city, Dhaka</div></div></div></div></div> Bangladesh, by the constitution, guarantees healthcare services as a fundamental right to all of its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a> is the largest institutional healthcare provider in Bangladesh,<a href="#cite_note-overview-283">[281]</a> and contains two divisions: <a href="/wiki/Health_Service_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Service Division">Health Service Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_Education_And_Family_Welfare_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Education And Family Welfare Division">Medical Education And Family Welfare Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> However, healthcare facilities in Bangladesh are considered less than adequate, although they have improved as the economy has grown and poverty levels have decreased significantly.<a href="#cite_note-overview-283">[281]</a> Bangladesh faces a severe health workforce crisis, as formally trained providers make up a small percentage of the total health workforce.<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> Significant deficiencies in the treatment practices of village doctors persist, with widespread harmful and inappropriate drug prescribing.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> Bangladesh's poor healthcare system suffers from severe underfunding from the government.<a href="#cite_note-overview-283">[281]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, some 2.36% of total GDP was attributed to healthcare,<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> and domestic general government spending on healthcare was 16.88% of the total budget,<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> while out-of-pocket expenditures made up the vast majority of the total budget, totalling roughly 73%.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> Domestic private health expenditure was about 75.48% of the total healthcare expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> There were only 5.3 doctors per 10,000 people, and about six physicians<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> and six nurses per 1,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> while the number of hospital beds is 9 per 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> The specialist surgical workforce was only 3 per 100,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> and there were about 5 community health workers per 1,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> Roughly 60% of the population had access to <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> In 2002, it was estimated that half of the drinking water was polluted with <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, exceeding levels of 10 micrograms per litre.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> Bangladesh is crippled with one of the worst air qualities in the world, mostly concentrated in the densely populated urban areas, especially the capital <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">metropolitan area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> The World Bank estimated that roughly 80,000-90,000 deaths occurred in Bangladesh due to the drastic effects of air pollution in 2019. It was second-leading cause of death and disability, costing the country roughly 4-4.4% percent of its total GDP.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, the overall life expectancy in Bangladesh at birth was 74 years (72 years for males and 76 years for females).<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> It has a comparably high <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate (24 per 1,000 live births) and <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a> rate (29 per 1,000 live births).<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">maternal mortality</a> remains high, clocking at 123 per 100,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> Bangladesh is a key source market for <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> for various countries, mainly <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism_in_India" title="Medical tourism in India">India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> due to its citizens dissatisfaction and distrust over their own healthcare system.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> The main causes of death are <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, and chronic <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory disease</a>; comprising 62% and 60% of all adult male and female deaths, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a> is a major and persistent problem in Bangladesh, mainly affecting the rural regions, more than half of the population suffers from it. Severe acute malnutrition affects 450,000 children, while nearly 2 million children have moderate acute malnutrition. For children under the age of five, 52% are affected by <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a>, 41% are <a href="/wiki/Stunted_growth" title="Stunted growth">stunted</a>, 16% are <a href="/wiki/Wasting" title="Wasting">wasted</a>, and 36% are <a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">underweight</a>. A quarter of women are underweight and around 15% have short stature, while over half also suffer from anaemia.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> Bangladesh was ranked 84th out of the 127 countries listed in the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index" title="Global Hunger Index">Global Hunger Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Culture of Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal" title="Culture of Bengal">Culture of Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums in Bangladesh">Museums in Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Bangladesh" title="List of libraries in Bangladesh">List of libraries in Bangladesh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_festivals">Holidays and festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bangladesh" title="Public holidays in Bangladesh">Public holidays in Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Bangladesh" title="List of festivals in Bangladesh">List of festivals in Bangladesh</a></div> Traditional festivals include <a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a> (Bengali <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a>), which is the major festival of Bengali culture; with widespread festivities.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pohela_Falgun" title="Pohela Falgun">Pohela Falgun</a> coincides with <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a>, and is celebrated with a display of music, dance and other cultural activities.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> Other festivals include <a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabonno</a> and Poush Parbon, which celebrate new harvests of crops.<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakrain" title="Shakrain">Shakrain</a> is an annual celebration, observed by flying <a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">kites</a>, occurring at the end of <a href="/wiki/Poush" title="Poush">Poush</a>, the ninth month of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a>. The festival coincides with <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a> celebrated in India and Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jatiyo_Sritisoudho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jatiyo_Sritisoudho.jpg/220px-Jatiyo_Sritisoudho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jatiyo_Sritisoudho.jpg/330px-Jatiyo_Sritisoudho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jatiyo_Sritisoudho.jpg/440px-Jatiyo_Sritisoudho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption>Victory Day celebration at <a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial" title="National Martyrs' Memorial">National Martyrs' Memorial</a></figcaption></figure> Among religious festivals, the two biggest festivals of the Muslim majority are <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>, which marks the end of the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, which is the festival of <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice#Islam" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> Both Eids are celebrated with the longest streak of <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bangladesh" title="Public holidays in Bangladesh">national holidays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> Other Muslim festivals include <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a> (Eid-e-Milad Un Nabi),<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a> on the tenth day of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaand_Raat" title="Chaand Raat">Chaand Raat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shab-e-Barat" title="Shab-e-Barat">Shab-e-Barat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> The most celebrated Hindu festival is <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> Other major Hindu festivals include <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a> The biggest festival of the Buddhists across the country is <a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Buddha Purnima</a>, which marks the birth of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> Among Christians, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> is the most widely celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> Patriotic national festivals include the <a href="/wiki/Language_Movement_Day" title="Language Movement Day">Language Movement Day</a>, which is celebrated on 21 February in remembrance of the martyrs of the 1952 <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> It was declared as <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Bangladesh)" title="Independence Day (Bangladesh)">Independence Day</a> is celebrated on 26 March to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">proclamation of independence</a> from Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-star2-327">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(Bangladesh)" title="Victory Day (Bangladesh)">Victory Day</a> is celebrated on 16 December to celebrate the victory in the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-star2-327">[325]</a> Public gatherings are observed at the <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Dhaka" title="Shaheed Minar, Dhaka">Shaheed Minar</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial" title="National Martyrs' Memorial">National Martyrs' Memorial</a> during the three latter festivals to pay homage to the fallen martyrs.<a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi literature">Bangladeshi literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:279px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nazrul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nazrul.jpg/250px-Nazrul.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nazrul.jpg/330px-Nazrul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Nazrul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> in Chittagong, circa 1926. He is officially considered the <a href="/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">national poet</a> of Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Humayun_ahmed_gossip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Humayun_ahmed_gossip.jpg/208px-Humayun_ahmed_gossip.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Humayun_ahmed_gossip.jpg/312px-Humayun_ahmed_gossip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Humayun_ahmed_gossip.jpg/416px-Humayun_ahmed_gossip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Humayun_Ahmed" title="Humayun Ahmed">Humayun Ahmed</a> (left), a popular author and filmmaker</div></div></div></div></div> Bengali literature forms an important part of Bengali culture. The <a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a> poems dating back to the 10th to 12th centuries are the oldest extant examples of the Bengali language.<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a>: 40  During the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, medieval Bengali writers were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> Milestones of the medieval age include the <a href="/wiki/Mangal-K%C4%81vya" title="Mangal-Kāvya">Mangal-Kāvyas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-run-333">[331]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Padavali" title="Vaishnava Padavali">Vaishnava Padavali</a> movement was led by writers such as <a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandidas" title="Chandidas">Chandidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govindadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Govindadas">Govindadas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balarama_Dasa" title="Balarama Dasa">Balarama Dasa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a> written by Chandidas marked a particular height of poetic achievement since the Charyapadas.<a href="#cite_note-run-333">[331]</a> Other important works include <a href="/wiki/Krittibas_Ojha" title="Krittibas Ojha">Krittibas Ojha</a>'s translation of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashiram_Das" title="Kashiram Das">Kashiram Das</a>' translation of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maladhar_Basu" title="Maladhar Basu">Maladhar Basu</a>'s translation of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-run-333">[331]</a> Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Bipradas_Pipilai" title="Bipradas Pipilai">Bipradas Pipilai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a>: 349  <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Gupta_(poet)" title="Vijay Gupta (poet)">Vijay Gupta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a>: 104  <a href="/wiki/Shah_Muhammad_Sagir" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Muhammad Sagir">Shah Muhammad Sagir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zainuddin_(poet)" title="Zainuddin (poet)">Zainuddin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_(poet)" title="Abdul Hakim (poet)">Abdul Hakim</a> were important figures.<a href="#cite_note-run-333">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alaol" title="Alaol">Alaol</a>, considered a <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bard</a>, is a prolific poet of medieval period.<a href="#cite_note-run-333">[331]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a> from the late 18th century to the early 20th century had a profound effect on modern Bengali literature. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a> in Bengali literature.<a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mir_Mosharraf_Hossain" title="Mir Mosharraf Hossain">Mir Mosharraf Hossain</a> was the first prominent Bengali Muslim writer.<a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lalon" title="Lalon">Lalon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">fakir</a> practising <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">sādhanā</a> influenced the <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">bauls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a> wrote about the characteristics of the Bengali society.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> was the first Asian and non-European laureate of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> was a revolutionary poet who espoused political rebellion against colonialism and fascism.<a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jibanananda_Das" title="Jibanananda Das">Jibanananda Das</a> was the most recognized Bengali poet after Tagore and Nazrul.<a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a> <a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a> is regarded as the pioneer feminist writer of Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syed_Mujtaba_Ali" title="Syed Mujtaba Ali">Syed Mujtaba Ali</a> is noted for his <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> views.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jasimuddin" title="Jasimuddin">Jasimuddin</a> was a renowned pastoral poet, popularly called Palli Kabi (folk poet).<a href="#cite_note-345">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Ahmad" title="Farrukh Ahmad">Farrukh Ahmad</a> is considered the poet of the "Islamic Renaissance".<a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syed_Waliullah" title="Syed Waliullah">Syed Waliullah</a> was a notable novelist.<a href="#cite_note-pied-347">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamsur_Rahman_(poet)" title="Shamsur Rahman (poet)">Shamsur Rahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Mahmud" title="Al Mahmud">Al Mahmud</a> are considered two of the greatest Bangladeshi poets to have emerged in the late 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sofa" title="Ahmed Sofa">Ahmed Sofa</a> is regarded as the most important intellectual in the post-independence era.<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufia_Kamal" title="Sufia Kamal">Sufia Kamal</a> was a major feminist writer.<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a> <a href="/wiki/Humayun_Ahmed" title="Humayun Ahmed">Humayun Ahmed</a> was the most popular author in post-Independence Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-pied-347">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahidul_Zahir" title="Shahidul Zahir">Shahidul Zahir</a> was widely acclaimed for his usage of <a href="/wiki/Magical_realism" title="Magical realism">magical realism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a> Other major writers include <a href="/wiki/Akhteruzzaman_Elias" title="Akhteruzzaman Elias">Akhteruzzaman Elias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawkat_Osman" title="Shawkat Osman">Shawkat Osman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syed_Shamsul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Shamsul Haq">Syed Shamsul Haq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pied-347">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Selina_Hossain" title="Selina Hossain">Selina Hossain</a> is a prolific female author in the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zafar_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zafar Iqbal">Muhammad Zafar Iqbal</a> is a pioneer <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> writer.<a href="#cite_note-352">[350]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anisul_Hoque" title="Anisul Hoque">Anisul Hoque</a> is a popular contemporary literary figure.<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a> The annual <a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Book_Fair" title="Ekushey Book Fair">Ekushey Book Fair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Lit_Fest" title="Dhaka Lit Fest">Dhaka Lit Fest</a>, organised by the <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a>, are among the largest literary festivals in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-354">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Architecture of Bangladesh">Architecture of Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of archaeological sites in Bangladesh">List of archaeological sites in Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Paharpur_Buddhist_Bihar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Paharpur_Buddhist_Bihar.jpg/250px-Paharpur_Buddhist_Bihar.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Paharpur_Buddhist_Bihar.jpg/330px-Paharpur_Buddhist_Bihar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Paharpur_Buddhist_Bihar.jpg/500px-Paharpur_Buddhist_Bihar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4182" data-file-height="2708" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naogaon" title="Naogaon">Naogaon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixty_Dome_Mosque,Bagerhat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sixty_Dome_Mosque%2CBagerhat.jpg/208px-Sixty_Dome_Mosque%2CBagerhat.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sixty_Dome_Mosque%2CBagerhat.jpg/312px-Sixty_Dome_Mosque%2CBagerhat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sixty_Dome_Mosque%2CBagerhat.jpg/416px-Sixty_Dome_Mosque%2CBagerhat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5811" data-file-height="3084" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Sixty_Dome_Mosque" title="Sixty Dome Mosque">Sixty Dome Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bagerhat" title="Bagerhat">Bagerhat</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg/250px-Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg/330px-Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg/500px-Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="1678" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Manzil" title="Ahsan Manzil">Ahsan Manzil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Dhaka" title="Old Dhaka">Old Dhaka</a></div></div></div></div></div> The architecture of Bangladesh is intertwined with that of the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Bengal region</a> and the broader <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian subcontinent</a>. It is influenced by the country's <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a> Hindu and Buddhist architectural remnants have been found in <a href="/wiki/Mahasthangarh" title="Mahasthangarh">Mahasthangarh</a>, which dates back to the 3rd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-re-356">[354]</a>: 157  <a href="/wiki/Nandipada" title="Nandipada">Nandipada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a> symbols have been found on stone querns in the <a href="/wiki/Wari-Bateshwar_ruins" title="Wari-Bateshwar ruins">Wari-Bateshwar ruins</a>, which indicate the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> in the area during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>—from 400 to 100 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a> built under the rule of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> in the 8th century is an outstanding example of the pre-Islamic era.<a href="#cite_note-358">[356]</a> Other Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">vihāras</a> include <a href="/wiki/Shalban_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalban Bihar">Shalban Bihar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mainamati" title="Mainamati">Mainamati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bikrampur_Vihara" title="Bikrampur Vihara">Bikrampur Vihara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bikrampur" title="Bikrampur">Bikrampur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-re-356">[354]</a>: 164–167  Recent excavations have also uncovered new evidence of pre-Islamic smaller temples which served the Hindu, Buddhist and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> populations of the area.<a href="#cite_note-sat-359">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a> can be seen from the 13th century, especially in the unique mosque architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, an example being the <a href="/wiki/Sixty_Dome_Mosque" title="Sixty Dome Mosque">Sixty Dome Mosque</a> among others in the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_City_of_Bagerhat" title="Mosque City of Bagerhat">Mosque City of Bagerhat</a>—which is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-sat-359">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a> saw the spread of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a> in the region. Examples in Dhaka include the <a href="/wiki/Bara_Katra" title="Bara Katra">Bara Katra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choto_Katra" class="mw-redirect" title="Choto Katra">Choto Katra</a> in Old Dhaka, the <a href="/wiki/Sat_Gambuj_Mosque" title="Sat Gambuj Mosque">Sat Gambuj Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mohammadpur_Thana" title="Mohammadpur Thana">Mohammadpur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_Mosque" title="Musa Khan Mosque">Musa Khan Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Hall" title="Curzon Hall">Curzon Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a> Notable Mughal-era forts include the <a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Dhaka" title="Old Dhaka">Old Dhaka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Idrakpur_Fort" title="Idrakpur Fort">Idrakpur Fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munshiganj" title="Munshiganj">Munshiganj</a>—and the <a href="/wiki/Hajiganj_Fort" title="Hajiganj Fort">Hajiganj Fort</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sonakanda_Fort" title="Sonakanda Fort">Sonakanda Fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Narayanganj" title="Narayanganj">Narayanganj</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-363">[361]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kantajew_Temple" title="Kantajew Temple">Kantajew Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhakeshwari_Temple" title="Dhakeshwari Temple">Dhakeshwari Temple</a> are excellent examples of late medieval <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[363]</a> Bengali <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a> is noted for pioneering the <a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">bungalow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-366">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Panam_Nagar" title="Panam Nagar">Panam Nagar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a> exhibits architectural influence from the Sultanate, Mughal, British and hybrid colonial traditions.<a href="#cite_note-367">[365]</a>: 22  <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic architecture</a> flourished during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>,<a href="#cite_note-368">[366]</a> examples include the <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Hall" title="Curzon Hall">Curzon Hall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Court_Building" title="Chittagong Court Building">Chittagong Court Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangpur_Town_Hall" title="Rangpur Town Hall">Rangpur Town Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_College" title="Rajshahi College">Rajshahi College</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindar</a> gentry built many palaces in the latter style, including the <a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Manzil" title="Ahsan Manzil">Ahsan Manzil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baliati_Zamindari" title="Baliati Zamindari">Baliati Zamnidar Bari</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tajhat_Palace" title="Tajhat Palace">Tajhat Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Garden_Palace" title="Rose Garden Palace">Rose Garden Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Gonobhaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Gonobhaban">Dighapatia Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puthia_Rajbari" title="Puthia Rajbari">Puthia Rajbari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natore_Rajbari" title="Natore Rajbari">Natore Rajbari</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mohera_Zamindar_Bari" title="Mohera Zamindar Bari">Mohera Zamindar Bari</a>. <a href="/wiki/Muzharul_Islam" title="Muzharul Islam">Muzharul Islam</a> is considered to be a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist movement</a> in Bangladesh and South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis Kahn</a> is a notable foreign architect who designed the <a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad_Bhaban" title="Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban">National Parliament Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_Nagar" title="Sher-e-Bangla Nagar">Sher-e-Bangla Nagar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts,_crafts_and_clothing">Visual arts, crafts and clothing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_Bangladesh" title="Sculpture of Bangladesh">Sculpture of Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Textile industry in Bangladesh">Textile industry in Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Muslin trade in Bengal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kantha_(Quilt)_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kantha_%28Quilt%29_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg/208px-Kantha_%28Quilt%29_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kantha_%28Quilt%29_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg/312px-Kantha_%28Quilt%29_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kantha_%28Quilt%29_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg/416px-Kantha_%28Quilt%29_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1548" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Embroidery on <a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a> (embroidered <a href="/wiki/Quilt" title="Quilt">quilt</a>), a centuries-old Bengali art tradition</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aparajeyo_Bangla_-_1979_CE_-_Sculpture_by_Syed_Abdullah_Khalid_-_University_of_Dhaka_Campus_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_2367.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aparajeyo_Bangla_-_1979_CE_-_Sculpture_by_Syed_Abdullah_Khalid_-_University_of_Dhaka_Campus_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_2367.JPG/208px-Aparajeyo_Bangla_-_1979_CE_-_Sculpture_by_Syed_Abdullah_Khalid_-_University_of_Dhaka_Campus_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_2367.JPG" decoding="async" width="208" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aparajeyo_Bangla_-_1979_CE_-_Sculpture_by_Syed_Abdullah_Khalid_-_University_of_Dhaka_Campus_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_2367.JPG/312px-Aparajeyo_Bangla_-_1979_CE_-_Sculpture_by_Syed_Abdullah_Khalid_-_University_of_Dhaka_Campus_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_2367.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aparajeyo_Bangla_-_1979_CE_-_Sculpture_by_Syed_Abdullah_Khalid_-_University_of_Dhaka_Campus_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_2367.JPG/416px-Aparajeyo_Bangla_-_1979_CE_-_Sculpture_by_Syed_Abdullah_Khalid_-_University_of_Dhaka_Campus_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_2367.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Aparajeyo_Bangla" title="Aparajeyo Bangla">Aparajeyo Bangla</a>, a sculpture dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>, located on the campus of the University of Dhaka</div></div></div></div></div> The recorded history of art in Bangladesh can be traced to the 3rd century BCE, when <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> sculptures were made in the region. In classical antiquity, notable sculptural <a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Jain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a> developed in the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> saw <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> evolve since the 14th century. During the Mughal rule, <a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a>, a unique design on fine <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a>; was woven on Persian <a href="/wiki/Motif_(textile_arts)" title="Motif (textile arts)">motifs</a> in Dhaka.<a href="#cite_note-371">[369]</a>: 239  It was classified by UNESCO as an <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-372">[370]</a> Bangladesh also produces the <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_silk" title="Rajshahi silk">Rajshahi silk</a>, a fine silk renowned for its softness and ability to create sophisticated designs.<a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a>: 158  <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brassware_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Brassware industry in Bangladesh">brass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_Bangladesh" title="Pottery of Bangladesh">pottery</a> has deep roots in Bangladeshi culture.<a href="#cite_note-374">[372]</a>: 483–485  The <a href="/wiki/Nakshi_Kantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakshi Kantha">Nakshi Kantha</a>, a centuries-old <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> tradition for <a href="/wiki/Quilt" title="Quilt">quilts</a> in Bengal, is made throughout Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-375">[373]</a>: 44  The <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> movement in Bangladesh took shape in post-independence <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, especially with the pioneering works of <a href="/wiki/Zainul_Abedin" title="Zainul Abedin">Zainul Abedin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-star-376">[374]</a> Other leading painters include <a href="/wiki/SM_Sultan" title="SM Sultan">SM Sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Kibria" title="Mohammad Kibria">Mohammad Kibria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safiuddin_Ahmed" title="Safiuddin Ahmed">Safiuddin Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahabuddin_Ahmed_(artist)" title="Shahabuddin Ahmed (artist)">Shahabuddin Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanak_Chanpa_Chakma" title="Kanak Chanpa Chakma">Kanak Chanpa Chakma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-377">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qayyum_Chowdhury" title="Qayyum Chowdhury">Qayyum Chowdhury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Choudhury" title="Rashid Choudhury">Rashid Choudhury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quamrul_Hassan" title="Quamrul Hassan">Quamrul Hassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafiqun_Nabi" title="Rafiqun Nabi">Rafiqun Nabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syed_Jahangir" title="Syed Jahangir">Syed Jahangir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-star-376">[374]</a> <a href="/wiki/Novera_Ahmed" title="Novera Ahmed">Novera Ahmed</a> is the pioneer of modernist sculpture in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-378">[376]</a> Other eminent sculptors include <a href="/wiki/Nitun_Kundu" title="Nitun Kundu">Nitun Kundu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Abdullah_Khalid" title="Syed Abdullah Khalid">Syed Abdullah Khalid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamiduzzaman_Khan" title="Hamiduzzaman Khan">Hamiduzzaman Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamim_Sikder" title="Shamim Sikder">Shamim Sikder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdousi_Priyabhashini" title="Ferdousi Priyabhashini">Ferdousi Priyabhashini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Razzaque_(artist)" title="Abdur Razzaque (artist)">Abdur Razzaque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[377]</a> The annual <a href="/wiki/Mangal_Shobhajatra" title="Mangal Shobhajatra">Mangal Shobhajatra</a> (Bengali New Year parade) organized by the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Fine_Arts,_University_of_Dhaka" title="Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka">Faculty of Fine Arts</a> of the University of Dhaka on <a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a> was enlisted as an Intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-380">[378]</a> <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a> as a form of art has seen exponential growth in the 21st century. <a href="/wiki/Chobi_Mela_International_Photography_Festival" title="Chobi Mela International Photography Festival">Chobi Mela</a>, held biennially, is considered the largest photography festival in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-381">[379]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">Lungi</a> is the most common informal clothing for men,<a href="#cite_note-382">[380]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">kurta</a> (panjabi) and <a href="/wiki/Pajama" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajama">pajama</a> are worn by men on festivals and holidays.<a href="#cite_note-383">[381]</a> Domestically <a href="/wiki/Tailored" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailored">tailored</a> <a href="/wiki/Suit_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit (clothing)">suits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neckties" class="mw-redirect" title="Neckties">neckties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trouser" class="mw-redirect" title="Trouser">pants</a> are customarily worn by men at formal events, and the traditional <a href="/wiki/Sherwani" title="Sherwani">sherwani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Churidar" title="Churidar">churidar</a> are worn along with the <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a> in weddings.<a href="#cite_note-arts-384">[382]</a> Women commonly wear the <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">shalwar kameez</a> accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Dupatta" title="Dupatta">orna</a>; while <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> is worn on more formal events.<a href="#cite_note-arts-384">[382]</a> Some women follow <a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Islamic clothing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-385">[383]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music of Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance in Bangladesh">Dance in Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_Udichi_Shilpigoshthi_-_Chittagong_University_Sangsad_celebrating_Pohela_Falgun_1423_at_CU_Muktomoncho_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bangladesh_Udichi_Shilpigoshthi_-_Chittagong_University_Sangsad_celebrating_Pohela_Falgun_1423_at_CU_Muktomoncho_%2802%29.jpg/208px-Bangladesh_Udichi_Shilpigoshthi_-_Chittagong_University_Sangsad_celebrating_Pohela_Falgun_1423_at_CU_Muktomoncho_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bangladesh_Udichi_Shilpigoshthi_-_Chittagong_University_Sangsad_celebrating_Pohela_Falgun_1423_at_CU_Muktomoncho_%2802%29.jpg/312px-Bangladesh_Udichi_Shilpigoshthi_-_Chittagong_University_Sangsad_celebrating_Pohela_Falgun_1423_at_CU_Muktomoncho_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bangladesh_Udichi_Shilpigoshthi_-_Chittagong_University_Sangsad_celebrating_Pohela_Falgun_1423_at_CU_Muktomoncho_%2802%29.jpg/416px-Bangladesh_Udichi_Shilpigoshthi_-_Chittagong_University_Sangsad_celebrating_Pohela_Falgun_1423_at_CU_Muktomoncho_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dance in celebration of <a href="/wiki/Pohela_Falgun" title="Pohela Falgun">Pohela Falgun</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chittagong" title="University of Chittagong">University of Chittagong</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ektara_player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ektara_player.jpg/250px-Ektara_player.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ektara_player.jpg/330px-Ektara_player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ektara_player.jpg/500px-Ektara_player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">baul</a> playing the <a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">ektara</a> at the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Lalon" title="Lalon">Lalon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kushtia" title="Kushtia">Kushtia</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Bangladesh">Theatre in Bangladesh</a> includes various forms with a history dating back to the 4th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-386">[384]</a> It includes narrative forms, song and dance forms, supra-personae forms, performances with scroll paintings, puppet theatre and processional forms.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-386">[384]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a> is the most popular form of Bengali folk theatre.<a href="#cite_note-387">[385]</a> Apart from the various forms of <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dances</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[386]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri dances</a>–native dance traditions have formed across the country.<a href="#cite_note-arts-384">[382]</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music of Bangladesh</a> can be classed into <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a>, light-classical, <a href="/wiki/Devotional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Devotional music">devotional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular</a>. Classical music in Bangladesh is represented by the common forms of devotional music across the Indian subcontinent; such as the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a> genre <a href="/wiki/Dhrupad" title="Dhrupad">dhrupad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khayal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayal">khayal</a>. Other major forms include <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">qawwali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arts-384">[382]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazrul_geeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazrul geeti">Nazrul Sangeet</a> retain their popularity.<a href="#cite_note-389">[387]</a> Native <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> features the <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">baul</a> <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> tradition, which was popularised by <a href="/wiki/Lalon" title="Lalon">Lalon</a> in the 18th century, and is listed by UNESCO as a <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wei-390">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-alom-391">[389]</a> Other native lyric-based forms of folk music include <a href="/wiki/Bhatiali" title="Bhatiali">bhatiali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhawaiya" title="Bhawaiya">bhawaiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhamail" title="Dhamail">dhamail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavigan" title="Kavigan">kavigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarigan" title="Jarigan">jarigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sari_gan" title="Sari gan">sari gan</a>, marfati, and <a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">gombhira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arts-384">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-alom-391">[389]</a> Folk music is accompanied by instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">ektara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">dotara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">dhol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">bansuri</a> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>), mandira, <a href="/wiki/Khanjani" title="Khanjani">khanjani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarinda_(instrument)" title="Sarinda (instrument)">sarinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khamak" title="Khamak">khamak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duggi_(drum)" title="Duggi (drum)">dugdugi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jori_(instrument)" title="Jori (instrument)">juri</a>, jhunjhuni and <a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">majira</a> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-alom-391">[389]</a> Bangladesh has a rich tradition of <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a>, which uses instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a>, tabla, <a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">sarod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">santoor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[390]</a> Musical organisations and schools such as the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Shilpakala_Academy" title="Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy">Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chhayanaut" title="Chhayanaut">Chhayanaut</a> have played significant roles in preserving the traditions of Bengali folk music.<a href="#cite_note-alom-391">[389]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Yasmin" title="Sabina Yasmin">Sabina Yasmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runa_Laila" title="Runa Laila">Runa Laila</a> are considered two of the greatest female playback singers in the country.<a href="#cite_note-393">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kishore" title="Andrew Kishore">Andrew Kishore</a>, another leading playback singer, is considered the "King of Playback".<a href="#cite_note-394">[392]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azam_Khan_(singer)" title="Azam Khan (singer)">Azam Khan</a>, nicknamed the "Pop Samrat" and the "Rock Guru", is a founding figure of <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[393]</a> Musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Bachchu" title="Ayub Bachchu">Ayub Bachchu</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_(musician)" title="James (musician)">James</a> have also gained nationwide popularity.<a href="#cite_note-396">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[395]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shayan_Chowdhury_Arnob" title="Shayan Chowdhury Arnob">Shayan Chowdhury Arnob</a> has been an influential figure in <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-398">[396]</a> Popular pop singers in the 21st century include <a href="/wiki/Habib_Wahid" title="Habib Wahid">Habib Wahid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahsan_Rahman_Khan" title="Tahsan Rahman Khan">Tahsan Rahman Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-399">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[398]</a> Influential <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> include <a href="/wiki/Artcell" title="Artcell">Artcell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warfaze" title="Warfaze">Warfaze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[400]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_cinema">Media and cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bangladesh">Media of Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema of Bangladesh</a></div> The history of press in Bangladesh dates back to 1860, when the first printing press was established in Dhaka.<a href="#cite_note-dr-403">[401]</a> The media in Bangladesh is diverse, competitive, commercial and profitable.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-404">[402]</a> Prominent news agencies in Bangladesh include <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Sangbad_Sangstha" title="Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha">Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha</a> (BSS) and <a href="/wiki/Bdnews24.com" title="Bdnews24.com">Bdnews24.com</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-405">[403]</a> <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a> is the most popular form of media consumption.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-404">[402]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Television" title="Bangladesh Television">Bangladesh Television</a> (BTV) is the sole state-owned television network with nationwide coverage.<a href="#cite_note-406">[404]</a> Private television networks include <a href="/wiki/ATN_Bangla" title="ATN Bangla">ATN Bangla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel I">Channel I</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTV_(Bangladeshi_TV_channel)" title="NTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)">NTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/RTV_(Bangladeshi_TV_channel)" title="RTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)">RTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekushey_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekushey TV">Ekushey TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekattor_TV" title="Ekattor TV">Ekattor TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamuna_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamuna TV">Jamuna TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somoy_TV" title="Somoy TV">Somoy TV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-405">[403]</a> Print media is the second-most widely consumed, and newspapers are privately owned and outspoken, including <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(Bangladesh)" title="The Financial Express (Bangladesh)">The Financial Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Pratidin" title="Bangladesh Pratidin">Bangladesh Pratidin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaler_Kantho" title="Kaler Kantho">Kaler Kantho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prothom_Alo" title="Prothom Alo">Prothom Alo</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Ittefaq" title="The Daily Ittefaq">The Daily Ittefaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jugantor" title="Jugantor">Jugantor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-405">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-404">[402]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_(1967).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_%281967%29.jpg/208px-Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_%281967%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_%281967%29.jpg/312px-Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_%281967%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_%281967%29.jpg/416px-Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_%281967%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="451" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Hossain_(actor)" title="Anwar Hossain (actor)">Anwar Hossain</a> playing <a href="/wiki/Siraj-ud-Daulah" title="Siraj-ud-Daulah">Siraj-ud-Daulah</a>, the last independent <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a>, in the 1967 film <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Sirajuddaula_(film)" title="Nawab Sirajuddaula (film)">Nawab Sirajuddaulah</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Headquarters_of_Ekushey_Television,_Kawran_Bazar,_Dhaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Headquarters_of_Ekushey_Television%2C_Kawran_Bazar%2C_Dhaka.jpg/208px-Headquarters_of_Ekushey_Television%2C_Kawran_Bazar%2C_Dhaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Headquarters_of_Ekushey_Television%2C_Kawran_Bazar%2C_Dhaka.jpg/312px-Headquarters_of_Ekushey_Television%2C_Kawran_Bazar%2C_Dhaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Headquarters_of_Ekushey_Television%2C_Kawran_Bazar%2C_Dhaka.jpg/416px-Headquarters_of_Ekushey_Television%2C_Kawran_Bazar%2C_Dhaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Television" title="Ekushey Television">Ekushey Television</a> on a high-rise in <a href="/wiki/Kawran_Bazar" title="Kawran Bazar">Kawran Bazar</a>, Dhaka</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Betar" title="Bangladesh Betar">Bangladesh Betar</a> is the lone state-run radio service.<a href="#cite_note-407">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-404">[402]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Foorti" title="Radio Foorti">Radio Foorti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Today" title="Radio Today">Radio Today</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Aamar" title="Radio Aamar">Radio Aamar</a> and ABC Radio were popular privately owned radio stations; popularity of radio has declined significantly.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-405">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-404">[402]</a> Popular foreign media include <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (<a href="/wiki/BBC_Bangla" title="BBC Bangla">BBC Bangla</a>), <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, <a href="/wiki/VOA" class="mw-redirect" title="VOA">VOA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-404">[402]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_television_drama" title="Indian television drama">Indian television drama</a> in particular has established a "cultural hegemony" over Bangladeshi satellite television.<a href="#cite_note-408">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-404">[402]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of the press in Bangladesh">Freedom of the press</a> remains a major concern due to government attempts at censorship and the harassment of journalists. Bangladesh ranked 165th out of the 180 countries listed in the 2024 <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a>, among the lowest rankings in the world.<a href="#cite_note-409">[407]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">cinema of Bangladesh</a> dates back to a screening of a <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">bioscope</a> in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-easmin-410">[408]</a>: 129 <a href="#cite_note-back-411">[409]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Dhaka" title="Nawab of Dhaka">Nawabs of Dhaka</a> patronised the production of several <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a> from the 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-back-411">[409]</a> Picture House, the first permanent cinema in Dhaka, began its operation during the year between 1913 and 1914.<a href="#cite_note-easmin-410">[408]</a>: 130  <a href="/wiki/Sukumari" title="Sukumari">Sukumari</a> (The Good Girl), released in 1929, was the first film produced in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-easmin-410">[408]</a>: 130  Last Kiss, the first full-length feature film, was released in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-easmin-410">[408]</a>: 130 <a href="#cite_note-back-411">[409]</a> By 1947, a total of 80 cinemas were listed.<a href="#cite_note-easmin-410">[408]</a>: 130  The first Bengali-language film in East Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Mukh_O_Mukhosh" title="Mukh O Mukhosh">Mukh O Mukhosh</a> (Face and Mask), was released in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-easmin-410">[408]</a>: 130 <a href="#cite_note-back-411">[409]</a> Akash ar Mati (Sky and Earth), released in 1959, was the second film as such. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Film_Development_Corporation" title="Bangladesh Film Development Corporation">Bangladesh Film Development Corporation</a> was founded in Dhaka as the East Pakistan Film Development Corporation in 1957–1958, as the full-service film production studio.<a href="#cite_note-easmin-410">[408]</a>: 130 <a href="#cite_note-back-411">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zahir_Raihan" title="Zahir Raihan">Zahir Raihan</a> made various influential films throughout the period, notably <a href="/wiki/Kokhono_Asheni" title="Kokhono Asheni">Kokhono Asheni</a> in 1961, Shangam in 1964 (the first <a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">color film</a> in Pakistan), and Jibon Theke Neowa in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-back-411">[409]</a> The film industry in Dhaka positioned itself as the base for a Bengali Muslim cinema from the 1960s and onwards.<a href="#cite_note-easmin-410">[408]</a>: 130  The first movie post-Independence, <a href="/wiki/Ora_Egaro_Jon" title="Ora Egaro Jon">Ora Egaro Jon</a>, was directed by <a href="/wiki/Chashi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Chashi Nazrul Islam">Chashi Nazrul Islam</a> and released in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-back-411">[409]</a> At the industry's peak, about 80 movies were produced each year between 1996 and 2003, a number which has constantly declined thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-easmin-410">[408]</a>: 130 <a href="#cite_note-back-411">[409]</a> Prominent directors include <a href="/wiki/Khan_Ataur_Rahman" title="Khan Ataur Rahman">Khan Ataur Rahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Kabir_(film_maker)" title="Alamgir Kabir (film maker)">Alamgir Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amjad_Hossain" title="Amjad Hossain">Amjad Hossain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humayun_Ahmed" title="Humayun Ahmed">Humayun Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morshedul_Islam" title="Morshedul Islam">Morshedul Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanvir_Mokammel" title="Tanvir Mokammel">Tanvir Mokammel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tareque_Masud" title="Tareque Masud">Tareque Masud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salahuddin_Lavlu" title="Salahuddin Lavlu">Salahuddin Lavlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enamul_Karim_Nirjhar" title="Enamul Karim Nirjhar">Enamul Karim Nirjhar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-easmin-410">[408]</a>: 130  Tareque Masud was honoured by <a href="/wiki/FIPRESCI" class="mw-redirect" title="FIPRESCI">FIPRESCI</a> at the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> for his film <a href="/wiki/Matir_Moina" title="Matir Moina">Matir Moina</a> (The Clay Bird). <a href="/wiki/Film_society" title="Film society">Film societes</a> have played a crucial role in the development of cinema in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-412">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kala_bhuna_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kala_bhuna_1.jpg/208px-Kala_bhuna_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kala_bhuna_1.jpg/312px-Kala_bhuna_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kala_bhuna_1.jpg/416px-Kala_bhuna_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kala_bhuna" title="Kala bhuna">Kala bhuna</a>, a popular <a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">beef dish</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong Division</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE.jpg/250px-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE.jpg/330px-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE.jpg/500px-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rohu" title="Rohu">Rohu</a> curry, a popular fish-based dish</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Morog_Polao_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Morog_Polao_1.jpg/250px-Morog_Polao_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Morog_Polao_1.jpg/330px-Morog_Polao_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Morog_Polao_1.jpg/500px-Morog_Polao_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Chicken <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pilaf</a> (Morog Polao), a traditional dish from <a href="/wiki/Old_Dhaka" title="Old Dhaka">Old Dhaka</a></div></div></div></div></div> Bangladeshi cuisine, formed by its geographic location and climate, is rich and diverse; sharing its culinary heritage with the neighbouring Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-413">[411]</a>: 14  The staple dish is <a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">white rice</a>, which along with fish, forms the culinary base. Varieties of <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetables</a>, potatoes, <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a>) also play an important role. <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">Curries</a> of beef, <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a>, chicken and duck are commonly consumed,<a href="#cite_note-shaheda-414">[412]</a> along with multiple types of <a href="/wiki/Bhurta" title="Bhurta">bhortas</a> (mashed vegetables),<a href="#cite_note-415">[413]</a> bhajis (<a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">stir fried</a> vegetables) and <a href="/wiki/Tarkari" title="Tarkari">tarkaris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curried</a> vegetables).<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-413">[411]</a>: 8  Mughal-influenced dishes include <a href="/wiki/Korma" title="Korma">kormas</a>, kalias, <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pulaos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahri_(dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahri (dish)">teharis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khichuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Khichuri">khichuris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shaheda-414">[412]</a> Among the various used spices, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">fenugreek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigella" title="Nigella">nigella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">chili powder</a> are widely used; a famous spice mix is the <a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">panch phoron</a>. Condiments and herbs used include <a href="/wiki/Red_onion" title="Red onion">red onions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">green chillies</a>, garlic, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilantro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilantro">cilantro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-413">[411]</a>: 12  <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)" title="Mustard (condiment)">mustard paste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustard seeds">mustard seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">mustard oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_pickle" title="South Asian pickle">achars</a><a href="#cite_note-shaheda-414">[412]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutneys</a> are also widely used in the cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-413">[411]</a>: 13–14  Fish is the main source of protein, owing to the country's riverine geography, and it is often enjoyed with its <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hilsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilsa">hilsa</a> is the national fish and is immensely popular; a famous dish is <a href="/wiki/Shorshe_ilish" title="Shorshe ilish">shorshe ilish</a>. Other highly consumed fishes include <a href="/wiki/Rohu" title="Rohu">rohu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasius_pangasius" title="Pangasius pangasius">pangas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[414]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">dried fish</a> (shutki) also play an important role, with the <a href="/wiki/Chingri_malai_curry" title="Chingri malai curry">chingri malai curry</a> being a famous shrimp dish.<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-413">[411]</a>: 8  In Chittagong, famous dishes include <a href="/wiki/Kala_bhuna" title="Kala bhuna">kala bhuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mezban" title="Mezban">mezban</a>, the latter being a traditionally popular feast, featuring the serving of mezbani gosht, a hot and spicy beef curry.<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-413">[411]</a>: 10 <a href="#cite_note-shaheda-414">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardiancuisine-417">[415]</a> In Sylhet, the <a href="/wiki/Shatkora" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkora">shatkora</a> lemons are used to marinate dishes, a notable one is <a href="/wiki/Beef_Hatkhora" class="mw-redirect" title="Beef Hatkhora">beef hatkora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardiancuisine-417">[415]</a> Among the tribal communities in the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a>, cooking with <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">bamboo shoots</a> is popular.<a href="#cite_note-418">[416]</a> Khulna is renowned for using chui jhal (<a href="/wiki/Piper_chaba" title="Piper chaba">piper chaba</a>) in its meat-based dishes.<a href="#cite_note-guardiancuisine-417">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-shaheda-414">[412]</a> Bangladesh has a vast spread of desserts, including distinctive <a href="/wiki/Sweets" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweets">sweets</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">rôshogolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ras_malai" title="Ras malai">roshmalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chomchom" title="Chomchom">chomchom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandesh_(confectionery)" title="Sandesh (confectionery)">sondesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishti_doi" title="Mishti doi">mishti doi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">kalojaam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jalebi" title="Jalebi">jilapi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-419">[417]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pitha" title="Pitha">Pithas</a> are traditional boiled desserts made with rice or fruits.<a href="#cite_note-420">[418]</a> <a href="/wiki/Halwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Halwa">Halwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shemai" title="Shemai">shemai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falooda" title="Falooda">falooda</a>, the latter two being a variation of <a href="/wiki/Vermicelli" title="Vermicelli">vermicelli</a>; are popular desserts during religious festivities.<a href="#cite_note-421">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[421]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">Ruti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">naan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paratha" title="Paratha">paratha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luchi" title="Luchi">luchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakarkhani" title="Bakarkhani">bakarkhani</a> are the main local breads.<a href="#cite_note-424">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-shaheda-414">[412]</a> Hot <a href="/wiki/Milk_tea" title="Milk tea">milk tea</a> is the most commonly consumed beverage in the country, being at the centre of <a href="/wiki/Adda_(South_Asian)" title="Adda (South Asian)">group conversations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-425">[423]</a> <a href="/wiki/Borhani" title="Borhani">Borhani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mattha" title="Mattha">mattha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lassi" title="Lassi">lassi</a> are popular traditionally consumed beverages.<a href="#cite_note-426">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[425]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebabs</a> are widely popular, particularly <a href="/wiki/Seekh_kebab" title="Seekh kebab">seekh kebab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chapli_kebab" title="Chapli kebab">chapli kebab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shami_kebab" title="Shami kebab">shami kebab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka" title="Chicken tikka">chicken tikka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shashlik" title="Shashlik">shashlik</a>, along with various types of chaaps.<a href="#cite_note-shaheda-414">[412]</a> Popular street foods include <a href="/wiki/Chotpoti" title="Chotpoti">chotpoti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhal_muri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhal muri">jhal muri</a>, shingara,<a href="#cite_note-428">[426]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">samosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panipuri" title="Panipuri">fuchka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-429">[427]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Bangladesh">Sports in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mashrafe_2016_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mashrafe_2016_%289%29.jpg/250px-Mashrafe_2016_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mashrafe_2016_%289%29.jpg/330px-Mashrafe_2016_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mashrafe_2016_%289%29.jpg/500px-Mashrafe_2016_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="1982" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh cricket team">Bangladesh cricket team</a></figcaption></figure> In rural Bangladesh, several <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional games of Bangladesh">traditional indigenous sports</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boli_Khela" class="mw-redirect" title="Boli Khela">Boli Khela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lathi_Khela" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathi Khela">Lathi Khela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nouka_Baich" title="Nouka Baich">Nouka Baich</a> remain fairly popular. While Kabaddi is the national sport,<a href="#cite_note-430">[428]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is the most popular sport in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team" title="Bangladesh national cricket team">national cricket team</a> participated in their first <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</a> in 1999 and the following year was granted <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a> status. Bangladesh reached the quarter-final of the <a href="/wiki/2015_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2015 Cricket World Cup">2015 Cricket World Cup</a>, the semi-final of the <a href="/wiki/2017_ICC_Champions_Trophy" title="2017 ICC Champions Trophy">2017 ICC Champions Trophy</a> and they reached the final of the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Cup" title="Asia Cup">Asia Cup</a> 3 times – in 2012, 2016, and 2018. <a href="/wiki/Shakib_Al_Hasan" title="Shakib Al Hasan">Shakib Al Hasan</a> is widely regarded as one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/All-rounder" title="All-rounder">all-rounders</a> in the history of the sport.<a href="#cite_note-431">[429]</a> On 9 February 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_national_under-19_cricket_team" title="Bangladesh national under-19 cricket team">Bangladesh national under-19 cricket team</a> won the men's <a href="/wiki/2020_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup">Under-19 Cricket World Cup</a>, which was the country's first World Cup victory.<a href="#cite_note-432">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[431]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_national_under-19_cricket_team" title="Bangladesh national under-19 cricket team">Bangladesh national under-19 cricket team</a> also won the <a href="/wiki/ACC_Under-19_Asia_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="ACC Under-19 Asia Cup">U-19 Asia cup</a> in 2023 and 2024 consecutively.<a href="#cite_note-434">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[433]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_women%27s_national_cricket_team" title="Bangladesh women's national cricket team">Bangladesh women's national cricket team</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2018_Women%27s_Twenty20_Asia_Cup" title="2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup">2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup</a> defeating <a href="/wiki/India_women%27s_national_cricket_team" title="India women's national cricket team">India women's national cricket team</a> in the final.<a href="#cite_note-436">[434]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg/220px-Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg/330px-Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg/440px-Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4149" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_national_football_team" title="Bangladesh national football team">Bangladesh football team</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the second-most popular sport in Bangladesh, following cricket.<a href="#cite_note-437">[435]</a> The first instance of a national football team was the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Shadhin_Bangla_Football_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadhin Bangla Football Team">Shadhin Bangla football team</a> during the liberation war of 1971.<a href="#cite_note-438">[436]</a> On 25 July 1971, the team's captain, <a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Pintoo" title="Zakaria Pintoo">Zakaria Pintoo</a>, became the first person to hoist the Bangladesh flag on foreign land before their match in neighboring India.<a href="#cite_note-439">[437]</a> Following independence, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_national_football_team" title="Bangladesh national football team">national football team</a> made its debut in 1973 and eventually achieved the feat of participating in the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="1980 AFC Asian Cup">1980</a>), becoming only the second South Asian team to do so.<a href="#cite_note-440">[438]</a> Bangladesh's most notable achievements in football include the <a href="/wiki/2003_South_Asian_Football_Federation_Gold_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 South Asian Football Federation Gold Cup">2003 SAFF Gold Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_1999_South_Asian_Games" title="Football at the 1999 South Asian Games">1999 South Asian Games</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Bangladesh women's national football team">Bangladesh women's national football team</a> won the <a href="/wiki/SAFF_Women%27s_Championship" title="SAFF Women's Championship">SAFF Women's Championship</a> consecutively in 2022 and 2024.<a href="#cite_note-441">[439]</a> Bangladesh archers Ety Khatun and Roman Sana won several gold medals winning all the 10 <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a> events (both individual and team events) in the <a href="/wiki/2019_South_Asian_Games" title="2019 South Asian Games">2019 South Asian Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-442">[440]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Council" title="National Sports Council">National Sports Council</a> regulates 42 sporting federations.<a href="#cite_note-443">[441]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is very popular in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has five grandmasters in chess. Among them, <a href="/wiki/Niaz_Murshed" title="Niaz Murshed">Niaz Murshed</a> was the first grandmaster in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-444">[442]</a> In 2010, mountain climber <a href="/wiki/Musa_Ibrahim" title="Musa Ibrahim">Musa Ibrahim</a> became the first Bangladeshi climber to conquer <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dailystardetail-445">[443]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wasfia_Nazreen" title="Wasfia Nazreen">Wasfia Nazreen</a> is the first Bangladeshi climber to climb the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Summits" title="Seven Summits">Seven Summits</a> and the <a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-446">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[445]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/48px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/64px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Bangladesh portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bangladesh-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Bangladesh-related articles">Index of Bangladesh-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline of Bangladesh</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌbæŋɡləˈdɛʃ, ˌbɑːŋ-/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: বাংলাদেশ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: Bāṅlādēś, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈbaŋlaˌdeʃ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/Bn-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6.oga\/Bn-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Bn-\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Bn-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6.oga/Bn-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Bn-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6.oga" title="File:Bn-বাংলাদেশ.oga">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: Gôṇôprôjātôntrī Bāṅlādēś, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ɡɔnopɾodʒat̪ɔnt̪ɾi‿baŋlad̪eʃ]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd-1"><a href="#cite_ref-bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html">"The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law,_Justice_and_Parliamentary_Affairs" title="Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs">Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Law%2C+Justice+and+Parliamentary+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+Bangladesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd%2Fact-details-367.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-705.html"><bdi lang="bn">বাংলা ভাষা প্রচলন আইন, ১৯৮৭</bdi></a> [Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987]. bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd (in Bengali). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law,_Justice_and_Parliamentary_Affairs" title="Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs">Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107175804/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-705.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%2C+%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd%2Fact-705.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf">"Ethnic population in 2022 census"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+population+in+2022+census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsid.portal.gov.bd%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fsid.portal.gov.bd%2Fpublications%2F01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3%2FPHC_Preliminary_Report_%28English%29_August_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf">"Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report"</a> (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. August 2022. p. 16. Retrieved 25 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Housing+Census+2022%3A+Preliminary+Report&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Bangladesh+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsid.portal.gov.bd%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fsid.portal.gov.bd%2Fpublications%2F01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3%2FPHC_Preliminary_Report_%28English%29_August_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12650940">"Bangladesh country profile"</a>. BBC News. BBC. 4 March 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+country+profile&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-12650940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh">"Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbangladesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2021.zip">(Archived 2021 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-populationcensus2022-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-populationcensus2022_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-populationcensus2022_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-04-18-08-42-4f13d316f798b9e5fd3a4c61eae4bfef.pdf">"Population and Housing Census 2022: Post Enumeration Check (PEC) Adjusted Population"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics">Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics</a>. 18 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530205648/http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-04-18-08-42-4f13d316f798b9e5fd3a4c61eae4bfef.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangladesh+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Population+and+Housing+Census+2022%3A+Post+Enumeration+Check+%28PEC%29+Adjusted+Population&rft.date=2023-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbs.portal.gov.bd%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fbbs.portal.gov.bd%2Fpage%2Fb343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0%2F2023-04-18-08-42-4f13d316f798b9e5fd3a4c61eae4bfef.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/332419/report-68%25-bangladeshis-live-in-villages">"Report: 68% Bangladeshis live in villages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a>. 28 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206021005/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/332419/report-68%25-bangladeshis-live-in-villages">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Report%3A+68%25+Bangladeshis+live+in+villages&rft.date=2023-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fbangladesh%2F332419%2Freport-68%2525-bangladeshis-live-in-villages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=513,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Bangladesh)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Retrieved 27 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Bangladesh%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D513%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2025%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Bangladesh/gini_inequality_index">"Gini inequality index – Bangladesh"</a>. TheGlobalEconomy.com. Retrieved 31 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGlobalEconomy.com&rft.atitle=Gini+inequality+index+%E2%80%93+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobaleconomy.com%2FBangladesh%2Fgini_inequality_index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNations2024" class="citation web cs1">Nations, United (13 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2023-24">"Human Development Report 2023-24"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318221638/https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2023-24">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024 – via hdr.undp.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023-24&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft.aulast=Nations&rft.aufirst=United&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fhuman-development-report-2023-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAra2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ara, Rowshon (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1249887">"A Foreign Language or the Second Language: The Future of English in Bangladesh"</a>. International Journal of Language Education. 4 (1): 81–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26858%2Fijole.v4i2.10458">10.26858/ijole.v4i2.10458</a> (inactive 13 March 2025). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2548-8457">2548-8457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Language+Education&rft.atitle=A+Foreign+Language+or+the+Second+Language%3A+The+Future+of+English+in+Bangladesh&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26858%2Fijole.v4i2.10458&rft.issn=2548-8457&rft.aulast=Ara&rft.aufirst=Rowshon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DEJ1249887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2025 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_March_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2025">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academypublication.com/issues2/jltr/vol10/02/05.pdf">Historical Evolution of English in Bangladesh</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nurul_Islam" title="Mohammad Nurul Islam">Mohammad Nurul Islam</a>. 1 March 2019. pp. 9–. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205130347/http://www.academypublication.com/issues2/jltr/vol10/02/05.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Evolution+of+English+in+Bangladesh&rft.pages=9-&rft.pub=Mohammad+Nurul+Islam&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academypublication.com%2Fissues2%2Fjltr%2Fvol10%2F02%2F05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Muslim_League">"Muslim League"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320205000/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Muslim_League">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FMuslim_League&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011316/http://www.geetabitan.com/lyrics/A/aaji-bangladesher-hridoy.html">"Notation of song aaji bangladesher hridoy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geetabitan.com/lyrics/A/aaji-bangladesher-hridoy.html">the original</a> on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notation+of+song+aaji+bangladesher+hridoy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geetabitan.com%2Flyrics%2FA%2Faaji-bangladesher-hridoy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+bd0014%29">"Bangladesh: early history, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202"</a>. Bangladesh: A country study. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. September 1988. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207010051/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bd0014%29">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2014. <q>Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangladesh%3A+A+country+study&rft.atitle=Bangladesh%3A+early+history%2C+1000+B.C.%E2%80%93A.D.+1202&rft.date=1988-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%2528DOCID%2Bbd0014%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga">"Vanga | ancient kingdom, India"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730062030/https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Vanga+%26%23124%3B+ancient+kingdom%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FVanga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). India: A History. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2"><bdi>978-0-87113-800-2</bdi></a>. <q>In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-800-2&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen-1999-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sen-1999_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen-1999_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [First published 1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281">Ancient Indian History and Civilization</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Age_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Age International (page does not exist)">New Age International</a>. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111745/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed2004-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2004_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2004_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2004" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA23">Bangladesh: Past and Present</a>. APH Publishing. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-469-5"><bdi>978-81-7648-469-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206161602/https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-469-5&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Salahuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzfqq7ruqWgC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> "But the most important development of this period was that the country for the first time received a name, ie Bangalah." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal">Banglapedia: Islam, Bengal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723091245/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal">Archived</a> 23 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSircar1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">Sircar, D.C.</a> (1971) [First published 1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC">Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India</a> (2nd ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0690-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0690-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206161603/https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Geography+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+India&rft.pages=135&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0690-0&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAqKw1Mn8WcwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Land of Two Rivers, <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-riaj-26"><a href="#cite_ref-riaj_26-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11">RIYAZU-S-SALĀTĪN: A History of Bengal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215055926/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11">Archived</a> 15 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Husain_Salim" title="Ghulam Husain Salim">Ghulam Husain Salim</a>, The Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1902. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeitzmanWorden" class="citation book cs1">Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/4.htm">"EARLY HISTORY, 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1202"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/">Bangladesh: A Country Study</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Retrieved 13 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=EARLY+HISTORY%2C+1000+B.C.-A.D.+1202&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbangladesh%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-islamization-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-islamization_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamization_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamization_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-islamization_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeitzmanWorden" class="citation book cs1">Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/5.htm">"ISLAMIZATION OF BENGAL, 1202-1757"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/">Bangladesh: A Country Study</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Retrieved 13 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ISLAMIZATION+OF+BENGAL%2C+1202-1757&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbangladesh%2F5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNanda2005" class="citation book cs1">Nanda, J.N. (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2"><bdi>978-81-8069-149-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+the+unique+state&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-149-2&rft.aulast=Nanda&rft.aufirst=J.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ray-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ray_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay2011" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Indrajit (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82552-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Industries+and+the+British+Industrial+Revolution+%281757%E2%80%931857%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82552-1&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Indrajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHOrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, Indrajit (November 2009). "Identifying the woes of the cotton textile industry in Bengal: tales of the nineteenth century". <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_History_Review" title="The Economic History Review">The Economic History Review</a>. 62 (4). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 857–892. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2009.00444.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00444.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27771525">27771525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Identifying+the+woes+of+the+cotton+textile+industry+in+Bengal%3A+tales+of+the+nineteenth+century&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E857-%3C%2Fspan%3E892&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2009.00444.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27771525%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Indrajit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhose1982" class="citation journal cs1">Ghose, Ajit Kumar (1982). "Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Sub-Continent". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Economic_Papers" title="Oxford Economic Papers">Oxford Economic Papers</a>. 34 (2). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 368–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.oep.a041557">10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2662775">2662775</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11620403">11620403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Economic+Papers&rft.atitle=Food+Supply+and+Starvation%3A+A+Study+of+Famines+with+Reference+to+the+Indian+Sub-Continent&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E368-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11620403&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2662775%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.oep.a041557&rft.aulast=Ghose&rft.aufirst=Ajit+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeers2006" class="citation book cs1">Peers, Douglas M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ">India under colonial rule: 1700–1885</a>. Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31738-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31738-3"><bdi>978-0-582-31738-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+under+colonial+rule%3A+1700%E2%80%931885&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-582-31738-3&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iNuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChatterji1999" class="citation journal cs1">Chatterji, Joya (1999). "The Fashioning of a Frontier: The Radcliffe Line and Bengal's Border Landscape, 1947-52". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a>. 33 (1). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 185–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X99003066">10.1017/S0026749X99003066</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/313155">313155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Fashioning+of+a+Frontier%3A+The+Radcliffe+Line+and+Bengal%27s+Border+Landscape%2C+1947-52&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X99003066&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F313155%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Joya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeitzmanWorden" class="citation book cs1">Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/14.htm">"PAKISTAN PERIOD, 1947-71"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/">Bangladesh: A Country Study</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. p. 4. Retrieved 13 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PAKISTAN+PERIOD%2C+1947-71&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbangladesh%2F14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSobhan1962" class="citation journal cs1">Sobhan, Rehman (1962). "The Problem of Regional Imbalance in the Economic Development of Pakistan". <a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a>. 2 (5): 31–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3023445">10.2307/3023445</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023445">3023445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Regional+Imbalance+in+the+Economic+Development+of+Pakistan&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3023445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3023445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sobhan&rft.aufirst=Rehman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#Baxter">Baxter</a>, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisSagar1992-38"><a href="#cite_ref-LewisSagar1992_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_S._LewisDarren_J._Sagar1992" class="citation book cs1">David S. Lewis; Darren J. Sagar (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4uyAAAAIAAJ">Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific: A Reference Guide</a>. Longman. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-09811-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-09811-4"><bdi>978-0-582-09811-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+of+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-582-09811-4&rft.au=David+S.+Lewis&rft.au=Darren+J.+Sagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS4uyAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988">"ts present name in December 1953" </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeitzmanWorden" class="citation book cs1">Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/15.htm">"The "Revolution" of Ayub Khan, 1958-66"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/">Bangladesh: A Country Study</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. p. 4. 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Nature Communications. 10 (1): 4844. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCo..10.4844K">2019NatCo..10.4844K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-12808-z">10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820795">6820795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31664024">31664024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=New+elevation+data+triple+estimates+of+global+vulnerability+to+sea-level+rise+and+coastal+flooding&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4844&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6820795%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatCo..10.4844K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31664024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-019-12808-z&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Kulp&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Benjamin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6820795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102025006/https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood">"Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood"</a>. climatecentral.org. 29 October 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood">the original</a> on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climatecentral.org&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Flooded+Future%3A+Global+vulnerability+to+sea+level+rise+worse+than+previously+understood&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatecentral.org%2Fnews%2Freport-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaturvedi2016" class="citation book cs1">Chaturvedi, Sanjay (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB1qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67">Climate Change and the Bay of Bengal</a>. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4762-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4762-01-4"><bdi>978-981-4762-01-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182105/https://books.google.com/books?id=UB1qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. 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Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Palki%3A+An+affordable+locally+assembled+Electric+Vehicle+on+its+way&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Ftech-startup%2Fnews%2Fpalki-affordable-locally-assembled-electric-vehicle-its-way-3103341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMang" class="citation web cs1">Mang, Heinz-Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reeep.sreda.gov.bd/projects/2017-02-Situation-Analysis-of-Agro-Industrial-Biogas-Plants-In-Bangladesh_HPMang.pdf">"Situation Analysis of Agro-Industrial Biogas Plants in Bangladesh"</a> (PDF). sreeda.gov.bd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618191038/https://reeep.sreda.gov.bd/projects/2017-02-Situation-Analysis-of-Agro-Industrial-Biogas-Plants-In-Bangladesh_HPMang.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2022. 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Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Asia%27s+New+Energy+Superpower%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2014%2F11%2Fbangladesh-asias-new-energy-superpower%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWith%2520its%2520new%2520territory%252C%2520Bangladesh%2527s%2Cthe%2520end%2520of%2520the%2520year.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/energy/imported-lng-be-24-times-more-expensive-local-gas-cpd-370075">"Imported LNG to be 24 times more expensive than local gas: CPD"</a>. 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The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114121/https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/let-us-not-become-dependent-lng-import-2925721">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Let+us+not+become+dependent+on+LNG+import&rft.date=2021-12-26&rft.aulast=Imam&rft.aufirst=Badrul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fviews%2Fopinion%2Fnews%2Flet-us-not-become-dependent-lng-import-2925721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/a9b8d051-a126-469c-b1ad-b0d29a8d53eb">"Bangladesh is being 'killed by economic conditions elsewhere in the world'"</a>. Financial Times. London. 24 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126085309/https://www.ft.com/content/a9b8d051-a126-469c-b1ad-b0d29a8d53eb">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+is+being+%27killed+by+economic+conditions+elsewhere+in+the+world%27&rft.date=2022-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fa9b8d051-a126-469c-b1ad-b0d29a8d53eb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/markets/commodities/bangladesh-halts-expensive-spot-lng-imports-despite-load-shedding-idUSL1N2Z10R7/">"Bangladesh halts expensive spot LNG imports despite load-shedding"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 20 July 2022. 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The Daily Star. 12 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829153434/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-live/women-asia-cup-t20-champions-2018-bangladesh-womens-cricket-team-got-victory-1590118">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Champions+of+Asia+T20+Cup+2018%3A+Bangladesh+Women%27s+Cricket+Team&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fstar-live%2Fwomen-asia-cup-t20-champions-2018-bangladesh-womens-cricket-team-got-victory-1590118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/columns/football-the-game-which-makes-us-come-alive">"Football ... the game which makes us come alive"</a>. The Financial Express. 14 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20250304070646/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/columns/football-the-game-which-makes-us-come-alive">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Football+...+the+game+which+makes+us+come+alive&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefinancialexpress.com.bd%2Fviews%2Fcolumns%2Ffootball-the-game-which-makes-us-come-alive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other">"'Shadhin Bangla Football Dal': A team like no other"</a>. The Business Standard. 16 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815160845/https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Business+Standard&rft.atitle=%27Shadhin+Bangla+Football+Dal%27%3A+A+team+like+no+other&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbsnews.net%2Fsports%2Fshadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newagebd.net/article/133717/i-am-luckier-than-pele-zakaria-pintoo">"I am luckier than Pele: Zakaria Pintoo"</a>. 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Prothom Alo (in Bengali). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230910082413/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prothom+Alo&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B+%27%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%27+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft.aulast=Iqbal&rft.aufirst=Niar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prothomalo.com%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2F%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFExpress" class="citation web cs1">Express, The Financial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/first-page/bangladesh-retain-saff-womens-champs-title-1730307628">"Bangladesh retain SAFF Women's Champs title"</a>. The Financial Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20250304071113/https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/first-page/bangladesh-retain-saff-womens-champs-title-1730307628">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2025. Retrieved 5 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+retain+SAFF+Women%27s+Champs+title&rft.aulast=Express&rft.aufirst=The+Financial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.thefinancialexpress.com.bd%2Ffirst-page%2Fbangladesh-retain-saff-womens-champs-title-1730307628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/athletics/bangladesh-win-all-10-golds-in-archery-sa-games-2019-1837909">"Ety, Sana complete Bangladesh's clean sweep in archery"</a>. The Daily Star. 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Ety%2C+Sana+complete+Bangladesh%27s+clean+sweep+in+archery&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fsports%2Fathletics%2Fbangladesh-win-all-10-golds-in-archery-sa-games-2019-1837909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121160742/http://nsc.gov.bd/n/?cat=11">"All Affiliated National Federation/Association"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Council" title="National Sports Council">National Sports Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsc.gov.bd/n/?cat=11">the original</a> on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Affiliated+National+Federation%2FAssociation&rft.pub=National+Sports+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsc.gov.bd%2Fn%2F%3Fcat%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129112718/http://bdchessfed.com/grand-masters/">"Bangladesh Chess Federation"</a>. bdchessfed.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdchessfed.com/grand-masters">the original</a> on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bdchessfed.com&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+Chess+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdchessfed.com%2Fgrand-masters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailystardetail-445"><a href="#cite_ref-dailystardetail_445-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027015045/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-139787">"Musa conquers Everest"</a>. The Daily Star. 24 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=139787">the original</a> on 27 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Musa+conquers+Everest&rft.date=2010-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2FnewDesign%2Fnews-details.php%3Fnid%3D139787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMary_Anne_Potts2016" class="citation web cs1">Mary Anne Potts (27 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191119031640/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/27/bangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country/">"Bangladeshi Climber Shares Her Spiritual Journey for the Women of Her Country"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/27/bangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country/">the original</a> on 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Bangladeshi+Climber+Shares+Her+Spiritual+Journey+for+the+Women+of+Her+Country&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft.au=Mary+Anne+Potts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fadventure%2Fadventure-blog%2F2016%2F05%2F27%2Fbangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/news/wasfia-nazreen-becomes-first-bangladeshi-summit-k2-3076801">"Wasfia Nazreen becomes first Bangladeshi to summit K2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a>. 22 July 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Wasfia+Nazreen+becomes+first+Bangladeshi+to+summit+K2&rft.date=2022-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Flife-living%2Fnews%2Fwasfia-nazreen-becomes-first-bangladeshi-summit-k2-3076801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2004" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). Bangladesh: Past and Present. APH Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-469-5"><bdi>978-81-7648-469-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-469-5&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Salahuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Baxter" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Baxter" title="Craig Baxter">Baxter, Craig</a> (1997). Bangladesh, from a Nation to a State. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3632-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3632-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-3632-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47885632">47885632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%2C+from+a+Nation+to+a+State&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47885632&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3632-9&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2011" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, David (2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50257-3"><bdi>978-1-139-50257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Civil+Society&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50257-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ahmed, Nizam. The Parliament of Bangladesh (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAli2010" class="citation book cs1">Ali, S. Mahmud (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FD2KzBG1ejwC">Understanding Bangladesh</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70143-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70143-3"><bdi>978-0-231-70143-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70143-3&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=S.+Mahmud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFD2KzBG1ejwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2021" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Manash (2021). Bangladesh War: Report from Ground Zero. Niyogi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789391125370" title="Special:BookSources/9789391125370"><bdi>9789391125370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+War%3A+Report+from+Ground+Zero&rft.pub=Niyogi+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789391125370&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Manash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Baxter, Craig. Bangladesh: From a nation to a state (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBose2012" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Sarmila (2012). Dead Reckoning Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5009-426-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5009-426-6"><bdi>978-93-5009-426-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+Reckoning+Memories+of+the+1971+Bangladesh+War&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-93-5009-426-6&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sarmila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarty2004" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=in1_AgAAQBAJ">The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947: Contour of Freedom</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-33274-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-33274-8"><bdi>978-1-134-33274-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+Bengal+and+Assam%2C+1932-1947%3A+Contour+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-33274-8&rft.aulast=Chakrabarty&rft.aufirst=Bidyut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Din1_AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrover2000" class="citation book cs1">Grover, Verinder (2000). Bangladesh: Government and Politics. Deep and Deep Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-928-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-928-2"><bdi>978-81-7100-928-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Government+and+Politics&rft.pub=Deep+and+Deep+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7100-928-2&rft.aulast=Grover&rft.aufirst=Verinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuhathakurtavan_Schendel2013" class="citation book cs1">Guhathakurta, Meghna; van Schendel, Willem, eds. (2013). The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5304-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-5304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bangladesh+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5304-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hasnat, GN Tanjina, Md Alamgir Kabir, and Md Akhter Hossain. "Major environmental issues and problems of South Asia, particularly Bangladesh." Handbook of environmental materials management (2018): 1-40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/G_N_Hasnat/publication/323264078_Major_Environmental_Issues_and_Problems_of_South_Asia_Particularly_Bangladesh/links/5e7c678fa6fdcc139c04692f/Major-Environmental-Issues-and-Problems-of-South-Asia-Particularly-Bangladesh.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Iftekhar Iqbal (2010) The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943 (Palgrave Macmillan) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-230-23183-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-230-23183-7">0-230-23183-7</a></li> <li>Islam, Saiful, and Md Ziaur Rahman Khan. "A review of the energy sector of Bangladesh." Energy Procedia 110 (2017): 611–618. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610217302230/pdf?md5=762df35a45d6d280234429fc79ec79bd&pid=1-s2.0-S1876610217302230-main.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Jannuzi, F. Tomasson, and James T. Peach. The agrarian structure of Bangladesh: An impediment to development (Routledge, 2019).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhan2013" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. Kube Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-052-6"><bdi>978-1-84774-052-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Heritage+of+Bengal%3A+The+Lives%2C+Thoughts+and+Achievements+of+Great+Muslim+Scholars%2C+Writers+and+Reformers+of+Bangladesh+and+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Kube+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84774-052-6&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Mojlum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMookherjee2015" class="citation book cs1">Mookherjee, Nayanika (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjUWrgEACAAJ">The Spectral Wound: Sexual Violence, Public Memories, and the Bangladesh War of 1971</a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5949-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5949-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-5949-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spectral+Wound%3A+Sexual+Violence%2C+Public+Memories%2C+and+the+Bangladesh+War+of+1971&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5949-4&rft.aulast=Mookherjee&rft.aufirst=Nayanika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjUWrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>M. Mufakharul Islam (edited) (2004) Socio-Economic History of Bangladesh: essays in memory of Professor Shafiqur Rahman, 1st Edition, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156800811">156800811</a></li> <li>M. Mufakharul Islam (2007) Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study (Cambridge University Press), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-04985-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-04985-7">0-521-04985-7</a></li> <li>Prodhan, Mohit. "The educational system in Bangladesh and scope for improvement." Journal of International Social Issues 4.1 (2016): 11–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winona.edu/socialwork/Media/Prodhan%20The%20Educational%20System%20in%20Bangladesh%20and%20Scope%20for%20Improvement.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2013" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, Srinath (2013). 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72864-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72864-6"><bdi>978-0-674-72864-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1971%3A+A+Global+History+of+the+Creation+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72864-6&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashid1977" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Haroun Er (1977). Geography of Bangladesh. University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4638928">4638928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4638928&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Haroun+Er&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Riaz, Ali. Bangladesh: A political history since independence (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiaz2010" class="citation book cs1">Riaz, Ali (2010). Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92624-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92624-2"><bdi>978-1-136-92624-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Islam+and+Governance+in+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-92624-2&rft.aulast=Riaz&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiazRahman2016" class="citation book cs1">Riaz, Ali; Rahman, Mohammad Sajjadur (2016). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-30877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-30877-5"><bdi>978-1-317-30877-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Contemporary+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-30877-5&rft.aulast=Riaz&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Mohammad+Sajjadur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchendel2009" class="citation book cs1">Schendel, Willem van (2009). A History of Bangladesh. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86174-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86174-8"><bdi>978-0-521-86174-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86174-8&rft.aulast=Schendel&rft.aufirst=Willem+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shelley, Israt J., et al. "Rice cultivation in Bangladesh: present scenario, problems, and prospects." Journal of International Cooperation for Agricultural Development 14.4 (2016): 20–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icrea.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jpn/journal/Vol14_20-29-Review-Shelley.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Sirajul Islam (edited) (1997) History of Bangladesh 1704–1971(Three Volumes: Vol 1: Political History, Vol 2: Economic History Vol 3: Social and Cultural History), 2nd Edition (Revised New Edition), The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-512-337-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-512-337-6">984-512-337-6</a></li> <li>Sirajul Islam (Chief Editor) (2003) Banglapedia: A National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh.(10 Vols. Set), (written by 1300 scholars & 22 editors) The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0585-5" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0585-5">984-32-0585-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSissonRose1991" class="citation book cs1">Sisson, Richard; Rose, Leo E (1991). War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07665-5"><bdi>978-0-520-07665-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Secession%3A+Pakistan%2C+India%2C+and+the+Creation+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07665-5&rft.aulast=Sisson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Rose%2C+Leo+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSogra2014" class="citation book cs1">Sogra, Khair Jahan (2014). The Impact of Gender Differences on the Conflict Management Styles of Managers in Bangladesh: An Analysis. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6854-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6854-9"><bdi>978-1-4438-6854-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Gender+Differences+on+the+Conflict+Management+Styles+of+Managers+in+Bangladesh%3A+An+Analysis&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6854-9&rft.aulast=Sogra&rft.aufirst=Khair+Jahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUmar2006" class="citation book cs1">Umar, Badruddin (2006). The Emergence of Bangladesh: Rise of Bengali nationalism, 1958–1971. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597908-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597908-4"><bdi>978-0-19-597908-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Bangladesh%3A+Rise+of+Bengali+nationalism%2C+1958%E2%80%931971&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-597908-4&rft.aulast=Umar&rft.aufirst=Badruddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Van Schendel, Willem. A history of Bangladesh (Cambridge University Press, 2020).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUddin2006" class="citation book cs1">Uddin, Sufia M. (2006). Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, and Language in an Islamic Nation. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7733-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7733-3"><bdi>978-0-8078-7733-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Bangladesh%3A+Religion%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Language+in+an+Islamic+Nation&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7733-3&rft.aulast=Uddin&rft.aufirst=Sufia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWahidWeis1996" class="citation book cs1">Wahid, Abu N.M..; Weis, Charles E (1996). The Economy of Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95347-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95347-8"><bdi>978-0-275-95347-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Bangladesh%3A+Problems+and+Prospects&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95347-8&rft.aulast=Wahid&rft.aufirst=Abu+N.M..&rft.au=Weis%2C+Charles+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bida.portal.gov.bd/">Official Site of Bangladesh Investment Development Authority</a></li></ul> General information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736">Bangladesh</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/">Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12650940">Bangladesh</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026124922/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/bangladesh.htm">Bangladesh</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/184640">Bangladesh</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh#History_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh-related_topics" title="List of Bangladesh-related topics">Topics</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation_in_Bangladesh" title="History of aviation in Bangladesh">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Military history of Bangladesh">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Bengal" title="Maritime history of Bengal">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bangladesh">Postal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_tropical_cyclones" title="List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones">Cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Bangladesh" title="List of years in Bangladesh">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundra_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra Kingdom">Pundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical and Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Founding kingdom: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Classical empires: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Pala_dynasty" title="Kamboja Pala dynasty">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sultanates: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal period:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">Colonial</a> and Pakistan era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Portuguese Bengala</a></li> <li>British Bengal: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Sepoy Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_legislative_election,_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengali legislative election, 1954">Legislative election in 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six point movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Mass_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan">1969 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani general election, 1970">General election in 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_after_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bangladesh after independence">Republic of Bangladesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974" title="Bangladesh famine of 1974">Famine of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh" title="Military coups in Bangladesh">Military coups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ziaur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Ziaur Rahman">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Bangladesh_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Bangladesh coup d'état">1982</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Mass_Uprising_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh">1990 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">Political crisis in 2006–08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Rifles_revolt" title="Bangladesh Rifles revolt">Bangladesh Rifles revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Begums" title="Battle of Begums">Battle of Begums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_violence" title="2013 Bangladesh violence">Protests in 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Student–People's uprising">Student–People's uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement">Quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(2024)" title="Non-cooperation movement (2024)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_massacre" title="July massacre">Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Bangladesh">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chittagong" title="History of Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dhaka" title="History of Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jessore" title="History of Jessore">Jessore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Noakhali" title="History of Noakhali">Noakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rangpur" title="History of Rangpur">Rangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sylhet" title="History of Sylhet">Sylhet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Administrative geography of Bangladesh">Administrative:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of Bangladesh">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Sub-districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bangladesh" title="List of cities and towns in Bangladesh">Cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:Borders of Bangladesh">Borders</a></li> <li>Nature: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Islands of Bangladesh">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Lakes of Bangladesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Mountains of Bangladesh">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Parks in Bangladesh">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of rivers of Bangladesh">Rivers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Places: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Fan" title="Bengal Fan">Bengal Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar" title="Cox's Bazar">Cox's Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatirjheel" title="Hatirjheel">Hatirjheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Bangladesh" title="List of presidents of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of prime ministers of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bangladesh" title="Cabinet of Bangladesh">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Elections in Bangladesh">Elections</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Election_Commission" title="Bangladesh Election Commission">Election Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:General_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:General elections in Bangladesh">General elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Presidential elections in Bangladesh">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bangladesh" title="List of political parties in Bangladesh">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bangladesh" title="Foreign relations of Bangladesh">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of Bangladesh">Foreign policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Jatiya Sangsad</a> (parliament): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Bangladesh">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Bangladesh" title="Local government in Bangladesh">Local government</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_City_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of City Corporations of Bangladesh">City corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Municipal_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Municipal Corporations of Bangladesh">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh#Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Upazila Parishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Bangladesh" title="Union councils of Bangladesh">Union councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Bangladesh">Law</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court Division">High Court Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh" title="Chief Justice of Bangladesh">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Bangladesh" title="Attorney General of Bangladesh">Attorney General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Human rights</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance in Bangladesh">Forced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bangladesh">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Law enforcement in Bangladesh">enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paramilitary_forces_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Paramilitary forces of Bangladesh">Paramilitary</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guards_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guards Bangladesh">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Coast_Guard" title="Bangladesh Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Ansar" title="Bangladesh Ansar">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Defence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Defence Party">Village Defence Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Guard_Regiment" title="President Guard Regiment">President Guard Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_Force" title="Special Security Force">Special Security Force</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Intelligence</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Counter Terrorism and Intelligence Bureau">CTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">Special Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police" title="Bangladesh Police">Police</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Police_Battalion" title="Armed Police Battalion">APBn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Transnational_Crime" title="Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime">CTTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Police Bureau of Investigation">PBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Battalion" title="Rapid Action Battalion">RAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_and_Protection_Battalion" title="Special Security and Protection Battalion">SPBn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Planning_Commission" title="Bangladesh Planning Commission">Bangladesh Planning Commission</a></li> <li>Industries: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Ceramics industry in Bangladesh">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Electronics industry in Bangladesh">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Food industry in Bangladesh">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Textile industry in Bangladesh">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Bangladesh" title="Shipbuilding in Bangladesh">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">Tea production</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finance sectors: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Bangladesh" title="Banking in Bangladesh">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank" title="Bangladesh Bank">Bangladesh Bank (central bank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system_in_Bangladesh" title="Financial system in Bangladesh">Financial system</a></li></ul></li> <li>Stock Exchange: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Stock_Exchange" title="Chittagong Stock Exchange">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Stock_Exchange" title="Dhaka Stock Exchange">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam" title="2011 Bangladesh share market scam">2011 scam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Energy and resources: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Bangladesh" title="Electricity sector in Bangladesh">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_and_petroleum_in_Bangladesh" title="Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh">Natural gas and petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Bangladesh">Nuclear energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Export_Processing_Zone_Authority" title="Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority">Export Processing Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">Agriculture</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Rice production in Bangladesh">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_Bangladesh" title="Poultry farming in Bangladesh">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Bangladesh">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bangladesh" title="Forestry in Bangladesh">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangladesh" title="Tourism in Bangladesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bangladesh" title="Poverty in Bangladesh">Poverty</a></li> <li>Infrastructure: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Post_Office" title="Bangladesh Post Office">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Bangladesh" title="Real estate in Bangladesh">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bangladesh" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bangladesh" title="Transport in Bangladesh">Transport</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Bangladesh" title="List of airports in Bangladesh">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Bangladesh" title="List of airlines of Bangladesh">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Railway" title="Bangladesh Railway">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Bangladesh" title="List of roads in Bangladesh">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Bangladesh">Ports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Society of Bangladesh">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bangladesh">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi name">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bangladesh" title="Crime in Bangladesh">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bangladesh" title="Human trafficking in Bangladesh">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Bangladesh" title="Terrorism in Bangladesh">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangladesh" title="List of schools in Bangladesh">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh" title="List of universities in Bangladesh">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bangladesh" title="Health in Bangladesh">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Bangladesh" title="Hunger in Bangladesh">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_society" title="Bangladeshi society">Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Architecture of Bangladesh">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangaliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangaliana">Bangaliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_studies" title="Bengal studies">Bengal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bangladesh" title="Public holidays in Bangladesh">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bangladesh" title="Sport in Bangladesh">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_traditional_games" title="Bengali traditional games">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_theatre" title="Bengali theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bangladesh" title="List of radio stations in Bangladesh">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bangladesh" title="Television in Bangladesh">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Bangladesh" title="Sexuality in Bangladesh">Sexuality</a></li> <li>Marriage</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bangladesh" title="National symbols of Bangladesh">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Shonar_Bangla" class="mw-redirect" title="Amar Shonar Bangla">Amar Shonar Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal fire">Bengal fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh" title="Government Seal of Bangladesh">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_Bangladesh" title="National Emblem of Bangladesh">National Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial" title="National Martyrs' Memorial">National Martyrs' Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notuner_Gaan" title="Notuner Gaan">Notuner Gaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_magpie-robin" title="Oriental magpie-robin">Oriental magpie-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_nouchali" title="Nymphaea nouchali">Water lily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Bangladeshi inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh" title="Category:Bangladesh">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_topics540" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_topics" title="Template:South Asian topics"><abbr title="View 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<li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of India">Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Regions" title="South Asia">South Asian regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia">General geography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries%2C_with_ambiguities_indicated.svg/80px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries%2C_with_ambiguities_indicated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries%2C_with_ambiguities_indicated.svg/120px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries%2C_with_ambiguities_indicated.svg.png 1.5x, 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<li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Iranic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Iranic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Tibeto-Burman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#European_and_Eurasian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">European and Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Semitic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Semitic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia" title="Culture of South Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_architecture" title="Category:South Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Cultural sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Clothing in South Asia">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_mythology" title="Category:South Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_philosophy" title="Category:South Asian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surnames_of_South_Asian_origin" title="Category:Surnames of South Asian origin">Surnames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Environment of South Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Asia" title="Economy of South Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Politics of South Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South Asia">Human rights in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southern_Asia" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste#In_South_Asia" title="Caste">Caste system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of South Asia">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India#Early_modern_India" title="India">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Contemporary_era" title="South Asia">Contemporary era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in South Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Asia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh#Persecution" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India#Modern_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_South_Asia" title="Cricket in South Asia">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Football_Federation" title="South Asian Football Federation">South Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_physical_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Education in South Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian studies">South Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_swords" title="Category:South Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:South Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_(SAARC)135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Template talk:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_(SAARC)135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Bangalore 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Kathmandu 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Islamabad 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Malé 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">New Delhi 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Malé 1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Kathmandu 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Islamabad 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">New Delhi 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Thimphu 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_SAARC_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="17th SAARC summit">Addu 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_SAARC_summit" title="18th SAARC summit">Kathmandu 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_SAARC_summit" title="19th SAARC summit">Islamabad 2016</a> (Cancelled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Consortium_on_Open_and_Distance_Learning" title="SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning">SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Documentation_Centre" title="SAARC Documentation Centre">SAARC Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Co-operative_Environment_Programme" title="South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme">South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_SAARC_Writers_and_Literature" title="Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature">Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry">SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Federation_of_Accountants" title="South Asian Federation of Accountants">South Asian Federation of Accountants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC Secretary General">SAARC Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Secretariat">SAARC Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">SAARC satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_University" title="South Asian University">South Asian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Literary_Award" title="SAARC Literary Award">SAARC Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH48" title="AH48">SAARC Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Fountain" title="SAARC Fountain">SAARC Fountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does 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for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summit_of_the_D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Summit of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)">Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_socialist_states_not_espousing_communism2840" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialist_rulers" title="Template:Socialist rulers"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFDE00">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialist_rulers" title="Template talk:Socialist rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFDE00">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFDE00">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_socialist_states_not_espousing_communism2840" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of <a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states#Non-communist_states" title="List of socialist states">socialist states not espousing communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#D91D2C;"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">People's Democratic Republic of Algeria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_Larbaoui" title="Nadir Larbaoui">Nadir Larbaoui</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rose_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/120px-Red_rose_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/250px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="579" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#F42A41;"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Republic of Bangladesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shahabuddin_Chuppu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Shahabuddin Chuppu">Mohammed Shahabuddin Chuppu</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#F42A41;"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea"><img alt="Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">State of Eritrea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a>, Head of state and government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Republic of Guinea-Bissau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umaro_Sissoco_Embal%C3%B3" title="Umaro Sissoco Embaló">Umaro Sissoco Embaló</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui_Duarte_de_Barros" title="Rui Duarte de Barros">Rui Duarte de Barros</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#CE1126;"><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><img alt="Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Co-operative Republic of Guyana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irfaan_Ali" title="Irfaan Ali">Irfaan Ali</a>, Head of state and government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Phillips_(Guyanese_politician)" title="Mark Phillips (Guyanese politician)">Mark Phillips</a>, Deputy Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#D91D2C;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#DD0C39;"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Poudel" title="Ram Chandra Poudel">Ram Chandra Poudel</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KP_Sharma_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="KP Sharma Oli">KP Sharma Oli</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Republic of Nicaragua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Murillo" title="Rosario Murillo">Rosario Murillo</a>, Heads of state and government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#D91D2C;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/23px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/35px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/45px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Good_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Councils of Good Government">Councils of Good Government</a>, Local leadership</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#D91D2C;"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahim_Ghali" title="Brahim Ghali">Brahim Ghali</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouchraya_Hammoudi_Bayoun" title="Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun">Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#8E0D37;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a>, Head of state and government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#D91D2C;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Elham_Ehmed" title="Îlham Ehmed">Îlham Ehmed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Selum" title="Mansur Selum">Mansur Selum</a>, Co-Presidents</li> <li>Amina Omar and <a href="/wiki/Riad_Darar" title="Riad Darar">Riad Darar</a>, Co-Chairs</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;backgruond-color:#D91D2C;"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">United Republic of Tanzania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samia_Suluhu_Hassan" title="Samia Suluhu Hassan">Samia Suluhu</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassim_Majaliwa" title="Kassim Majaliwa">Kassim Majaliwa</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#D91D2C;"><a href="/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State"><img alt="Wa State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Wa_State.svg/40px-Flag_of_Wa_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Wa_State.svg/60px-Flag_of_Wa_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State">Wa State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Youxiang" title="Bao Youxiang">Bao Youxiang</a>, Head of state and government</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3325" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121886953">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153614928">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1213724/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRFY9Rf3kyRgDG9r6dwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4130903-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81063207">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943135b">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12124780d">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15284528k">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943135b">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12124780d">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15284528k">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560507">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128710&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453080">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn243f68501q4zt">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564574305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/20395c3e-610c-34fd-9995-6b6f299121f2">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/1caad6d6-e147-4b9f-b4c2-ad079b13b978">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/CdgZkYhZ">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/086272926">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003403">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035837">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=40237">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/benglades">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bangladesh&params=24_N_90_E_type:country_region:BD">24°N 90°E / 24°N 90°E / 24; 90</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&oldid=1281657709">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&oldid=1281657709</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh" title="Category:Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bengal" title="Category:Bengal">Bengal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Asia" 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