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names in a category subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ordering_names_in_a_category-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sort_by_surname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sort_by_surname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sort by surname</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sort_by_surname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_patronymic_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_patronymic_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Historical patronymic names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_patronymic_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Nobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_exceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_exceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other exceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_exceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> 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.ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Blue tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page documents an English Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_editing_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia editing guidelines">editing guideline</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">Editors should generally follow it, though <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">exceptions</a> may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PGCHANGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PGCHANGE">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Categorization/Sorting_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia talk:Categorization/Sorting names">this guideline's talk page</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NAMESORT"></span><span id="WP:LISTAS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NAMESORT&redirect=no">WP:NAMESORT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:LISTAS&redirect=no">WP:LISTAS</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Wikipedia:Categorization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Category_names#Categorization_of_people" title="Wikipedia:Category names">Wikipedia:Category names § Categorization of people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:People" title="Category:People">Category:People</a></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Ordering_names_in_a_category" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ordering_names_in_a_category"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ordering_names_in_a_category"></span>Ordering names in a category<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ordering_names_in_a_category"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Categorization/Sorting_names&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ordering names in a category"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible to change the default order in which the articles in a Category are displayed on the Category: page. For general instructions and conventions about this, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Sort_keys" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Wikipedia:Categorization § Sort keys</a>. Note that there are two techniques for defining a sort order different from the sort order that would result from the page name: </p> <ol><li>Adding <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Help:Category#Default_sort_key" title="Help:Category">DEFAULTSORT</a>:<var style="padding-right: 1px;">category sort key here</var>}}</code> in the article sets the category sort key for all categories without sort keys in that article, before or after it.</li> <li>Per listed category, overriding the DEFAULTSORT, <code>[[Category:<var style="padding-right: 1px;">Category name here</var>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">category sort key here</var>]]</code></li></ol> <p>The sort key should mirror the article's title as closely as possible, while omitting disambiguating terms. Some exceptions are made, however, to force correct collation. </p><p>Please note that some named individual animal have titles included in the article name (for example, <a href="/wiki/Sergeant_Stubby" title="Sergeant Stubby">Sergeant Stubby</a>, a dog with a formal military rank) and are therefore subject to this guideline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sort_by_surname" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sort_by_surname-Ordering_names_in_a_category"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sort_by_surname-Ordering_names_in_a_category"></span>Sort by surname<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sort_by_surname-Ordering_names_in_a_category"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Categorization/Sorting_names&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sort by surname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SUR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SUR&redirect=no">WP:SUR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>If the article is titled "Forename Surname", the category should be added to the article as <code>[[Category:Type X people|Surname, Forename]]</code> (or: <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Surname, Forename}}</code>) so that it will be sorted by <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> (surname and <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a> are used interchangeably in this article). However, there are exceptions depending on customs, where a person lives and when they lived. If the country is not listed, try consulting with <i>Names of persons : national usages for entry in catalogue</i> in <a href="#Bibliography">the bibliography section</a>. It is a resource for how librarians and institutions inside their respective country sort names. However, the sort value may be inappropriate outside their country.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic names">Arabic names</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islamic_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic names">Islamic names</a> historically had no family or given names, but a full chain of names. These names should be sorted as they are written out. However, after 1900, Arabic names became similar in structure to those of Western names, and these should be sorted as if they were Western names. Certain areas form exceptions: for example, in Malaysia, Islamic names follow a patronymic pattern, as do a subset in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabic_names_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabic_names-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18.74_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18.74-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Modern names with <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_(Semitic)" title="Ab (Semitic)">Abu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abd_(Arabic)" title="Abd (Arabic)">Abd</a></i>, <i>Abdel</i>, <i> <a href="/wiki/Abdul" title="Abdul">Abdul</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Patronymic#Arabic" title="Patronymic">ben</a></i>, <i>bin</i> and <i>bint</i> are considered compound names and particles are integral to the name. <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Bin Laden, Osama}}</code>. <a href="/wiki/Mounir_Fakhry_Abdel_Nour" title="Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour">Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdel Nour, Mounir Fakhry}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabic_names_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabic_names-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18.74_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18.74-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_names" title="Burmese names">Burmese names</a> have no surnames or patronymic system, therefore they are sorted as they are written. However, if the person's common name includes an <a href="/wiki/Burmese_name#Honorifics" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">honorific</a>, the name should be sorted with the elements succeeding the honorific.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Thant, U}}</code>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese names">Chinese names</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean names">Korean names</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese names">Vietnamese names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian names">Cambodian names</a> are generally written with the family name first: <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Mao, Zedong}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habesha_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Habesha names">Eritrean and Ethiopian (Habesha)</a> names that use a patronymic system are sorted as they are written.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic names">Icelandic names</a> are generally <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> and occasionally matronymic, with a person's last name derived from their father's or mother's given name. For example, <a href="/wiki/Arnaldur_Indri%C3%B0ason" title="Arnaldur Indriðason">Arnaldur Indriðason</a> is the son of <a href="/wiki/Indri%C3%B0i_G._%C3%9Eorsteinsson" title="Indriði G. Þorsteinsson">Indriði G. Þorsteinsson</a>. Normally a patronymic name is sorted as it is written.<sup id="cite_ref-IFLA_88–90_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFLA_88–90-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on English Wikipedia, the DEFAULTSORT value is Western order, overridden for Icelandic categories, where the sort key is as the name is written. <a href="/wiki/Arnaldur_Indri%C3%B0ason" title="Arnaldur Indriðason">Arnaldur Indriðason</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Indridason, Arnaldur}}</code>, while the Icelandic category of photographers is done, <code>[[Category:Icelandic photographers|Arnaldur Indridason]]</code>. For the <code>listas=</code> parameter in project templates on article talk pages use the DEFAULTSORT value (since it mainly categorises in non-Icelandic categories), e.g., <code>| listas = Indridason, Arnaldur</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian names</a> may be sorted by surname or in the order they are written depending on the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic background</a> of the individual. <a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese names</a> (the most populous ethnic group in Indonesia) do not generally have surnames and may be sorted in the order they are written.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese names">Japanese names</a> for people born after 1885 follow Western order. For people born before 1885, names followed the same practice as Chinese names.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IFLA_Japan_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFLA_Japan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>There are exceptions. <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a> wrestlers, <a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">geishas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> actors, and practitioners of traditional crafts and arts may take professional names. These names follow the same practice as Chinese names. Sumo wrestler <a href="/wiki/Toyohibiki_Ry%C5%ABta" title="Toyohibiki Ryūta">Toyohibiki Ryūta</a>'s sort value is <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Toyohibiki, Ryuta}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-IFLA_Japan_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFLA_Japan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a> names usually use a patronymic system and are sorted as they are written. There are exceptions; most notably, Malaysian Chinese names are handled as regular Chinese names.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese names">Portuguese names</a> (Portugal only) are commonly composed of one or two <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given names</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family names</a>. In a compound family name, the first name is the mother's maiden name, with the second name being the father's surname. These names should be sorted on the last element or the father's name. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_da_Costa_Gomes" title="Francisco da Costa Gomes">Francisco da Costa Gomes</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomes, Francisco da Costa}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish names">Spanish names</a> are similar to Portuguese names in that they are commonly composed of one or two <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given names</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family names</a>. However, in a compound family name, the first name is the father's name, while the second name is the mother's name. The sort value depends on how many names are in the articles title. For <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>, with two family names and one given name, the sort is <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Garcia Marquez, Gabriel}}</code>. For <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Garc%C3%ADa_Hamilton" title="José Ignacio García Hamilton">José Ignacio García Hamilton</a>, with two family names and two given names, the sort is <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Garcia Hamilton, Jose Ignacio}}</code>. Be careful, as the article's title may include any combination of given names and family names.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai names">Thai names</a> have only contained a family name since 1915 and the name follows the western pattern of "given name, family name". However, people in Thailand are known and addressed by their given name. In categories mostly containing articles about Thai people, all names should be sorted with the given name first. For example, <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a> is sorted <code>[[Category:Thai people|Thaksin Shinawatra]]</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That the entries in a category are sorted in this way for this reason should be indicated on the category page, for which the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Thai_people_category" title="Template:Thai people category">Thai people category</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template can be used. Thai names in categories which only contain relatively few such names should, in these categories, be sorted without applying the "sort by given name before family" exception, which only applies to categories which dominantly contain Thai names and which are entirely sorted the Thai way. <a href="/wiki/User:Cewbot" title="User:Cewbot">user:cewbot</a> is now maintaining sort keys in Thai-people categories.</li> <li>Most Muslim <a href="/wiki/Turkish_name#Surnames" title="Turkish name">Turkish names</a> before 1934 had no surname. After 1934, people adopted surnames.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_patronymic_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Historical_patronymic_names-Ordering_names_in_a_category"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Historical_patronymic_names-Ordering_names_in_a_category"></span>Historical patronymic names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Historical_patronymic_names-Ordering_names_in_a_category"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Categorization/Sorting_names&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical patronymic names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The patronymic system was once common throughout Europe and in some parts of the world. See <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> for the list of systems used in each country. Patronymic names should be sorted on their first name. The following is to distinguish how to sort the relevant historical people in some of the more common languages: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>) with the ending <i>-ovich</i>, <i>-ovych</i>, <i>-yevich</i>, <i>-yich</i> are used to form patronymics for men. For women, the endings are <i>-yevna</i>, <i>-yivna</i>, <i>-ovna</i>, <i>ivna</i> or <i>-ichna</i>. For example, in Russian, a man named Ivan with a father named Nikolay would be known as Ivan Nikolayevich or 'Ivan, son of Nikolay'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish names">Irish names</a> were formed by using <i>Mac</i> for "son of", <i>Ó</i> or <i>Ua</i> for "grandson of", <i>Ní</i> for "daughter of the grandson of", <i>Nic</i> for "daughter of the son of" and finally, <i>Uí</i> for "wife of the grandson of". The transition to fixed surnames began around 1000 and was completed after 1200. An example would be <a href="/wiki/Ailill_mac_D%C3%BAnlainge" title="Ailill mac Dúnlainge">Ailill mac Dúnlainge</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnlaing_mac_Muiredaig" title="Dúnlaing mac Muiredaig">Dúnlaing mac Muiredaig</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic#Jewish_usage" title="Patronymic">Jewish names</a> were formed by using <i>ben</i> or <i>bar</i> for "son of" and <i>bat</i> for "daughter of". Permanent surnames started in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> around 1000 and spread eastward over the next 700 years.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian names</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>) were formed by using the ending <i>son</i>, <i>søn</i>, <i>sen</i> to indicate "son of", and <i>dóttir</i>, <i>-dotter</i>, <i>datter</i> for "daughter of". Denmark outlawed the patronymic system in 1828, Sweden in 1901 and Norway in 1923. However, the countries started to abandon the patronymic system much earlier. The nobility and academics started using surnames in the mid 1500s, the middle class around 1700, with most people having surnames in the 1800s. An example of a patronymic name would be <a href="/wiki/Sverker_Karlsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sverker Karlsson">Sverker Karlsson</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Sverkersson" title="Karl Sverkersson">Karl Sverkersson</a>. See also the section about Icelandic names above.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Names">Scottish names</a> began using fixed surnames around the 12th century, though the practice continued in some areas until the 1700s. In the Gaelic language, the word meaning son is <i>mac</i>. The word meaning daughter is <i>nic</i>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Coluim_mac_Donnchada" class="mw-redirect" title="Máel Coluim mac Donnchada">Máel Coluim mac Donnchada</a> was the son of <a href="/wiki/Donnchad_mac_Cr%C3%ADn%C3%A1in" class="mw-redirect" title="Donnchad mac Crínáin">Donnchad mac Crínáin</a> and is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Mael Coluim Mac Donnchada}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh name">Welsh names</a> before the 1536 <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542">Act of Union</a> were mostly patronymic, but people had begun to use fixed surnames for over 100 years. The patronymic practice continued after 1536 and is still used today. In the Welsh language, the word meaning son is <i>ap</i> or <i>ab</i>. The word meaning daughter is <i>merch</i> or <i>verch</i> (modern spelling <i>ferch</i>). <a href="/wiki/Rhiryd_ap_Bleddyn" title="Rhiryd ap Bleddyn">Rhiryd ap Bleddyn</a> was the son of <a href="/wiki/Bleddyn_ap_Cynfyn" title="Bleddyn ap Cynfyn">Bleddyn ap Cynfyn</a> and is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhiryd Ap Bleddyn}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobility" data-mw-thread-id="h-Nobility-Ordering_names_in_a_category"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Nobility-Ordering_names_in_a_category"></span>Nobility<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Nobility-Ordering_names_in_a_category"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Categorization/Sorting_names&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PEERS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PEERS&redirect=no">WP:PEERS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>Kings, queens, emperors, emirs, sultans, popes and others known by their official names should be sorted as spelled out. An ordinal number is converted to an Arabic numeral with a leading zero. <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>'s sort value is <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Louis 09 of France}}</code>. In some cases, you can leave off redundant information in a category, <code>[[Category:French monarchs|Louis 09]]</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>European princes and princesses are sorted by their given name. <a href="/wiki/Prince_William" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William">Prince William</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:William, Prince of Wales}}</code>. Because of the prevalence of princes with the same name, Arabic or Muslim princes are sorted by their given name, but a second name (usually their father's given name preceding bin or ibn) is added. Prince <a href="/wiki/Talal_bin_Abdul-Aziz_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Talal bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud">Talal bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud</a>, whose father is <a href="/wiki/King_Abdul-Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdul-Aziz">King Abdul-Aziz</a>, is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Talal Bin Abdul-Aziz}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabic_names_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabic_names-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18.38_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18.38-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="British Peerage">British peers</a> are sorted by name of the title rather than surname, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a> is alphabetized under "Salisbury", not "Gascoyne-Cecil" or "Cecil": <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-18.38_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18.38-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some peers are almost invariably known by some name other than their peerage (which will not, in such cases, appear in the article title); for example, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Frederick North, Lord North</a> (who was 2nd Earl of Guilford) or <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> (who was 1st Earl of Avon). This should be followed for most categories, sorting them under <i>North,...</i> and <i>Eden,...</i>; but categories directly relating to the peerage should still sort them under it. <code>[[Category:Earls in the Peerage of Great Britain|Guilford]]</code> and <code>[[Category:Earls in the Peerage of Great Britain|Avon]]</code>, respectively.</li> <li>Unless necessary for identification, <i>Sir</i>, <i>Dame</i>, <i>Lord</i> and <i>Lady</i> should be omitted from the sort value.<sup id="cite_ref-18.38_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18.38-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_exceptions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_exceptions-Ordering_names_in_a_category"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_exceptions-Ordering_names_in_a_category"></span>Other exceptions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_exceptions-Ordering_names_in_a_category"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Categorization/Sorting_names&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other exceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SORTJR"></span><span id="WP:MCSTJR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SORTJR&redirect=no">WP:SORTJR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:MCSTJR&redirect=no">WP:MCSTJR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>Eliminate <a href="/wiki/Epithets" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithets">epithets</a>: e.g. "Saint" in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">Saint Alban</a>: <code>[[Category:Saints|Alban]]</code>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)#Generational_titles" title="Suffix (name)">Generational suffixes</a> (e.g., "Jr." or "III"), should be placed at the end of the sort key, rather than with the surname: <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Smith_II" title="Robert J. Smith II">Robert J. Smith II</a> sorts as <code>[[Category:New Jersey politicians|Smith, Robert J. II]]</code>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">[[Category:New Jersey politicians|Smith II, Robert J.]]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Only hyphens, apostrophes and periods/full stops punctuation marks should be kept in sort values. All other punctuation marks should be removed. The only exception is the apostrophe should be removed for names beginning with O'. For example, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:ONeill, Eugene}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Clerical titles, academic titles, military titles and <a href="/wiki/Honorifics" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorifics">honorifics</a> should not be used in sorting. For example, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:King, Martin Luther Jr.}}</code> and without the titles "Doctor" or "Reverend", for his academic and clerical achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Surnames beginning with <i>Mac</i> or <i>Mc</i> are sorted as they are spelled. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:MacArthur, Douglas}}</code> and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McDowell" title="Malcolm McDowell">Malcolm McDowell</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:McDowell, Malcolm}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also British standard (BS 3700:1988)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">ISO 999</a>:1996 standard for preparing indexes.</li> <li>Names with particles or prefixes are a complex field and there are exceptions and inconsistencies. Examples of particles are <i>af</i>, <i>al</i>, <i>dall</i>, <i>da</i>, <i>de</i>, <i>della</i>, <i>di</i>, <i>do</i>, <i>dos</i>, <i>du</i>, <i>el</i>, <i>la</i>, <i>o</i>, and <i>von</i>. Whether or not to include the particle in sorting can be up to the individual's personal preference, traditional cultural usage or the customs of one's nationality. <ul><li>Generally, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch names">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_names" class="mw-redirect" title="French names">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_names" class="mw-redirect" title="German names">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian names">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese names">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish names">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a> names do not include lowercase particles in sorting, but do include uppercase particles. For example, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Bismarck, Otto von}}</code>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">Jean de La Fontaine</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:La Fontaine, Jean de}}</code>, and <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Di_Chiara" title="Alberto Di Chiara">Alberto Di Chiara</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Di Chiara, Alberto}}</code>.</li> <li>American, Australian, Canadian, and English names generally sort on the prefix, regardless of capitalization. However, there are discrepancies between different sources on whether to sort on the prefix or not.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="We don't care. The purpose of this page is to provide sorting advice, not write an article about how others out in the world do sorting. See talk page. (November 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch names">Dutch</a>/<a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_names" class="mw-redirect" title="French names">French</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloon</a> names sort differently by time period. For people in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a> (Belgium) before 1830, surnames are sorted on the body of the surname and not on the <a href="/wiki/Tussenvoegsel" title="Tussenvoegsel">prefix(es)</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Weyden, Rogier van der}}</code> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gérard de Lairesse">Gérard de Lairesse</a> <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Lairesse, Gerard de}}</code>. In contrast, Belgian people since 1830 are sorted on the prefix. For example: <a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Ostaijen" title="Paul van Ostaijen">Paul van Ostaijen</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Van Ostaijen, Paul}}</code> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:De Duve, Christian}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-pitchford_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitchford-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb29_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb29-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, Dutch/<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> and German surnames are sorted by prefix, e.g. <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:De Klerk, F. W.}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-pitchford_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitchford-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb29_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb29-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In modern Arabic or Islamic names, the prefixes <i><a href="/wiki/Al-" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-">al</a></i> and <i>el</i>, regardless of capitalization, are never part of a family name for indexing. For example, <a href="/wiki/Osama_Al-Muwallad" title="Osama Al-Muwallad">Osama Al-Muwallad</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Muwallad, Osama}}</code> and <a href="/wiki/Ezzat_el_Kamhawi" title="Ezzat el Kamhawi">Ezzat el Kamhawi</a> is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamhawi, Ezzat}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabic_names_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabic_names-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18.74_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18.74-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sometimes the name containing the prefix is not a family name, but a description of where the person is from. In these cases, the sort value is how the entire name is spelled. For <a href="/wiki/Peire_de_Corbiac" title="Peire de Corbiac">Peire de Corbiac</a>, "de Corbiac" is a description where Peire is from, the town of Corbiac. So, the name means 'Peire of or from Corbiac' and is sorted <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Peire de Corbiac}}</code>.</li></ul></li> <li>Sometimes a given name is combined with neither a surname nor a peerage title; it is preferable to sort on the first name in these cases. Example: for <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, use <code>[[Category:Christian philosophers|Augustine of Hippo]]</code> or simply <code>[[Category:Christian philosophers]]</code>.</li> <li>Some people are known primarily by their first name only. When it is not possible to set the first name alone as the article title, as with many articles in <a href="/wiki/Category:Brazilian_footballers" title="Category:Brazilian footballers">Category:Brazilian footballers</a>, you should sort with the first name first to make the article easier to find in the categories. For example, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Ara%C3%BAjo" title="Leonardo Araújo">Leonardo Araújo</a> is commonly known as Leonardo, and should be sorted as <code>{{DEFAULTSORT:Leonardo Araujo}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Categorization/Sorting_names&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIFLA1996">IFLA 1996</a>, pp. IX–XI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabic_names-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arabic_names_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arabic_names_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arabic_names_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arabic_names_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHedden2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hedden, Heather (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theindexer.org/files/25-3/25-3-cp2_009.pdf">"Arabic names"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Indexer</i>. <b>25</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indexer&rft.atitle=Arabic+names&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2007-04&rft.aulast=Hedden&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theindexer.org%2Ffiles%2F25-3%2F25-3-cp2_009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACategorization%2FSorting+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18.74-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-18.74_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-18.74_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-18.74_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChicago_Manual_of_Style2003">Chicago Manual of Style 2003</a>, p. 18.74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChicago_Manual_of_Style2003">Chicago Manual of Style 2003</a>, p. 18.75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIFLA1996">IFLA 1996</a>, pp. 155–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar1989" class="citation journal cs1">Akhtar, Nasreen (April 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theindexer.org/files/25-4/25-4-cp3_012.pdf">"Asian names"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Indexer</i>. <b>16</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indexer&rft.atitle=Asian+names&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1989-04&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Nasreen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theindexer.org%2Ffiles%2F25-4%2F25-4-cp3_012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACategorization%2FSorting+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChicago_Manual_of_Style2003">Chicago Manual of Style 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIFLA1996">IFLA 1996</a>, pp. 64–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IFLA_88–90-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IFLA_88–90_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIFLA1996">IFLA 1996</a>, pp. 88–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Iceland/Archive_3#Sort_keys_for_Icelandic_names">"Sort keys for Icelandic names"</a>. <i>WikiProject Iceland</i>. 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Wikipedia. June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84713-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84713-3"><bdi>0-521-84713-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-55276-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-55276-4"><bdi>0-226-55276-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_categorization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Overcategorization" title="Wikipedia:Overcategorization">Overcategorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorizing_articles_about_people" title="Wikipedia:Categorizing articles about people">Categorizing articles about people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:People_by_year" title="Wikipedia:People by year">People by year</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Categorization/Sorting names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorizing_redirects" title="Wikipedia:Categorizing redirects">Categorizing redirects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_categories" title="Wikipedia:User categories">User categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Overcategorization/User_categories" title="Wikipedia:Overcategorization/User categories">Overcategorization/User categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Help pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">Basic help for readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Basic help for editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categories" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categories">FAQ for readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization">FAQ for editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Container_category" title="Wikipedia:Container category">Container categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorizing_portals" title="Wikipedia:Categorizing portals">Categorizing portals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Category_classification_templates" title="Wikipedia:Category classification templates">Category classification templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Category_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Category namespace">Template index/Category namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PetScan" title="Wikipedia:PetScan">PetScan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discussions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Categories for discussion">Categories for discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Speedy" title="Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy">Categories for discussion/Speedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/All_current_discussions" title="Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/All current discussions">Categories for discussion/All current discussions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projectspace essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_are_different_from_articles" title="Wikipedia:Categories are different from articles">Categories are different from articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_versus_lists" title="Wikipedia:Categories versus lists">Categories versus lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorising_fictional_characters_by_attribute" title="Wikipedia:Categorising fictional characters by attribute">Categorising fictional characters by attribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_write_articles_using_categories" title="Wikipedia:Do not write articles using categories">Do not write articles using categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Overcategorization/Intersection_of_location_and_occupation" title="Wikipedia:Overcategorization/Intersection of location and occupation">Overcategorization/Intersection of location and occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wiki_workflow" title="Wikipedia:Wiki workflow">Wiki workflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Plants/Description_in_year_categories" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Plants/Description in year categories">WikiProject Plants/Description in year categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Userspace essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/User:DexDor/Terminology_categories" title="User:DexDor/Terminology categories">DexDor/Terminology categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:DexDor/Categorization_of_award_recipients" title="User:DexDor/Categorization of award recipients">DexDor/Categorization of award recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Alan_Liefting/Essays/On_categorisation" title="User:Alan Liefting/Essays/On categorisation">Alan Liefting/On categorisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Coder_Dan/Categories" title="User:Coder Dan/Categories">Coder Dan/Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Gracefool/What_is_a_category%3F" title="User:Gracefool/What is a category?">gracefool/What is a category?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Kbdank71/Wikiproject_notification" title="User:Kbdank71/Wikiproject notification">Kbdank71/Wikiproject notification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_categorization" title="Category:Wikipedia categorization">Category:Wikipedia categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Contents" title="Category:Contents">Category:Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Categories" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Categories">WikiProject Categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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