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If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Souverainisme_au_Québec]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|fr|Souverainisme_au_Québec}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Talk:Quebec sovereignty movement">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p>The <b>Quebec sovereignty movement</b> (French: <i lang="fr">mouvement souverainiste du Québec</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> whose objective is to achieve the independence of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> from <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Sovereignists suggest that the people of Quebec make use of their right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> – a principle that includes the possibility of choosing between integration with a third state, political association with another state or independence – so that Québécois, collectively and by democratic means, give themselves a sovereign state with its own independent <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oui1995referendum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Oui1995referendum.jpg/270px-Oui1995referendum.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Oui1995referendum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="295"></a><figcaption>A poster for Quebec sovereignty during the <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">1995 referendum</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Oui, et ça devient possible</i></span> (French for 'Yes, and it becomes possible').</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_mainland_North_America,_with_independent_Quebec.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Map_of_mainland_North_America%2C_with_independent_Quebec.svg/256px-Map_of_mainland_North_America%2C_with_independent_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Map_of_mainland_North_America%2C_with_independent_Quebec.svg/384px-Map_of_mainland_North_America%2C_with_independent_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Map_of_mainland_North_America%2C_with_independent_Quebec.svg/512px-Map_of_mainland_North_America%2C_with_independent_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="438"></a><figcaption>Location, in dark blue, of Quebec within North America .</figcaption></figure> <p>Quebec sovereigntists believe that such a sovereign state, the Quebec <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>, would be better equipped to promote its own economic, social, ecological, and cultural development. Quebec's sovereignist movement is based on <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Before_the_1960s"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Before the 1960s</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_Quiet_Revolution_(1960s-1970s)"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Quiet Revolution (1960s-1970s)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#The_referendum_of_1980"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">The referendum of 1980</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sovereignty-association"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sovereignty-association</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_referendum_of_1995"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">The referendum of 1995</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#The_1998_Quebec_general_election"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">The 1998 Quebec general election</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#The_Clarity_Act"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">The Clarity Act</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#From_2000_to_the_present"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">From 2000 to the present</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sovereignist_and_sympathetic_organizations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Sovereignist and sympathetic organizations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Sovereignist_political_parties_and_parliamentary_groups"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sovereignist political parties and parliamentary groups</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sovereignist_non-partisan_organizations"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sovereignist non-partisan organizations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Sympathetic_organizations"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sympathetic organizations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Sovereignist_media"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sovereignist media</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Past_parties,_organizations_and_media"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Past parties, organizations and media</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Opinion_polls"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Opinion polls</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Voting_intentions_before_distribution"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Voting intentions before distribution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Among_French-speaking_voters"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Among French-speaking voters</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Arguments"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Arguments</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Reasons_for_sovereignty"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reasons for sovereignty</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Arguments_against_sovereignty"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Arguments against sovereignty</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Opinions_in_Quebec"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Opinions in Quebec</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Québécois</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Indigenous_people_of_Quebec"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Indigenous people of Quebec</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Anglophones_and_immigrants_in_Quebec"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Anglophones and immigrants in Quebec</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Economic_effect"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Economic effect</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_positions"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External positions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Rest_of_Canada"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Rest of Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#In_fiction"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">In fiction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Further_reading_(English)"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading (English)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Quebec sovereignty movement">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The goal of Quebec's sovereignist movement is to make Quebec an independent state. In practice, the terms <i>independentist, sovereignist,</i> and <i>separatist</i> are used to describe people adhering to this movement, although the latter term is perceived as pejorative by those concerned as it de-emphasizes that the sovereignty project aims to achieve political independence without severing economic connections with Canada. Most of the prime ministers of Canada's speeches use the term <i>sovereignist</i> in French to moderate remarks made on the Quebec electorate. In English, the term <i>separatist</i> is often used to accentuate negative dimensions of the movement. </p><p>The idea of Quebec sovereignty is based on a nationalist vision and interpretation of historical facts and sociological realities in Quebec, which attest to the existence of a Québécois people and a Quebec nation. On November 27, 2006, the House of Commons of Canada adopted, by 266 votes to 16, <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_nation_motion" title="Québécois nation motion">a motion</a> recognizing that “Québécois form a nation within a united Canada”. On November 30, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a> unanimously adopted a motion recognizing "the positive character" of the motion adopted by Ottawa and proclaiming that said motion did not diminish "the inalienable rights, the constitutional powers and the privileges of the “National Assembly and of the Quebec nation”. </p><p>Sovereignists believe that the natural final outcome of the Québécois people's collective adventure and development is the achievement of <a href="/wiki/Political_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Political independence">political independence</a>, which is only possible if Quebec becomes a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> and if its inhabitants not only govern themselves through independent democratic political institutions, but are also free to establish external relations and makes international treaties without the federal government of Canada being involved. </p><p>Through parliamentarism, Québécois currently possess a certain democratic control over the Quebec state. However, within the Canadian federation, Quebec does not have all the constitutional powers that would allow it to act as a true national government. Furthermore, the policies pursued by Quebec and those pursued by the federal government often come into conflict. Various attempts to reform the Canadian federal system have failed (most notably the defunct <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accords</a>), due to conflicting interests between the sovereignist and <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Quebec" title="Federalism in Quebec">federalist</a> elites of Quebec, as well as with <a href="/wiki/Rest_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest of Canada">English Canada</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_debate_in_Canada" title="Constitutional debate in Canada">Constitutional Debate in Canada</a>). </p><p>Although Quebec's independence movement is a political movement, cultural and social concerns that are much older than the sovereignist movement, as well as Quebecers' national identity, are also at the base for the desire to emancipate Quebec's population. One of the main cultural arguments sovereigntists cite is that if Quebec were independent, Québécois would have a national citizenship, which would solve the problem of Québécois cultural identity in the North American context (ex. who is a Québécois and who is not, what is uniquely Québécois, etc.). Another example is that by establishing an independent Quebec, sovereigntists believe that the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">culture of Québécois</a> and their collective memory will be adequately protected, in particular against <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a> by other nations, such as the incident with <a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Canada's national anthem</a>, originally a <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> patriotic song appropriated by the anglophone majority of Canada. An independent Quebec would also adequately and definitively resolve the issue of needing to protect the French language in Quebec; French is the language of the majority in Quebec, but since it is the language of a cultural minority in Canada – and since Quebec does not have the legislative powers of an independent state – French is still threatened. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="History of the Quebec sovereignty movement">History of the Quebec sovereignty movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_1960s">Before the 1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before the 1960s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Quebec_sovereignty_movement##" title="Talk:Quebec sovereignty movement">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Sovereignty</i> and <i>sovereignism</i> are terms derived from the modern independence movement, which started during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. However, the roots of Quebecers' desire for political autonomy are much older than that. </p><p>Francophone nationalism in North America dates back to 1534, the year <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> landed in the <a href="/wiki/Gaspesie" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspesie">Gespe'gewa'gi</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckma%EA%9E%8Cki" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaꞌki">Miꞌkmaꞌki</a> claiming <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada for France</a>, and more particularly to 1608, the year of the founding of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Québec</a> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a>, the first permanent settlement for French colonists and their descendants in New France (who were called Canadiens, Canayens or Habitants). Following the British <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France_(1758%E2%80%931760)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of New France (1758–1760)">conquest of New France</a>, the <i><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Canadien</span></span> movement</i>, which lasted from 1760 to the late 18th century and sought to restore the traditional rights of French Canadians that had been abolished by the British with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>, began. During this period, French Canadians began to express an indigenous form of nationalism which emphasized their longstanding residence in North America. To most French Canadians, the only Canadians were the descendants of the French settlers of New France, while the British colonists were viewed as an extension of Britain. The period was briefly interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act_of_1774" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Act of 1774">Quebec Act of 1774</a>, which granted certain rights to <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Canadiens</i></span> but did not truly satisfy them, and was notably exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>, which ceded parts of the Quebec to the United States, and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_of_1791" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Act of 1791">Constitutional Act of 1791</a>, which established the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. </p><p><i>The Patriote movement</i> was the period lasting from the beginning of the 19th century to the defeat of the Patriotes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Eustache" title="Battle of Saint-Eustache">Battle of Saint-Eustache</a> in 1837, the final battle in the Patriotes War. It began with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Canadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Canadien">Parti Canadien</a> by the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Canadiens</i></span>. It stands out for its notorious resistance to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a>, a group of wealthy families in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> in the early 19th century who were the Lower Canadian equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The perfidious plans of the British authorities have broken all ties of sympathy with a motherland which shows itself to be insensitive. A separation has begun between parties whose union it will never be possible to cement again, but which will continue with increasing vigor, until an unexpected and unforeseen event, as we are offered from time to time in the course of the present times, provides us with a favorable opportunity to take our place among the independent sovereignties of America. We missed two great opportunities: let's all be prepared for a third.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 1837 Address of the Sons of Liberty</p></blockquote> <p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Survivance</i></span> is the period beginning after the defeat of the Patriotes in the rebellions of 1837–1838 and lasting until the Quiet Revolution. It concerns the survival strategies employment by the French-Canadian nation and the ultramontane of the Catholic Church following the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_of_1840" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union of 1840">Act of Union of 1840</a> which established a system whose goal was to force the cultural and linguistic assimilation of French Canadians into English-Canadian culture. In addition to <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Revanche_des_berceaux" title="La Revanche des berceaux">la Revanche des berceaux</a></i></span>, a phlegmatic character was adopted in response to the mass immigration of English-speaking immigrants. Some French Canadians left Quebec during this period in search of job security and protection of their culture. This phenomenon, known as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Hémorragie</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for 'great bleeding'), is the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_diaspora" title="Quebec diaspora">Quebec diaspora</a> in New England and Northeastern Ontario among other places. It led to the creation of permanent resistance movements in those new locations. Groups of nationalists outside Quebec have since then promoted Quebec's cultural identity, along with that of the <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime provinces">Maritime provinces</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, represented by the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_nationale_de_l%27Acadie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Société nationale de l'Acadie (page does not exist)">Société nationale de l'Acadie</a></span></span> since 1881. <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Taschereau" title="Louis-Alexandre Taschereau">Louis-Alexandre Taschereau</a> coming to power in 1920 created an upheaval in French-Canadian society for most of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>. The confrontations and divergence of political opinions led to the rise of a new form of nationalism, called clerico-nationalism, promoted by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Maurice Duplessis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a> party during the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Noirceur" title="Grande Noirceur">Grande Noirceur</a> of 1944 to 1959. </p><p>During the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s to 1970s, the modern <i>Québécois sovereignist movement</i> took off, with René Lévesque as one of its most recognizable figures. Various strategies were implemented since its rise, and it constitutes a continuity in French-speaking nationalism in North America. Now the patriotism is Quebec-focused, and the identifier has been changed from French-Canadian nationalism or identity to Québécois nationalism or identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Quiet_Revolution_(1960s-1970s)"><span id="The_Quiet_Revolution_.281960s-1970s.29"></span>The Quiet Revolution (1960s-1970s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Quiet Revolution (1960s-1970s)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Quebec sovereignty movement">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>, as this section doesn't explain the events of the Quiet Revolution and how it made the modern sovereignist movement emerge. As such, the reader will understand the modern movement poorly and won't understand how it led to the referendums. The sentences here also fail to flow into each other to tell a cohesive series of events.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Talk:Quebec sovereignty movement">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Quiet Revolution in Quebec brought widespread change in the 1960s. Among other changes, support for Quebec independence began to form and grow in some circles. The first organization dedicated to the independence of Quebec was the Alliance Laurentienne, founded by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barbeau" title="Raymond Barbeau">Raymond Barbeau</a> on January 25, 1957. </p><p>On September 10, 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_pour_l%27ind%C3%A9pendance_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale">Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale</a> (RIN) was founded, with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourgault" title="Pierre Bourgault">Pierre Bourgault</a> quickly becoming its leader. On August 9 of the same year, the Action socialiste pour l'indépendance du Québec (ASIQ) was formed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raoul_Roy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raoul Roy (page does not exist)">Raoul Roy</a>. The "independence + socialism" project of the ASIQ was a source of political ideas for the <a href="/wiki/Front_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Front de libération du Québec">Front de libération du Québec</a> (FLQ). </p><p>On October 31, 1962, the Comité de libération nationale and, in November of the same year, the Réseau de résistance were set up. These two groups were formed by RIN members to organize non-violent but illegal actions, such as vandalism and civil disobedience. The most extremist individuals of these groups left to form the FLQ, which, unlike all the other groups, had made the decision to resort to violence in order to reach its goal of independence for Quebec. Shortly after the November 14, 1962, <a href="/wiki/1962_Quebec_general_election" title="1962 Quebec general election">Quebec general election</a>, RIN member <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Chaput" title="Marcel Chaput">Marcel Chaput</a> founded the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Parti_r%C3%A9publicain_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Parti républicain du Québec">Parti républicain du Québec</a>. </p><p>In February 1963, the <a href="/wiki/Front_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Front de libération du Québec">Front de libération du Québec</a> (FLQ) was founded by three Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale members who had met each other as part of the Réseau de résistance. They were <a href="/wiki/Georges_Schoeters" title="Georges Schoeters">Georges Schoeters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Villeneuve" title="Raymond Villeneuve">Raymond Villeneuve</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Hudon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Hudon">Gabriel Hudon</a>. </p><p>In 1964, the RIN became a provincial political party. In 1965, the more conservative <a href="/wiki/Ralliement_national" title="Ralliement national">Ralliement national</a> (RN) also became a party. </p><p>During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_French_Canada" title="Estates General of French Canada">Estates General of French Canada</a> are organized. The stated objective of these Estates General was to consult the French-Canadian people on their constitutional future. </p><p>The historical context of the time was a period when many former European colonies were becoming independent. Some advocates of Quebec independence saw Quebec's situation in a similar light; numerous activists were influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Memmi" title="Albert Memmi">Albert Memmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 1967, French president <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, who had recently granted independence to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, shouted "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre" title="Vive le Québec libre">Vive le Québec libre</a>!</i></span>" during a speech from the balcony of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>'s city hall during a state visit to Canada. In doing so, he deeply offended the federal government, and English Canadians felt he had demonstrated contempt for the sacrifice of Canadian soldiers who died on the battlefields of France in two world wars. The visit was cut short and de Gaulle left the country. </p><p>Finally, in October 1967, former <a href="/wiki/Parti_lib%C3%A9ral_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti libéral du Québec">Liberal</a> cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a> left that party when it refused to discuss sovereignty at a party convention. Lévesque formed the <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_souverainet%C3%A9-association" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement souveraineté-association">Mouvement souveraineté-association</a> and set about uniting pro-sovereignty forces. </p><p>He achieved that goal in October 1968 when the MSA held its only national congress in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. The RN and MSA agreed to merge to form the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> (PQ), and later that month Pierre Bourgault, leader of the RIN, dissolved his party and invited its members to join the PQ. </p><p>Meanwhile, in 1969 the FLQ stepped up its campaign of violence, which would culminate in what would become known as the <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a>. The group claimed responsibility for the bombing of the Montreal Stock Exchange, and in 1970 the FLQ kidnapped British Trade Commissioner <a href="/wiki/James_Cross" title="James Cross">James Cross</a> and Quebec Labour Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laporte" title="Pierre Laporte">Pierre Laporte</a>; Laporte was later found murdered. </p><p>Jacques Parizeau joined the Parti Québécois on September 19, 1969, and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Proulx" title="Jérôme Proulx">Jérôme Proulx</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a> joined on November 11 of the same year. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1970_Quebec_general_election" title="1970 Quebec general election">1970 provincial election</a>, the PQ won its first seven seats in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly</a>. René Lévesque was defeated in Mont-Royal by the Liberal <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marchand_(politician)" title="André Marchand (politician)">André Marchand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_referendum_of_1980">The referendum of 1980</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The referendum of 1980" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum" title="1980 Quebec referendum">1980 Quebec referendum</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Quebec_sovereignty_movement##" title="Talk:Quebec sovereignty movement">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_general_election,_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec general election, 1976">1976 election</a>, the PQ won 71 seats — a majority in the National Assembly. With voting turnouts high, 41.4 percent of the electorate voted for the PQ. Prior to the election, the PQ renounced its intention to implement sovereignty-association if it won power.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 26, 1977, the PQ passed two main laws: first, the law on the financing of political parties, which prohibits contributions by corporations and unions and set a limit on individual donations, and second, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_French_Language" title="Charter of the French Language">Charter of the French Language</a>. </p><p>On May 17 PQ <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">Member of the National Assembly</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Burns (Quebec)">Robert Burns</a> resigned, telling the press he was convinced that the PQ was going to lose its referendum and fail to be re-elected afterwards. </p><p>At its seventh national convention from June 1 to 3, 1979, the sovereignist adopted their strategy for the coming referendum. The PQ then began an aggressive effort to promote sovereignty-association by providing details of how the economic relations with the rest of Canada would include free trade between Canada and Quebec, common tariffs against imports, and a common currency. In addition, joint political institutions would be established to administer these economic arrangements. </p><p>Sovereignty-association was proposed to the population of Quebec in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum" title="1980 Quebec referendum">1980 Quebec referendum</a>. The proposal was rejected by 60 percent of the Quebec electorate. </p><p>In September, the PQ created a national committee of Anglophones and a liaison committee with ethnic minorities. </p><p>The PQ was returned to power in the <a href="/wiki/1981_Quebec_general_election" title="1981 Quebec general election">1981 election</a> with a stronger majority than in 1976, obtaining 49.2 percent of the vote and winning 80 seats. However, they did not hold a referendum in their second term, and put sovereignty on hold, concentrating on their stated goal of "good government". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a> retired in 1985 (and died in 1987). In the <a href="/wiki/1985_Quebec_general_election" title="1985 Quebec general election">1985 election</a> under his successor <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marc_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Marc Johnson">Pierre-Marc Johnson</a>, the PQ was defeated by the Liberal Party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sovereignty-association">Sovereignty-association</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sovereignty-association" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Souverainet%C3%A9-Association" title="Mouvement Souveraineté-Association">Mouvement Souveraineté-Association</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Quebec_sovereignty_movement##" title="Talk:Quebec sovereignty movement">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The history of the relations between French-Canadians and English-Canadians in Canada has been marked by periods of tension. After colonizing Canada from 1608 onward, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> lost the colony to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> in 1763, in which France ceded control of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (except for the two small islands of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>) to Great Britain, which returned the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indian</a> islands they had captured in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under British rule, <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> were supplanted by waves of British immigrants, notably outside of Quebec (where they became a minority) but within the province as well, as much of the province's economy was dominated by English-Canadians. The cause of Québécois nationalism, which waxed and waned over two centuries, gained prominence from the 1960s onward. The use of the word "sovereignty" and many of the ideas of this movement originated in the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Souverainet%C3%A9-Association" title="Mouvement Souveraineté-Association">Mouvement Souveraineté-Association</a> of René Lévesque. This movement ultimately gave birth to the Parti Québécois in 1968.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sovereignty-association (French: <i lang="fr">souveraineté-association</i>) is the combination of two concepts: </p> <ol><li>The achievement of sovereignty for the Quebec state.</li> <li>The creation of a political and economic association between this new independent state and Canada.</li></ol> <p>It was first presented in Lévesque's political manifesto, <a href="/wiki/An_Option_for_Quebec" title="An Option for Quebec"><i>Option Québec</i></a>. </p><p>The Parti Québécois defines sovereignty as the power for a state to levy all its taxes, vote on all its laws, and sign all its treaties (as mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum#Question" title="1980 Quebec referendum">1980 referendum question</a>). </p><p>The type of association between an independent Quebec and the rest of Canada was described as a monetary and customs union as well as joint political institutions to administer the relations between the two countries. The main inspiration for this project was the then-emerging <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a>. In <a href="/wiki/An_Option_for_Quebec" title="An Option for Quebec"><i>Option Québec</i></a> Lévesque expressly identified the EC as his model for forming a new relationship between sovereign Quebec and the rest of Canada, one that would loosen the political ties while preserving the economic links. The analogy, however, is counterproductive, suggesting Lévesque did not understand the nature and purpose of the European Community nor the relationship between economics and politics that continue to underpin it. Advocates of European integration had, from the outset, seen political union as a desirable and natural consequence of economic integration.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hyphen between the words "sovereignty" and "association" was often stressed by Lévesque and other PQ members, to make it clear that both were inseparable. The reason stated was that if Canada decided to boycott Quebec exports after voting for independence, the new country would have to go through difficult economic times, as the barriers to trade between Canada and the United States were then very high. Quebec would have been a nation of 7 million people stuck between two impenetrable protectionist countries. In the event of having to compete against Quebec, rather than support it, Canada could easily maintain its well-established links with the United States to prosper in foreign trade. </p><p>Sovereignty-association as originally proposed would have meant that Quebec would become a politically independent state, but would maintain a formal association with Canada — especially regarding economic affairs. It was part of the 1976 sovereignist platform which swept the Parti Québécois into power in that year's provincial elections – and included a promise to hold a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> on sovereignty-association. René Lévesque developed the idea of sovereignty-association to reduce the fear that an independent Quebec would face tough economic times. In fact, this proposal did result in an increase in support for a sovereign Quebec: polls at the time showed that people were more likely to support independence if Quebec maintained an economic partnership with Canada. This line of politics led the outspoken <a href="/wiki/Yvon_Deschamps" title="Yvon Deschamps">Yvon Deschamps</a> to proclaim that what Quebecers want is an independent Quebec inside a strong Canada, thereby comparing the sovereignist movement to a spoiled child that has everything it could desire and still wants more. </p><p>In 1979 the PQ began an aggressive effort to promote sovereignty-association by providing details of how the economic relations with the rest of Canada would include <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> between Canada and Quebec, common tariffs against imports, and a common currency. In addition, joint political institutions would be established to administer these economic arrangements. But the sovereignist cause was hurt by the refusal of many politicians (most notably the premiers of several of the other provinces) to support the idea of negotiations with an independent Quebec, contributing to the Yes side losing by a vote of 60 percent to 40 percent. </p><p>This loss laid the groundwork for the <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">1995 referendum</a>, which stated that Quebec should offer a new economic and political partnership to Canada before declaring independence. An English translation of part of the <a href="/wiki/Act_Respecting_the_Future_of_Quebec" title="Act Respecting the Future of Quebec">Sovereignty Bill</a> reads, "We, the people of Quebec, declare it our own will to be in full possession of all the powers of a state; to levy all our taxes, to vote on all our laws, to sign all our treaties and to exercise the highest power of all, conceiving, and controlling, by ourselves, our fundamental law." </p><p>This time, the sovereignists lost in a very close vote: 50.6 percent to 49.4 percent, or only 53,498 votes out of more than 4,700,000 votes cast. However, after the vote many within the sovereignist camp were very upset that the vote broke down heavily along language lines. Approximately 90 percent of English speakers and allophones (mostly immigrants and first-generation Quebecers whose native language is neither French or English) Quebecers voted against the referendum, while almost 60 percent of Francophones voted Yes. <a href="/wiki/Quebec_premier" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec premier">Quebec premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a>, whose government supported sovereignty, attributed the defeat of the resolution to "<a href="/wiki/Money_and_the_ethnic_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Money and the ethnic vote">money and ethnic votes</a>." His opinion caused an outcry among English-speaking Quebecers, and he resigned following the referendum. </p><p>An inquiry by the director-general of elections concluded in 2007 that at least $500,000 was spent by the federalist camp in violation of Quebec's election laws. This law imposes a limit on campaign spending by both option camps. Parizeau's statement was also an admission of failure by the Yes camp in getting the newly arrived Quebecers to adhere to their political option. </p><p>Accusations of an orchestrated effort of "election engineering" in several polling stations in areas with large numbers of non-francophone voters, which resulted in unusually large proportions of rejected ballots, were raised following the 1995 referendum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Afterward, testimony by PQ-appointed polling clerks indicated that they were ordered by PQ-appointed overseers to reject ballots in these polling stations for frivolous reasons that were not covered in the election laws. </p><p>While opponents of sovereignty were pleased with the defeat of the referendum, most recognized<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (August 2012)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that there were still deep divides within Quebec and problems with the relationship between Quebec and the rest of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_referendum_of_1995">The referendum of 1995</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The referendum of 1995" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">1995 Quebec referendum</a></div> <p>The PQ returned to power in the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_general_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec general election, 1994">1994 election</a> under Jacques Parizeau, this time with 44.75% of the popular vote. In the intervening years, the failures of the Meech Lake Accord and <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a> had revived support for sovereignty, which had been written off as a dead issue for much of the 1980s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another consequence of the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> was the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (BQ), a sovereignist federal political party, under the leadership of the charismatic former <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> federal cabinet minister Lucien Bouchard. Several PC and Liberal members of the federal parliament left their parties to form the BQ. For the first time, the PQ supported pro-sovereigntist forces running in federal elections; during his lifetime Lévesque had always opposed such a move. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_Populaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Populaire">Union Populaire</a> had nominated candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="1979 Canadian federal election">1979</a> and <a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">1980 federal elections</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Parti_nationaliste_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Parti nationaliste du Québec">Parti nationaliste du Québec</a> had nominated candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984 election</a>, but neither of these parties enjoyed the official support of the PQ; nor did they enjoy significant public support among Quebecers. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 federal election</a>, which featured the collapse of Progressive Conservative Party support, the BQ won enough seats in Parliament to become <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. </p><p>At the Royal Commission on the Future of Quebec (also known as the Outaouais Commission) in 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist-Leninist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)">Marxist-Leninist Party of Canada</a> made a presentation in which the party leader, <a href="/wiki/Hardial_Bains" title="Hardial Bains">Hardial Bains</a>, recommended to the committee that Quebec declare itself as an independent republic.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quebec_referendum,1995_-_Results_By_Riding_(Simple_Map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Quebec_referendum%2C1995_-_Results_By_Riding_%28Simple_Map%29.svg/350px-Quebec_referendum%2C1995_-_Results_By_Riding_%28Simple_Map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2059" data-file-height="1329"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Quebec_referendum%2C1995_-_Results_By_Riding_%28Simple_Map%29.svg/350px-Quebec_referendum%2C1995_-_Results_By_Riding_%28Simple_Map%29.svg.png" data-width="350" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Quebec_referendum%2C1995_-_Results_By_Riding_%28Simple_Map%29.svg/525px-Quebec_referendum%2C1995_-_Results_By_Riding_%28Simple_Map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Quebec_referendum%2C1995_-_Results_By_Riding_%28Simple_Map%29.svg/700px-Quebec_referendum%2C1995_-_Results_By_Riding_%28Simple_Map%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>1995 referendum results by constituency</figcaption></figure> <p>Parizeau promptly advised the Lieutenant Governor to call a new referendum. The <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">1995 referendum</a> question differed from the 1980 question in that the negotiation of an association with Canada was now optional. The open-ended wording of the question resulted in significant confusion, particularly amongst the 'Yes' side, as to what exactly they were voting for. This was a primary motivator for the creation of the <i>Clarity Act</i> (see below). </p><p>The "No" campaign won, but only by a very small margin — 50.6% to 49.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the previous referendum, the English-speaking (<a href="/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking Quebecer">anglophone</a>) minority in Quebec overwhelmingly (about 90%) rejected sovereignty, support for sovereignty was also weak among <a href="/wiki/Allophone_(Canadian_usage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophone (Canadian usage)">allophones</a> (native speakers of neither English nor French) in immigrant communities and first-generation descendants. The lowest support for the Yes side came from Mohawk, Cree, and Inuit voters in Quebec, some first Nations chiefs asserted their right to self-determination with the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> being particularly vocal in their right to stay territories within Canada. More than 96% of the Inuit and Cree voted No in the referendum. However, The <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attikamek" class="mw-redirect" title="Attikamek">Attikamek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abenaki_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abenaki people">Abenaki</a> nations did partially support Quebec sovereignty. In 1985, 59 percent of Quebec's Inuit population, 56 percent of the Attikamek population, and 49 percent of the Montagnais population voted in favour of the Sovereignist Parti Québécois party. That year, three out of every four native reservations gave a majority to the Parti Québécois party.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast almost 60 percent of <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">francophones</a> of all origins voted "Yes". (82 percent of Quebecers are Francophone.) Later inquiries into irregularities determined that abuses had occurred on both sides: some argue that some "No" ballots had been rejected without valid reasons, and the October 27 "No" rally had evaded spending limitations because of out-of-province participation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inquiry by "Le Directeur général des élections" concluded in 2007 that the "No" camp had exceeded the campaign spending limits by $500,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1998_Quebec_general_election">The 1998 Quebec general election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The 1998 Quebec general election" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Quebec_sovereignty_movement##" title="Talk:Quebec sovereignty movement">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Expecting Bouchard to announce another referendum if his party won the <a href="/wiki/1998_Quebec_general_election" title="1998 Quebec general election">1998 Quebec general election</a>, the leaders of all other provinces and territories gathered for the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Declaration" title="Calgary Declaration">Calgary Declaration</a> in September 1997 to discuss how to oppose the sovereignty movement. Saskatchewan's <a href="/wiki/Roy_Romanow" title="Roy Romanow">Roy Romanow</a> warned "It's two or three minutes to midnight". Bouchard did not accept his invitation; organizers did not invite Chrétien. Experts debated whether Quebec was a "distinct society" or "unique culture".<sup id="cite_ref-turner19970920_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner19970920-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Parti Québécois won re-election despite losing the popular vote to Jean Charest and the Quebec Liberals. In the number of seats won by both sides, the election was almost a clone of the previous 1994 election. However, public support for sovereignty remained too low for the PQ to consider holding a second referendum during their second term. Meanwhile, the federal government passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Clarity_Act" title="Clarity Act">Clarity Act</a></i> to govern the wording of any future referendum questions and the conditions under which a vote for sovereignty would be recognized as legitimate. Federal Liberal politicians stated that the ambiguous wording of the 1995 referendum question was the primary impetus in the bill's drafting. </p><p>While opponents of sovereignty were pleased with their referendum victories, most recognized that there are still deep divides within Quebec and problems with the relationship between Quebec and the rest of Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Clarity_Act">The Clarity Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Clarity Act" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Quebec sovereignty movement">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>, at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Clarity_Act" title="Clarity Act">Clarity Act</a></i>, a law that, amongst other things, set out the conditions under which the <a href="/wiki/Queen-in-Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen-in-Council">Crown-in-Council</a> would recognize a vote by any province to leave Canada. It required a majority of eligible voters for a vote to trigger secession talks, not merely a plurality of votes. In addition, the act requires a clear question of secession to initiate secession talks. Controversially, the act gave the House of Commons the power to decide whether a proposed referendum question was considered clear, and allowed it to decide whether a clear majority has expressed itself in any referendum. It is widely considered by sovereignists as an illegitimate piece of legislation, who asserted that Quebec alone had the right to determine its terms of secession. Chrétien considered the legislation among his most significant accomplishments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_2000_to_the_present">From 2000 to the present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: From 2000 to the present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"Sovereignty-Association" is nowadays more often referred to simply as "sovereignty". However, in the 1995 Quebec referendum, in which the sovereignty option was narrowly rejected, the notion of some form of economic association with the rest of Canada was still envisaged (continuing use of the Canadian dollar and military, for example) and was referred to as "Sovereignty-Partnership" (French: <i lang="fr">souveraineté-partenariat</i>). It remains a part of the PQ program<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> and is tied to national independence in the minds of most Quebecers. This part of the PQ program has always been controversial, especially since Canadian federal politicians usually refuse the concept. </p><p>In 2003, the PQ launched the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Saison des idées</i></span> ("Season of ideas") which is a public consultation aiming to gather the opinions of Quebecers on its sovereignty project. The new program and the revised sovereignty project was adopted at the 2005 Congress. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2003_Quebec_general_election" title="2003 Quebec general election">2003 election</a>, the PQ lost power to the Liberal Party. However, in early 2004, the Liberal government of Paul Martin had proved to be unpopular, and that, combined with the federal <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_sponsorship_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party sponsorship scandal">Liberal Party sponsorship scandal</a>, contributed to a resurgence of the BQ. In the <a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004 federal elections</a>, the Bloc Québécois won 54 of Quebec's 75 seats in the House of Commons, compared to 33 previously. However, in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">2006 federal elections</a> the BQ lost three seats and in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008 federal elections</a> lost two additional seats, bringing their total down to 49, but was still the most popular federal party in Quebec up until the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">2011 Canadian federal election</a>, when the BQ was devastated by the federalist <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">NDP</a>, with the Bloc at a total of four seats and the loss of official party status in the Commons (compared to the NDP's 59 seats, Conservatives' five seats, and the Liberals' seven seats in Quebec). </p><p>Polling data by <a href="/wiki/Angus_Reid_Public_Opinion" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus Reid Public Opinion">Angus Reid</a> in June 2009 showed the support for Quebec separation was weaker at the time and separatism unlikely to occur in the near future. Polling data showed that 32% of Quebecers believe that Quebec had enough sovereignty and should remain part of Canada, 28% thought they should separate, and 30% say they believe that Quebec does need greater sovereignty but should remain part of Canada. However the poll did reveal that a majority (79%) of Quebecers still desired to achieve more autonomy. The number one area of autonomy that those polled had hoped for was with regard to culture at 34%, the next highest areas of autonomy cherished were the economy at 32%, taxation at 26%, and immigration and the environment at 15% each.<sup id="cite_ref-Angus_Reid_2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angus_Reid_2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2009 Angus Reid poll also revealed some effects of the Clarity Act in which they asked two questions, one a straightforward question for a separate nation, and the other a more muddled version on separation similar to the one posed in the 1995 referendum. The data on the questions revealed as follows to the first hard line question of "Do you believe that Quebec should become a country separate from Canada?" 34% replied yes, 54% said no, and 13% were unsure. To the less clear question of "Do you agree that Quebec should become sovereign after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership within a scope of the bill respecting the future of Quebec?" support for separation increased to 40% yes, the no vote still led with 41%, and the unsure increased to 19%. The most startling revelation of the poll was in the fact that only 20% or 1 in 5 polled believed that Quebec would ever separate from Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Angus_Reid_2009_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angus_Reid_2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2011 was considered a watershed year for the sovereignist movement. In the aftermath of the 2011 federal election, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9ger_Marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Léger Marketing">Léger Marketing</a> and pro-sovereignist newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Devoir" title="Le Devoir">Le Devoir</a></i> conducted a poll on the question.<sup id="cite_ref-Sondage_Léger_Marketing-Le_Devoir_-_L'appui_à_la_souveraineté_ne_fléchit_pas_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sondage_L%C3%A9ger_Marketing-Le_Devoir_-_L'appui_%C3%A0_la_souverainet%C3%A9_ne_fl%C3%A9chit_pas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked whether they would vote Yes or No in the event of a referendum, 41% of the respondents said they would vote Yes. In 2011, the sovereignist movement splintered, with several new parties being formed by disaffected politicians, with some politicians dissatisfied with slow progress towards independence, and others hoping to put the sovereignty question on the backburner. Leadership by PQ leader <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Marois" title="Pauline Marois">Pauline Marois</a> was divisive.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">François Legault</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a> government in Quebec proposed to amend the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_French_Language" title="Charter of the French Language">Charter of the French Language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Quebec" title="Constitution of Quebec">provincial constitution</a> to more strongly entrench French as the sole official language. In response to this, the Bloc Québécois initiated a motion in the House of Commons endorsing the constitutionality of Legault's initiatives. The Commons passed the motion 281–2. There were 36 abstentions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sovereignist_and_sympathetic_organizations">Sovereignist and sympathetic organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sovereignist and sympathetic organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereignist_political_parties_and_parliamentary_groups">Sovereignist political parties and parliamentary groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sovereignist political parties and parliamentary groups" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> - federal political party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> - provincial political party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_solidaire" title="Québec solidaire">Québec solidaire</a> - provincial political party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_Quebec" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of Quebec">Marxist–Leninist Party of Quebec</a> - provincial political party</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereignist_non-partisan_organizations">Sovereignist non-partisan organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sovereignist non-partisan organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le <b>Réseau Cap sur l'Indépendance (RCI)</b> is a network composed of several member organisations,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of which are non-partisan. The RCI states that it seeks to promote and realize Quebec's independence. Its members are: </p> <ol><li>La Fondation Octobre 70</li> <li>Les Aînés pour la souveraineté</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_la_Souverainet%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Conseil de la Souveraineté du Québec">Organisations unies pour l'indépendance du Québec</a> (OUI Québec) - previously "Conseil de la souveraineté du Québec"</li> <li>Jeunes Patriotes du Québec (JPQ)</li> <li>Les Intellectuels pour la souveraineté (IPSO)</li> <li>Mars 2011</li> <li>Libre marcheur</li> <li>Ligue d’action nationale</li> <li>Mouvement des étudiants souverainistes de l’université de Montréal (MESUM)</li> <li>Mouvement progressiste pour l’indépendance du Québec (MPIQ)</li> <li>Rassemblement pour l’indépendance nationale (RIN)</li> <li>Rassemblement pour un pays souverain (RPS)</li> <li>Mouvement souverainiste du Québec (MSQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_de_R%C3%A9sistance_du_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Réseau de Résistance du Québécois">Réseau de Résistance du Québécois</a> (RRQ)</li> <li>Société nationales des Québécoises et Québécois des Laurentides</li> <li>Société nationale Gaspésie—Îles-de-la-Madeleine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-Baptiste_Society" title="Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society">Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal</a></li> <li>Vigile (newspaper)</li> <li>Comité indépendantiste du cégep du Vieux-Montréal</li> <li>Comité souverainiste de l’UQÀM</li> <li>Regroupement des mouvements indépendantistes collégiaux</li> <li>Artistes volontaires</li> <li>Nouveau Mouvement pour le Québec</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sympathetic_organizations">Sympathetic organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sympathetic organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>The labour unions of the: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_des_syndicats_nationaux" title="Confédération des syndicats nationaux">Confédération des syndicats nationaux</a> (Confederation of national labour unions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrale_des_syndicats_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Centrale des syndicats du Québec">Centrale des syndicats du Québec</a> (Quebec labour unions congress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_des_travailleurs_et_travailleuses_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec">Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec</a> (Federation of Quebec workers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_des_artistes" title="Union des artistes">Union des artistes</a> (Artists' Labour Union)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_national_des_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_et_des_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coises" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement national des Québécois et des Québécoises">Mouvement national des Québécois et des Québécoises</a> (MNQ)</b> is a patriotic and non-partisan network of 19 societies. They have a stated mission of defending and promoting Quebecers' identity, as well as Quebec's language, history, culture and heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its societies are:</li></ul> <ol><li>SN de l’Est du Québec</li> <li>SNQ du Saguenay—Lac-Saint-Jean</li> <li>SNQ de la Capitale</li> <li>SSJB de la Mauricie</li> <li>SN de l’Estrie</li> <li>SSJB de Montréal</li> <li>SNQ de l’Outaouais</li> <li>SNQ d’Abitibi-Témiscamingue et du Nord-du-Québec</li> <li>SNQ de la Côte-Nord</li> <li>SN Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine</li> <li>SNQ de Chaudière-Appalaches</li> <li>SNQ de Laval</li> <li>SNQ de Lanaudière</li> <li>SNQ Région des Laurentides</li> <li>SNQ des Hautes-Rivières</li> <li>SNQ Richelieu—Saint-Laurent</li> <li>SNQ du Suroît</li> <li>SSJB Richelieu-Yamaska</li> <li>SSJB du Centre-du-Québec</li> <li>MNQ Headquarters</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereignist_media">Sovereignist media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sovereignist media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9becor" class="mw-redirect" title="Québecor">Québecor</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal de Montréal">Journal de Montréal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal de Québec">Journal de Québec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Groupe_TVA" title="Groupe TVA">Groupe TVA</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Devoir" title="Le Devoir">Le Devoir</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27Action_nationale" title="L'Action nationale">L'Action nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27aut%27journal" title="L'aut'journal">L'aut'journal</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Couac</i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Souverainete la solution</i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Gauche</i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Mouton noir</i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Le Québécois">Le Québécois</a></i></span></li> <li>Québec-Radio</li> <li>Vigile</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_parties,_organizations_and_media"><span id="Past_parties.2C_organizations_and_media"></span>Past parties, organizations and media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Past parties, organizations and media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_pour_l%27ind%C3%A9pendance_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale">Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale</a> (RIN) (1960-1968) - political movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Front de libération du Québec">Front de libération du Québec</a> (FLQ) (1963-1972) - network of militant groups</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_nationaliste_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Parti nationaliste chrétien">Parti nationaliste chrétien</a> (PNC) (1967-1969) - religious provincial political party</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Jour" title="Le Jour">Le Jour</a></i></span> (1974-1978) - newspaper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Populaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Populaire">Union Populaire</a> (1979-1980) - federal political party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_nationaliste_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Parti nationaliste du Québec">Parti nationaliste du Québec</a> (1983-1987) - federal political party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_ind%C3%A9pendantiste_(1985)" title="Parti indépendantiste (1985)">Parti indépendantiste (1985-1990)</a> - provincial political party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique du Québec</a> (1994-2012) – this was a provincial political party that split off from the Quebec Liberal Party and ultimately merged into Coalition Avenir Québec. It was originally sovereigntist and later supported autonomy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_de_lib%C3%A9ration_nationale_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Mouvement de libération nationale du Québec">Mouvement de libération nationale du Québec</a> (1995-2000) - organisation which organized pro-independence protests and events</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQ_Libre" title="SPQ Libre">SPQ Libre</a> (2005-2010) - once a political club that operated from within the Parti Québécois</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_ind%C3%A9pendantiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti indépendantiste">Parti indépendantiste</a> (2008-2018) - provincial political party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Alliance_Qu%C3%A9bec-Canada" title="Nouvelle Alliance Québec-Canada">Nouvelle Alliance Québec-Canada</a> (2009-2011) - provincial political party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_nationale" title="Option nationale">Option nationale</a> (2011-2018) - provincial political party which merged into Québec solidaire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_parlementaire_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe parlementaire québécois">Québec debout</a> (2018) - parliamentary group</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Opinion_polls">Opinion polls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Opinion polls" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Graphical summary (2005–present) </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; line-height: 14px; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Date(s)<br>conducted </th> <th rowspan="2">Polling organisation/client </th> <th rowspan="2">Sample size </th> <th colspan="3">Should Quebec be an independent country? </th> <th rowspan="2">Lead </th></tr> <tr> <th class="unsortable" style="background: rgb(0, 129, 66); width: 80px; color: white;">Yes </th> <th class="unsortable" style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); width: 80px; color: white;">No </th> <th class="unsortable" style="background: gray; width: 80px; color: white;">Undecided </th></tr> <tr> <td>10-11 November 2024 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leger360.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11679-283-Politique-au-Quebec-novembre-2024-Version-media-12-novembre-2024.pdf">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>1,010</td> <td>37%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>55%</b></td> <td>8%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>18% </td></tr> <tr> <td>23-25 August 2024 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leger360.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/11679-281-Politique-au-Quebec-aout-2024-VF.pdf">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>1,041</td> <td>35%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>56%</b></td> <td>9%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 June 2024 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qc125.ca/p/souverainete-les-deux-camps-raffermissent">Pallas</a> </td> <td>1,339</td> <td>40%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>52%</b></td> <td>8%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>12% </td></tr> <tr> <td>20-21 April 2024 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leger360.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/11679-275-Politique-Avril-2024-FINAL-23-avril.pdf">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>1,026</td> <td>36%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>53%</b></td> <td>11%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>16-18 March 2024 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leger360.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Politique-Mars-2024-v2.pdf">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>1,033</td> <td>36%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>53%</b></td> <td>11%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5-7 February 2024 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qc125.ca/p/pallas-data-quatre-quebecois-sur">Pallas</a> </td> <td>1,180</td> <td>41%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>48%</b></td> <td>11%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3-5 February 2024 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leger360.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/11679-272-Politique-Fev.-2024-Pour-publication-7-fevrier.pdf">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>1,040</td> <td>35%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>56%</b></td> <td>9%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4-6 December 2023 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leger360.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Rapport-politique-Decembre-2023-pour-publication.pdf">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>1,066</td> <td>34%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>55%</b></td> <td>11%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>18-19 November 2023 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qc125.com/proj/2023-12-07-pallas-souv.pdf">Pallas</a> </td> <td>1,178</td> <td>39%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>48%</b></td> <td>13%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 November 2023 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legermarketing.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Rapport-politique-Oct.-2023.pdf">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>1,066</td> <td>35%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>54%</b></td> <td>11%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>27-28 September 2023 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qc125.com/proj/2023-10-11-pallas44.pdf">Pallas</a> </td> <td>1,095</td> <td>37%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>49%</b></td> <td>14%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>12% </td></tr> <tr> <td>20-21 August 2023 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legermarketing.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Rapport-politique-Aout-2023-Volet-politique.pdf">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>1,036</td> <td>36%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>53%</b></td> <td>11%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10-12 June 2023 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legermarketing.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Rapport-politique-Juin-2023-publication-14-juin.pdf">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>1,042</td> <td>37%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>52%</b></td> <td>11%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>24-26 February 2023 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legermarketing.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Rapport-politique-Fevrier-2023.pdf">Léger Marketing/Le Devoir</a> </td> <td>1,000</td> <td>38%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>51%</b></td> <td>10%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>13% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" align="center" style="background-color:#CECECE;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a> (CAQ) is elected a 2nd term in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Quebec_general_election" title="2022 Quebec general election">2022 Quebec general election</a> (October 3, 2022)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 June 2022 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qc125.com/proj/2022-06-16-ms.pdf">Mainstreet Research</a> </td> <td>1,404 </td> <td>33% </td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>67%</b> </td> <td>? </td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span> - </td></tr> <tr> <td>8–9 February 2021 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lactualite.com/politique/la-souverainete-tient-bon/">Mainstreet Research</a> </td> <td>1,012 </td> <td>32% </td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>56%</b> </td> <td>12% </td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span> 24% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2020-10-4">2–4 October 2020 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journaldequebec.com/2020/10/24/la-souverainete-toujours-vivante">Léger Marketing/Le Journal de Québec</a> </td> <td>1,013</td> <td>36%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>54%</b></td> <td>10%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>18% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" align="center" style="background-color:#CECECE;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a> (CAQ) is elected in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Quebec_general_election" title="2018 Quebec general election">2018 Quebec general election</a> (October 1, 2018)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2018-08-01">August 2018 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.assets.huffpost.com/uploads/qc/5029579_sondage-leger-huffpost-identite-quebec_5ba9021b76c61.pdf">Léger Marketing/Huffington Post</a> </td> <td>1,010</td> <td>37%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>63%</b></td> <td>?</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2018-05-01">29 April–2 May 2018 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/politique-quebecoise/201805/02/01-5169359-sondage-ipsos-la-presse-la-caq-toujours-en-tete.php">Ipsos</a> </td> <td>2,001</td> <td>25%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>55%</b></td> <td>20%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>30% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2017-01-19">17–19 January 2017 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015946/http://www.leger360.com/admin/upload/publi_pdf/SOFR20172301.pdf">Léger</a> </td> <td>1,005</td> <td>35%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>65%</b></td> <td>?</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>30% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2017-01-01">12–15 January 2017 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sondage.crop.ca/survey/start/cawi/Politique%20Quebec%20et%20Canada%20-%20Janvier%202017.pdf">CROP</a> </td> <td>1,000</td> <td>33%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>67%</b></td> <td>?</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>34% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2016-05-13">7–12 December 2016 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sondage.crop.ca/survey/start/cawi/Politique%20Quebec%20(Decembre%202016).pdf">CROP/</a> </td> <td>1,000</td> <td>30%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>70%</b></td> <td>?</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2016-02-13">7–10 November 2016 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/documents/pdf/11-11-sondagepolqc.pdf">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>999</td> <td>37%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>63%</b></td> <td>?</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2016-05-13">12–15 May 2016 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/politique-quebecoise/201608/18/01-5011615-sondage-crop-la-presse-une-course-avec-le-oui-au-plus-bas.php">CROP/La Presse</a> </td> <td>1,000</td> <td>35%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>50%</b></td> <td>15%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2016-02-15">11–15 February 2016 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sondage.crop.ca/survey/start/cawi/Rapport%20politique%20-%20F%C3%A9v%202016.pdf">CROP/La Presse</a> </td> <td>1,005</td> <td>37%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>63%</b></td> <td>?</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2016-02-13">01–4 February 2016 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/documents/pdf/sondage020816_qc_pol.pdf">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>1,005</td> <td>32%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>59%</b></td> <td>9%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>27% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2015-11-01">November 2015 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/documents/pdf/sondage020816_qc_pol.pdf">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>1,005</td> <td>39%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>61%</b></td> <td>?</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>22% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2015-09-20">17–20 September 2015 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030658/https://sondage.crop.ca/survey/start/cawi/Rapport%20politique%20-%20Sept%202015.pdf">CROP</a> </td> <td>1,000</td> <td>32%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>57%</b></td> <td>11%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>25% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" align="center" style="background-color:#CECECE;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal Party</a> is elected in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Quebec_general_election" title="2014 Quebec general election">2014 Quebec general election</a> (April 7, 2014)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" align="center" style="background-color:#CECECE;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> is elected in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Quebec_general_election" title="2012 Quebec general election">2012 Quebec general election</a> (September 4, 2012)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2011-05-10">9–11 May 2011 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ledevoir.com/documents/pdf/sondage14mai.pdf">Léger Marketing/Le Devoir</a> </td> <td>1,000</td> <td>32%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>68%</b></td> <td>?</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2011-04-20">13–20 April 2011 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428074456/http://www.crop.ca:80/sondages/pdf/2011/117250evolutionpolitiquecropavril2011.pdf">CROP</a> </td> <td>1,000</td> <td>36%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>49%</b></td> <td>14%</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>13% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2009-05-25">23–25 May 2009 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317004941/http://www.leger360.com/admin/upload/publi_pdf/095251FR.pdf/">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>1,053</td> <td>41%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>59%</b></td> <td>?</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>18% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" align="center" style="background-color:#CECECE;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal Party</a> is elected in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Quebec_general_election" title="2008 Quebec general election">2008 Quebec general election</a> (December 8, 2008)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2006-12-05">4–5 December 2006 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605013731/http://legermarketing.com/documents/pol/061206fr.pdf/">Léger Marketing</a> </td> <td>602</td> <td>46%</td> <td style="background: rgb(233, 107, 103);"><b>54%</b></td> <td>?</td> <td style="background: rgb(220, 36, 31); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>8% </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2005-04-24">20–24 April 2005 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/non-classe/80417/souverainete-un-oui-a-54">Le Devoir/The Globe and Mail</a> </td> <td>1,008</td> <td style="background: rgb(0, 129, 66); color: white"><b>54%</b></td> <td>46%</td> <td>?</td> <td style="background: rgb(0, 129, 66); color: white;"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>8% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapageweb.umontreal.ca/durandc/souverainete/recherche_souverainete.html">Archive of polls from 1962 until January 2008</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voting_intentions_before_distribution">Voting intentions before distribution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Voting intentions before distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_(depuis_1990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28depuis_1990%29.svg/900px-Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28depuis_1990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="900" height="514" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 900px;height: 514px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28depuis_1990%29.svg/900px-Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28depuis_1990%29.svg.png" data-width="900" data-height="514" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28depuis_1990%29.svg/1350px-Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28depuis_1990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28depuis_1990%29.svg/1800px-Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28depuis_1990%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>History of referendum voting intentions in Quebec since 1990. Undecided non-distributed</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Among_French-speaking_voters">Among French-speaking voters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Among French-speaking voters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_(chez_les_Francophones).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28chez_les_Francophones%29.svg/900px-Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28chez_les_Francophones%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="900" height="514" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="384"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 900px;height: 514px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28chez_les_Francophones%29.svg/900px-Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28chez_les_Francophones%29.svg.png" data-width="900" data-height="514" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28chez_les_Francophones%29.svg/1350px-Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28chez_les_Francophones%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28chez_les_Francophones%29.svg/1800px-Intentions_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec_%28chez_les_Francophones%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>History of referendum voting intentions in Quebec since 1997. French-speaking voters</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Arguments">Arguments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Arguments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_for_sovereignty">Reasons for sovereignty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reasons for sovereignty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Justifications for Quebec's sovereignty are historically nationalistic in character, claiming the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">unique culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French-speaking</a> majority (78% of the provincial population) are threatened with assimilation by either the rest of Canada or, as in Metropolitan France, by Anglophone culture more generally, and that the best way to preserve language, identity and culture is via the creation of an independent political entity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other distinguishing factors, such as religious differences (given the Catholic majority in Quebec), are also used to justify either separation or nationalist social policies advocated by the Parti Québécois. </p><p>The historical argument for Quebec independence stems from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">region's history</a>, as it was <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France" title="Conquest of New France">conquered by the British</a> in 1760 and ceded to Great Britain in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a>; French Canadians in Canada were subsumed by waves of British immigrants. This argument makes the claim that Quebecers have the right of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. </p><p>Eight of the other Canadian provinces are overwhelmingly (greater than 95%) <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-speaking</a>, while <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> is officially bilingual and about one-third Francophone. Another rationale is based on resentment of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">anti-Quebec sentiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to the creation of the sovereignist movement, language issues were but a sub-stratum of larger cultural, social and political differences. Many scholars point to historical events as framing the cause for ongoing support for sovereignty in Quebec, while more contemporary politicians may point to the aftermath of more recent developments like the <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act</a></i> of 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments_against_sovereignty">Arguments against sovereignty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arguments against sovereignty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>It has been argued by prominent Quebecers (sovereignists and ex-sovereignists, including former Quebec premier <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a>) that sovereignty politics has distracted Quebecers from the real economic problems of Quebec, and that sovereignty by itself cannot solve those problems. In 2005 they published their position statement, "<a href="/wiki/Pour_un_Qu%C3%A9bec_lucide" title="Pour un Québec lucide">Pour un Québec lucide</a>", ("For a lucid Quebec") which details the problems facing Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some arguments against sovereignty claim that the movement is illegitimate because of its <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a> which alienates many among Canada's <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a> peoples and their sympathizers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sentiment is summed up by a quotation from a <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk nation">Mohawk</a> from Akwsasne: "How can Quebec, with no economic base and no land base, ask to become sovereign? How can Quebec be a nation when they have no constitution? We have had a constitution since before the American revolution." Here the argument expresses the claim that the Mohawk nation has a greater case for self-determination due to already having a more legitimate claim to distinct nationhood that is based on traditional lands and a constitution predating confederation as well as the creation of Quebec and a Québécois identity.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> have also asserted for many years that they are a separate people with the right to self-determination recognized under international law. They argue that no annexation of them or their territory to an independent Quebec should take place without their consent, and that if Quebec has the right to leave Canada then the Cree people have the right to choose to keep their territory in Canada. Cree arguments generally do not claim the right to secede from Canada; rather, the Cree see themselves as a people bound to Canada by treaty (see the <a href="/wiki/James_Bay_and_Northern_Quebec_Agreement" title="James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement">James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement</a>), and as citizens of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-PRB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cree have stated that a unilateral declaration of independence by Quebec would be a violation of fundamental principles of human rights, democracy and consent. If secession were to proceed, the Cree argue that they would seek protection through the Canadian courts as well as asserting Cree jurisdiction over its people and lands.<sup id="cite_ref-PRB_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor Peter Russell has said of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Aboriginal peoples in Canada</a>: "(they) are not nations that can be yanked out of Canada against their will by a provincial majority.... With few exceptions (they) wish to enjoy their right to self-government within Canada, not within a sovereign Quebec."<sup id="cite_ref-GCC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International human rights expert Erica-Irene Daes says the change "will leave the most marginalized and excluded of all the world's peoples without a legal, peaceful weapon to press for genuine democracy...."<sup id="cite_ref-GCC_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concern is connected to the claim that if Quebec were to be considered its own autonomous nation-state then it need not honour the treaties and agreements that were signed between First Nations and the British and French Crowns and are now maintained by the Canadian federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concern for this may stem from perception of neo-colonial or eurocentric attitudes in the leadership of former Quebec premiers, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a>, the self-proclaimed "Conqueror of the North".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Opinions_in_Quebec">Opinions in Quebec</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Opinions in Quebec" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Quebec sovereignty movement">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Québécois"><span id="Qu.C3.A9b.C3.A9cois"></span>Québécois</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Québécois" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The separatist movement draws from the left and right spectrum; a sizeable minority of more <a href="/wiki/Canadian_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian conservatism">conservative</a> Quebecers support the PQ because of the sovereignty issue, despite reservations about its <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> political agenda. </p><p>Right and Left must be interpreted within the provincial context; Liberal Party politics generally coincide with those of other <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> parties, while PQ politics are more <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> in orientation. There is no mass conservative movement in Quebec's political culture on the provincial level, due notably to strong government interventionism and <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a> shared by all parties since the 1960s (the so-called "Quebec Consensus" since the Quiet Revolution), and the province's <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> heritage. </p><p>There are, of course, quite a few exceptions. Notable examples include: </p> <ul><li>the conservative but <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Action_D%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Action Démocratique du Québec">Action Démocratique du Québec</a> supporting the Yes side in the 1995 Quebec referendum. They now support <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Autonomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Autonomism">Quebec Autonomism</a>: a decentralized view of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, and accept the 1995 "No" verdict;</li> <li>the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada building links with the sovereignist in the 1980s;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_people_of_Quebec">Indigenous people of Quebec</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indigenous people of Quebec" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Various <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Indigenous peoples in Quebec">Indigenous peoples in Quebec</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> have opposed the independence of Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglophones_and_immigrants_in_Quebec">Anglophones and immigrants in Quebec</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Anglophones and immigrants in Quebec" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Sovereignty has very little support among Quebec Anglophones or immigrant communities. About 60% of Francophones voted "Yes" in 1995, and with the exception of very weak "Yes" support from <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haitian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> communities, most non-Francophones massively voted "No" (see <a href="/wiki/Demolinguistics_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Demolinguistics of Quebec">Demolinguistics of Quebec</a>). The opponents of the sovereignty movement view the project as ethnically exclusive and as a rejection of non-Francophones as well as aspiring to suppress the English language and to deny the historical Anglophone contribution to Quebec. These concerns are dismissed by the PQ, which claims that its goal is all-embracing and essentially civic in nature. However, the movement has consistently failed to reassure non-Francophones. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Economic_effect">Economic effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economic effect" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>One study found that Quebec's separatist governments did not have a large negative impact on Quebec's economy – as sometimes seen with other independence movements in other countries – possibly due to a lack of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_positions">External positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External positions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rest_of_Canada">Rest of Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Rest of Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The other nine provinces of Canada have generally been opposed to Quebec sovereignty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Quebec's independence movement has benefited from support and encouragement from France. </p><p>One of the best-known is General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, author of the declaration "<a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre" title="Vive le Québec libre">Vive le Québec libre</a>!".<sup id="cite_ref-cbc_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This declaration is consistent with the thinking of General de Gaulle, who was attached to the idea of the independence of nations and sensitive to the historical impact of France's loss of Canada. </p><p>In September 1965, General de Gaulle told <a href="/wiki/Alain_Peyrefitte" title="Alain Peyrefitte">Alain Peyrefitte</a>: “The future of French Canada is independence. There will be a French Republic of Canada”. According to Alain Peyrefitte, “without prejudging the form that Quebec sovereignty was to take, de Gaulle, with that historic sense which earned France its salvation, went to Montreal in July 1967 to urge French Canadians to preserve their French identity, which, under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>, the indifference of the French elites had made such light work of.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, when the French ambassador in Ottawa suggested associating France with Canada's centenary, De Gaulle replied with an apostille dated December 6, 1966: “There is no question of my sending a message to Canada to celebrate its ‘centenary’. We can have good relations with the whole of what is now Canada. We must have excellent relations with French Canada. But we should not congratulate Canadians or ourselves on the creation of a “state” based on our defeat in the past, and on the integration of part of the French people into a British entity. Incidentally, this whole has become quite precarious<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>...”. </p><p>The French Foreign Office's current motto epitomizes the official position of the French State concerning Quebec's national question: "<i>non-ingérence et non-indifférence</i>" ("no interference and no indifference"). In other words, while Quebec stays within Canada, France will officially support the Canadian Confederation the way it is.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former French President <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> has stated on the record that he opposes the separation of Quebec from Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarkozy_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkozy-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This changed back to the view of the French Foreign Office under Sarkozy's successor, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The United States has officially always maintained a neutral attitude towards Quebec independence. However, since the relationship between Canada and the United States is privileged at various levels, the status quo is desired. In the event of a victory for the independence option in the 1995 referendum, Washington would have stated that “since Canadians have yet to work out their future constitutional arrangements, it is premature to consider the question of recognizing Quebec ”.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is thought that, in the event of independence, the United States would be passive and wait for Canada itself to recognize the Quebec state. </p><p>The sovereigntists of the 1960s and 1970s, led by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a>, believed they could easily win American sympathy for their cause, because they equated Quebec's independence with the United States' <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> against Great Britain in 1776. For 20th-century Americans, however, the idea of Quebec's separation was more akin to the most painful episode in their history, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. What's more, the founding myth of the American <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a> made them resistant to any idea of intrastate nationalism. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>“Melting pot, civil war. Two ideological walls that separate Quebec nationalists from American society, even left-wing, even intellectual<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.” </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Jean-Francois Lisée</cite></p> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> is said to be the only American politician open to this prospect. In the 1950s, Armand Morissette, the parish priest of Lowell, Massachusetts, informed him of the existence of an independence movement in Quebec. In order to gain access to the Senate, Kennedy wanted to win the votes of the large French-Canadian community in Massachusetts, so he had contact with Curé Morissette, who was also a convinced independentist. Kennedy drew parallels not with American independence, but with Irish independence, which was still quite recent (1922), as he himself was of Irish descent. The Kennedy family were Francophiles, and that the future president militated for the self-determination of peoples in general. During his short term as President (1960-1963), however, Kennedy never publicly addressed this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In fiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">In Films and TV Shows</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rohmer" title="Richard Rohmer">Richard Rohmer</a>'s novel <i>Separation</i> (1976) was turned into a TV-movie for <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a> Television in 1977. In the movie, the Parti Québécois has formed the government of Quebec but Premier Gaston Bélisle has repeatedly put off its promise to hold a referendum. International politics forces Bélisle's hand.</li> <li>In the mid-1980s, a sequel to Seperation, <i>Quebec-Canada 1995</i>, depicts a meeting between the president of Quebec and the prime minister of Canada to discuss a crisis involving Quebec military occupations of parts of Ontario and New Brunswick. Canada's armed forces are stretched thin with peacekeepers in such varied places as the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (with "Lady Goosegreen" being <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>).</li> <li>In the film <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Hard" title="Die Hard">Die Hard</a></i>, Hans Gruber, the terrorist leader, demands, as a ruse, the release of imprisoned members of the fictional group Liberté du Québec. (Presumably meant to be a fictional version of the <a href="/wiki/Front_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Front de libération du Québec">FLQ</a>.)</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">Simpsons</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Homer_to_the_Max" title="Homer to the Max">Homer to the Max</a>", Homer Simpson is invited to an exclusive garden party by Trent Steel, a successful businessman whom he meets as a result of changing his name to Max Power. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, a guest at the garden party, is called away to deal with Quebec 'getting <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">the bomb</a>'.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Critic" title="The Critic">The Critic</a></i> episode "L.A. Jay", in a dream sequence, Jay Sherman, at his <a href="/wiki/Oscars" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscars">Oscar acceptance speech</a> says he supports independence for Quebec, cutting to a room of Québécois saying "Viva Jay Sherman! Viva Quebec!" and unfurling a banner depicting Sherman as a beaver.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">In Books and Comics</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Weintraub" title="William Weintraub">William Weintraub</a>'s satirical 1979 novel <i>The Underdogs</i> provoked controversy by imagining a future Quebec in which English-speakers were an oppressed minority, complete with a violent resistance movement. One planned stage version was cancelled before its premiere.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>'s 1979 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Life_Before_Man" title="Life Before Man">Life Before Man</a></i> is set in Toronto in the late 1970s and several characters watch and sometimes comment upon the elections and sovereignist movement in Quebec. The sovereignist movement and its struggles are metaphorically linked to the difficulties the characters in the novel have with separating their own personal relationships.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a>'s 1984 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Probe!" class="mw-redirect" title="Night Probe!">Night Probe!</a></i> is set against a fictional attempt at secession in the late 1980s. Rights to newly discovered oil resources in <a href="/wiki/Ungava_Bay" title="Ungava Bay">Ungava Bay</a>, discovered as Quebec moves to secede, clash with the ramifications of a rediscovered secret treaty negotiated between the U.K. and U.S. governments during World War I.</li> <li>In the 1999 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Babies" title="Babylon Babies">Babylon Babies</a></i> by the French-born Canadian cyberpunk writer <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dantec" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Dantec">Maurice Dantec</a>, loosely adapted as the film <a href="/wiki/Babylon_A.D." title="Babylon A.D.">Babylon A.D.</a>, Quebec is independent and referred to as the "Free Province of Quebec".</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Watts_(author)" title="Peter Watts (author)">Peter Watts</a>' science fiction series, starting with the 1999 <i>Starfish</i>, Quebec has attained sovereignty and is an energetic/economic superpower within North America.</li> <li>In the alternate history 1995 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Georges" title="The Two Georges">The Two Georges</a></i>, co-authored by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dreyfuss" title="Richard Dreyfuss">Richard Dreyfuss</a> and Harry Turtledove, the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> never occurs, resulting in the creation of the North American Union, a dominion of the British Empire. En route to the Six Nations, Thomas Bushell and Samuel Stanley of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal American Mounted Police</a> discuss the nearby province of Quebec. Stanley muses that, being culturally French, the Québécois people would want to split off from the N.A.U. to become part of the Franco-Spanish Holy Alliance. However, the Francophobia of the Sons of Liberty prevents them from effectively joining forces with Québécois separatists.</li> <li>In the 2006 young adults' alternate history novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Disunited_States_of_America" title="The Disunited States of America">The Disunited States of America</a></i>, by Harry Turtledove, the United States collapsed in the 1800s due to the retention of the Articles of Confederation, with states becoming sovereign nations by the 2090s. Quebec is an independent country in the 2090s, although it is not mentioned whether it remained an independent entity or seceded from a Canadian union.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster Wallace</a>'s 1996 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Infinite_Jest" title="Infinite Jest">Infinite Jest</a></i> includes both real and fictional Québécois separatist movements as integral to the plot. In the story, the United States has merged with Canada and Mexico to form the Organization of North American Nations (ONAN). Wheelchair-using Quebec separatists use a video so entertaining it leads to death to accomplish their goals of both Quebec independence and the end of the ONAN.</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Victory_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Victory Series">Southern Victory Series</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> novels by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>, Quebec becomes a separate nation during the <a href="/wiki/Great_War_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War (series)">First Great War</a> (an alternative World War I). Since the United States organized this separation to weaken Anglophone Canada (and the UK by extension) and to aid in the post-war occupation of Canada, the Republic of Quebec operated as a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> of the United States, rather than being truly independent.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>, the villain (and sometimes hero) <a href="/wiki/Plastique_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastique (comics)">Plastique</a> is initially a Québécois freedom fighter, who resorts to acts of terrorism.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a></i>, the superhero <a href="/wiki/Northstar_(Marvel_Comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northstar (Marvel Comics)">Northstar</a> was part of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) in his youth.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers_Hetalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers Hetalia">Axis Powers Hetalia</a></i>, Canada's nightmare features an independent Quebec.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">In Games</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <ul><li>In the roleplaying game <i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(role-playing_game)" title="Trinity (role-playing game)">Trinity</a></i> there are references made to a separatist Quebec nation who in return for independence helped the then formed 'Confederated States of America' take control of Canada.</li> <li>In the roleplaying game <i><a href="/wiki/Shadowrun" title="Shadowrun">Shadowrun</a></i>, Quebec exists as a sovereign nation alongside the United Canadian American States and the Confederated American States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Civil_War_(game)" title="Canadian Civil War (game)">Canadian Civil War</a> is a board game from 1977. The game simulates a hypothetical political struggle between factions, some of them seeking to redefine the terms of the Canadian confederation, others seeking to maintain the status quo.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subjects_related_to_the_Quebec_independence_movement" title="List of subjects related to the Quebec independence movement">List of subjects related to the Quebec independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism_in_Quebec" title="Autonomism in Quebec">Autonomism in Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Quebec" title="Politics of Quebec">Politics of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_sovereignty" title="Canadian sovereignty">Canadian sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Lists of active separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessionist_movements_of_Canada" title="Secessionist movements of Canada">Secessionist movements of Canada</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1837.qc.ca/1837.pl?out=article&pno=document51">"Les Patriotes de 1837@1838 – Adresse des Fils de la Liberté (1837). Présentation et annotation de M. Daniel Latouche (Le Manuel de la parole)"</a>. <i>www.1837.qc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825174405/http://www.1837.qc.ca/1837.pl?out=article&pno=document51">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.1837.qc.ca&rft.atitle=Les+Patriotes+de+1837%401838+%E2%80%93+Adresse+des+Fils+de+la+Libert%C3%A9+%281837%29.+Pr%C3%A9sentation+et+annotation+de+M.+Daniel+Latouche+%28Le+Manuel+de+la+parole%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1837.qc.ca%2F1837.pl%3Fout%3Darticle%26pno%3Ddocument51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://montreal.ctvnews.ca/parti-qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois-first-elected-35-years-ago-today-1.726446">"Parti Québécois first elected 35 years ago today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CTV_News_(Montreal)" class="mw-redirect" title="CTV News (Montreal)">CTV News (Montreal)</a>. November 15, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512015509/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/parti-quebecois-first-elected-35-years-ago-today-1.726446">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Parti+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+first+elected+35+years+ago+today&rft.date=2011-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmontreal.ctvnews.ca%2Fparti-qu%25C3%25A9b%25C3%25A9cois-first-elected-35-years-ago-today-1.726446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis Swann (1992) The Economics of the Common Market, p. ix <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140144978" title="Special:BookSources/0140144978">0140144978</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBains1995" class="citation web cs1">Bains, Hardial (February 10, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407035715/http://www.mlpc.ca/briefs/19950210quebec.html">"Brief to the Outaouais Commission on the Future of Quebec"</a>. Marxist-Leninist Party of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlpc.ca/briefs/19950210quebec.html">the original</a> on April 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>I propose that the preamble of such a Constitution should read as follows: We, the people of Quebec... hereby declare the formation of the Republic of Quebec....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+to+the+Outaouais+Commission+on+the+Future+of+Quebec&rft.pub=Marxist-Leninist+Party+of+Canada&rft.date=1995-02-10&rft.aulast=Bains&rft.aufirst=Hardial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlpc.ca%2Fbriefs%2F19950210quebec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/en/tableaux/Referendum_1995_8481.asp">"I'm voting"</a> (in French). Le Directeur Général des Elections du Québec. September 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Then and Now, For the Land". <i>Socialist Studies: The Journal of the Society for Socialist Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 93–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Studies%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Socialist+Studies&rft.atitle=Then+and+Now%2C+For+the+Land&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-95&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Taiaiake&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Maas" class="citation web cs1">van der Maas, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629041924/http://www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies/vanderMaas.pdf">"Claims to Identity in Determining Resources for Indigenous Social Movements in Canada"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Toronto. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies/vanderMaas.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Claims+to+Identity+in+Determining+Resources+for+Indigenous+Social+Movements+in+Canada&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.aulast=van+der+Maas&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utoronto.ca%2Fethnicstudies%2FvanderMaas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRB-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRB_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRB_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parliamentary Research Branch (PRB) of the Library of Parliament, "ABORIGINAL PEOPLES AND THE 1995 QUEBEC REFERENDUM: A SURVEY OF THE ISSUES" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/bp412-e.htm#A">http://www2.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/bp412-e.htm#A</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126032403/http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/bp412-e.htm#A">Archived</a> January 26, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Aboriginal Perspectives(txt)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GCC_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GCC_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Grand Council of the Crees, "50 Percent Plus One Vote Insufficient" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gcc.ca/archive/article.php?id=116">http://www.gcc.ca/archive/article.php?id=116</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225082012/http://www.gcc.ca/archive/article.php?id=116">Archived</a> February 25, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensonPapillon2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jenson, Jane; Papillon, Martin (2000). "Challenging the Citizenship Regime: The James Bay Cree and transnational action". <i>Politics & Society</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 245–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329200028002005">10.1177/0032329200028002005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145156740">145156740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Challenging+the+Citizenship+Regime%3A+The+James+Bay+Cree+and+transnational+action&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-264&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0032329200028002005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145156740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jenson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Papillon%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Grand Council of Crees, Cree Legal Struggle Against the Great Whale Project, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gcc.ca/archive/article.php?id=37">http://www.gcc.ca/archive/article.php?id=37</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222012548/http://www.gcc.ca/archive/article.php?id=37">Archived</a> December 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrueheart1995" class="citation news cs1">Trueheart, Charles (October 26, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/10/26/quebecs-natives-almost-unanimous-in-opposition-to-secession-from-canada/175a2f87-a4b1-48ba-9583-19c3c5fb3d62/">"QUEBEC'S NATIVES ALMOST UNANIMOUS' IN OPPOSITION TO SECESSION FROM CANADA"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=QUEBEC%27S+NATIVES+ALMOST+UNANIMOUS%27+IN+OPPOSITION+TO+SECESSION+FROM+CANADA&rft.date=1995-10-26&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Trueheart&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1995%2F10%2F26%2Fquebecs-natives-almost-unanimous-in-opposition-to-secession-from-canada%2F175a2f87-a4b1-48ba-9583-19c3c5fb3d62%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/first-nations-weigh-in-on-quebec-sovereignty-debate-1.2577550">"First Nations weigh in on Quebec sovereignty debate"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630044008/https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/first-nations-weigh-in-on-quebec-sovereignty-debate-1.2577550">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Nations+weigh+in+on+Quebec+sovereignty+debate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Findigenous%2Ffirst-nations-weigh-in-on-quebec-sovereignty-debate-1.2577550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert2014" class="citation news cs1">Robert, Hillary (March 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/quebec-mohawks-likely-to-declare-own-independence-if-pq-wins-sovereignty-referendum-grand-chief">"Quebec Mohawks likely to declare own independence if PQ wins sovereignty referendum: Grand Chief"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512015008/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/quebec-mohawks-likely-to-declare-own-independence-if-pq-wins-sovereignty-referendum-grand-chief">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(January 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0176268021000781">"Love on the rocks: The causal effects of separatist governments in Quebec"</a>. <i>European Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>71</b>: 102088. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2021.102088">10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102088</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0176-2680">0176-2680</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309124954/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0176268021000781">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Love+on+the+rocks%3A+The+causal+effects+of+separatist+governments+in+Quebec&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=102088&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2021.102088&rft.issn=0176-2680&rft.aulast=Geloso&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rft.au=Grier%2C+Kevin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0176268021000781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepoe1967" class="citation news cs1">Depoe, Norman (July 24, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501220930/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/language-culture/language-culture-general/vive-le-quebec-libre.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Vive le Québec libre!'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. On This Day. <i>Newsmagazine</i>. CBC News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/language-culture/language-culture-general/vive-le-quebec-libre.html">the original</a> on May 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsmagazine&rft.atitle=%27Vive+le+Qu%C3%A9bec+libre%21%27&rft.date=1967-07-24&rft.aulast=Depoe&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fcategories%2Fpolitics%2Flanguage-culture%2Flanguage-culture-general%2Fvive-le-quebec-libre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyrefitte1997" class="citation book cs1">Peyrefitte, Alain (1997). <i>" De Gaulle : Il y aura une République française du Canada "</i> (7 ed.). 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Plon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettres%2C+notes+et+carnets%3B+Compl%C3%A9ments+1908-1968&rft.pub=Plon&rft.date=1969%2F1970&rft.aulast=de+Gaulles&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastien1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bastien, Frédéric (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F703918ar">"À la demande du Québec : la diplomatie québécoise de la France de 1969 à 1980 (Note)"</a>. <i>Études internationales</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 551–575. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F703918ar">10.7202/703918ar</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+internationales&rft.atitle=%C3%80+la+demande+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%3A+la+diplomatie+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise+de+la+France+de+1969+%C3%A0+1980+%28Note%29&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=551-575&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F703918ar&rft.aulast=Bastien&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F703918ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRioux2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rioux, Christian (February 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/231158/sarkozy-repudie-le-ni-ni-sans-ambiguite">"Sarkozy répudie le "ni-ni" sans ambiguïté"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Devoir" title="Le Devoir">Le Devoir</a></i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512014953/https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/231158/sarkozy-repudie-le-ni-ni-sans-ambiguite">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=Sarkozy+r%C3%A9pudie+le+%22ni-ni%22+sans+ambigu%C3%AFt%C3%A9&rft.date=2009-02-03&rft.aulast=Rioux&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fpolitique%2Fquebec%2F231158%2Fsarkozy-repudie-le-ni-ni-sans-ambiguite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarkozy-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarkozy_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1249285">"Sarkozy's sovereignty comments spark anger in Quebec"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>. February 2, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120906020425/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1249285">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sarkozy%27s+sovereignty+comments+spark+anger+in+Quebec&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D1249285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2012" class="citation web cs1">Staff (October 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/france-revives-neutral-policy-on-quebec-independence-1.1139773">"France revives neutral policy on Quebec independence"</a>. The Canadian Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112204344/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/france-revives-neutral-policy-on-quebec-independence-1.1139773">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+revives+neutral+policy+on+Quebec+independence&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Press&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ffrance-revives-neutral-policy-on-quebec-independence-1.1139773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanetta2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panetta, Alexander (March 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/politique-quebecoise/201403/14/01-4747886-washington-naurait-pas-reconnu-immediatement-un-quebec-independant-en-1995.php">"Washington n'aurait pas reconnu immédiatement un Québec indépendant en 1995"</a>. <i>La Presse</i> (in Canadian French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Presse&rft.atitle=Washington+n%27aurait+pas+reconnu+imm%C3%A9diatement+un+Qu%C3%A9bec+ind%C3%A9pendant+en+1995&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.aulast=Panetta&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapresse.ca%2Factualites%2Fpolitique%2Fpolitique-quebecoise%2F201403%2F14%2F01-4747886-washington-naurait-pas-reconnu-immediatement-un-quebec-independant-en-1995.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisée2020" class="citation book cs1">Lisée, Jean-Francois (2020). <i>La tentation québécoise de John F. Kennedy</i>. Carte blanche. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+tentation+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise+de+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Carte+blanche&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Lis%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Jean-Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisée2020" class="citation book cs1">Lisée, Jean-Francois (2020). <i>La tentation québécoise de John F. Kennedy</i>. Carte blanche.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+tentation+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise+de+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.pub=Carte+blanche&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Lis%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Jean-Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+sovereignty+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading_(English)"><span id="Further_reading_.28English.29"></span>Further reading (English)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading (English)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>McCulloch, Tony. "A quiet revolution in diplomacy: Quebec–UK relations since 1960." <i>American Review of Canadian Studies</i> 46.2 (2016): 176–195. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1514423/1/McCULLOCH,%20A%20QUIET%20REVOLUTION%20IN%20DIPLOMACY,%20ARCS%2046.2,%20JUNE%202016.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Mendelsohn, Matthew. "Rational choice and socio-psychological explanation for opinion on Quebec sovereignty." <i>Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique</i> (2003): 511–537 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3233082">online</a>.</li> <li>Yale, François, and Claire Durand. "What did Quebeckers want? Impact of question wording, constitutional proposal and context on support for sovereignty, 1976–2008." <i>American Review of Canadian Studies</i> 41.3 (2011): 242–258. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Claire-Durand-2/publication/254239406_What_did_Quebeckers_Want_Impact_of_Question_Wording_Constitutional_Proposal_and_Context_on_Support_for_Sovereignty_1976-2008/links/60099ffd299bf14088afa1bb/What-did-Quebeckers-Want-Impact-of-Question-Wording-Constitutional-Proposal-and-Context-on-Support-for-Sovereignty-1976-2008.pdf">online</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_sovereignty_movement&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/10611/20151230010954/http://portal.unesco.org/shs/en/ev.php-URL_ID=2719&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">UNESCO article on the evolution of Quebec nationalism (2002) (Archived)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%83" title="حركة سيادة كيبك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة سيادة كيبك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_to%CC%8Dk-li%CC%8Dp_%C5%ABn-t%C5%8Dng" title="Québec to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Québec to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рух за сувэрэнітэт Квэбэка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рух за сувэрэнітэт Квэбэка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souver%C3%A4nit%C3%A4tsbewegung_in_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Souveränitätsbewegung in Québec – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Souveränitätsbewegung in Québec" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9beci_iseseisvusliikumine" title="Québeci iseseisvusliikumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Québeci iseseisvusliikumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="جنبش حق حاکمیت کبک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش حق حاکمیت کبک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_souverainiste_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Mouvement souverainiste du Québec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement souverainiste du Québec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movemento_pola_independencia_de_Quebec" title="Movemento pola independencia de Quebec – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Movemento pola independencia de Quebec" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%98%EB%B2%A1_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="퀘벡 독립운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀘벡 독립운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movado_pri_la_suvereneso_di_Quebec" title="Movado pri la suvereneso di Quebec – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Movado pri la suvereneso di Quebec" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergerakan_kedaulatan_Quebec" title="Pergerakan kedaulatan Quebec – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pergerakan kedaulatan Quebec" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="ケベック独立運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケベック独立運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_pela_independ%C3%AAncia_do_Quebec" title="Movimento pela independência do Quebec – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento pela independência do Quebec" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Движение за суверенитет Квебека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Движение за суверенитет Квебека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_egemenlik_hareketi" title="Quebec egemenlik hareketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Quebec egemenlik hareketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Рух за суверенітет Квебеку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рух за суверенітет Квебеку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="魁北克主权运动 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="魁北克主权运动" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 06:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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