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id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Psychology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Psychology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compassion_fatigue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compassion_fatigue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Compassion fatigue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compassion_fatigue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditions_that_influence_compassion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions_that_influence_compassion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Conditions that influence compassion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditions_that_influence_compassion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compassion_fade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compassion_fade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Compassion fade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compassion_fade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurobiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurobiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Neurobiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurobiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compassion_in_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compassion_in_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Compassion in practice </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compassion_in_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compassion in practice subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compassion_in_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Psychotherapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-compassion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-compassion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Self-compassion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-compassion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religion and philosophy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion_and_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religion and philosophy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Abrahamic religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Ancient Greek philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Confucianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Indian religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.3 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Compassion</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A9" title="شفقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شفقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compasi%C3%B3n" title="Compasión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Compasión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91epu" title="Ñepu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñepu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="সমবেদনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমবেদনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Спачуванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спачуванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" title="करुणा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="करुणा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Състрадание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Състрадание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassi%C3%B3" title="Compassió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Compassió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Çумтуйăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çумтуйăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soucit" title="Soucit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Soucit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medlidenhed" title="Medlidenhed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Medlidenhed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitleid" title="Mitleid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mitleid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaastunne" title="Kaastunne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaastunne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ευσπλαχνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευσπλαχνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compasi%C3%B3n" title="Compasión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Compasión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompato" title="Kompato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kompato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erruki" title="Erruki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erruki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="دلسوزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دلسوزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compassion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begrutsjen" title="Begrutsjen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Begrutsjen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaix%C3%B3n" title="Compaixón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Compaixón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nja%C4%A9" title="Njaĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Njaĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%AF%BC" title="연민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suosje%C4%87anje" title="Suosjećanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suosjećanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belas_kasihan" title="Belas kasihan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Belas kasihan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassione_(filosofia)" title="Compassione (filosofia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compassione (filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%94" title="חמלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חמלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misericordia" title="Misericordia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Misericordia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egy%C3%BCtt%C3%A9rz%C3%A9s" title="Együttérzés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Együttérzés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroha" title="Aroha – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Aroha" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medelijden" title="Medelijden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Medelijden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medf%C3%B8lelse" title="Medfølelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Medfølelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ମମତା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମମତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਹਮਦਰਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਮਦਰਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czucie" title="Współczucie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Współczucie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaix%C3%A3o" title="Compaixão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Compaixão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compasiune" title="Compasiune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Compasiune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сочувствие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сочувствие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhembshuria" title="Dhembshuria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dhembshuria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Compassion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAcit" title="Súcit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Súcit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%8Dutje" title="Sočutje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sočutje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Moved or motivated to help others</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Compassion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Compassion (disambiguation)">Compassion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:There%27s_no_crying_in_baseball!_(4549295140)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/There%27s_no_crying_in_baseball%21_%284549295140%29_2.jpg/220px-There%27s_no_crying_in_baseball%21_%284549295140%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/There%27s_no_crying_in_baseball%21_%284549295140%29_2.jpg/330px-There%27s_no_crying_in_baseball%21_%284549295140%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/There%27s_no_crying_in_baseball%21_%284549295140%29_2.jpg/440px-There%27s_no_crying_in_baseball%21_%284549295140%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hugging" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugging">Hugging</a> is a common display of compassion</figcaption></figure> Compassion is a social feeling that motivates people to go out of their way to relieve the physical, mental, or emotional pains of others and themselves. Compassion is sensitivity to the emotional aspects of the suffering of others. When based on notions such as fairness, justice, and interdependence, it may be considered partially rational in nature. Compassion involves "feeling for another" and is a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>, the "feeling as another" capacity (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">sympathy</a>, the "feeling towards another"). In common parlance, active compassion is the desire to alleviate another's suffering.<a href="#cite_note-sjsl-1">[1]</a> Compassion involves allowing ourselves to be moved by suffering to help alleviate and prevent it. An act of compassion is one that is intended to be <a href="/wiki/Helpfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Helpfulness">helpful</a>. Other virtues that harmonize with compassion include <a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">patience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">kindness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">perseverance</a>, warmth, and resolve. It is often, though not inevitably, the key component in <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a>. The difference between <a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">sympathy</a> and compassion is that the former responds to others' suffering with sorrow and concern whereas the latter responds with warmth and care.<a href="#cite_note-CompInteg-2">[2]</a> An article in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Psychology_Review" title="Clinical Psychology Review">Clinical Psychology Review</a> suggests that "compassion consists of three facets: noticing, feeling, and responding".<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The English <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> compassion, meaning "to suffer together with", comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> com- comes directly from com, an <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">archaic</a> version of the Latin <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> and affix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cum" class="extiw" title="wikt:cum">cum</a> (= with); the -passion segment is derived from passus, <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">deponent verb</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patior" class="extiw" title="wikt:patior">patior, patī, passus sum</a>. Compassion is thus related in origin, form and meaning to the English noun patient (= one who suffers), from patiens, <a href="/wiki/Present_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Present participle">present participle</a> of the same <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patior" class="extiw" title="wikt:patior">patior</a>, and is akin to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> verb πάσχειν (paskhein, to suffer) and to its <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> noun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:πάθος">πάθος</a> (= <a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">pathos</a>).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Ranked a great virtue in numerous philosophies, compassion is considered in almost all the major <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious traditions</a> as among the greatest of <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_on_conceptualizing_compassion">Theories on conceptualizing compassion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theories on conceptualizing compassion">edit</a>]</div> Theoretical perspectives show contrasts in their approaches to compassion. <dl><dd><ul><li>Compassion is simply a variation of love or sadness, not a distinct emotion.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li>From the perspective of evolutionary <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, compassion can be viewed as a distinct emotional state, which can be differentiated from distress, sadness, and love.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Compassion is, however, a synonym of <a href="/wiki/Empathic_distress" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathic distress">empathic distress</a>, which is characterized by the feeling of distress in connection with another person's suffering.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> This perspective of compassion is based on the finding that people sometimes emulate and feel the emotions of people around them.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/Thupten_Jinpa" title="Thupten Jinpa">Thupten Jinpa</a>, compassion is a sense of concern that arises in us in the face of someone who is in need or someone who is in pain. It is accompanied by a kind of a wishing (i.e. desire) to see the relief or end of that situation, along with wanting (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>) to do something about it.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Compassion is, however, not pity, neither an attachment, nor the same as empathetic feeling, nor even just simply wishful thinking. Compassion is basically a variation of love.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> To further this variation of love, Skalski and Aanstoos, in their article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022167819830782">The Phenomenology of Change Beyond Tolerating</a>, describe compassion with the definition of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=alleviate+definition&oq=alleviate+def&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqDwgAEAAYFBiHAhixAxiABDIPCAAQABgUGIcCGLEDGIAEMgkIARBFGDkYgAQyBwgCEAAYgAQyBwgDEAAYgAQyDAgEEAAYFBiHAhiABDIHCAUQABiABDINCAYQLhivARjHARiABDIHCAcQABiABDIHCAgQABiABDIHCAkQABiABNIBCDE2MTdqMWo0qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8">alleviate</a> in mind. In the definition for alleviate there is no mention of taking, stopping, or fixing someone's suffering. It is simply trying to make it less severe. This has a connotation of desperation of sorts. Desiring so little from such a dire situation can be described as inspiring feelings to help with another's suffering in any way.</li> <li>Emma Seppala distinguishes compassion from empathy and <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> as follows: "... The definition of compassion is often confused with that of empathy. Empathy, as defined by researchers, is the <a href="/wiki/Visceral" class="mw-redirect" title="Visceral">visceral</a> or emotional experience of another person's feelings. It is, in a sense, an automatic mirroring of another's emotion, like tearing up at a friend's sadness. <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a> is an action that benefits someone else. It may or may not be accompanied by empathy or compassion, for example, in the case of making a donation for tax purposes. Although these terms are related to compassion, they are not identical. Compassion often involves an empathic response and <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruistic</a> behavior; however, compassion is defined as the emotional response when perceiving suffering which involves an authentic desire to help."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> In addition, the more a person knows about the human condition and human experiences, the more vivid the route to identification with suffering becomes.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_of_Positive_Psychology-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Identifying with another person is an essential process for human beings, something that is even illustrated by infants who begin to mirror the facial expressions and body movements of their mother as early as the first days of their lives.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Compassion is recognized through identifying with other people (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Perspective-taking" title="Perspective-taking">perspective-taking</a>), the knowledge of human behavior, the perception of suffering, the transfer of feelings, and the knowledge of goal and purpose-changes in sufferers which leads to the decline of their suffering.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_of_Positive_Psychology-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality psychology</a> agrees that human suffering is always individual and unique. Suffering can result from psychological, social, and physical <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">trauma</a><a href="#cite_note-cassell1995-14">[14]</a> which happens in acute and chronic forms.<a href="#cite_note-cassell1995-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a> has been defined as the perception of a person's impending destruction or loss of integrity, which continues until the threat is vanquished or the person's integrity can be restored.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_of_Positive_Psychology-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Compassion therefore has three major requirements: The compassionate person must feel that the troubles that evoke their feelings are serious; the belief that the sufferers' troubles are not self-inflicted; and the ability to picture oneself with the same problems in a non-blaming, non-shaming manner.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_of_Positive_Psychology-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Because the compassion process is highly related to identifying with another person and is possible among people from other countries, cultures, locations, etc., compassion is characteristic of democratic societies.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_of_Positive_Psychology-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The role of compassion as a factor contributing to individual or societal behavior has been the topic of continuous debate.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In contrast to the process of identifying with other people, a complete absence of compassion may require ignoring or disapproving identification with other people or groups.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_of_Positive_Psychology-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Earlier[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">compared to?</a>] studies established the links between interpersonal violence and cruelty which leads to indifference.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Compassion may induce feelings of kindness and <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">forgiveness</a>, which could give people the ability to stop situations that have the potential to be distressing and occasionally lead to violence.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> This concept has been illustrated throughout history: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The seemingly essential step in these atrocities could be the definition of the victims as "not human" or "not us".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Compassion#Dubious" title="Talk:Compassion">discuss</a>] The atrocities committed throughout human history are thus claimed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] to have only been relieved, minimized, or overcome in their damaging effects through the presence of compassion,<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_of_Positive_Psychology-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> although recently, drawing on empirical research in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary theory">evolutionary theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_neuroscience" title="Social neuroscience">social neuroscience</a>, and psychopathy, it has been counterargued that compassion or empathy and morality are neither systematically opposed to one another, nor inevitably complementary, since over the course of history, mankind has created social structures for upholding universal moral principles, such as Human Rights and the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> On one hand, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a>, for instance, critiques <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Greene_(psychologist)" title="Joshua Greene (psychologist)">Joshua Greene</a> by suggesting that he is too quick to conclude <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> specifically from the general goal of constructing an impartial morality; for example, he says, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a> offer other impartial approaches to ethical questions.<a href="#cite_note-Nagel2013-21">[21]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] In his defense against the possible destructive nature of passions, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> compared the human soul to a chariot: the intellect is the driver and the emotions are the horses, and life is a continual struggle to keep the emotions under control.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In his defense of a solid universal morality, Immanuel Kant saw compassion as a weak and misguided sentiment. "Such benevolence is called soft-heartedness and should not occur at all among human beings", he said of it.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Psychology">edit</a>]</div> Compassion has become associated with and researched in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">positive psychology</a> and social psychology.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Compassion is a process of connecting by identifying with another person. This identification with others through compassion can lead to increased motivation to do something in an effort to relieve the suffering of others. Compassion is an evolved function from the harmony of a three grid internal system[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">jargon</a>]: contentment-and-peace system, goals-and-drives system, and threat-and-safety system. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilbert_(psychologist)" title="Paul Gilbert (psychologist)">Paul Gilbert</a> defines these collectively as necessary regulated systems for compassion.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert2010-25">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Paul Ekman describes a "taxonomy of compassion" including: emotional recognition (knowing how another person feels), emotional resonance (feeling emotions another person feels), familial connection (care-giver-offspring), global compassion (extending compassion to everyone in the world), sentient compassion (extended compassion to other species), and heroic compassion (compassion that comes with a risk).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Ekman also distinguishes proximal (i.e. in the moment) from distal compassion (i.e. predicting the future; <a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">affective forecasting</a>): "...it has implications in terms of how we go about encouraging compassion. We are all familiar with proximal compassion: Someone falls down in the street, and we help him get up. That's proximal compassion: where we see someone in need, and we help them. But, when I used to tell my kids, 'Wear a helmet,' that's distal compassion: trying to prevent harm before it occurs. And that requires a different set of skills: It requires social forecasting, anticipating harm before it occurs, and trying to prevent it. Distal compassion is much more amenable to educational influences, I think, and it's our real hope."<a href="#cite_note-Eckman-28">[28]</a> Distal compassion also requires <a href="/wiki/Perspective-taking" title="Perspective-taking">perspective-taking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eckman-28">[28]</a> Compassion is associated with psychological outcomes including increases in mindfulness and emotion regulation.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> While empathy plays an important role in motivating caring for others and in guiding moral behavior, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Decety" title="Jean Decety">Jean Decety</a>'s research demonstrates that this is far from being systematic or irrespective to the social identity of the targets, interpersonal relationships, and social context. He proposes that <a href="/wiki/Empathic_concern" title="Empathic concern">empathic concern</a> (compassion) has evolved to favor kin and members of one own social group, can bias social decision-making by valuing one single individual over a group of others, and this can frontally conflict with principles of <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">fairness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compassion_fatigue">Compassion fatigue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Compassion fatigue">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Compassion_fatigue" title="Compassion fatigue">Compassion fatigue</a></div> People with a higher capacity or responsibility to empathize with others may be at risk for "compassion fatigue", also called "secondary traumatic stress". Examples of people at risk for compassion fatigue are those who spend significant time responding to information related to suffering.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> However, newer research by <a href="/wiki/Tania_Singer" title="Tania Singer">Singer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthieu_Ricard" title="Matthieu Ricard">Ricard</a> suggests that it is lack of suitable <a href="/wiki/Distress_tolerance" title="Distress tolerance">distress tolerance</a> that gets people fatigued from compassion activities.<a href="#cite_note-Altruism:_Ricard-32">[32]</a> Individuals at risk for compassion fatigue usually display these four key attributes: diminished endurance and/or energy, declined empathic ability, helplessness and/or hopelessness, and emotional exhaustion.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Negative coping skills can also increase the risk of developing compassion fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> People can alleviate sorrow and distress by doing self-care activities on a regular basis. Improving consciousness[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] helps to guide people to recognize the impact and circumstances of past events. After people learn the experience from the situation in the past[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>], they are able to find the causes of compassion fatigue in their daily life.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a> Practice of nonjudgmental compassion can prevent fatigue and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">burnout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Klimecki-36">[36]</a> Some methods that can help people to heal compassion fatigue include physical activity, eating healthy food with every meal, good relations with others, enjoying interacting with others in the community, writing a journal frequently, and sleeping enough every day.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a> The practice of mindfulness and self-awareness also helps with compassion fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditions_that_influence_compassion">Conditions that influence compassion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conditions that influence compassion">edit</a>]</div> Psychologist Paul Gilbert provides factors that can reduce the likelihood of someone being willing to be compassionate to another. These include (less): likability, competence, deservedness, empathic-capacity; (more) self-focused competitiveness, anxiety-depression, overwhelmed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">needs copy edit</a>]; and inhibitors in social structures and systems.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compassion_fade">Compassion fade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Compassion fade">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Compassion_fade" title="Compassion fade">Compassion fade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Identifiable_victim_effect" title="Identifiable victim effect">Identifiable victim effect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_compassion" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of compassion">collapse of compassion</a></div> Compassion fade is the tendency of people to experience a decrease in empathy as the number of people in need of aid increases. The term was coined by psychologist Paul Slovic.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> It is a type of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a> that people use to justify their decision to help or not to help, and to ignore certain information.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> To turn compassion into compassionate behavior requires the singular person's response to the group in need, followed by motivation to help that can lead to action[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>].<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In an examination of the motivated regulation of compassion in the context of large-scale crises, such as natural disasters and genocides, research established that people tend to feel more compassion for single identifiable victims than single anonymous victims or large masses of victims (the <a href="/wiki/Identifiable_victim_effect" title="Identifiable victim effect">Identifiable victim effect</a>).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> People only show less compassion for many victims than for single victims of disasters when they expect to incur a financial cost upon helping. This <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_compassion" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of compassion">collapse of compassion</a> depends on having the motivation and ability to regulate emotions.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> People are more apt to offer help to a certain number of needy people if that number is closer to the whole number of people in need.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> People feel more compassionate towards members of another species the more recently our species and theirs had a common ancestor.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In laboratory research, psychologists are exploring how concerns about becoming emotionally exhausted may motivate people to curb their compassion for—and dehumanize—members of stigmatized social groups, such as homeless individuals and drug addicts.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurobiology">Neurobiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Neurobiology">edit</a>]</div> Olga Klimecki (et al.), found differential (non-overlapping) fMRI brain activation areas in respect to compassion and empathy: compassion was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">mOFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">pregenual ACC</a>, and ventral <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a>. Empathy, in contrast, was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">anterior insula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">anterior midcingulate cortex</a> (aMCC).<a href="#cite_note-Klimecki-36">[36]</a> In one study conducted by James Rilling and Gregory Berns, neuroscientists at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>, subjects' brain activities were recorded while they helped someone in need. It was found that while the subjects were performing compassionate acts, the caudate nucleus and anterior cingulate regions of the brain were activated, the same areas of the brain associated with pleasure and reward. One brain region, the subgenual <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cingulate">anterior cingulate</a> cortex/<a href="/wiki/Basal_forebrain" title="Basal forebrain">basal forebrain</a>, contributes to learning altruistic behavior, especially in those with trait empathy.<a href="#cite_note-PMID_27528669-47">[47]</a> The same study showed a connection between giving to charity and the promotion of social bonding and personal reputation.<a href="#cite_note-neurons-48">[48]</a> True compassion, if it exists at all, is thus inherently motivated (at least to some degree) by self-interest.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Compassion#Dubious" title="Talk:Compassion">discuss</a>] In a 2009 small <a href="/wiki/FMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMRI">fMRI</a> experiment, researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Brain_and_Creativity_Institute" title="Brain and Creativity Institute">Brain and Creativity Institute</a> studied strong feelings of compassion for social[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and physical pain in others. Both feelings involved an expected change in activity in the anterior <a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">insula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cingulate">anterior cingulate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>, but they also found a previously undescribed pattern of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortical</a> activity on the posterior <a href="/wiki/Medial_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial (anatomy)">medial</a> surface of each brain hemisphere, a region involved in the <a href="/wiki/Default_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Default network">default mode of brain function</a>, and implicated in self-related processes[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]. Compassion for social pain in others was associated with strong activation in the interoceptive, inferior/posterior portion of this region, while compassion for physical pain in others involved heightened activity in the exteroceptive, superior/anterior portion. Compassion for social pain activated this superior/anterior section, to a lesser extent. Activity in the anterior insula related to compassion for social pain peaked later and endured longer than that associated with compassion for physical pain.<a href="#cite_note-MHIY2009-49">[49]</a> Compassionate emotions toward others affect the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>, inferior frontal cortex, and the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MHIY2009-49">[49]</a> Feelings and acts of compassion stimulate areas known to regulate <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_insula" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior insula">anterior insula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cingulate">anterior cingulate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mesencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesencephalon">mesencephalon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">insular cortex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, supporting the hypothesis that social emotions use some of the same basic devices involved in other, primary emotions.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compassion_in_practice">Compassion in practice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Compassion in practice">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medicine">edit</a>]</div> Compassion is one of the most important attributes for physicians practicing medical services.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Compassion brings about the desire to do something to help the sufferer.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_of_Positive_Psychology-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] That desire to be helpful is not compassion, but it does suggest that compassion is similar to other emotions in that it motivates behaviors to reduce the tension brought on by the emotion.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_of_Positive_Psychology-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Physicians generally identify their central duties as the responsibility to put the patient's interests first, including the duty not to harm, to deliver proper care, and to maintain confidentiality.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_of_Positive_Psychology-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Compassion is seen in each of those duties because of its direct relation to the recognition and treatment of suffering.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_of_Positive_Psychology-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Physicians who use compassion understand the effects of sickness and suffering on human behavior.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Compassion may be closely related to love and the emotions evoked in sickness and suffering. This is illustrated[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] by the relationship between patients and physicians in medical institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_of_Positive_Psychology-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The relationship between suffering patients and their caregivers provides evidence that compassion is a social emotion that is related to[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] the closeness and cooperation between individuals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Psychotherapy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Compassion_focused_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Compassion focused therapy">Compassion focused therapy</a></div> Compassion-focused therapy, created by clinical psychologist Professor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilbert_(psychologist)" title="Paul Gilbert (psychologist)">Paul Gilbert</a>, focuses on the evolutionary psychology behind compassion: balancing of affect regulation systems (e.g. using affiliative emotions from the care-and-contentment system to soothe and reduce painful emotions from the threat-detection system).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">jargon</a>]<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-compassion">Self-compassion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Self-compassion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Self-compassion" title="Self-compassion">Self-compassion</a></div> Self-compassion is being kind to oneself and accepting suffering as a quality of being human. It has positive effects on subjective happiness, <a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">optimism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">curiosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agreeableness" title="Agreeableness">agreeableness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extroversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Extroversion">extroversion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Neff" title="Kristin Neff">Kristin Neff</a> and Christopher Germer identified three levels of activities that thwart self-compassion: <a href="/wiki/Self-criticism" title="Self-criticism">self-criticism</a>, self-isolation, and self-absorption; they equate this to <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fight, flight, and freeze responses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Parenting practices contribute to the development of self-compassion in children. Maternal support, secure attachment, and harmonious family functioning all create an environment where self-compassion can develop. On the other hand, certain developmental factors (i.e., personal fable[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">jargon</a>]) can hinder the development of self-compassion in children.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Authentic leadership centered on humanism and on nourishing quality interconnectedness increase compassion in the workplace to self and others.<a href="#cite_note-Compassion_in_the_workplace-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judith_V._Jordan" title="Judith V. Jordan">Judith Jordan</a>'s concept of self-empathy is similar to self-compassion, it implies the capacity to notice, care, and respond towards one's own felt needs. Strategies of self-care involve valuing oneself, thinking about one's ideations of needs[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] compassionately, and connecting with others in order to conversely experience[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] renewal, support, and validation. Research indicates that self-compassionate individuals experience greater <a href="/wiki/Psychological_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological health">psychological health</a> than those who lack self-compassion.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_philosophy">Religion and philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion and philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G._Conti_La_parabola_del_Buon_Samaritano_Messina_Chiesa_della_Medaglia_Miracolosa_Casa_di_Ospitalit%C3%A0_Collereale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/G._Conti_La_parabola_del_Buon_Samaritano_Messina_Chiesa_della_Medaglia_Miracolosa_Casa_di_Ospitalit%C3%A0_Collereale.jpg/220px-G._Conti_La_parabola_del_Buon_Samaritano_Messina_Chiesa_della_Medaglia_Miracolosa_Casa_di_Ospitalit%C3%A0_Collereale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/G._Conti_La_parabola_del_Buon_Samaritano_Messina_Chiesa_della_Medaglia_Miracolosa_Casa_di_Ospitalit%C3%A0_Collereale.jpg/330px-G._Conti_La_parabola_del_Buon_Samaritano_Messina_Chiesa_della_Medaglia_Miracolosa_Casa_di_Ospitalit%C3%A0_Collereale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/G._Conti_La_parabola_del_Buon_Samaritano_Messina_Chiesa_della_Medaglia_Miracolosa_Casa_di_Ospitalit%C3%A0_Collereale.jpg/440px-G._Conti_La_parabola_del_Buon_Samaritano_Messina_Chiesa_della_Medaglia_Miracolosa_Casa_di_Ospitalit%C3%A0_Collereale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1686" /></a><figcaption>Compassion in action: an 18th-century Italian depiction of the Parable of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Samaritan">Good Samaritan</a></figcaption></figure> The Christian Bible's <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">Second Epistle to the Corinthians</a> is but one place where God is spoken of as the "Father of mercies" (or "compassion")<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and the "God of all comfort." <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies and God of all comfort, who comforts us in all our affliction so that we will be able to comfort those who are in any affliction with the comfort with which we ourselves are comforted by God.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a> 1:3–4<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> embodies the essence of compassion and relational care. Christ challenges Christians to forsake their own desires and to act compassionately towards others, particularly those in need or distress.<a href="#cite_note-Lampert-62">[62]</a>: Ch. 1  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Carry each other's burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> 6:2<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Be kind to one another, tender-hearted, forgiving each other, just as God in Christ also has forgiven you.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a> 4:32<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></cite></div></blockquote> One of his most well-known teachings about compassion is the Parable of the Good Samaritan (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2010:29–37&version=nrsv">Luke 10:29–37</a>), in which a Samaritan traveler "was moved with compassion" at the sight of a man who was beaten. Jesus also demonstrated compassion to those his society had condemned—tax collectors, prostitutes, and criminals—by saying "just because you received a loaf of bread, does not mean you were more conscientious about it, or more caring about your fellow man".<a href="#cite_note-Drake-Brockman_2012-65">[65]</a> An interpretation of the incarnation and crucifixion of Jesus is that it was undertaken from a compassionate desire to feel the suffering of and effect the salvation of mankind; this was also a compassionate sacrifice by God of his own son ("For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son..."<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>). A 2012 study of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a> claimed that he sought to elevate Judaic compassion as the supreme human virtue, capable of reducing suffering and fulfilling our God-ordained purpose of transforming the world into something more worthy of its creator.<a href="#cite_note-Drake-Brockman_2012-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomad_prayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nomad_prayer.jpg/220px-Nomad_prayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nomad_prayer.jpg/330px-Nomad_prayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Nomad_prayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>A 1930s photograph of a <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> traveler seeking the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> the Merciful, the Compassionate</figcaption></figure> In the Muslim tradition, foremost among <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God's</a> <a href="/wiki/99_Names_of_Allah#List_of_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="99 Names of Allah">attributes</a> are mercy and compassion, or, in the canonical language of Arabic, Rahman and Rahim. Each of the 114 chapters of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, with one <a href="/wiki/At-Tawbah" title="At-Tawbah">exception</a>, begins with the verse, "In the name of Allah the Compassionate, the Merciful."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-67">[67]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Certainly a Messenger has come to you from among yourselves; grievous to him is your falling into distress, excessively solicitous respecting you; to the believers (he is) compassionate.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=128">9:128</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Arabic word for compassion is rahmah. Its roots abound in the Quran. A good Muslim is to commence each day, each prayer, and each significant action by invoking Allah the Merciful and Compassionate, i.e., by reciting Bism-i-llah a-Rahman-i-Rahim. The womb and family ties are characterized by compassion and named after the exalted attribute of Allah "Al-Rahim" (The Compassionate).<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish tradition</a>, God is the Compassionate and is invoked as the Father of Compassion:<a href="#cite_note-Lampert-62">[62]</a> hence Raḥmana or Compassionate becomes the usual designation for His revealed word. (Compare, above, the frequent use of raḥman in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-69">[69]</a> Sorrow and pity for one in distress, creating a desire to relieve it, is a feeling ascribed alike to man and God: in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, (riḥam, from reḥem, the mother, womb), "to pity" or "to show mercy" in view of the sufferer's helplessness, hence also "to forgive" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Habakkuk%203:2&version=nrsv">Habakkuk 3:2</a>), "to forbear" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%202:6&version=nrsv">Exodus 2:6</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%2015:3&version=nrsv">1 Samuel 15:3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+15:15,+21:7&version=NRSV">Jeremiah 15:15, 21:7</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbis</a> speak of the "thirteen attributes of compassion". The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Biblical</a> conception of compassion is the feeling of the parent for the child. Hence the prophet's appeal in confirmation of his trust in God invokes the feeling of a mother for her offspring (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2049:15&version=nrsv">Isaiah 49:15</a>).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-69">[69]</a> A classic articulation of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a> came from the first century <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Rabbi Hillel the Elder</a>. Renowned in the Jewish tradition as a sage and a scholar, he is associated with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and, as such, is one of the most important figures in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>. Asked for a summary of the Jewish religion "while standing on one leg" (meaning in the most concise terms) Hillel stated: "That which is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow. That is the whole Torah. The rest is the explanation; go and learn."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Post <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a>, the words of Rabbi Hillel are frequently quoted in public lectures and interviews around the world by the prominent writer on comparative religion <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a>. Many Jewish sources speak of the importance of compassion for and <a href="/wiki/Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim" title="Tza'ar ba'alei chayim">prohibitions on causing needless pain to animals</a>. Significant rabbis who have done so include Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Rabbi Simhah Zissel Ziv,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and Rabbi Moshe Cordovero.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek_philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek philosophy">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek philosophy</a> motivations based on <a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">pathos</a> (feeling, passion) were typically distrusted. <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a> was generally considered to be the proper guide to conduct. Compassion was considered pathos; hence, <a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Justice</a> is depicted as blindfolded, because her <a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">virtue</a> is dispassion — not compassion.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> compared compassion with indignation and thought they were both worthy feelings: Compassion means being pained by another person's unearned misfortune; indignation means being pained by another's unearned good fortune. Both are an unhappy awareness of an unjust imbalance.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a> had a doctrine of rational compassion known as <a href="/wiki/Oikei%C3%B4sis" title="Oikeiôsis">oikeiôsis</a>. In Roman society, compassion was often seen as a <a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">vice</a> when it was expressed as <a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">pity</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">mercy</a>. In other words, showing empathy toward someone who was seen as deserving was considered virtuous, whereas showing empathy to someone deemed unworthy was considered immoral and weak.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confucianism">Confucianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Confucianism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> maintained that everyone possesses the germ or root of compassion, illustrating his case with the famous example of the child at an open well: "Suppose a man were, all of a sudden, to see a young child on the verge of falling into a well. He would certainly be moved to compassion, not because he wanted to get into the good graces of the parents, nor because he wished to win the praise of his fellow-villagers or friends, nor yet because he disliked the cry of the child".<a href="#cite_note-Mencius-77">[77]</a>: 18 & 82  Mencius saw the task of moral cultivation as that of developing the initial impulse of compassion into an enduring quality of <a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">benevolence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mencius-77">[77]</a>: 22–27  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Indian religions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg/220px-Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg/330px-Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg/440px-Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> looking out over the sea of suffering. China, <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>.</figcaption></figure> The first of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> is the truth of <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a> (unsatisfactoriness or stress). Dukkha is one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">three distinguishing characteristics</a> of all conditioned existence. It arises as a consequence of not understanding the nature of impermanence <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">anicca</a> (the second characteristic) as well as a lack of understanding that all phenomena are empty of self <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">anatta</a> (the third characteristic). When one has an understanding of suffering and its origins and understands that liberation from suffering is possible, <a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">renunciation</a> arises.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Renunciation then lays the foundation for the development of compassion for others who also suffer.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> This is developed in stages: <dl><dt>Ordinary compassion</dt> <dd>The compassion we have for those close to us such as friends and family and a wish to free them from the 'suffering of suffering'<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></dd> <dt>Immeasurable compassion</dt> <dd>This is the compassion that wishes to benefit all beings without exception. It is associated with both the <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> paths.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1.7em;">It[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">ambiguous</a>] is developed in four stages called <a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">The Four Immeasurables</a>:<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Loving kindness (Mettā)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Compassion (Karuṇā)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Joy (Mudita)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Equanimity (Upekṣā)</a></li></ol> The American <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monk">monk</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a> states that compassion "supplies the complement to <a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">loving-kindness</a>: whereas loving-kindness has the characteristic of wishing for the happiness and welfare of others, compassion has the characteristic of wishing that others be free from suffering, a wish to be extended without limits to all living beings. Like <a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">metta</a>, compassion arises by considering that all beings, like ourselves, wish to be free from suffering, yet despite their wishes continue to be harassed by <a href="/wiki/Pain_and_nociception" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and nociception">pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">sorrow</a>, and other forms of dukkha."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></div> <dl><dt>Great Compassion</dt> <dd>This is practiced exclusively in the Mahayana tradition and is associated with the development of <a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Vow" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhisattva Vow">Bodhisattva Vow</a> begins (in one version): "Suffering beings are numberless, I vow to liberate them all."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> has said, "If you want others to be happy, practice compassion. If you want to be happy, practice compassion."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> But he also warned that compassion is difficult to develop: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This is no easy task... there is no blessing or initiation — which, if only we could receive it — or any mysterious or magical formula or mantra or ritual — if only we could discover it — that can enable us to achieve transformation instantly. It comes little by little, just as a building is constructed brick by brick or, as the Tibetan expression has it, an ocean is formed drop by drop.... Nor should the reader suppose that what we are talking about here is the mere acquisition of knowledge. It is not even a question of developing the conviction that may come from such knowledge. What we are talking about is gaining an experience of virtue through constant practice and familiarization so that it becomes spontaneous. What we find is that the more we develop concern for others' well-being, the easier it becomes to act in others' interests. As we become habituated to the effort required, so the struggle to sustain it lessens. Eventually, it will become second nature. But there are no shortcuts.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samyama" title="Samyama">Samyama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges,_Rishikesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges%2C_Rishikesh.jpg/220px-1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges%2C_Rishikesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges%2C_Rishikesh.jpg/330px-1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges%2C_Rishikesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges%2C_Rishikesh.jpg/440px-1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges%2C_Rishikesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> aims at physical, mental, and spiritual purification, with a compassionate mind and spirit being one of its most important goals.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Various asanas and mudras are combined with meditation and self-reflection exercises to cultivate compassion.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> In classical literature of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, compassion<a href="#cite_note-nmgc-90">[90]</a> is a virtue with many shades, each shade explained by different terms. Three most common terms are <a href="/wiki/Daya_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daya (Hinduism)">daya</a> (दया),<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">karuṇā</a> (करुणा),<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anukamp%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anukampā (page does not exist)">anukampā</a> (अनुकम्पा).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Other words related to compassion in Hinduism include karunya, kripa, and anukrosha.<a href="#cite_note-abde-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Some of these words are used interchangeably among the schools of Hinduism to explain the concept of compassion, its sources, its consequences, and its nature. The virtue of compassion to all living beings, claims <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a> and others,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> is a central concept in Hindu philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-nmgc-90">[90]</a> Daya is defined by <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a> as the virtuous desire to mitigate the sorrow and difficulties of others by putting forth whatever effort necessary.<a href="#cite_note-abde-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a> describes daya as the value that treats all living beings (including human beings) as one's own self, wanting the welfare and good of the other living being.<a href="#cite_note-abde-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Such compassion, claims Matsya Purana, is one of necessary paths to being happy. Ekadashi Tattvam<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> explains daya is treating a stranger, a relative, a friend, and a foe as one's own self; and argues that compassion is that state when one sees all living beings as part of one's own self, and when everyone's suffering is seen as one's own suffering. Compassion to all living beings, including to those who are strangers and those who are foes, is seen as a noble virtue.<a href="#cite_note-abde-94">[94]</a> Karuna, another word for compassion in Hindu philosophy, means placing one's mind in other's favor, thereby seeking to understand the best way to help alleviate their suffering through an act of karuna (compassion). Anukampa, yet another word for compassion, refers to one's state after one has observed and understood the pain and suffering in others.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, Indra praises <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a> for his anukrosha – compassion, sympathy – for all creatures.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a> contrasts daya (compassion) with abhiman (arrogance, contempt of others), claiming compassion is a source of <a href="/wiki/Dharma#Definition" title="Dharma">dharmic</a> life, while arrogance a source of sin. Daya (compassion) is not kripa (pity) in Hinduism, or feeling sorry for the sufferer, because that is marred with condescension; compassion is recognizing one's own and another's suffering in order to actively alleviate that suffering.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Compassion is the basis for <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>, a core virtue in Hindu philosophy and an article of everyday faith and practice.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Ahimsa, or non-injury, is compassion-in-action that helps actively prevent suffering in all living things as well as helping beings overcome suffering and move closer to liberation. Compassion in Hinduism is discussed as an absolute and a relative concept. There are two forms of compassion: one for those who suffer even though they have done nothing wrong and one for those who suffer because they did something wrong. Absolute compassion applies to both, while relative compassion addresses the difference between the former and the latter. An example of the latter include those who plead guilty or are convicted of a crime such as murder; in these cases, the virtue of compassion must be balanced with the virtue of justice.<a href="#cite_note-abde-94">[94]</a> The classical literature of Hinduism exists in many Indian languages. For example, <a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṛaḷ">Tirukkuṛaḷ</a>, written between 200 BCE and 400 CE, and sometimes called the Tamil <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Veda</a>, is a cherished classic on Hinduism written in a South Indian language. It dedicates Chapter 25 of Book 1 to compassion,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> further dedicating separate chapters each for the resulting values of compassion, chiefly, vegetarianism or <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a> (Chapter 26), <a href="/wiki/Non-violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-violence">doing no harm</a> (Chapter 32), <a href="/wiki/Non-killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-killing">non-killing</a> (Chapter 33), possession of <a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">kindness</a> (Chapter 8), dreading evil deeds (Chapter 21), <a href="/wiki/Benignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Benignity">benignity</a> (Chapter 58), the right <a href="/wiki/Scepter" class="mw-redirect" title="Scepter">scepter</a> (Chapter 55), and absence of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> (Chapter 57), to name a few.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jainism">Jainism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa in Jainism</a></div> Compassion for all life, human and non-human, is central to the <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> tradition. Though all life is considered sacred, human life is deemed the highest form of earthly existence. To kill any person, no matter their crime, is considered unimaginably abhorrent. It is the only substantial religious tradition that requires both monks and laity to be vegetarian. It is suggested that certain strains of the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu tradition</a> became vegetarian due to strong Jain influences.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The Jain tradition's stance on <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">nonviolence</a>, however, goes far beyond vegetarianism. Jains refuse food obtained with unnecessary cruelty. Many practice <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a>. Jains run animal shelters all over India. The <a href="/wiki/Lal_Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Mandir">Lal Mandir</a>, a prominent Jain temple in Delhi, is known for the Jain Birds Hospital in a second building behind the main temple.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philautia" class="mw-redirect" title="Philautia">Philautia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storge_(familial_love)" class="mw-redirect" title="Storge (familial love)">Storge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a>: Greek terms for <a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a></li> <li>Brotherly love</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_Compassion" title="Charter for Compassion">Charter for Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_fatigue" title="Compassion fatigue">Compassion fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_fade" title="Compassion fade">Compassion fade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_love" title="Compassionate love">Compassionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Charity (virtue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caregiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Caregiving">Caregiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Mata" title="Daya Mata">Daya Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathic_concern" title="Empathic concern">Empathic concern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_compassion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fake compassion">Fake compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">Moral emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective-taking" title="Perspective-taking">Perspective-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_compassion" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical compassion">Radical compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-taking_theory" title="Role-taking theory">Role-taking theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-compassion" title="Self-compassion">Self-compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabad_(hymn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabad (hymn)">Shabad (hymn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">Social emotions</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sjsl-1"><a href="#cite_ref-sjsl_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Comparative Islamic Studies. 1 (1): 43–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fcis.v1i1.43">10.1558/cis.v1i1.43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-1638">1743-1638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Contemporary+Influences+of+Muhyiddin+Ibn+%27Arabi+in+the+West%3A+The+Beshara+School+and+the+Muhyiddin+Ibn+%27Arabi+Society&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-68&rft.date=2007-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fcis.v1i1.43&rft.issn=1743-1638&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Isobel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlerHirsch" class="citation web cs1">Kohler, Kaufmann; Hirsch, Emil G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4576-compassion">"Compassion"</a>. The Jewish Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Compassion&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Emil+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4576-compassion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, tractate Shabbat 31a. See also the <a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">ethic of reciprocity</a> or "The <a href="/wiki/Golden_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden rule">Golden rule</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.all-creatures.org/articles/jv-imitation.html">"Imitation of Divine Compassion in the Jewish Tradition: Jewish Vegetarian – Vegan Articles From All-Creatures.org Articles Archive"</a>. www.all-creatures.org. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.all-creatures.org&rft.atitle=Imitation+of+Divine+Compassion+in+the+Jewish+Tradition%3A+Jewish+Vegetarian+%E2%80%93+Vegan+Articles+From+All-Creatures.org+Articles+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.all-creatures.org%2Farticles%2Fjv-imitation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaussen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Claussen, Geoffrey (1 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38625778">"Musar and Jewish Veganism"</a>. Jewish Veganism and Vegetarianism: Studies and New Directions: 195–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781438473628-011">10.1515/9781438473628-011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7362-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7362-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-7362-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Veganism+and+Vegetarianism%3A+Studies+and+New+Directions&rft.atitle=Musar+and+Jewish+Veganism&rft.pages=195-216&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781438473628-011&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-7362-8&rft.aulast=Claussen&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38625778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishveg.org/DScordovero.html">"JewishVeg: Rav Moshe Cordoero on Compassion for Animals"</a>. www.jewishveg.org. 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Penguin. 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mencius&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzin" class="citation web cs1">Berzin, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/lam-rim/samsara-nirvana/renunciation-the-determination-to-be-free">"Renunciation: The Determination to Be Free"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renunciation%3A+The+Determination+to+Be+Free&rft.aulast=Berzin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fen%2Fadvanced-studies%2Flam-rim%2Fsamsara-nirvana%2Frenunciation-the-determination-to-be-free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzin" class="citation web cs1">Berzin, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/path-to-enlightenment/love-compassion/going-from-renunciation-to-compassion">"Going from Renunciation to Compassion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Going+from+Renunciation+to+Compassion&rft.aulast=Berzin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fen%2Ftibetan-buddhism%2Fpath-to-enlightenment%2Flove-compassion%2Fgoing-from-renunciation-to-compassion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lionsroar.com/buddhism-by-the-numbers-the-three-kinds-of-suffering">"The three types of suffering"</a>. 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Oxford University Press, USA. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959334-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959334-7"><bdi>978-0-19-959334-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindus%3A+An+Alternative+History&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959334-7&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParamtattva_Swami" class="citation web cs1">Paramtattva Swami, Pujya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314130215/http://www.cbcew.org.uk/CBCEW-Home/Departments/Dialogue-and-Unity/Other-Religions/Cardinal-Tauran-s-UK-Visit-2013/Hindu-Temple-Visit/Pujya-Paramtattva-Swami">"Catholics and Hindus: The Practice of Compassion as a Contribution to Peace"</a>. pp. 1–3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbcew.org.uk/CBCEW-Home/Departments/Dialogue-and-Unity/Other-Religions/Cardinal-Tauran-s-UK-Visit-2013/Hindu-Temple-Visit/Pujya-Paramtattva-Swami">the original</a> on 14 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholics+and+Hindus%3A+The+Practice+of+Compassion+as+a+Contribution+to+Peace&rft.pages=1-3&rft.aulast=Paramtattva+Swami&rft.aufirst=Pujya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbcew.org.uk%2FCBCEW-Home%2FDepartments%2FDialogue-and-Unity%2FOther-Religions%2FCardinal-Tauran-s-UK-Visit-2013%2FHindu-Temple-Visit%2FPujya-Paramtattva-Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael1979" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Aloysius (1979). Radhakrishnan on Hindu Moral Life and Action. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-0334-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-0334-3"><bdi>978-0-8364-0334-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radhakrishnan+on+Hindu+Moral+Life+and+Action&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8364-0334-3&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Aloysius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemmererNocella2011" class="citation book cs1">Kemmerer, Lisa; Nocella, Anthony J. (2011). Call to Compassion. Lantern Books. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-182-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-182-9"><bdi>978-1-59056-182-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Call+to+Compassion&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=Lantern+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59056-182-9&rft.aulast=Kemmerer&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Nocella%2C+Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216064046/http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/HimalayanAcademy/SacredHinduLiterature/weaver/content.htm">"Tirukkuṛaḷ"</a>. verses 241–250. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/HimalayanAcademy/SacredHinduLiterature/weaver/content.htm">the original</a> on 16 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tirukku%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B8%B7&rft.pages=verses+241-250&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.gutenberg.us%2FHimalayanAcademy%2FSacredHinduLiterature%2Fweaver%2Fcontent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1886" class="citation book cs1">Pope, George Uglow (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0153.pdf">The Sacred Kurral of Tiruvalluva Nayanar</a> (PDF) (First ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120600223" title="Special:BookSources/8120600223"><bdi>8120600223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Kurral+of+Tiruvalluva+Nayanar&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1886&rft.isbn=8120600223&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=George+Uglow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectmadurai.org%2Fpm_etexts%2Fpdf%2Fpm0153.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradnock" class="citation book cs1">Bradnock, Robert. South India Handbook: The Travel Guide. 2000 Footprint Travel Guides. p. 543.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+India+Handbook%3A+The+Travel+Guide&rft.series=2000+Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.pages=543&rft.aulast=Bradnock&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2002" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Colin (2002). Vegetarianism: A History. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetarianism%3A+A+History&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEttinger" class="citation web cs1">Ettinger, Powell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813210603/http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/world/bird-hospital.html#cr">"Jainism and the legendary Delhi bird hospital"</a>. Wildlifeextra.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/world/bird-hospital.html#cr">the original</a> on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jainism+and+the+legendary+Delhi+bird+hospital&rft.pub=Wildlifeextra.com&rft.aulast=Ettinger&rft.aufirst=Powell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifeextra.com%2Fgo%2Fworld%2Fbird-hospital.html%23cr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindersley2012" class="citation book cs1">Kindersley, Dorling (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ja7iTij7Bc0C&q=birds+hospital+in+delhi&pg=PT81">Top 10 Delhi</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780756695637" title="Special:BookSources/9780756695637"><bdi>9780756695637</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+10+Delhi&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780756695637&rft.aulast=Kindersley&rft.aufirst=Dorling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dja7iTij7Bc0C%26q%3Dbirds%2Bhospital%2Bin%2Bdelhi%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompassion" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Compassion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/compassion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/compassion">compassion</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div>Skalski, J. E., & Aanstoos, C. (2023). The Phenomenology of change beyond tolerating. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 63(5), 660–681.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Compassion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Compassion">Compassion</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Compassion" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Compassion">Compassion</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.uchicago.edu/0604/features/emotion.shtml">Mirrored emotion</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Decety" title="Jean Decety">Jean Decety</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_goleman_why_aren_t_we_more_compassionate">Daniel Goleman, psychologist & author of Emotional Intelligence, video lecture on compassion</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_navbox" title="Template talk:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emotions_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai">Ikigai (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li> <li>Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate emotion names in foreign languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virtues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virtues" title="Template:Virtues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues" title="Template talk:Virtues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virtues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a>/<a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">Dignitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitas" title="Gravitas">Gravitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">Ganbaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)">Giri</a></li> 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