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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_tar_and_anilines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_tar_and_anilines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Coal tar and anilines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_tar_and_anilines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Molecular models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hofmann_voltameter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hofmann_voltameter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hofmann voltameter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hofmann_voltameter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آوغست فيلهلم فون هوفمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آوغست فيلهلم فون هوفمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avqust_Vilhelm_Hoffmann" title="Avqust Vilhelm Hoffmann – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avqust Vilhelm Hoffmann" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آوقوست ویلهلم فون هفمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آوقوست ویلهلم فون هفمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84_%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BB%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BC_%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Άουγκουστ Βίλχελμ φον Χόφμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άουγκουστ Βίλχελμ φον Χόφμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_von_Hofmann" title="August von Hofmann – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="August von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آوگوست ویلهلم فون هفمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آوگوست ویلهلم فون هفمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B9%8C%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84_%ED%8F%B0_%ED%98%B8%ED%94%84%EB%A7%8C" title="아우구스트 빌헬름 폰 호프만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아우구스트 빌헬름 폰 호프만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ավգուստ Հոֆման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավգուստ Հոֆման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="אוגוסט וילהלם פון הופמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוגוסט וילהלם פון הופמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ವಿಲ್‌ಹೆಲ್ಮ್ ವಾನ್ ಹೋಫ್‌ಮನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ವಿಲ್‌ಹೆಲ್ಮ್ ವಾನ್ ಹೋಫ್‌ಮನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ავგუსტ ვილჰელმ ჰოფმანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავგუსტ ვილჰელმ ჰოფმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Август Вильгельм Гофман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Август Вильгельм Гофман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اوجست فيلهلم فون هوفمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوجست فيلهلم فون هوفمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="アウグスト・ヴィルヘルム・フォン・ホフマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アウグスト・ヴィルヘルム・フォン・ホフマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goffman_Avgust_Vilgelm" title="Goffman Avgust Vilgelm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Goffman Avgust Vilgelm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Гофман, Август Вильгельм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гофман, Август Вильгельм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_W._von_Hofmann" title="August W. von Hofmann – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="August W. von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D2%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Август Һофман – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Август Һофман" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Август Вільгельм фон Гофман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Август Вільгельм фон Гофман" 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:August_W_Hofmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/August_W_Hofmann.jpg/220px-August_W_Hofmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/August_W_Hofmann.jpg/330px-August_W_Hofmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/August_W_Hofmann.jpg/440px-August_W_Hofmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1818-04-08</span>)</span>8 April 1818<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Giessen" title="Giessen">Giessen</a>, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 May 1892<span style="display:none">(1892-05-05)</span> (aged 74)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hofmann_rearrangement" title="Hofmann rearrangement">Hofmann rearrangement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hofmann_elimination" title="Hofmann elimination">Hofmann elimination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hofmann_voltameter" title="Hofmann voltameter">Hofmann voltameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hofmann%E2%80%93L%C3%B6ffler_reaction" title="Hofmann–Löffler reaction">Hofmann–Löffler reaction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hofmann%E2%80%93Martius_rearrangement" title="Hofmann–Martius rearrangement">Hofmann–Martius rearrangement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model" title="Ball-and-stick model">Ball-and-stick model</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Helene Moldenhauer (1846)</li><li>Rosamond Wilson (1856)</li><li>Elise Moldenhauer (1866)</li><li>Bertha Tiemann (1873)<sup id="cite_ref-Volhard_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volhard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1854)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1875)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Lectureship_Prize" title="Faraday Lectureship Prize">Faraday Lectureship Prize</a> (1875)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> (1881)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Chemistry" title="Royal College of Chemistry">Royal College of Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Abegg" title="Richard Abegg">Richard Abegg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bamberger" title="Eugen Bamberger">Eugen Bamberger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Laz%C4%83r_Edeleanu" title="Lazăr Edeleanu">Lazăr Edeleanu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hugo_Nietzki" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Hugo Nietzki">Rudolf Hugo Nietzki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Pinner" title="Adolf Pinner">Adolf Pinner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Tiemann" title="Ferdinand Tiemann">Ferdinand Tiemann</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Auwers" title="Karl von Auwers">Karl Friedrich von Auwers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Le_Blanc" title="Max Le Blanc">Max Le Blanc</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>August Wilhelm von Hofmann</b> (8 April 1818 – 5 May 1892<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a German <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> who made considerable contributions to organic chemistry. His research on <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> helped lay the basis of the aniline-dye industry, and his research on <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a> laid the groundwork for his student <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blachford_Mansfield" title="Charles Blachford Mansfield">Charles Mansfield's</a> practical methods for extracting <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a> and converting them into nitro compounds and <a href="/wiki/Amines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amines">amines</a>. Hofmann's discoveries include <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrazobenzene" title="Hydrazobenzene">hydrazobenzene</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isonitriles" class="mw-redirect" title="Isonitriles">isonitriles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allyl_alcohol" title="Allyl alcohol">allyl alcohol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He prepared three <a href="/wiki/Ethylamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylamines">ethylamines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetraethylammonium" title="Tetraethylammonium">tetraethylammonium</a> compounds and established their structural relationship to <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. </p><p>After studying under <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a>, Hofmann became the first director of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Chemistry" title="Royal College of Chemistry">Royal College of Chemistry</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>, in 1845. In 1865 he returned to Germany to accept a position at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> as a teacher and researcher. After his return he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/German_Chemical_Society" title="German Chemical Society">German Chemical Society</a> (<i>Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft</i>) (1867).<sup id="cite_ref-EB2014_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both London and Berlin, Hofmann recreated the style of laboratory instruction established by Liebig at Giessen, fostering a school of chemistry focused on experimental organic chemistry and its industrial applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hofmann received several significant awards in the field of chemistry, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1854), the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1875) and the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> (1881). He was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was ennobled on his seventieth birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia2008_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hofmann_voltameter" title="Hofmann voltameter">Hofmann voltameter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hofmann_rearrangement" title="Hofmann rearrangement">Hofmann rearrangement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hofmann%E2%80%93Martius_rearrangement" title="Hofmann–Martius rearrangement">Hofmann–Martius rearrangement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hofmann_elimination" title="Hofmann elimination">Hofmann elimination</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hofmann%E2%80%93L%C3%B6ffler_reaction" title="Hofmann–Löffler reaction">Hofmann–Löffler reaction</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A._W._Hofmann_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/A._W._Hofmann_1846.jpg/220px-A._W._Hofmann_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/A._W._Hofmann_1846.jpg/330px-A._W._Hofmann_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/A._W._Hofmann_1846.jpg/440px-A._W._Hofmann_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>Hofmann, 1846</figcaption></figure> <p>August Wilhelm Hofmann was born at <a href="/wiki/Giessen" title="Giessen">Giessen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a>, on 8 April 1818. He was the son of Johann Philipp Hofmann, privy councillor and provincial architect to the court at Darmstadt.<sup id="cite_ref-Meinel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young man, he travelled widely with his father. August Wilhelm matriculated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a> in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia2008_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He originally took up the study of law and <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Giessen" title="Giessen">Giessen</a>. He may have become interested in chemistry when his father enlarged Liebig's Giessen laboratories in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia2008_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> August Wilhelm changed his studies to <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and studied under <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Travis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Travis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peppas_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peppas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He obtained his PhD there in 1841. In 1843, after his father's death, he became one of Liebig's assistants.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His association with Liebig eventually became personal as well as professional. Both his first wife, Helene Moldenhauer (m. 12 August 1846), and his third wife, Elise Moldenhauer (m. 19 May 1866), were nieces of Liebig's wife, Henriette Moldenhauer. Hofman reportedly courted Elise after Liebig's daughter Johanna refused him.<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brock-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44, 318">: 44, 318 </span></sup> In between, he married Rosamond Wilson (m. 13 December 1856), and later Bertha Tiemann (m. 11 August 1873)<sup id="cite_ref-Volhard_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volhard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had eleven children.<sup id="cite_ref-Travis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Travis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_College_of_Chemistry_in_London">Royal College of Chemistry in London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Royal College of Chemistry in London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.007_front.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.007_front.tif/lossy-page1-250px-Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.007_front.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.007_front.tif/lossy-page1-375px-Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.007_front.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.007_front.tif/lossy-page1-500px-Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.007_front.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption> Hofmann at the Inauguration of the School of Chemistry in London. Chimistes Celebres, <a href="/wiki/Liebig%27s_Extract_of_Meat_Company" title="Liebig's Extract of Meat Company">Liebig's Extract of Meat Company</a> Trading Card, 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>As president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in London, <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Albert, Prince Consort</a> to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, was determined to foster scientific advancement in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther1961_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther1961-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1845, he proposed to start a school of practical chemistry in London, under the style of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Chemistry" title="Royal College of Chemistry">Royal College of Chemistry</a>. Liebig was approached for advice, and recommended Hofmann to the directorship of the new institution. Hofmann and the Prince met when Prince Albert, on a visit to his alma mater at Bonn, found his old rooms now occupied by Hofmann and his chemical apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther1961_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther1961-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1845 Hofmann was approached by <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Clark">Sir James Clark</a>, physician to Queen Victoria with the offer of the directorship.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the support of Prince Albert, and funding from a variety of private sources, the institution opened in 1845 with Hofmann as its first director.<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brock-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> </p><p>The financial position of the new institution was somewhat precarious.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hofmann accepted the position on the condition that he be appointed as extraordinary professor at Bonn, with leave of absence for two years, so that he could resume his career in Germany if the English appointment did not go well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The college opened in 1845 with 26 students at 16 Hanover Square, moving to cheaper premises at 299 Oxford Street in 1848. Hofmann himself relinquished his free personal accommodation in Hanover Square and gave up part of his salary. Despite this rocky start, the institution became successful for a time, and was an international leader in the development of aniline dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the men who studied there made significant contributions to chemical history.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffith_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853, the Royal College of Chemistry became part of the governmental Department of Science and Art, under the new School of Mines, putting it in a position to receive governmental funding on a somewhat more secure basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the death of Prince Albert in 1861, the institution lost one of its most significant supporters. Hofmann felt the loss deeply, writing in 1863, "[Albert's] early kindness exercised so powerful an influence upon the destinies of my existence. Year by year do I feel more deeply the debt of gratitude which I owe to him... it is to him, I feel, that I owe my opportunities through life."<sup id="cite_ref-Brock_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brock-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the Prince's encouragement, British government and industry lost interest in science and technology. Hofmann's decision to return to Germany can be seen as a symptom of that decline, and with him gone, the Royal College of Chemistry lost its focus.<sup id="cite_ref-Beer_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Royal College of Chemistry, under the School of Mines, became part of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> as part of a drive to stop Britain falling behind Germany in science and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlin_University">Berlin University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Berlin University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1864 Hofmann was offered a chair of chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a>, and another at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>. While taking his time to decide which offer to accept, Hofmann designed laboratory buildings for both universities, which were both subsequently built. In 1865 he succeeded <a href="/wiki/Eilhard_Mitscherlich" title="Eilhard Mitscherlich">Eilhard Mitscherlich</a> at the University of Berlin as professor of chemistry and director of the chemical laboratory. He held the position until his death in 1892. Following his return to Germany Hofmann was the principal founder of the <a href="/wiki/German_Chemical_Society" title="German Chemical Society">German Chemical Society</a> (Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft zu Berlin) (1867) and served 14 terms as its president.<sup id="cite_ref-EB2014_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions">Contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hofmann's work covered a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_synthesis">Organic synthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organic synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hofmann was a major contributor to the development of techniques for organic synthesis, which originated at Liebig's laboratory in Giessen. Hofmann and <a href="/wiki/John_Blyth_(chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blyth (chemist)">John Blyth</a> were the first to use the term "synthesis", in their paper "On Styrole, and Some of the Products of Its Decomposition,"<sup id="cite_ref-Styrole_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Styrole-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blyth1845_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth1845-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> predating Kolbe's use of the term by some months. What Blyth and Hofmann called "synthesis" enabled them to make inferences about the constitution of <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrole</a>. A subsequent paper, <a href="/wiki/James_Sheridan_Muspratt" title="James Sheridan Muspratt">Muspratt</a> and Hofmann's "On <a href="/wiki/Toluidine" title="Toluidine">Toluidine</a>", described some of the first "synthetical experiments" (synthetische Versuche) in the field of organic chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the ultimate goal of such experiments was to artificially produce naturally occurring substances, such a goal was not practically attainable at the time. The immediate purpose of the technique was the application of known reactions to a variety of materials to discover what products could be formed. Understanding a substance's method of formation was an important step in placing it within a developing taxonomy of substances. This technique became the basis of Hofmann's research program. He used organic synthesis as a method of investigation, to increase chemical understanding of reaction products and the processes by which they were formed.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2014_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal_tar_and_anilines">Coal tar and anilines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coal tar and anilines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hofmann's first research investigations, carried out in Liebig's laboratory at Giessen, was an examination of the organic bases of <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alston_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alston-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hofmann successfully isolated <i>Kyanol</i> and <i>Leucol</i>, bases previously reported by <a href="/wiki/Friedlieb_Ferdinand_Runge" title="Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge">Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge</a>, and showed that <i>Kyanol</i> was almost entirely aniline, previously shown to be a decomposition product of the plant dye <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>. In his first publication (1843) he demonstrated that a variety of substances which had been identified in contemporary chemical literature as obtainable from coal tar naphtha and its derivatives were all a single nitrogenous base, aniline. These included <i>Kyanol</i>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Julius_Fritzsche" title="Carl Julius Fritzsche">Carl Julius Fritzsche</a>'s <i>Anilin</i>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Unverdorben" title="Otto Unverdorben">Otto Unverdorben</a>'s <i>Krystallin</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Zinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Zinin">Nikolai Zinin</a>'s <i>Benzidam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2014_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of his subsequent work further developed understanding of the natural alkaloids. </p><p>Hofmann drew an analogy between aniline and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. He wanted to convince chemists that organic bases could be described in terms of derivatives of ammonia. Hofmann successfully converted ammonia into <a href="/wiki/Ethylamine" title="Ethylamine">ethylamine</a> and the compounds <a href="/wiki/Diethylamine" title="Diethylamine">diethylamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triethylamine" title="Triethylamine">triethylamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tetraethylammonium" title="Tetraethylammonium">tetraethylammonium</a>. He was the first chemist to synthesize the quaternary amines. His method of converting an <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amine</a> is known as the <a href="/wiki/Hofmann_rearrangement" title="Hofmann rearrangement">Hofmann rearrangement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alston_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alston-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While primary, secondary, and tertiary amines were stable when distilled at high temperatures under alkaline conditions, the quaternary amine was not. Heating quaternary tetraethylammonium hydroxide yielded tertiary triethylamine vapour. This became the basis of what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Hofmann_elimination" title="Hofmann elimination">Hofmann elimination</a>, a method for converting quaternary amines into tertiary amines. Hofmann successfully applied the method to <a href="/wiki/Coniine" title="Coniine">coniine</a>, the cholinergic poison of <a href="/wiki/Conium_maculatum" title="Conium maculatum">hemlock</a>, to derive the first structure of an alkaloid. His method became extremely significant as a tool for examining the molecular structures of alkaloids, and was eventually applied to morphine, coca amine, atropine, and tubocurarine, among others. Coniine eventually became the first of the alkaloids to be artificially synthesised.<sup id="cite_ref-Alston_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alston-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, Hofmann's student <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blachford_Mansfield" title="Charles Blachford Mansfield">Charles Blachford Mansfield</a> developed a method of <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> of coal tar and separated out <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>, an essential step towards the development of products from coal tar.<sup id="cite_ref-EB2014_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGrayne_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrayne-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1856, Hofmann's student <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Henry_Perkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Henry Perkin">William Henry Perkin</a> was attempting to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a> at the Royal College of Chemistry in London, when he discovered the first <a href="/wiki/Aniline_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniline dye">aniline dye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauveine" title="Mauveine">mauveine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perkin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perkin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery led to the creation of a wide range of artificially created colourful textile dyes, revolutionising the fashion world. Hofmann's researches on <a href="/wiki/Rosaniline" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosaniline">rosaniline</a>, which he first prepared in 1858, were the beginning of a series of investigations on colouring matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911563-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1863, Hofmann showed that <a href="/wiki/Aniline_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniline blue">aniline blue</a> is a triphenyl derivative of rosaniline and discovered that different alkyl groups could be introduced into the rosaniline molecule to produce dyes of various purple or violet colours, which became known as 'Hofmann's violets'.<sup id="cite_ref-Travis_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Travis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1864, Hofmann confirmed that magenta can only be made by oxidation of commercial aniline in which isomeric orthotoluidine and paratoluidine are present as impurities, not from pure aniline. Other students of Hofmann's who became involved in the British dyestuffs industry include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Chambers_Nicholson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Chambers Nicholson (page does not exist)">Edward Chambers Nicholson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Maule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Maule (page does not exist)">George Maule</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Simpson_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Simpson (chemist) (page does not exist)">George Simpson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mauve_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauve-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his return to Germany, Hofmann continued to experiment with dyestuffs, finally creating <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoline_red&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quinoline red (page does not exist)">quinoline red</a> in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-EB2014_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hofmann studied nitrogen bases, including the development of methods for separating mixtures of amines and the preparation of large numbers of "polyammonias" (diamines and triamines such as ethylenediamine and diethylenediamine). He worked with <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Andr%C3%A9_Thomas_Cahours" title="Auguste André Thomas Cahours">Auguste Cahours</a> on phosphorus bases between 1855 and 1857. With him, in 1857, Hofmann prepared the first aliphatic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsaturated_alcohol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unsaturated alcohol (page does not exist)">unsaturated alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allyl_alcohol" title="Allyl alcohol">allyl alcohol</a>, C3 H5OH. He also examined its derivative, <a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">allyl isothiocyanate</a> (mustard oil), in 1868, and studied various other isocyanates and isonitriles (isocyanides, or carbylamines).<sup id="cite_ref-EB2014_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hofmann also developed a method for determining the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weights">molecular weights</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquids">liquids</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapour_densities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vapour densities (page does not exist)">vapour densities</a>. Hofmann isolated <a href="/wiki/Sorbic_acid" title="Sorbic acid">sorbic acid</a> from rowanberries' oil in 1859, a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a> that is widely used as a food <a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">preservative</a>. </p><p>In 1865, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Laurent" title="Auguste Laurent">Auguste Laurent</a>, Hofmann suggested a systematic nomenclature for hydrocarbons and their derivatives. It was adopted internationally by the Geneva Congress, with some modifications, in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-EB2014_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_models">Molecular models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Molecular models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molecular_Model_of_Methane_Hofmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Molecular_Model_of_Methane_Hofmann.jpg/160px-Molecular_Model_of_Methane_Hofmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Molecular_Model_of_Methane_Hofmann.jpg/240px-Molecular_Model_of_Methane_Hofmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Molecular_Model_of_Methane_Hofmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Hofmann's methane model</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hofmann_voltameter-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hofmann_voltameter-es.svg/125px-Hofmann_voltameter-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hofmann_voltameter-es.svg/188px-Hofmann_voltameter-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hofmann_voltameter-es.svg/250px-Hofmann_voltameter-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Hofmann voltameter</figcaption></figure> <p>Hofmann was apparently the first to introduce molecular models into organic chemistry, following <a href="/wiki/August_Kekule" class="mw-redirect" title="August Kekule">August Kekule</a>'s introduction of the theory of chemical structure in 1858, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Crum_Brown" title="Alexander Crum Brown">Alexander Crum Brown</a>'s introduction of printed structural formulas in 1861. At a Friday Evening Discourse at London's Royal Institution on April 7, 1865, he displayed molecular models of simple organic substances such as methane, ethane, and methyl chloride, which he had had constructed from differently colored table croquet balls connected together with thin brass tubes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hofmann's original colour scheme (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> = black, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> = white, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> = blue, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> = red, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> = green, and <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> = yellow) has evolved into the <a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK colour scheme</a> and is in use even today.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1874, when <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_van_%27t_Hoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobus van 't Hoff">van't Hoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achille_Le_Bel" class="mw-redirect" title="Achille Le Bel">Le Bel</a> independently suggested organic molecules can be three-dimensional, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_model" title="Molecular model">molecular models</a> began to assume their modern appearance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hofmann_voltameter">Hofmann voltameter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hofmann voltameter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hofmann_voltameter" title="Hofmann voltameter">Hofmann voltameter</a> is an apparatus for <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">electrolyzing water</a>, invented by August Wilhelm von Hofmann in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of three joined upright cylinders, usually glass. The inner cylinder is open at the top to allow addition of water and an ionic compound to improve conductivity, such as a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Sulphuric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphuric acid">sulphuric acid</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> electrode is placed inside the bottom of each of the two side cylinders, connected to the positive and negative terminals of a source of electricity. When <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> is run through Hofmann's Voltameter, gaseous <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> forms at the <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> and gaseous <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>. Each gas displaces water and collects at the top of the two outer tubes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>August Wilhelm von Hofmann</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=56726163">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=56726163&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By August Wilhelm von Hofmann</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=56726163&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=56726163">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=56726163&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hofmann-Denkmal_im_Hofmann-Haus_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hofmann-Denkmal_im_Hofmann-Haus_1900.jpg/220px-Hofmann-Denkmal_im_Hofmann-Haus_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hofmann-Denkmal_im_Hofmann-Haus_1900.jpg/330px-Hofmann-Denkmal_im_Hofmann-Haus_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hofmann-Denkmal_im_Hofmann-Haus_1900.jpg/440px-Hofmann-Denkmal_im_Hofmann-Haus_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Hofmann at Berlin, destroyed in 1944 by British air raid</figcaption></figure> <p>Hofmann was multilingual and published extensively, particularly about his work on coal tar and its derivatives. In 1865 Hofmann published <i>An Introduction to Modern Chemistry</i>, summarising type theory and emerging ideas about chemical structure. Type theory modelled four inorganic molecules, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, water, and ammonia, and used them as a basis for systematising and categorising both organic and inorganic compounds by exploring the substitution of one or more atoms of hydrogen for an equivalent atom or group. Hofmann himself had focused on researching ammonia, but discussed all four models in his book. In it, he also first introduced the term <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">valence</a>, under its longer variant quantivalence, to describe the combining capacity of an atom. His textbook strongly influenced introductory textbooks in both Europe and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-BASCalendar_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BASCalendar-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his scientific works, Hofmann wrote biographical notices and essays on the history of chemistry, including a study of Liebig.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia2008_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">fellow of the Royal Society</a> in 1851. He was awarded the society's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> in 1854 and their <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> in 1875 "for his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his 70th birthday, in 1888, he was ennobled, enabling him to add the prefix "von" before his last name.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia2008_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900, the German Chemical Society built the "Hofmann-Haus" at Berlin and in 1902 created the <a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann_Gold_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann Gold Medal (page does not exist)">August Wilhelm von Hofmann Gold Medal</a> in his honour, to be awarded for outstanding achievements in chemistry. The first recipients were <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Ramsay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Ramsay">Sir William Ramsay</a> of England and Professor <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a> of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray1903_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray1903-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hofmann died in 1892 and was buried in Berlin's Friedhof der Dorotheenstädtischen und Friedrichswerderschen Gemeinden.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the molecule">History of the molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_hydrogen_technologies" title="Timeline of hydrogen technologies">Timeline of hydrogen technologies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Volhard-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Volhard_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volhard_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVolhardFischer1902" class="citation book cs1">Volhard, Jacob; Fischer, Emil (1902). <i>August Wilhelm von Hofmann: Ein Lebensbild</i>. 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HMSO. 1906. pp. 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report+of+the+Board+of+Education+to+the+King%27s+Most+Excellent+Majesty+in+Council+for+the+Year+1905%E2%80%931906&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46MOAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilhelm+von+Hofmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Styrole-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Styrole_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlythHofmann1843" class="citation journal cs1">Blyth, John; Hofmann, August W. (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aG_PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA334">"CXXXVIII. On styrole, and some of the products of its decomposition"</a>. <i>Memoirs and Proceedings of the Chemical Society</i>. <b>2</b>: 334–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FMP8430200334">10.1039/MP8430200334</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+and+Proceedings+of+the+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=CXXXVIII.+On+styrole%2C+and+some+of+the+products+of+its+decomposition&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=334-58&rft.date=1843&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FMP8430200334&rft.aulast=Blyth&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+August+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaG_PAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilhelm+von+Hofmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blyth1845-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blyth1845_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlythHofmann1845" class="citation journal cs1">Blyth, John; Hofmann, August Wilhelm (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1426996">"Ueber das Styrol und einige seiner Zersetzungsproducte"</a>. <i>Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 289–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18450530302">10.1002/jlac.18450530302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Chemie+und+Pharmacie&rft.atitle=Ueber+das+Styrol+und+einige+seiner+Zersetzungsproducte&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=289-329&rft.date=1845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.18450530302&rft.aulast=Blyth&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+August+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1426996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilhelm+von+Hofmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusprattHofmann1845" class="citation journal cs1">Muspratt, James Sheridan; Hofmann, Augustus William (September 1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7PN-PlMrlQC&pg=PA178">"On toluidine, a new organic base"</a>. <i>The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science</i>. <b>27</b> (179): 178–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786444508645253">10.1080/14786444508645253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-5966">1941-5966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+toluidine%2C+a+new+organic+base&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=179&rft.pages=178-194&rft.date=1845-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786444508645253&rft.issn=1941-5966&rft.aulast=Muspratt&rft.aufirst=James+Sheridan&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Augustus+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7PN-PlMrlQC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilhelm+von+Hofmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alston-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alston_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alston_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alston_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlston2003" class="citation journal cs1">Alston, Theodore A. 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New York: McGraw Hill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prometheansinlab0000mcgr/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-140795-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-140795-3"><bdi>978-0-07-140795-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prometheans+in+the+lab+%3A+chemistry+and+the+making+of+the+modern+world.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-07-140795-3&rft.aulast=McGrayne&rft.aufirst=Sharon+Bertsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprometheansinlab0000mcgr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilhelm+von+Hofmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perkin-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perkin_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkin1896" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Henry_Perkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Henry Perkin">Perkin, William Henry</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2102055">"The origin of the coal-tar colour industry, and the contributions of Hofmann and his pupils"</a>. <i>Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions</i>. <b>69</b>: 596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FCT8966900596">10.1039/CT8966900596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Transactions&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+coal-tar+colour+industry%2C+and+the+contributions+of+Hofmann+and+his+pupils&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=596&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCT8966900596&rft.aulast=Perkin&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2102055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilhelm+von+Hofmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mauve-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mauve_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfield2002" class="citation book cs1">Garfield, Simon (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LUFLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT71"><i>Mauve : how one man invented a color that changed the world</i></a> (1st American ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+1998+History+of+Electrochemistry+calendar&rft.atitle=August+Wilhelm+Hofmann+%281818%E2%80%931892%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basinc.com%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2F98%2F12hof.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilhelm+von+Hofmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4/pubhtml?gid=1336391689&single=true">"Award winners : Copley Medal"</a>. Royal Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Award+winners+%3A+Copley+Medal&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fspreadsheets%2Fd%2F1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4%2Fpubhtml%3Fgid%3D1336391689%26single%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilhelm+von+Hofmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray1903-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray1903_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1903" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, James (12 June 1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmdNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA315">"The Electrician, Volume 51"</a>. <i>The Electrician</i>. <b>51</b>: 315<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Electrician&rft.atitle=The+Electrician%2C+Volume+51&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=315&rft.date=1903-06-12&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmdNAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilhelm+von+Hofmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedhof_der_Dorotheenst%C3%A4dtischen_und_Friedrichswerderschen_Gemeinden" class="extiw" title="de:Friedhof der Dorotheenstädtischen und Friedrichswerderschen Gemeinden">de:Friedhof der Dorotheenstädtischen und Friedrichswerderschen Gemeinden</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOesper1968" class="citation journal cs1">Oesper, Ralph E. (1968). "The burial place of August Wilhelm Hofmann (1818–1892)". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 153. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968JChEd..45..153O">1968JChEd..45..153O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed045p153">10.1021/ed045p153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+burial+place+of+August+Wilhelm+Hofmann+%281818%E2%80%931892%29&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=153&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed045p153&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968JChEd..45..153O&rft.aulast=Oesper&rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilhelm+von+Hofmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" class="extiw" title="s:Author:August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" class="extiw" title="commons:August Wilhelm von Hofmann"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hofmann,_August_Wilhelm_von" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hofmann, August Wilhelm von">Hofmann, August Wilhelm von</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 563–564.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hofmann%2C+August+Wilhelm+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=563-564&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Wilhelm+von+Hofmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Bericht über die Entwickelung der chemischen Industrie während des letzten Jahrzehends : im Verein mit Freunden und Fachgenossen erstattet</i> . Volume 1–3.1, Vieweg, Braunschweig 1875 – 1877 Digital edition by the <a href="/wiki/University_and_State_Library_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="University and State Library Düsseldorf">University and State Library Düsseldorf</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/116163043">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1852)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a> (1866)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1876)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Charles Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">William Thomson</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur">Carl Gegenbaur</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76360#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76360#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76360#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081357749">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56726163">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/113591/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg4gMmwRWhm63JCd4q4v3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hofmann, August Wilhelm von"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118552627">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83120540">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125599798">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125599798">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36010680">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000089211&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072977825">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2072715">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000687775&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=126124">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftx1b215bq02c1">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810551029505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275772805171">Israel</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007603925805171">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515311606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0388954X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=231708">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23076783600">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:von-hofmann.a-w">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/august-wilhelm-von-hofmann/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1184266">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118552627.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118552627">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033928622">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65m6627">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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