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id="toc-Amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debates_Surrounding_Foreign_Corrupt_Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates_Surrounding_Foreign_Corrupt_Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Debates Surrounding Foreign Corrupt Practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debates_Surrounding_Foreign_Corrupt_Practices-sublist" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States federal law</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Other short titles</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Domestic and Foreign Investment Improved Disclosure Act</li><li>Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Amendment</li><li>Unlawful Corporate Payments Act</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act to amend the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to make it unlawful for an issuer of securities registered pursuant to section 12 of such Act or an issuer required to file reports pursuant to section 15(d) of such Act to make certain payments to foreign officials and other foreign persons, to require such issuers to maintain accurate records, and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(colloquial)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">FCPA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">December 19, 1977</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-91/pdf/STATUTE-91-Pg1494.pdf">95-213</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">91 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-91-1494">1494</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.: Commerce and Trade</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">U.S.C. sections amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/chapter-2B">ch. 2B</a> § 78a et seq.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><span class="nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d095:SN00305:@@@S">Legislative history</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the Senate as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/95th-congress/senate-bill/305">S. 305</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">William Proxmire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a>) on January 18, 1977</li><li><b>Committee consideration</b> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Senate Banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Interstate_and_Foreign_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce">House Commerce</a></li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on May 5, 1977 (passed)</li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on November 1, 1977 (passed, in lieu of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/95th-congress/house-bill/3815">H.R. 3815</a>)</li><li><b>Reported by the joint conference committee</b> on December 6, 1977; <b>agreed to by the Senate</b> on December 6, 1977 (agreed) and by the <b>House</b> on December 7, 1977 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/95-1977/h699">349-0</a>)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> on December 19, 1977</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977</b> (<b>FCPA</b>) (<a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/78dd-1">§ 78dd-1</a>, <i>et seq.</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal law">United States federal law</a> that prohibits U.S. citizens and entities from <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribing</a> foreign government officials to benefit their business interests.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FCPA is applicable worldwide and extends specifically to <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">publicly traded companies</a> and their personnel, including officers, directors, employees, shareholders, and agents. Following amendments made in 1998, the Act also applies to foreign firms and persons who, either directly or through intermediaries, help facilitate or carry out corrupt payments in U.S. territory.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pursuant to its anti-bribery purpose, the FCPA amends the <a href="/wiki/Securities_Exchange_Act_of_1934" title="Securities Exchange Act of 1934">Securities Exchange Act of 1934</a> to require all companies with securities listed in the U.S. to meet certain accounting provisions, such as ensuring accurate and transparent financial records and maintaining internal accounting controls.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FCPA is jointly enforced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC), which apply criminal and <a href="/wiki/Civil_penalty" title="Civil penalty">civil penalties</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its passage, the FCPA has been subject to controversy and criticism,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namely whether its enforcement discourages U.S. companies from investing abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act was subsequently amended in 1988 to raise the standard of proof for a finding of bribery.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions_and_scope">Provisions and scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Provisions and scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The core aim of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) is to prohibit companies and their individual officers from influencing foreign officials with any personal payments or rewards.<sup id="cite_ref-McGraw-Hill_Education_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGraw-Hill_Education-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCPA applies to any person who has a certain degree of connection to the United States and engages in corrupt practices abroad, as well as to U.S. businesses, foreign corporations trading securities in the U.S., American nationals, citizens, and residents acting in furtherance of a foreign corrupt practice, whether or not they are physically present in the U.S. This is considered the <a href="/wiki/Nationality_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality principle">nationality principle</a> of the Act. Any individuals involved in these activities may face prison time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1992 case US v. Liebo, the DOJ filed a case against the vice president in charge of the Aerospace division of Napco International Inc. for violations in accordance with the FCPA. After pleading guilty, Liebo was sentenced to a term of 18 months for the offense violating the anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FCPA also extends to foreign companies and individuals who engage in corrupt practices while in the United States, even if the actual bribery occurs outside the country. This extraterritorial reach is based on the principle of territorial jurisdiction. For example, in 2013, French oil and gas company <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">Total S.A.</a> agreed to pay a $245.2 million penalty to settle FCPA charges related to bribes paid to an Iranian official to obtain oil and gas concessions.<b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </b>Although the bribery scheme occurred entirely outside the United States, the SEC and DOJ asserted jurisdiction because Total had registered securities with the SEC and made corrupt payments through U.S. banks.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of foreign <a href="/wiki/Natural_person" title="Natural person">natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juridical_person" title="Juridical person">legal persons</a>, the Act covers their deeds if they are in the U.S. at the time of the corrupt conduct. This is considered the <a href="/wiki/Protective_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Protective principle">protective principle</a> of the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-McGraw-Hill_Education_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGraw-Hill_Education-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the FCPA governs not only direct payments to foreign officials, candidates, and parties, but payments made to any other recipient in furtherance of influencing a foreign official, candidate, or party. These payments are not restricted to monetary forms and may include anything of value.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is considered the <a href="/wiki/Territoriality_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Territoriality principle">territoriality principle</a> of the act.<sup id="cite_ref-McGraw-Hill_Education_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGraw-Hill_Education-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FCPA's prohibition on bribes extends beyond simple monetary payments. The act defines bribes as "anything of value," which encompasses a wide range of tangible and intangible benefits. This can include gifts, travel expenses, entertainment, job/internship offers, scholarships, and charitable donations.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in 2012, <a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly and Company</a>, a U.S. pharmaceutical firm, settled an FCPA case involving improper payments made through its subsidiaries to foreign officials in Russia, Brazil, China, and Poland. The bribes included gifts, travel, and entertainment expenses, such as spa treatments, jewelry, and a trip to the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 World Cup</a>. Lilly agreed to pay disgorgement of $13,955,196, prejudgment interest of $6,743,538, and a penalty of $8.7 million for a total payment of $29,398,734.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FCPA is subject to ongoing scholarly and congressional debate regarding its effects on international commerce. Scholars have found that its enforcement discourages U.S. firms from investing in foreign markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coincides with the well established observation that companies engaging in <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a> in emerging markets face a uniquely increased level of regulatory and corruption risk.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persons_subject_to_the_FCPA">Persons subject to the FCPA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Persons subject to the FCPA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Issuers</dt> <dd>The term "issuer" is used to describe any U.S. or foreign corporation that has a class of securities registered, or that is required to file reports under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/78dd-1">15 U.S.C. § 78dd-1</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Domestic concerns</dt> <dd>Refers to any individual who is a citizen, national, or resident of the U.S. and any business entity organized under the laws of the U.S. or one of its states, or having its principal place of business in the U.S. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/78dd-2">15 U.S.C. § 78dd-2</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Any legal person</dt> <dd>Covers both enterprises and individuals (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/78dd-3">15 U.S.C. § 78dd-3</a>)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975 and 1976, American public life was shaken by dozens of scandals involving bribery of foreign officials by prominent American companies. These disclosures, driven by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) enforcement actions and high-profile public hearings by the Church Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, made headlines for months causing serious problems for foreign leaders important to the United States. Some of the most sensational disclosures involved corrupt payments by <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Corporation" title="Northrop Corporation">Northrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Brands" class="mw-redirect" title="United Brands">United Brands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Oil" title="Gulf Oil">Gulf Oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil">Mobil</a> in Saudi Arabia, Japan, Honduras, Korea, Italy, and the Netherlands. The headlines were punctuated by suicides of corporate executives and foreign officials. One CEO [chief executive officer] jumped out a window. A European dignitary stepped in front of a streetcar.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investigations by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> in the mid-1970s revealed that over 400 U.S. companies admitted making questionable or illegal payments in excess of $300 million to foreign government officials, politicians, and political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-house_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-house-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abuses ran the gamut from <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a> of high foreign officials to secure some type of favorable action by a foreign government, to so-called <a href="/wiki/Facilitating_payment" title="Facilitating payment">facilitating payments</a> that were made to ensure that government functionaries discharged certain ministerial or clerical duties.<sup id="cite_ref-house_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-house-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the official has no choice but to bribe, and bribery is legal in the country, bribing is seen as necessary for "greasing the wheels", i.e. facilitating the conduct of business. Among the major examples of such practices were the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_bribery_scandals" title="Lockheed bribery scandals">Lockheed bribery scandals</a>, in which officials of <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> company <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a> paid foreign officials in several countries to favor their company's products,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Bananagate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananagate">Bananagate</a> scandal, in which <a href="/wiki/Chiquita_Brands" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiquita Brands">Chiquita Brands</a> bribed the President of <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> for more favorable government policies. </p><p>While primarily a domestic scandal, <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> also had international implications. Investigations revealed that slush funds used for political espionage against the Democrats were also used for bribing foreign officials. This linkage highlighted the pervasive nature of corruption in U.S. businesses and politics. These scandals notably involved substantial bribes paid to foreign officials to secure business advantages overseas, profoundly damaging the reputation of American businesses and, by extension, the U.S. government. This period highlighted a serious need for legislative action to address these corrupt practices. Investigations revealed that <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">President Richard Nixon's</a> reelection campaign, and other corporate entities, utilized funds for illicit purposes, including international bribery. This series of events not only led to President Nixon's resignation but also propelled a national and legislative push towards greater transparency and ethics in both domestic and international business dealings.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to these high-profile revelations, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> enacted the FCPA to bring a halt to the bribery of foreign officials and to restore public confidence in the integrity of the American business system. The Act was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> on December 19, 1977. The enactment of the FCPA was a pivotal moment in U.S. legal history, as it marked the first significant effort to legally prohibit the bribery of foreign officials. It set a standard for moral leadership and integrity in international commerce, underscoring the importance of honest business practices in fostering stable and fair global markets. The first criminal enforcement action under the Act was against <a href="/wiki/Finbar_Kenny" title="Finbar Kenny">Finbar Kenny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kenny had advanced <a href="/wiki/Albert_Henry_(politician)" title="Albert Henry (politician)">Sir Albert Henry</a>, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands, $337,000 from postage stamp revenue for Henry's re-election campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-McBride_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBride-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, Kenny became the first American to plead guilty of violating the FCPA and was fined $50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-McBride_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBride-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amendments">Amendments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Act was first amended by the <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Trade_and_Competitiveness_Act" title="Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act">Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act</a> of 1988, where Title V is known as the "Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Amendments of 1988". It introduced a "knowing" standard in order to find violations of the Act, encompassing "conscious disregard" and "willful blindness." Other amendments were for "bona fide", "reasonable" and lawful gifts under the laws of the foreign country.<sup id="cite_ref-fas_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>This meant that individuals and companies could be held liable for corrupt practices if they purposefully ignored the facts or circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to conclude that bribery was likely to occur. The amendments clarified that certain types of payments or gifts that are bona fide, reasonable, and lawful under the laws of the foreign country do not constitute an offense under the FCPA. This was important for U.S. businesses engaging in international operations where cultural norms often include gift-giving as a part of business etiquette.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second amendment to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), known as the International <a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Bribery_Act_of_1998" title="International Anti-Bribery Act of 1998">Anti-Bribery Act of 1998</a>, was a significant development aimed at enhancing the United States' commitment to combating global corruption. This amendment was designed to implement the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> Anti-Bribery Convention, which sought to create a unified international approach to fighting bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the primary changes introduced by the 1998 amendment was the extension of the FCPA's jurisdiction to include certain foreign persons and entities. This meant that not only U.S. citizens and companies but also certain non-U.S. persons and companies acting in furtherance of a corrupt payment while in U.S. territory could be held accountable under the FCPA.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included making it a criminal offense to bribe foreign public officials to obtain or retain business or any improper advantage in the conduct of international business. The 1998 amendments increased the penalties for violations and strengthened enforcement measures, reflecting a global trend towards stricter anti-corruption laws.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The FCPA dominated international <a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">anti-corruption</a> enforcement from its introduction until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2010</span> when other countries began introducing broader and more robust legislation, notably the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Bribery_Act_2010" title="Bribery Act 2010">Bribery Act 2010</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Organization for Standardization introduced an international anti-bribery management system standard in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, cooperation in enforcement action between countries has increased.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence">Influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FCPA's influence has been profound, changing how companies operate worldwide and how governments enforce against corruption. The Act not only led to heightened awareness and enforcement of anti-corruption measures in the United States but also encouraged other nations to adopt similar laws,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fostering a more coordinated international approach to combating bribery and corruption.FCPA and other anti corruption laws also provided companies with increased investor confidence,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing them to judge a companies' governing board by how ethically sound and compliant to FCPA they are and whether or not they deal and run their business in good faith.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only did it influence companies to become more self aware of possible corruption within their companies, but it also allowed for a growth in business ethics education. There are now certifications and dedicated courses that provide students and up and coming business professionals with the necessary knowledge needed to avoid and terminate possible corruption within companies and foreign markets.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debates_Surrounding_Foreign_Corrupt_Practices">Debates Surrounding Foreign Corrupt Practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Debates Surrounding Foreign Corrupt Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dealing with foreign corrupt practices has many issues in itself.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It presents many conversations pertaining to the potential for political interference in an organization, jurisdiction, and political differences across capitals. International organizations may be impeded by differences in legal systems and diplomatic relations. The Government Accountability Office (GAO)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealed in a report that while many companies supported the act and its efforts to improve corporate codes of conduct, there was also major dissatisfaction in regards to certain standards that the act had in place for financial reports. Arguing that there wasn't enough clarification about what the companies needed to report on, especially concerning money. This debate over financial reports has led to the concept of "materiality standard".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies are arguing that this concept<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not very clear in the FCPA regulations, so they want to allow more flexibility in what counts as "material". </p><p>Brystol Myers Squibb hasn't dealt with issues pertaining to materiality standards but it does play into their new measures and ensuring compliance<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the act. As a multinational corporation, they deal with many financial transactions such as purchases, investments, sales, and expenses. So being able to determine if individual transactions or aggregate amounts meet the threshold of materiality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) are jointly responsible for enforcing the FCPA, since it amends both an SEC Act and the criminal code. SEC enforcement applies to companies regulated by the SEC while the DOJ enforces the Act against individuals and domestic companies' entities not regulated by the SEC. However, enforcement by one agency does not preclude enforcement by the other, and on numerous occasions the DOJ and SEC have initiated enforcement actions against the same company for violations of the FCPA.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 the SEC created a specialized unit for FCPA enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the SEC and the DOJ issued their first joint guide to the FCPA,<sup id="cite_ref-resource_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resource-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second edition of this guide was published in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imprisonment for FCPA violations is relatively uncommon, yet when it does occur, the sentences, which can include imprisonment or house arrest, typically average around 30 months. Additionally, FCPA-related investigations are often lengthy, with an average duration of approximately 39 months from initiation to conclusion, according to a study by Stanford University.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, the SEC and DOJ have increasingly focused on individual accountability in FCPA enforcement actions. In 2015, the DOJ announced the "Yates Memo,"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which prioritized the prosecution of individuals involved in corporate misconduct, including FCPA violations. This policy shift has led to several high-profile cases against executives. In 2019, the former head of <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>'s subsidiary in Indonesia was sentenced to 15 months in prison for his role in a bribery scheme to secure a $118 million power plant contract.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enforcement of the FCPA continues to improve, allowing for more companies to be held accountable and scrutinized for deals that they make within markets that are known for having a high threat of corruption and bribery.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements">Requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA make it unlawful for a U.S. person, and certain foreign issuers of <a href="/wiki/Securities" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities">securities</a>, to make a payment to a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_official" title="Foreign official">foreign official</a> for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person. Since the 1998 Amendment of FCPA they also apply to foreign firms and persons who take any act in furtherance of such a corrupt payment while in the U.S. the meaning of foreign official is broad. For example, an owner of a bank who is also the minister of finance would count as a foreign official according to the U.S. government. Doctors at government-owned or managed hospitals are also considered to be foreign officials under the FCPA, as is anyone working for a government-owned or managed institution or enterprise. Employees of international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> are also considered to be foreign officials under the FCPA. A 2014 federal appellate court decision has provided guidance on how the term "foreign official" is defined under FCPA. The 1998 amendment to the FCPA applies to all <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S territories</a> as well with this amendment in turn expanding the jurisdiction of the law to include anyone that is related to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and deals in business or foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  </p><p>The FCPA also requires companies whose securities are listed in the U.S. to meet its accounting provisions. <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These accounting provisions operate in tandem with the anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA and require respective corporations to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the corporation and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. It would prevent corporations from knowingly altering these money-keeping records that they utilize for their business. While an increasing number of corporations are taking additional steps to protect their reputation and reduce their exposure by employing the services of <a href="/wiki/Due_diligence" title="Due diligence">due diligence</a> companies tasked with vetting third party intermediaries and identifying easily overlooked government officials embedded in otherwise privately held foreign firms. These foreign companies would be subject to FCPA regulations if they are a part of the U.S. stock market and make payments or file reports of those payments to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">United States Securities and Exchange Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding payments to foreign officials, the act draws a distinction between bribery and facilitation or "<a href="/wiki/Grease_payment" class="mw-redirect" title="Grease payment">grease payments</a>", which may be permissible under the FCPA, but may still violate local laws. The primary distinction is that grease payments or facilitation payments are made to an official to expedite his performance of the routine duties he is already bound to perform. The exception focuses on the purpose of the payment rather than on its value. Payments to foreign officials may be legal under the FCPA if the payments are permitted under the written laws of the host country. Certain payments or reimbursements relating to product promotion may also be permitted under the FCPA. <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A U.S. company acquiring a foreign firm could face successor liability for FCPA violations committed by the foreign firm prior to being acquired.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, acquiring companies may be liable as a successor for pre-existing FCPA violations committed by an acquired company where those violations were subject to the FCPA's jurisdiction when committed.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position was further confirmed by the DOJ in a 2014 opinion stating that pre-acquisition conduct by a foreign target company without a jurisdictional nexus to the U.S. would not be subject to FCPA enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-bribery/anti-corruption_(ABAC)_solutions"><span id="Anti-bribery.2Fanti-corruption_.28ABAC.29_solutions"></span>Anti-bribery/anti-corruption (ABAC) solutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anti-bribery/anti-corruption (ABAC) solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Businesses increasingly focus on their <a href="/wiki/Core_competency" title="Core competency">core competencies</a>, and as a result engage more third parties to provide critical business functions. Companies do not have direct control over their third-party providers, which expose them to regulatory and reputational risk of FCPA violations by those third parties.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2013, The <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation" title="Ralph Lauren Corporation">Ralph Lauren Corporation</a> paid off $882,000 to the U.S Securities and Exchange commission due to the penalty they received from violating the FCPA. This violation came from an Argentinian subsidiary manager who was paying off officials at customs to have Ralph Lauren merch snuck into the country. Ralph Lauren did not have any form of serious FCPA training before this incident as they had never encountered or had issues with corruption beforehand. The company then pledged to increase their due diligence on the matter as they sought to work with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S Department Of Justice</a> about their book keeping and make sure that all of their employees are properly trained on matters pertaining to the FCPA and foreign business. <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stronger DOJ and SEC enforcement has increased the prominence of the FCPA from 2010 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SEC website shows a complete list of enforcement cases since 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-fcpacases_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcpacases-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable select cases of the application of FCPA since 2008 are with ALCOA, Biomet, Bizjet, Hewlett Packard Company, KBR, Marubeni Corporation, News Corporation, Siemens, Smith & Nephew and Walmart de Mexico as follows: </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens AG</a> paid $450 million in criminal fines to the DOJ and $350 million to the SEC for <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Greek_bribery_scandal" title="Siemens Greek bribery scandal">violating the FCPA</a>. This is one of the largest penalties ever collected for an FCPA case.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, Japanese firm <a href="/wiki/Marubeni_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marubeni Corporation">Marubeni Corporation</a> paid a criminal penalty of US$54.6 million for FCPA violations when acting as an agent of the TKSJ joint venture, which comprised <a href="/wiki/Technip" title="Technip">Technip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snamprogetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Snamprogetti">Snamprogetti</a> Netherlands B.V., <a href="/wiki/KBR_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="KBR (company)">Kellogg Brown & Root Inc.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/JGC_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="JGC Corporation">JGC Corporation</a>. Between 1995 and 2004, the joint venture won four contracts in Nigeria worth more than US$6 billion, as a direct result of having paid US$51 million to Marubeni to be used to bribe Nigerian government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Nephew" title="Smith & Nephew">Smith & Nephew</a> paid US$22.2 million to the DOJ and SEC, and <a href="/wiki/Bizjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizjet">Bizjet</a> International Sales and Support Inc. paid US$11.8 million to the DOJ for bribery of foreign government officials. Both companies entered into a deferred prosecution agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2012, <a href="/wiki/Biomet_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Biomet Inc.">Biomet Inc.</a> paid a criminal fine of US$17.3 million to resolve charges of FCPA violations and US$5.5 million in disgorgement of profits and pre-judgment interest to the SEC.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2014, <a href="/wiki/ALCOA" class="mw-redirect" title="ALCOA">ALCOA</a> paid $175 million in disgorgement of revenues and a fine of $209 million to settle charges that its Australian bauxite mining subsidiary retained an agent that made bribes to government officials in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and to officers of Aluminum Bahrain B.S.C. to secure long-term contracts to supply the company with bauxite ore.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2014, Marubeni Corporation agreed with the DOJ to pay a US$88 million fine after pleading guilty to taking part in a scheme to pay bribes to high-ranking Indonesian officials in order to secure a lucrative power project.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2014, <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> pleaded guilty of violating the FCPA and reached a settlement with U.S. authorities to resolve the FCPA violation charges. The charges involved bribery and corruption in various countries, including Indonesia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and others As part of the settlement, Alstom agreed to pay a total of $772 million in fines.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 24, 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company">Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company</a> "Goodyear" agreed to pay more than $16 million to settle FCPA charges that two of its African subsidiaries allegedly paid $3.2 million in bribes that generated $14,122,535 in illicit profits.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SEC FCPA charges involved Goodyear subsidiaries in Kenya and Angola for allegedly paying bribes to government and private-sector workers in exchange for sales in each country.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the SEC because "Goodyear did not prevent or detect these improper payments because it failed to implement adequate FCPA compliance controls at its subsidiaries" and, for the Kenyan subsidiary, "because it failed to conduct adequate due diligence" prior to its acquisition. It was not alleged that Goodyear had any involvement with or knowledge of its subsidiaries' improper conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2016, <a href="/wiki/VEON" title="VEON">VEON Ltd.</a> (formerly VimpelCom Ltd.) agreed to pay a total of $795 million to the DOJ and the SEC to resolve charges of FCPA violations, making it one of the largest FCPA settlements at the time. The charges involve allegations of paying bribes to government officials in Uzbekistan to secure business advantages and obtain operating licenses in the country's telecommunications sector.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2016, <a href="/wiki/Sculptor_Capital_Management" title="Sculptor Capital Management">Sculptor Capital Management</a> (formerly Och-Ziff Capital Management Group) agreed to pay a total of $412 million to the U.S. DOJ and the SEC to resolve charges of FCPA violations. The company went through a several year investigation into violations of the FCPA for allegedly paying bribes to government officials in several African nations.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2017, <a href="/wiki/Ng_Lap_Seng" title="Ng Lap Seng">Ng Lap Seng</a>, a Macau-based Chinese billionaire real estate businessman, chairman of the Sun Kian Ip Group (新建业集团), and a member of the National Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> (CPPCC), was convicted after a five-week trial of two counts of violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, one count of paying bribes and gratuities, one count of money laundering and two counts of conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Ng Lap Seng was sentenced to 48 months in prison and three years of supervised release for his role in a scheme to bribe United Nations ambassadors to obtain support to build a conference center in Macau that would host, among other events, the annual United Nations Global South-South Development Expo (GSSD Expo) organised by the United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC), then headed by Chinese national <a href="/wiki/Yiping_Zhou" title="Yiping Zhou">Yiping Zhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charges">Charges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Charges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, former U.S. House Representative <a href="/wiki/William_J._Jefferson" class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Jefferson">William J. Jefferson</a> was charged with violating the FCPA by bribing African governments for business interests.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 the DOJ and the SEC were investigating whether <a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewlett Packard Company">Hewlett Packard Company</a> executives paid about $10.9 million in bribery money between 2004 and 2006 to the <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecutor General of Russia">Prosecutor General of Russia</a> "to win a €35 million contract to supply computer equipment throughout Russia."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 11, 2014, HP Russia pleaded guilty before U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/D._Lowell_Jensen" title="D. Lowell Jensen">D. Lowell Jensen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">Northern District of California</a> to conspiracy and substantive violations of the anti-bribery and accounting provisions of the FCPA. The court sentenced HP Russia to pay a $58,772,250 fine.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2011, the DOJ opened an inquiry into the <a href="/wiki/News_International_phone_hacking_scandal" title="News International phone hacking scandal">News International phone hacking scandal</a> that brought down <i><a href="/wiki/News_of_the_World" title="News of the World">News of the World</a></i>, the recently closed UK tabloid newspaper. In cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Serious_Fraud_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)">Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)</a>, the DOJ was to examine whether <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corporation</a> violated the FCPA by bribing <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan police">Metropolitan police</a> officers.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine police officers were convicted including a senior officer in the Met <a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Command" title="Counter Terrorism Command">counter-terrorism command</a>, Det Ch Insp April Casburn, former Met anti-terrorism officer Timothy Edwards, former police officer Simon Quinn, former Met officer Paul Flattley and Scott Chapman, an ex-prison officer.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An April 2012 article in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> reported that a former executive of <a href="/wiki/Walmart_de_M%C3%A9xico_y_Centroam%C3%A9rica" title="Walmart de México y Centroamérica">Walmart de México y Centroamérica</a> alleged in September 2005 that Walmart de Mexico had paid bribes to officials throughout Mexico in order to obtain construction permits, that Walmart investigators found credible evidence that Mexican and American laws had been broken, and that Walmart executives in the U.S. "hushed up" the allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an article in Bloomberg, Wal-Mart's "probe of possible bribery in Mexico may prompt executive departures and steep U.S. government fines if it reveals senior managers knew about the payments and didn't take strong enough action, corporate governance experts said."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eduardo Bohorquez, the director of Transparencia Mexicana, a "watchdog" group in Mexico, urged the Mexican government to investigate the allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wal-Mart and the <a href="/wiki/US_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="US Chamber of Commerce">US Chamber of Commerce</a> had participated in a campaign to amend FCPA; according to proponents, the changes would clarify the law, while according to opponents, the changes would weaken the law.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2014, Austrian authorities arrested <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Firtash" title="Dmytro Firtash">Dmytro Firtash</a>, a Ukrainian businessman who heads the board of directors of <a href="/wiki/Group_DF" title="Group DF">Group DF</a>, after a judge in Virginia issued a warrant for his arrest on bribery and other charges. Firtash was released on bail of €125 million, making it the largest in Austrian history. In April 2014, a U.S. grand jury in Chicago formally charged Firtash and five others with violations of the FCPA, including charges such as bribery and money laundering.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2015, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sigelman" title="Joseph Sigelman">Joseph Sigelman</a>, American businessman and former CEO of OfficeTiger, pleaded guilty to FCPA violations as part of a plea agreement with the DOJ. The charges involved allegations of paying bribes to government officials in Colombia to secure business advantages and obtain oil contracts. Sigelman was fined $100,000, concluding the proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2015, the SEC settled charges against the New York-based pharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Myers_Squibb" title="Bristol Myers Squibb">Bristol Myers Squibb</a> related to its Chinese joint venture. The charges included making unlawful payments and providing other benefits to healthcare providers in state-controlled hospitals to boost prescription sales. From 2009 to 2014, BMS China, a majority owned venture of BMS, engaged in practices such as giving cash, gifts, meals, and sponsoring travel and conferences to secure business, which were improperly recorded as legitimate expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The misconduct resulted in over $11 million in profits, for which the fines BMS was ordered to pay were just north of $14 million in total judgement. BMS agreed to return $11.4 million in profits, $500,000 in prejudgment interest, and a $2.75 million penalty. They were additionally required to report on their FCPA compliance for a two-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other cases are with <a href="/wiki/Avon_Products" title="Avon Products">Avon Products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invision_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Invision Technologies">Invision Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_Corporation" title="Titan Corporation">Titan Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triton_Energy_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Triton Energy Limited">Triton Energy Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exception">Exception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) makes an exception for payments referred to as "grease" or facilitation payments. These payments are made to accelerate or secure routine government acts, such as acquiring permits, processing visas, or providing police protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) states that such gifts must be nominal and not intended to illegally influence government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) highlights the need of making limited greasing payments to non-discretionary officials for non-discretionary acts.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, distinguishing between legitimate grease contributions and criminal bribes might be difficult. This assessment is made after considering factors such as the amount, frequency, and purpose of the payment, as well as the level of the foreign official concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the outcome of the transaction or litigation for which the payment was made may affect its legality under the FCPA.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite efforts to provide advice, the distinction between grease payments and bribes remains a source of contention in FCPA enforcement, with legal experts and practitioners continuing to argue and interpret it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bribery_Act_2010" title="Bribery Act 2010">Bribery Act 2010</a> in the United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_of_Foreign_Public_Officials_Act" title="Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act">Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act</a> in Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Extortion_Prevention_Act" title="Foreign Extortion Prevention Act">Foreign Extortion Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Action_Task_Force_on_Money_Laundering" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering">Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering</a>, another international agreement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery Convention</a>, an international agreement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_exposed_person" title="Politically exposed person">Politically exposed person</a>, a term used in several jurisdictions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/criminal-fraud/foreign-corrupt-practices-act">"Foreign Corrupt Practices Act"</a>. <i>www.justice.gov</i>. June 9, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213060246/https://www.justice.gov/criminal-fraud/foreign-corrupt-practices-act">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.justice.gov&rft.atitle=Foreign+Corrupt+Practices+Act&rft.date=2015-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fcriminal-fraud%2Fforeign-corrupt-practices-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+Corrupt+Practices+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/spotlight/foreign-corrupt-practices-act.shtml">"Spotlight on Foreign Corrupt Practices Act"</a>. <i>Securities and Exchange Commission</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302201148/https://www.sec.gov/spotlight/foreign-corrupt-practices-act.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Former+Chief+Executive+Officer+of+Oil+Services+Company+Pleads+Guilty+to+Foreign+Bribery+Charge&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2Fformer-chief-executive-officer-oil-services-company-pleads-guilty-foreign-bribery-charge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+Corrupt+Practices+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Kevin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jlsp.law.columbia.edu/wp-content/blogs.dir/213/files/2017/03/49-Wang.pdf">"Valuable Nepotism?: The FCPA and Hiring Risks in China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Columbia Law School</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+School&rft.atitle=Valuable+Nepotism%3F%3A+The+FCPA+and+Hiring+Risks+in+China&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjlsp.law.columbia.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fblogs.dir%2F213%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F03%2F49-Wang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+Corrupt+Practices+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2015-229">"SEC Charges Bristol-Myers Squibb With FCPA Violations"</a>. <i>Securities and Exchange Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Securities+and+Exchange+Commission&rft.atitle=SEC+Charges+Bristol-Myers+Squibb+With+FCPA+Violations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2015-229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+Corrupt+Practices+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/78dd-1">"15 U.S. Code § 78dd–1 - Prohibited foreign trade practices by issuers"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=15+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+78dd%E2%80%931+-+Prohibited+foreign+trade+practices+by+issuers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F15%2F78dd-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+Corrupt+Practices+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/criminal/criminal-fraud/foreign-corrupt-practices-act">"Foreign Corrupt Practices Act"</a>. <i>US Department of Justice</i>. June 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Foreign+Corrupt+Practices+Act&rft.date=2015-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fcriminal%2Fcriminal-fraud%2Fforeign-corrupt-practices-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+Corrupt+Practices+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/enforcement/foreign-corrupt-practices-act">"Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)"</a>. <i>Securities and Exchange Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Securities+and+Exchange+Commission&rft.atitle=Foreign+Corrupt+Practices+Act+%28FCPA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2Fenforcement%2Fforeign-corrupt-practices-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+Corrupt+Practices+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<b>Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Foreign+Corrupt+Practices+Act">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Foreign+Corrupt+Practices+Act&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-9569/uslm/COMPS-9569.xml">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-9569/pdf/COMPS-9569.pdf">PDF</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-9569/">details</a>) as amended in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps">Statute Compilations collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/">US Department of Justice page on the FCPA</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Federal_prosecution_of_public_corruption_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_federal_public_corruption_law" title="Template:US federal public corruption law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_federal_public_corruption_law" title="Template talk:US federal public corruption law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_federal_public_corruption_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US federal public corruption law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_prosecution_of_public_corruption_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_public_corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Federal prosecution of public corruption in the United States">Federal prosecution of public corruption in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud" title="Mail and wire fraud">Mail and wire fraud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Honest_services_fraud" title="Honest services fraud">honest services fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbs_Act" title="Hobbs Act">Hobbs Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_Act" title="Travel Act">Travel Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act" title="Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act">Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Extortion_Prevention_Act" title="Foreign Extortion Prevention Act">Foreign Extortion Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft_or_bribery_concerning_programs_receiving_Federal_funds" title="Theft or bribery concerning programs receiving Federal funds">Program bribery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>United States v. Germaine</i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States</a></i> (1905, 1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glasser_v._United_States" title="Glasser v. United States">Glasser v. United States</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i>United States v. Hood</i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Johnson_(1966)" title="United States v. Johnson (1966)">United States v. Johnson</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i>United States v. Nardello</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>United States v. Brewster</i> (1972)</li> <li><i>United States v. Helstoski</i> (1979)</li> <li><i>United States v. Gillock</i> (1980)</li> <li><i>Dixson v. United States</i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McNally_v._United_States" title="McNally v. United States">McNally v. United States</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i>McCormick v. United States</i> (1991)</li> <li><i>Evans v. United States</i> (1992)</li> <li><i>Salinas v. United States</i> (1997)</li> <li><i>United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers of California</i> (1999)</li> <li><i>Fischer v. United States</i> (2000)</li> <li><i>Sabri v. United States</i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skilling_v._United_States" title="Skilling v. United States">Skilling v. United States</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ocasio_v._United_States" title="Ocasio v. United States">Ocasio v. United States</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_v._United_States" title="McDonnell v. United States">McDonnell v. United States</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_v._United_States" title="Kelly v. United States">Kelly v. United States</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciminelli_v._United_States" title="Ciminelli v. United States">Ciminelli v. United States</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Percoco_v._United_States" title="Percoco v. United States">Percoco v. United States</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snyder_v._United_States" title="Snyder v. United States">Snyder v. United States</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kousisis_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kousisis v. United States (page does not exist)">Kousisis v. United States</a></i> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:American_politicians_convicted_of_federal_public_corruption_crimes" title="Category:American politicians convicted of federal public corruption crimes">Convictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_officials_convicted_of_corruption_offenses" title="List of United States federal officials convicted of corruption offenses">Federal officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_officials_convicted_of_federal_corruption_offenses" title="List of United States state officials convicted of federal corruption offenses">State officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_local_officials_convicted_of_federal_corruption_offenses" title="List of United States local officials convicted of federal corruption offenses">Local officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_unincorporated_territory_officials_convicted_of_federal_corruption_offenses" title="List of United States unincorporated territory officials convicted of federal corruption offenses">Unincorporated territory officials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_corruption_investigations_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Political corruption investigations in the United States">Investigations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abscam" title="Abscam">Abscam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_political_corruption_probe" title="Alaska political corruption probe">Alaska political corruption probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRISPEC_sting_operation" title="BRISPEC sting operation">BRISPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bid_Rig" title="Operation Bid Rig">Operation Bid Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Board_Games" title="Operation Board Games">Operation Board Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Boptrot" title="Operation Boptrot">Operation Boptrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Greylord" title="Operation Greylord">Operation Greylord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_G-Sting" title="Operation G-Sting">Operation G-Sting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mississippi_Hustle" title="Operation Mississippi Hustle">Operation Mississippi Hustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder_Dome" title="Operation Plunder Dome">Operation Plunder Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pretense" title="Operation Pretense">Operation Pretense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rocky_Top" title="Operation Rocky Top">Operation Rocky Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Shovel" title="Operation Silver Shovel">Operation Silver Shovel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tennessee_Waltz" title="Operation Tennessee Waltz">Operation Tennessee Waltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_corruption_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Political corruption scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Congressional_insider_trading_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Congressional insider trading scandal">Congressional insider trading scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Post_Office_scandal" title="Congressional Post Office scandal">Congressional Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_scandal" title="Cunningham scandal">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff_CNMI_scandal" title="Jack Abramoff CNMI scandal">Jack Abramoff CNMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_banking_scandal" title="House banking scandal">House banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_extortion_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelly extortion case">James A. Kelly, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreagate" title="Koreagate">Koreagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBM_scandal" title="MBM scandal">MBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_land_fraud_scandal" title="Oregon land fraud scandal">Oregon land fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Blagojevich_corruption_charges" title="Rod Blagojevich corruption charges">Rod Blagojevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_DiMasi#Corruption_case" title="Salvatore DiMasi">Salvatore DiMasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teapot_Dome_scandal" title="Teapot Dome scandal">Teapot Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedtech_scandal" title="Wedtech scandal">Wedtech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Jefferson_corruption_case" title="William J. Jefferson corruption case">William J. Jefferson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Integrity_Section" title="Public Integrity Section">Public Integrity Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Speech or Debate Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corruption" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corruption" title="Template:Corruption"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corruption" title="Template talk:Corruption"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corruption" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corruption"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corruption" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corruption in different fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_local_government" title="Corruption in local government">Corruption in local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Interest group corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_corruption" title="Police corruption">Police corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_corruption" title="Economics of corruption">Economics of corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms or aspects<br />of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baksheesh" title="Baksheesh">Baksheesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a> / <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">Grey market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bribery" title="Commercial bribery">Commercial bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li>Corporation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_corporation" title="Dummy corporation">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">Confidence trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">Graft (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honest_services_fraud" title="Honest services fraud">Honest services fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">Kickback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_fixing" title="Match fixing">Match fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">Money laundering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_and_crime" title="Cryptocurrency and crime">Cryptocurrency and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala_and_crime" title="Hawala and crime">Hawala and crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_cause_corruption" title="Noble cause corruption">Noble cause corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_courtesy" title="Professional courtesy">Professional courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">Slush fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_investment" title="Offshore investment">Offshore investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">Clientelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_capture" title="Elite capture">Elite capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">Failed state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_soldiers" title="Ghost soldiers">Ghost soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_scandal" title="Political scandal">Political scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-setting" title="Rent-setting">Rent-setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_crime" title="State crime">State crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">Ballot stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Election security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing" title="Vote pairing">Vote pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote suppression">Vote suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions dealing<br /> with corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_W._Baker" title="Raymond W. Baker">Global Financial Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim_Foundation" title="Mo Ibrahim Foundation">Mo Ibrahim Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption#UNCAC_Coalition_of_Civil_Society_Organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oficina_Anticorrupci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Oficina Anticorrupción">Oficina Anticorrupción</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_(Bangladesh)" title="Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)">Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_and_Economic_Malpractice_Observatory" title="Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory">Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory</a> (Burundi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Observatory" title="National Anti-Corruption Observatory">National Anti-Corruption Observatory</a> (Cameroon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> (China) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USKOK" class="mw-redirect" title="USKOK">USKOK</a> (Croatia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">European Anti-Fraud Office</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption">Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vigilance_Commission" title="Central Vigilance Commission">Central Vigilance Commission</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Eradication_Commission" title="Corruption Eradication Commission">KPK</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Authority_(Italy)" title="National Anti-Corruption Authority (Italy)">National Anti-Corruption Authority</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Prevention_and_Combating_Bureau" title="Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau">Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau</a> (Latvia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_and_Economic_Management_Assistance_Program" title="Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program">Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program</a> (Liberia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIANCO" title="BIANCO">BIANCO</a> (Madagascar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Anti-Corruption_Commission" title="Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission">Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_of_Myanmar" title="Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar">Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar</a> (Myanmar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Corrupt_Practices_Commission" title="Independent Corrupt Practices Commission">Independent Corrupt Practices Commission</a> (Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau" title="National Accountability Bureau">National Accountability Bureau</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_Task_Force_Sweep" title="Investigation Task Force Sweep">Investigation Task Force Sweep</a> (Papua New Guinea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">Central Anticorruption Bureau</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_General_Directorate" title="Anti-Corruption General Directorate">Anti-Corruption General Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anticorruption_Directorate" title="National Anticorruption Directorate">National Anticorruption Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Committee_of_Russia" title="Investigative Committee of Russia">Investigative Committee of Russia</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Anti-corruption_Commission" title="Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission">Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Practices_Investigation_Bureau" title="Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau">Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Prevention_of_Corruption_of_the_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia">Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_and_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission">Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Bureau_of_Ukraine" title="National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine">National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine</a> (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warioba_Commission" title="Warioba Commission">Warioba Commission</a> (Tanzania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Steering_Committee_on_Anti-corruption" title="Central Steering Committee on Anti-corruption">Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption</a> (Vietnam)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws and<br />enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter_and_Grievance_Redressal_Bill_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011">Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011</a> (pending)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Extortion_Prevention_Act" title="Foreign Extortion Prevention Act">Foreign Extortion Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lokpal_and_Lokayuktas_Act,_2013" title="The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013">The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery_Act_2010" title="Bribery Act 2010">UK Bribery Act of 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower#Legal_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br />instruments<br />and efforts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_Against_Corruption" title="Inter-American Convention Against Corruption">Inter-American Convention Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">International asset recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Anti-Corruption_Authorities" title="International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities">International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protest<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011 Azerbaijani protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">Anti-austerity movement in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-corruption_campaign" title="Russian anti-corruption campaign">Russian anti-corruption campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">Yo Soy 132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932019_Romanian_protests" title="2017–2019 Romanian protests">2017–2019 Romanian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Russian_protests" title="2017–2018 Russian protests">2017–2018 Russian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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