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<div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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data-title="কলাম্বিয়া গ্রাফোফোন কোম্পানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Columbia Graphophone Company" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columbia Graphophone Company" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کلمبیا گرافوفون کمپانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلمبیا گرافوفون کمپانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Columbia Graphophone Company" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columbia Graphophone Company" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the United States-based <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Record label</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #000000"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Columbia Graphophone Company</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_Graphophone_1968_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Columbia_Graphophone_1968_vector.svg/220px-Columbia_Graphophone_1968_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Columbia_Graphophone_1968_vector.svg/330px-Columbia_Graphophone_1968_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Columbia_Graphophone_1968_vector.svg/440px-Columbia_Graphophone_1968_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="299" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The company's "Columbia" trademark</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent company</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Phonograph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Phonograph Company">Columbia Phonograph Company</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> (20 April 1931– January 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (Australia and New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> (most catalogues)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">13 February 1917<span class="noprint">; 107 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1917-02-13</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1973<span class="noprint">; 51 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1973-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Catalogue and artist roster owned by <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone Records</a> outside Australasia since 2012, trademark and name sold to <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a> in 1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category">Various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_Phonograph_Company,_p%C5%82yta_fonograficzna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Columbia_Phonograph_Company%2C_p%C5%82yta_fonograficzna.jpg/220px-Columbia_Phonograph_Company%2C_p%C5%82yta_fonograficzna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Columbia_Phonograph_Company%2C_p%C5%82yta_fonograficzna.jpg/330px-Columbia_Phonograph_Company%2C_p%C5%82yta_fonograficzna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Columbia_Phonograph_Company%2C_p%C5%82yta_fonograficzna.jpg/440px-Columbia_Phonograph_Company%2C_p%C5%82yta_fonograficzna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="2428" /></a><figcaption>Columbia Phonograph Company, gramophone record</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Columbia Graphophone Co. Ltd.</b> was one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">gramophone</a> companies in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. </p><p>Founded in 1917 as an offshoot of the American <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Phonograph Company</a>, it became an independent British-owned company in 1922 in a management buy-out after the parent company went into receivership. </p><p>In 1925, it acquired a controlling interest in its American parent company to take advantage of a new electrical recording process. The British firm also controlled the US operations from 1925 until 1931. That year Columbia Graphophone in the UK merged with the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Company" title="Gramophone Company">Gramophone Company</a> (which sold records under the <a href="/wiki/His_Master%27s_Voice" title="His Master's Voice">His Master's Voice</a> label) to form <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>. At the same time, Columbia divested itself of its American branch, which was eventually absorbed by Columbia Broadcasting System (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>) in 1938. </p><p>The company's record label <b>Columbia</b> became a successful British brand in the 1950s and 1960s, and was eventually replaced by the newly created <a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a>, as part of a label consolidation. This in turn was absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Parlophone_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlophone Records">Parlophone Records</a> unit of <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> in 2013. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Graphophone_Company&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Phonograph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Phonograph Company">Columbia Phonograph Company</a> was originally founded in the US by <a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Easton" title="Edward D. Easton">Edward D. Easton</a> in 1887,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initially as a distributor with a local monopoly on sales and service of Edison <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonographs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">phonograph cylinders</a> in Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Delaware. It also made its own compatible cylinder recordings. In 1901, Columbia began selling disc records (invented and patented by <a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a>) and phonographs. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Phonograph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison Phonograph Company">Edison Phonograph Company</a> cylinders and the Victor discs. <a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Edison discs</a> and Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic recording">acoustic</a> records both had a nominal <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record#Speeds" title="Phonograph record">playback speed</a> of 80 rpm. </p><p>From about 1898 until 1922 the US parent company managed a UK subsidiary, the Columbia Graphophone Manufacturing Company. Its headquarters and studios were established in Victorian warehouses at 102-108 <a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell_Road" title="Clerkenwell Road">Clerkenwell Road</a> shortly before the First World War, and the buildings were a key location in the development of the British recording industry until the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, the <b>Columbia Graphophone Company</b> was registered as a British company, with the shares being held by the American firm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns200098_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns200098-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general market downturn in 1921 affected the whole entertainment industry. Profits turned to losses, and in late 1922 the creditors of the US parent company filed a petition for involuntary bankruptcy: Columbia went into receivership. Seeking to raise cash, Columbia sold the British branch in December 1922 to a group of investors led by Columbia's General Manager in Britain, the American-born Louis Sterling (1879–1958).<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_Early_20s_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_Early_20s-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hound_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hound-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columbia in the US emerged from receivership in February 1924 as the Columbia Phonograph Company Inc., but was immediately faced with another crisis, as booming <a href="/wiki/Radio_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio set">radio sales</a> reduced the firm's profitability.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_Early_20s_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_Early_20s-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>-<a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a> had developed a new <a href="/wiki/Electrical_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical recording">electrical recording</a> system to replace the old <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic recording">acoustic recording</a> methods, and was offering exclusive rights to Victor although its Chairman's illness had led to delays.<sup id="cite_ref-Hound_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hound-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis Sterling as Managing Director had turned around the fortunes of UK Columbia, and persuaded Western Electric that granting a monopoly would be a grave mistake. Columbia had been making test electrical recordings since at least August 1924 with the Western Electrical system.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutton_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Columbia Phonograph Company of New York could not afford the royalty payments, Sterling was in a position to buy out the US operation and, as an American company, to purchase the licence for the new Western Electric patents.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_Early_20s_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_Early_20s-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satisfied with the progress of the test recordings, in March 1925, Louis Sterling (backed by <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J.P. Morgan</a> & Co.), acquired a controlling interest in the parent company, Columbia US, for $2.5 million (about £500,000) in order to take advantage of Western Electric's patents.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_Late_20s_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_Late_20s-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The firm continued in business as the Columbia Graphophone Company in many countries as a British company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns200095,_98_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns200095,_98-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sterling, originally from New York, became chairman of the US operation. </p><p>On February 25, 1925, Columbia began recording with the licensed Western Electric recording process and was using it on a regular basis by April. The royalty payments were considerable, and in 1928 Columbia hired the English electronics engineer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Blumlein" title="Alan Blumlein">Alan Blumlein</a> to work on an alternative. By late 1930, he had developed a recording system including a <a href="/wiki/Moving-coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Moving-coil">moving-coil</a> microphone and a cutting head with <a href="/wiki/Linearity#Electronics" title="Linearity">linear characteristics</a> which circumvented Western Electric's patents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2000112–3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2000112–3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbia continued to use acoustic recording methods for the cheaper labels, and to release discs made with old acoustic masters on the Harmony and Velvet Tone labels until around 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutton_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The repercussions of the stock market <a href="/wiki/Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Crash of 1929">Crash of 1929</a> led to huge losses in the recording industry and, in March 1931, J.P Morgan, the major shareholder, steered the Columbia Graphophone Company (along with <a href="/wiki/Odeon_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Odeon records">Odeon Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a>, which it had owned since 1926) into a merger with the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Company" title="Gramophone Company">Gramophone Company</a> (HMV) to form Electric and Musical Industries Ltd (<a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_Early_30s_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_Early_30s-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the merger, the Gramophone Company had not fully developed an alternative to Western Electric's process and was still paying royalty fees, so it was a technically advantageous move.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2000112–3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2000112–3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the Gramophone Company (HMV) was a wholly owned subsidiary of Victor, and Columbia in America was a subsidiary of UK Columbia, Victor now technically owned its largest rival in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_Early_30s_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_Early_30s-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> legislation, EMI had to sell off its US Columbia operation, which continued to release pressings of matrices made in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_Early_30s_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_Early_30s-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American company was eventually absorbed by Columbia Broadcasting System (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>) (another of its former offshoots) in 1938. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_an_EMI_label">As an EMI label</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Graphophone_Company&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As an EMI label"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EMI continued to operate the Columbia record label in the UK until the early 1970s, and in all other territories except for the US, Canada, Spain and Japan, until it sold its remaining interest in the Columbia trademark to <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music Entertainment</a> in 1990. </p><p>Under EMI, UK Columbia's releases were mainly licensed recordings from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">American Columbia</a> until 1951 when American Columbia switched British distribution to <a href="/wiki/Philips_Records" title="Philips Records">Philips Records</a>. UK Columbia continued to distribute American Columbia sister labels <a href="/wiki/Okeh_Records" title="Okeh Records">Okeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic</a> until 1968 when American Columbia's then parent CBS moved distribution of all its labels to the new <a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_International" title="CBS Records International">CBS Records</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created from the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Oriole_Records_(UK)" title="Oriole Records (UK)">Oriole Records (UK)</a> in late 1964. The loss of American Columbia product had forced UK Columbia to groom its own talent<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Russ_Conway" title="Russ Conway">Russ Conway</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(composer)" title="John Barry (composer)">John Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Richard" title="Cliff Richard">Cliff Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shadows" title="The Shadows">the Shadows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Shapiro" title="Helen Shapiro">Helen Shapiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ifield" title="Frank Ifield">Frank Ifield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_and_the_Dreamers" title="Freddie and the Dreamers">Freddie and the Dreamers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dave_Clark_Five" title="The Dave Clark Five">the Dave Clark Five</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Bassey" title="Shirley Bassey">Shirley Bassey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Vaughan" title="Frankie Vaughan">Frankie Vaughan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Des_O%27Connor" title="Des O'Connor">Des O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Dodd" title="Ken Dodd">Ken Dodd</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Animals" title="The Animals">the Animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman%27s_Hermits" title="Herman's Hermits">Herman's Hermits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_and_the_Pacemakers" title="Gerry and the Pacemakers">Gerry and the Pacemakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Seekers" title="The Seekers">the Seekers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Yardbirds" title="The Yardbirds">the Yardbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Beck" title="Jeff Beck">Jeff Beck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by A&R man <a href="/wiki/Norrie_Paramor" title="Norrie Paramor">Norrie Paramor</a>, the label was arguably the most successful in Britain in the rock era prior to the <a href="/wiki/Beat_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Beat boom">beat boom</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the mid 1960s, UK Columbia added an <a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">audiophile</a> imprint called <a href="/wiki/Studio_2_Stereo_Records" title="Studio 2 Stereo Records">Studio 2 Stereo</a>. During that time, the Columbia Graphophone Company was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Company" title="Gramophone Company">Gramophone Company</a> with the label maintaining its identity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EMI engaged in litigation with CBS regarding the importing of American records bearing the Columbia imprint into areas where EMI owned the Columbia name.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Releases from the British Columbia Graphophone Company appeared in Japan under <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Columbia" title="Nippon Columbia">Nippon Columbia</a> until 1962, when licensing was switched to <a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Japan" title="EMI Music Japan">Toshiba Musical Industries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phaseout_of_label_by_EMI_and_trade_mark_transfer">Phaseout of label by EMI and trade mark transfer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Graphophone_Company&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phaseout of label by EMI and trade mark transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EMI decided to reserve the <a href="/wiki/His_Master%27s_Voice" title="His Master's Voice">HMV</a> label for classical repertoire and had transferred HMV's remaining pop acts to Columbia and <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a> by 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EMI began to replace the Columbia label with the eponymous <a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a> in January 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Columbia single was issued in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EMI sold its remaining interest in the Columbia name in 1990 to <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music Entertainment</a> (formerly CBS Records Group), which already owned Columbia Records in the U.S. and Canada. The formal reassignment of British registered trade marks from EMI, including the "magic notes" logo, took place in 1993. </p><p>For the Columbia Records trade mark in the UK<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and elsewhere, Sony Music now prefers the "walking eye" logo previously used by the old CBS Records, which is based on the Columbia Records logo introduced in the US and Canada in 1955. However, the "magic notes" logo is occasionally used, usually to give a 'retro' feel (such as on the 2016 vinyl reissues of Pink Floyd's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Piper_at_the_Gates_of_Dawn" title="The Piper at the Gates of Dawn">Piper at the Gates of Dawn</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Saucerful_of_Secrets" title="A Saucerful of Secrets">A Saucerful of Secrets</a>,</i> and on Bob Dylan's <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_of_Mind_(Bob_Dylan_album)" title="Time Out of Mind (Bob Dylan album)">Time Out of Mind</a></i>). </p><p>The Columbia name was still on some EMI releases between 1973 and 1990 (such as <a href="/wiki/Baltimora" title="Baltimora">Baltimora</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Tarzan_Boy" title="Tarzan Boy">Tarzan Boy</a>" in 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Mas_(album)" title="Jeanne Mas (album)">Jeanne Mas</a></i> and the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Kiki_Dee" title="Kiki Dee">Kiki Dee</a> album <i><a href="/wiki/Angel_Eyes_(Kiki_Dee_album)" title="Angel Eyes (Kiki Dee album)">Angel Eyes</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it had ceased acting as a fully functioning label. </p><p>In Australia and Germany, EMI continued using the Columbia label throughout the 1970s and to at least 1980, but added the EMI label in 1973. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_ownership">Current ownership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Graphophone_Company&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through its ownership of the former Columbia/EMI catalogue, Parlophone Records' new owner <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> assumed Columbia's artist roster and catalogue.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New reissues bear the Parlophone imprint.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbia's reissues, and by extension, those from HMV's popular genres, are distributed by WMG's <a href="/wiki/Rhino_Entertainment" title="Rhino Entertainment">Rhino Entertainment</a> in the United States. </p><p>The Australian and New Zealand EMI Columbia catalogues, including recordings by <a href="/wiki/John_Farnham" title="John Farnham">John Farnham</a>, who went by Johnny during his time with the label, were ceded to <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Australia" title="Universal Music Australia">Universal Music Australia</a>'s imprint, <a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Australia" title="EMI Music Australia">EMI Recorded Music Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_New_Zealand" title="Universal Music New Zealand">Universal Music New Zealand</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Graphophone_Company&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a>, a Bell name & trademark acquired by several US record firms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Columbia_Graphophone_Company_artists" title="List of Columbia Graphophone Company artists">List of Columbia Graphophone Company artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_record_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of record labels">List of record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Columbia" title="Nippon Columbia">Nippon Columbia</a>, one-time Japanese affiliate</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Graphophone_Company&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/97">"Columbia Corporate History: Introduction"</a>. <i>Discography of American Historical Recordings</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discography+of+American+Historical+Recordings&rft.atitle=Columbia+Corporate+History%3A+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadp.library.ucsb.edu%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Fdetail%2F97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol46/pp385-406">"Clerkenwell Road". <i>British History Online</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns200098-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns200098_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2000">Burns 2000</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks_Early_20s-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_Early_20s_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_Early_20s_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_Early_20s_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks" class="citation cs2">Brooks, Tim (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/113"><i>Columbia Corporate History: The Early 1920s</i></a>, Columbia Master Book Discography, Volume I (Online ed.), Discography of American Historical Recordings, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205150810/https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/113/">archived</a> from the original on Feb 5, 2024;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Corporate+History%3A+The+Early+1920s&rft.series=Columbia+Master+Book+Discography%2C+Volume+I&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Discography+of+American+Historical+Recordings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadp.library.ucsb.edu%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Fdetail%2F113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/131">"Notes to Columbia Records, 1901-1934: A History"</a>. <i>Discography of American Historical Recordings</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531191830/https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/131">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discography+of+American+Historical+Recordings&rft.atitle=Notes+to+Columbia+Records%2C+1901-1934%3A+A+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadp.library.ucsb.edu%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Fdetail%2F131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Louis_Saul_Sterling">"Louis Saul Sterling"</a>. <i>Grace's Guide to British Industrial History</i>. 7 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grace%27s+Guide+to+British+Industrial+History&rft.atitle=Louis+Saul+Sterling&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracesguide.co.uk%2FLouis_Saul_Sterling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hound-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hound_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hound_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundofthehound.com/absent-friends/sterling-louis-1879-1958/">"Sterling, Louis (1879–1958)"</a>. <i>Sound Of The Hound</i>. (originally printed in Gramophone Magazine, July 1958). 18 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sound+Of+The+Hound&rft.atitle=Sterling%2C+Louis+%281879%E2%80%931958%29&rft.date=2011-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundofthehound.com%2Fabsent-friends%2Fsterling-louis-1879-1958%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recordingpioneers.com/RP_STERLING1.html">"Louis Saul Sterling"</a>. <i>Recording Pioneers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recording+Pioneers&rft.atitle=Louis+Saul+Sterling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recordingpioneers.com%2FRP_STERLING1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutton-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2019" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Allan (12 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529132644/https://78records.wordpress.com/2019/06/12/the-birth-of-electrical-recording-part-1/">"The Birth of Electrical Recording – Part 1"</a>. Mainspring Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://78records.wordpress.com/2019/06/12/the-birth-of-electrical-recording-part-1/">the original</a> on 29 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Electrical+Recording+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.pub=Mainspring+Press&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F78records.wordpress.com%2F2019%2F06%2F12%2Fthe-birth-of-electrical-recording-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks_Late_20s-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_Late_20s_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks" class="citation cs2">Brooks, Tim (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/114"><i>Columbia Corporate History: Electrical Recording and the Late 1920s</i></a>, Columbia Master Book Discography, Volume I (Online ed.), Discography of American Historical Recordings (DAHR)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Corporate+History%3A+Electrical+Recording+and+the+Late+1920s&rft.series=Columbia+Master+Book+Discography%2C+Volume+I&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Discography+of+American+Historical+Recordings+%28DAHR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadp.library.ucsb.edu%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Fdetail%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span> <i>See also</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/131">Notes section</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns200095,_98-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns200095,_98_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2000">Burns 2000</a>, pp. 95, 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2000112–3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2000112–3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2000112–3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2000">Burns 2000</a>, pp. 112–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks_Early_30s-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_Early_30s_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_Early_30s_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_Early_30s_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks" class="citation cs2">Brooks, Tim (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/115"><i>Columbia Corporate History: Market Crash, 1929, and the Early 1930s</i></a>, Columbia Master Book Discography, Volume I (Online ed.), Discography of American Historical Recordings (DAHR)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Corporate+History%3A+Market+Crash%2C+1929%2C+and+the+Early+1930s&rft.series=Columbia+Master+Book+Discography%2C+Volume+I&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Discography+of+American+Historical+Recordings+%28DAHR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadp.library.ucsb.edu%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Fdetail%2F115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span> <i>See also</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/131">Notes section</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalworth2005" class="citation journal cs1">Walworth, Julia (2005). "Sir Louis Sterling and his library". <i>Jewish Historical Studies</i>. <b>40</b>. Jewish Historical Society of England: 161. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027031">24027031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Sir+Louis+Sterling+and+his+library&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=161&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24027031%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Walworth&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/616485.stm">"EMI: A Brief History"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 January 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=EMI%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.date=2000-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F616485.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwoEAAAAMBAJ&q=okeh+%2B+cbs&pg=PA46"><i>Billboard - Google Books</i></a>. 11 May 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard+-+Google+Books&rft.date=1968-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpwoEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dokeh%2B%252B%2Bcbs%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthall2011" class="citation book cs1">Southall, Brian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRXkYz58238C&q=%22forced+emi+to+find+a+roster&pg=PT42"><i>The Rise & Fall of EMI Records - Brian Southall - Google Books</i></a>. Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857120298" title="Special:BookSources/9780857120298"><bdi>9780857120298</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+%26+Fall+of+EMI+Records+-+Brian+Southall+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780857120298&rft.aulast=Southall&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRXkYz58238C%26q%3D%2522forced%2Bemi%2Bto%2Bfind%2Ba%2Broster%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pink Floyd recorded their first three albums for Columbia Graphophone, then switched to Harvest; some of their recordings for Harvest were leased to the CBS Columbia label.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i1127.photobucket.com/albums/l633/anchorrecords6/110816/121101/016.jpg">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Heart Full of Soul" record label"</a>. i1127.photobucket.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Heart+Full+of+Soul%22+record+label&rft.pub=i1127.photobucket.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi1127.photobucket.com%2Falbums%2Fl633%2Fanchorrecords6%2F110816%2F121101%2F016.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Y-vT6tQddIw/Te_SXa_RmqI/AAAAAAAAAHw/XGWZTSW5_24/s1600/DSC06323.JPG">"<i>The Yardbirds</i> record label"</a>. 3.bp.blogspot.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Yardbirds+record+label&rft.pub=3.bp.blogspot.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F3.bp.blogspot.com%2F-Y-vT6tQddIw%2FTe_SXa_RmqI%2FAAAAAAAAAHw%2FXGWZTSW5_24%2Fs1600%2FDSC06323.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2010" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen, Tu Thanh (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTCLfV6aQHwC&q=%22emi+records%22+%2B+columbia&pg=PA146"><i>Competition Law, Technology Transfer and the Trips Agreement: Implications ... - Tú Thanh Nguyen - Google Books</i></a>. Edward Elgar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849805445" title="Special:BookSources/9781849805445"><bdi>9781849805445</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competition+Law%2C+Technology+Transfer+and+the+Trips+Agreement%3A+Implications+...+-+T%C3%BA+Thanh+Nguyen+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2010-01&rft.isbn=9781849805445&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Tu+Thanh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTCLfV6aQHwC%26q%3D%2522emi%2Brecords%2522%2B%252B%2Bcolumbia%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SygEAAAAMBAJ&q=1967+%2B+columbia+%2B+hmv+%2B+classical&pg=RA1-PA51"><i>Billboard - Google Books</i></a>. 11 November 1967<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard+-+Google+Books&rft.date=1967-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSygEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3D1967%2B%252B%2Bcolumbia%2B%252B%2Bhmv%2B%252B%2Bclassical%26pg%3DRA1-PA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rw8EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22emi+records%22&pg=PA42"><i>Billboard - Google Books</i></a>. 23 December 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard+-+Google+Books&rft.date=1972-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRw8EAAAAMBAJ%26q%3D%2522emi%2Brecords%2522%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQkEAAAAMBAJ&q=columbia+%2B+emi+%2B+1973&pg=PA53"><i>Billboard - Google Books</i></a>. 3 February 1973<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard+-+Google+Books&rft.date=1973-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQkEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dcolumbia%2B%252B%2Bemi%2B%252B%2B1973%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.45cat.com//record/db9175">"Soulsister - The Way To Your Heart (UK Version)"</a>. <i>45cat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=45cat&rft.atitle=Soulsister+-+The+Way+To+Your+Heart+%28UK+Version%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.45cat.com%2F%2Frecord%2Fdb9175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.co.uk/">"Columbia Records UK"</a>. Columbia.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+Records+UK&rft.pub=Columbia.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/release/258384">"Baltimora - Tarzan Boy (Vinyl)"</a>. Discogs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baltimora+-+Tarzan+Boy+%28Vinyl%29&rft.pub=Discogs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Frelease%2F258384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/release/3578574">"Kiki Dee - Angel Eyes (Vinyl, LP)"</a>. Discogs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiki+Dee+-+Angel+Eyes+%28Vinyl%2C+LP%29&rft.pub=Discogs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Frelease%2F3578574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/release/3578575">"Kiki Dee - Angel Eyes (Vinyl, LP)"</a>. Discogs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiki+Dee+-+Angel+Eyes+%28Vinyl%2C+LP%29&rft.pub=Discogs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Frelease%2F3578575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whypinkfloyd.com/">"Why Pink Floyd?, Pink Floyd & EMI 2011 remastered campaign"</a>. Whypinkfloyd.com. 19 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Pink+Floyd%3F%2C+Pink+Floyd+%26+EMI+2011+remastered+campaign&rft.pub=Whypinkfloyd.com&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhypinkfloyd.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/warner-music-group-integrates-parlophone-667019">"Warner Music Group Integrates Parlophone Roster, Including Coldplay, David Guetta and Pink Floyd"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. 19 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warner+Music+Group+Integrates+Parlophone+Roster%2C+Including+Coldplay%2C+David+Guetta+and+Pink+Floyd&rft.pub=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fwarner-music-group-integrates-parlophone-667019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aearwaker.tripod.com/Helen_Shapiro_Overseas_Albums_Japan.html">"Helen_Shapiro_Overseas_Albums_Japan"</a>. <i>aearwaker.tripod.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aearwaker.tripod.com&rft.atitle=Helen_Shapiro_Overseas_Albums_Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faearwaker.tripod.com%2FHelen_Shapiro_Overseas_Albums_Japan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noise11.com/news/universal-absorbs-emi-and-then-there-were-three-20130131">"Universal Absorbs EMI And Then There Were Three"</a>. 31 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Universal+Absorbs+EMI+And+Then+There+Were+Three&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noise11.com%2Fnews%2Funiversal-absorbs-emi-and-then-there-were-three-20130131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/universals-emi-deal-approved-by-new-zealand-regulators-1092960/">"Universal's EMI Deal Approved By New Zealand Regulators"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. 21 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Universal%27s+EMI+Deal+Approved+By+New+Zealand+Regulators&rft.date=2012-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Funiversals-emi-deal-approved-by-new-zealand-regulators-1092960%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2000" class="citation book cs1">Burns, R. W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2z2ONO7nBQC&pg=PA98"><i>The Life and Times of A. D. Blumlein</i></a>. London: Institute of Electrical Engineers, in association with the Science Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852967737" title="Special:BookSources/9780852967737"><bdi>9780852967737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+A.+D.+Blumlein&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Institute+of+Electrical+Engineers%2C+in+association+with+the+Science+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780852967737&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2z2ONO7nBQC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+Graphophone+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Graphophone_Company&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/label/97841">Columbia Graphophone Company Ltd.</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/label/97052">EMI Columbia</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16551245n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16551245n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007583273205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/12442418X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Columbia Graphophone Company Ltd."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/038e2295-81ec-4b36-a589-925d611ece87">MusicBrainz label</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Graphophone_Company&oldid=1254082306">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Graphophone_Company&oldid=1254082306</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_record_labels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Defunct record labels of the United Kingdom">Defunct record labels of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a 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