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Innovations in Cholera Vaccination: From Multi-Dose to Single-Dose Regimens – Vaccine Studies
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class="content-area" id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-78" class="post-78 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cholera-vaccination tag-cholera tag-global-health tag-immunization tag-multi-dose tag-oral-cholera-vaccine tag-public-health tag-single-dose tag-vaccination" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/vaccine-min-scaled-e1728129170990.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Innovations in Cholera Vaccination: From Multi-Dose to Single-Dose Regimens</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-05T17:23:49+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">October 5, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/author/vaccine-studies/" title="View all posts by vaccine-studies" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">vaccine-studies</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cholera is a severe form of diarrheal disease that is manifested by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and remains a major public health concern to the present time, especially for third-world countries. It is an acute disease that is contracted through ingestion of contaminated water and food, and its effect involves rapid loss of fluids. If no treatment is sought, the death occurs within a few hours. Older approaches have aimed to manipulate WASH conditions, but these have rarely been sufficient to prevent cholera’s return, especially in complex emergencies. Thus, OCV has increasingly become an important control measure in the global approach towards cholera. A lot has been achieved in the cholera vaccination, including the single-dose regimens in the last year. These innovations will assist in the ease of immunization, increasing its reach and increasing the general effectiveness of cholera control.</span></p> <h3><b>The Evolution of Cholera Vaccines</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The development of cholera vaccines has been going on for more than one century; the first efforts were devoted to the parenteral ones. However, these early vaccines were not popular because of their lower efficacy and difficulty in administration. However, the torch was lit only in the last quarter of the twentieth century, with the formulation of oral cholera vaccines. Those vaccines that could be given with a minimum of training and effort—such vaccines gave a new dimension to public health campaigns.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The first OCVs that became available for widespread use were those that needed multiple administrations, preferably two shots a fortnight apart. This approach worked well in terms of immunizing but came with practical difficulties, which included the fact that the doses were administered at least a week apart, which posed challenges, especially in areas with limited access to healthcare facilities. However, follow-up to receive the second dose of the vaccine was also challenging, and therefore, the vaccine coverage rate was lower than anticipated.</span></p> <h3><b>Challenges of Multi-Dose Vaccination Regimens</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Shanchol and Dukoral are the brands of cholera vaccines that have been used in checking cholera incidences in many parts of the world. However, the prospect of having to give multiple doses has been more of a challenge since it hinders broader coverage of immunization. The interval between the doses can become a severe problem in case of an emergency, for example, during an outbreak. Quite often, the need for immunization is emergency-like, and while waiting for the booster shot, people are at high risk and unprotected.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, in other places where healthcare is a costly affair or where there is a scarcity of the same, it is very hard to make sure that a person receives the second dose. Experiences like transportation challenges, health literacy, and other commitments make it impossible to follow through with the vaccine completion. This has led to decreased provision of vaccines, reduced success of the Herd Immunity theory, and thus poor cholera control.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/publication-trends/index/cholera vaccination" target="_blank" title="cholera vaccination - yearwise publication trends">cholera vaccination</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 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The concept is simple: do not give sufficient immunity against cholera using one dose of the vaccine, which makes logistics easier and chances of attaining a high vaccination coverage possible.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Upper respiratory soft tissue infections can be caused by several pathogens, but most recent studies have shown that single-dose OCVs can be effective, especially during outbreaks. For example, in one study of a community randomized administering a dose of the killed oral cholera vaccine, Shanchol was 40% protective against any cholera and 63% protective against severely dehydrating cholera in the subsequent 180 days. Such a level of protection is especially useful in conditions of an epidemic when the task is to minimize the number of affected people as soon as possible and minimize the spread of the disease.</span></p> <h3><b>Efficacy and Effectiveness of Single-Dose Vaccines</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The safety of single-dose cholera vaccines has been under evaluation by researchers, with many studies that support its relevance in cholera control. For example, a study that was carried out in Lusaka, Zambia, where there was an outbreak of cholera diarrhea, revealed that an oral vaccine given once reduced the chances of the disease among older kids and adults by 89 percent. Such a high efficacy also provides evidence for the use of single-dose regimens, for example, in cases where a quick effect is necessary.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another trial held in Guinea during the mass cholera epidemic confirmed that a single-dose regimen offered a good efficacy of 86% protection against cholera. It dissipated to 6% within the first few months after the administration of the questionnaire. It also pointed out some of the operational benefits of a one-dose strategy to the administration and the organization of the vaccination programs.</span></p> <h3><b>Advantages of Single-Dose Vaccines</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Multi-dose cholera vaccines have multiple benefits than single-dose cholera vaccines in as far as implementation and public health implications are concerned. First and foremost, first-line single-dose regimens are much more convenient to administer as compared to multiple-dose ones, especially when it comes to countries and districts with a comparatively low level of developed healthcare. Vaccination, which is generally a single dose, means that in calamities and other disasters where time is of the essence, a single-dose vaccine makes it easier to immunize people.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also, vaccines with single doses will be more effective in giving high population coverage. Since follow-up visits can be tiresome, the use of only one dose shall ensure that many health workers get as many people inoculated as possible with one dose. It could be used especially in regions that are hard to access or areas that have experienced conflicts where there is often a challenge of following up with the people.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A fifth benefit of single-dose vaccines is their ability to offer some immunity during outbreak periods. In situations where we find ourselves in the middle of a cholera outbreak, the single-dose vaccine enables the development of immunity in the affected population, hence controlling the spread of the disease. This is especially the case in cities since, asserting high population densities and poor standards of hygiene, the disease assumes a runaway course.</span></p> <h3><b>Limitations and Considerations</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Admittedly, single-dose cholera vaccines provide the following Yet, single-dose cholera vaccines have some drawbacks at the same time. Age-long immunity is one lowlight since some of the vaccines take a relatively short time to offer protection to the recipient. Research has indicated that vaccines that were given as single doses afford tremendous temporary immunity, though these decrease after a while. For example, the immunization effect of a given vaccine dose in the Bangladeshi population was discovered to wane over time within several months. This implies that even as the single dose is very effective after an outbreak, these vaccines may require booster doses or other forms of follow-up to be very effective in the longer term.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Next, we have the issue of differences in immunity levels arising from the vaccines themselves; there’s a difference that is bound to be recognized between youths and the elderly. Certain research has suggested that the adverse effects of single-dose vaccines are more evidently depicted in the younger groups than the older groups, children and adults. This brings vital issues on the right measures to be taken in managing the risks of the cholera-prone groups, such as children since they are likely to experience severe effects.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/cholera vaccination" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="cholera vaccination - yearwise publication list">cholera vaccination</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; border-radius:30px; } .publication-block p { margin-bottom: .5em; font-size: 15px; color: #000; } h3 { font-size: 18px !important; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; } a { padding: 5px; color: #a71c49; } #keyword-papers{ margin-top: 20px; text-align: center; } </style> <script> function decodeString(str) { str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); return str; } function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var title_de = decodeString(paper.title); var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${title_de}">${title_de}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "In silico design and analysis of a multi-epitope vaccine against Chlamydia.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38889932", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Cholera and diarrheal diseases in Cuamba District, Niassa Province, Mozambique: Systematic healthcare facility-based surveillance strengthening, characteristics of suspected cholera and diarrheal patients, and incidence of diarrheal diseases.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38687808", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Seroconversion and Kinetics of Vibriocidal Antibodies during the First 90 Days of Re-Vaccination with Oral Cholera Vaccine in an Endemic Population.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38675772", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses against Vibrio cholerae using oral immunization by multi-epitope-phage-based vaccine.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38710117", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Modelling techniques in cholera epidemiology: A systematic and critical review.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38777029", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Mathematical modeling of cholera dynamics with intrinsic growth considering constant interventions.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38409239", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "PIRES2-EGFP\/CTB-UreI vaccination activated a mixed Th1\/Th2\/Th17 immune system defense towards Helicobacter pylori infection in the BALB\/c mice model.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38453620", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Cholera Deaths During Outbreaks in Uvira, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 10-35 Months After Mass Vaccination.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38500577", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "In silico design of a novel multi-epitope vaccine against HCV infection through immunoinformatics approaches.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38621559", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Safety and immunogenicity of the Euvichol-S oral cholera vaccine for prevention of Vibrio cholerae O1 infection in Nepal: an observer-blind, active-controlled, randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38614631", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Author Correction: Enhanced cholera surveillance to improve vaccination campaign efficiency.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38982298", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Comprehensive Review on the Use of Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) in Ethiopia: 2019 to 2023.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38996040", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Multisectoral approach for the control of cholera outbreak - lessons and challenges from Lusaka district - Zambia, October 2023 - February 2024.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39184850", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Louis Pasteur: A Legacy Unmasked.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39347279", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Hajj vaccination strategies: Preparedness for risk mitigation.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39353398", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Impact of a multi-pronged cholera intervention in an endemic setting.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39314953", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Enhanced cholera surveillance to improve vaccination campaign efficiency.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38443690", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Early use of oral cholera vaccines as a prime control measure during outbreaks: Necessary but not sufficient.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38594122", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Informing policy via dynamic models: Cholera in Haiti.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38683863", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Validation of a Human Challenge Model Using an LT-Expressing Enterotoxigenic Strain (LSN03-016011) and Characterization of Potential Amelioration of Disease by an Investigational Oral Vaccine Candidate (VLA1701).", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38674674", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Cholera","Vaccination","Oral Cholera Vaccine","Single-Dose","Multi-Dose","Public Health","Outbreak","Immunization","WASH","Global Health"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>The Future of Cholera Vaccination</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The use of single-dose cholera vaccines is an innovation in the world of public health. With the world still on the move towards achieving the concept of cholera elimination, there is always the need to be able to quickly and efficiently vaccinate vulnerable populations in affected regions. Perhaps the best example is that of a single-dose vaccine; this may be useful, especially for the regions where there are few healthcare services and where the response should be prompt.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nonetheless, the process of popularizing single-dose cholera vaccines does not come without a lot of hitches. Molecular epidemiological studies and investigations of disease dynamics continue to be required to ask issues as to how long vaccine protection lasts, what doses of vaccine should be administered across specific groups, and whether there are optimum approaches to reconcile vaccination with other cholera control interventions. Moreover, necessary measures to enhance the availability of vaccines and improve healthcare systems in the areas vulnerable to cholera will be required for the further improvement of these novelties.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Last but not least, the transition from a multivalent to a monovalent cholera vaccine has put the world in a better standing against this disease. These vaccines might be able to help decrease the difficulty and also the barriers to immunization interventions, expand immunization coverage, and afford quicker community-level protection in the course of an outbreak. Single-dose vaccines are certain to have a more significant role as research progresses and data becomes plentiful; thus, the stigma of the cholera-free world narrows.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li>Wierzba, T.F., 2019. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21645515.2018.1504155">Oral cholera vaccines and their impact on the global burden of disease.</a> <i>Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics</i>, <i>15</i>(6), pp.1294-1301.</li> <li>Qadri, F., Wierzba, T.F., Ali, M., Chowdhury, F., Khan, A.I., Saha, A., Khan, I.A., Asaduzzaman, M., Akter, A., Khan, A. and Begum, Y.A., 2016. <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510330">Efficacy of a single-dose, inactivated oral cholera vaccine in Bangladesh.</a> <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>, <i>374</i>(18), pp.1723-1732.</li> <li>Ferreras, E., Chizema-Kawesha, E., Blake, A., Chewe, O., Mwaba, J., Zulu, G., Poncin, M., Rakesh, A., Page, A.L., Stoitsova, S. and Voute, C., 2018. <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1711583">Single-dose cholera vaccine in response to an outbreak in Zambia. </a><i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>, <i>378</i>(6), pp.577-579.</li> <li>Schwerdtle, P., Onekon, C.K. and Recoche, K., 2018. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/prehospital-and-disaster-medicine/article/abs/quantitative-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis-of-the-effectiveness-of-oral-cholera-vaccine-as-a-reactive-measure-in-cholera-outbreaks/EE7D239EFE053E7F906449AE67C1A860">A quantitative systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of oral cholera vaccine as a reactive measure in cholera outbreaks.</a> <i>Prehospital and Disaster Medicine</i>, <i>33</i>(1), pp.2-6.</li> <li>Lucas, M.E., Deen, J.L., Von Seidlein, L., Wang, X.Y., Ampuero, J., Puri, M., Ali, M., Ansaruzzaman, M., Amos, J., Macuamule, A. and Cavailler, P., 2005. <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043323">Effectiveness of mass oral cholera vaccination in Beira, Mozambique.</a> <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>, <i>352</i>(8), pp.757-767.</li> <li>Kabir, S., 2014. <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/cvi.00378-14">Critical analysis of compositions and protective efficacies of oral killed cholera vaccines.</a> <i>Clinical and Vaccine Immunology</i>, <i>21</i>(9), pp.1195-1205.</li> <li>Kar, S.K., Sah, B., Patnaik, B., Kim, Y.H., Kerketta, A.S., Shin, S., Rath, S.B., Ali, M., Mogasale, V., Khuntia, H.K. and Bhattachan, A., 2014. <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002629">Mass vaccination with a new, less expensive oral cholera vaccine using public health infrastructure in India: the Odisha model.</a> <i>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</i>, <i>8</i>(2), p.e2629.</li> <li>Hashim, R., Khatib, A.M., Enwere, G., Park, J.K., Reyburn, R., Ali, M., Chang, N.Y., Kim, D.R., Ley, B., Thriemer, K. and Lopez, A.L., 2012. <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001743">Safety of the recombinant cholera toxin B subunit, killed whole-cell (rBS-WC) oral cholera vaccine in pregnancy.</a> <i>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</i>, <i>6</i>(7), p.e1743.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">cholera vaccination</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; 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", "email": "ktchio@masante-cam.org", "slug_tail": "ketina-hirma-tchio-nighie" } }; //console.log(authors_data); displayResults_author(authors_data); var keywordsArray = ["Cholera","Vaccination","Oral Cholera Vaccine","Single-Dose","Multi-Dose","Public Health","Outbreak","Immunization","WASH","Global Health"]; displayKeywordAuthors(keywordsArray); </script></p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="gp-icon icon-categories"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M0 112c0-26.51 21.49-48 48-48h110.014a48 48 0 0143.592 27.907l12.349 26.791A16 16 0 00228.486 128H464c26.51 0 48 21.49 48 48v224c0 26.51-21.49 48-48 48H48c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48V112z" /></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/category/cholera-vaccination/" rel="category tag">Cholera Vaccination</a></span> <span 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