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href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vandal_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vandal_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Vandal Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vandal_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Islamic conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Excavation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leptis Magna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="لبدة الكبرى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لبدة الكبرى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis-Maqna" title="Leptis-Maqna – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leptis-Maqna" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лептис Магна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лептис Магна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%DD%A3%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ليپسيس ماݣنا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليپسيس ماݣنا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AD%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Λέπτις Μάγκνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λέπτις Μάγκνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لپتیس ماگنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لپتیس ماگنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%99%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%82%98" title="렙티스 마그나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="렙티스 마그나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Լեպտիս Մագնա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեպտիս Մագնա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%94" title="לפטיס מגנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לפטיס מגנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლეპტის-მაგნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეპტის-მაგნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लेप्टिस मग्ना – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लेप्टिस मग्ना" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لبتيس ماجنا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لبتيس ماجنا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="လက်ပ်တစ် မက်ဂနာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်ပ်တစ် မက်ဂနာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लेप्टिस मग्ना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लेप्टिस मग्ना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%97%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A" title="レプティス・マグナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レプティス・マグナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ptis_Magna" title="Léptis Magna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Léptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лептис-Магна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лептис-Магна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лептис Магна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лептис Магна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna_a_w%C9%94fr%C9%9B_no_Magna" title="Leptis Magna a wɔfrɛ no Magna – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Leptis Magna a wɔfrɛ no Magna" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лептіс-Магна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лептіс-Магна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="لبدہ کبری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لبدہ کبری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8E%B1%E6%99%AE%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF" title="大莱普提斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大莱普提斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Leptis Magna" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leptis_Magna&params=32_38_21_N_14_17_26_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°38′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°17′26″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.63917°N 14.29056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.63917; 14.29056</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient city in modern Libya</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Leptis Magna</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptis_Magna_(29)_(8288918733).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Leptis_Magna_%2829%29_%288288918733%29.jpg/250px-Leptis_Magna_%2829%29_%288288918733%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Leptis_Magna_%2829%29_%288288918733%29.jpg/375px-Leptis_Magna_%2829%29_%288288918733%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Leptis_Magna_%2829%29_%288288918733%29.jpg/500px-Leptis_Magna_%2829%29_%288288918733%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leptis Magna is located in Libya"><img alt="Leptis Magna is located in Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Libya_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Libya_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Libya_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Libya_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Libya_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Libya_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1551" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:5.32%;left:31.65%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Leptis Magna"><img alt="Leptis Magna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Libya</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><i>Lepcis Magna, Neapolis, Lpqy</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leptis_Magna&params=32_38_21_N_14_17_26_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°38′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°17′26″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.63917°N 14.29056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.63917; 14.29056</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1000 BC<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">7th c. AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthaginian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, ii, iii</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1982 <small>(<a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee#Sessions" title="World Heritage Committee">6th session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/183">183</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">North Africa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leptis</b> or <b>Lepcis Magna</b>, also known by <a href="#Names">other names</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, was a prominent city of the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian Empire">Carthaginian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Libya" title="Roman Libya">Roman Libya</a> at the mouth of the Wadi Lebda in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. </p><p>Established as a <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic</a> settlement prior to 500 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the city experienced significant expansion under Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 193–211</span>), who was born in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Augusta" title="Legio III Augusta">3rd Augustan Legion</a> was stationed here to defend the city against <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> incursions. After the legion's dissolution under <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></span> in 238, the city was increasingly open to raids in the later part of the 3rd century. <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> reinstated the city as provincial capital, and it grew again in prosperity until it fell to the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in 439. It was reincorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> in 533 but continued to be plagued by Berber raids and never recovered its former importance. It fell to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim invasion</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 647</span> and was subsequently abandoned. </p><p>After being abandoned, the city was remarkably preserved as it lay buried beneath layers of sand dunes. In the 1920s, the city was unearthed by Italian archaeologists during <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italy's occupation of Libya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its ruins are within present-day <a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, 130 km (81 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>. They are among the best-preserved Roman sites in the Mediterranean. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> name of the settlement was written <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LPQ</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a>: <span lang="xpu" dir="rtl">𐤋𐤐𐤒</span>) or <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LPQY</span></span> (<span title="Punic-language text"><span lang="xpu" dir="rtl">𐤋𐤐𐤒𐤉</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhaki201567_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhaki201567-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroganWilson2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroganWilson2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been tentatively connected to the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Triliteral_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral root">root</a> (present in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LFQ</span></span>, meaning "to build" or "to piece together", presumably in reference to the construction of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLSzNfdcqfoCpgPA345_345]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLSzNfdcqfoCpgPA345_345]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This name was <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">hellenized</a> as <i>Léptis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Λέπτις</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrabo,_''Geography''[httpdataperseusorgcitationsurnctsgreekLittlg0099tlg001perseus-eng217318_§17.3.18]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrabo,_''Geography''[httpdataperseusorgcitationsurnctsgreekLittlg0099tlg001perseus-eng217318_§17.3.18]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <i>Léptis Megálē</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λέπτις μεγάλη</span></span>, "Greater Leptis") distinguishing it from the <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">"Lesser Leptis"</a> closer to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. It was also known by the Greeks as <i>Neápolis</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Νεάπολις</span></span>, "New Town"). The <a href="/wiki/Latinization_of_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization of names">latinization</a> of these names was Lepcis or Leptis Magna ("Greater Leptis"), which also appeared as the "Leptimagnese City" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Leptimagnensis Civitas</i>). The Latin demonym was "Leptitan" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Leptitanus</i></span>). It was also known as <i>Ulpia<span class="nowrap"> </span>Traiana</i> as a Roman colony,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead1911_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_gens" title="Ulpia gens">Ulpia gens</a>. Its Italian name is <i>Lepti<span class="nowrap"> </span>Maggiore</i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> it is named <i>Labdah</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لَبْدَة</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LY-Leptis_Magna.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/LY-Leptis_Magna.png/260px-LY-Leptis_Magna.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/LY-Leptis_Magna.png/390px-LY-Leptis_Magna.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/LY-Leptis_Magna.png/520px-LY-Leptis_Magna.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Map of Leptis Magna</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punics">Punics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Punics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic</a> city was founded in the second half of the 7th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. Little is known about Leptis during this time, but it appears to have been powerful enough to repel <a href="/wiki/Dorieus" title="Dorieus">Dorieus</a>'s attempt to establish a Greek colony nearby around 515<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroganWilson2012_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroganWilson2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most Punic settlements, Leptis became part of the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian Empire">Carthaginian Empire</a> and fell under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a>'s control with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>'s defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>. Leptis remained highly independent for a period after about 111<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Republic">Roman Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roman Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> sent some colonists together with a small garrison in order to control the city. The city prospered and was even allowed to coin its own money in silver and bronze. Reflecting its blend of cultures, its coins bore <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> inscriptions but images of <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead1911_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon Italian merchants settled in the city and started a profitable commerce with the Libyan interior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullo2002167–171_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullo2002167–171-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city depended primarily on the fertility of its surrounding farmland, where many olive-presses have been excavated. By 46<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, its <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> production was of such an extent that the city was able to provide three million pounds of oil annually to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> as tax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroganWilson2012_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroganWilson2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kenneth D. Matthews Jr. writes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews195737_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews195737-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, Leptis Magna was classified as a <i><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">civitas libera et immunis</a></i>, or a free community, over which the governor had an absolute minimum of control. As such Leptis retain its two <i><a href="/wiki/Suphetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suphetes">suphetes</a></i> at the head of its government, with the <i>mhzm</i>, similar to the Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Aediles" class="mw-redirect" title="Aediles">aediles</a></i>, as minor magistrates. In addition there were such sacred officials as the <i>ʾaddir ʾararim</i> or <i>praefectus sacrorum</i>, the <i>nēquim ēlīm</i>, and probably a sacred college of fifteen members.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forum_leptis_magna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Forum_leptis_magna.JPG/220px-Forum_leptis_magna.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Forum_leptis_magna.JPG/330px-Forum_leptis_magna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Forum_leptis_magna.JPG/440px-Forum_leptis_magna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Severan Forum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Septimius_Severus,_Leptis_Magna12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus%2C_Leptis_Magna12.jpg/220px-Arch_of_Septimius_Severus%2C_Leptis_Magna12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus%2C_Leptis_Magna12.jpg/330px-Arch_of_Septimius_Severus%2C_Leptis_Magna12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus%2C_Leptis_Magna12.jpg/440px-Arch_of_Septimius_Severus%2C_Leptis_Magna12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus_(Leptis_Magna)" title="Arch of Septimius Severus (Leptis Magna)">Arch of Septimius Severus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Leptis Magna remained as such until the reign of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, when the city and the surrounding area were formally incorporated into the empire as part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>. It soon became one of the leading cities of Roman Africa and a major trading post. The city grew rapidly under Roman administration. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">amphitheater</a> was constructed. The settlement was elevated to <i><a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a></i> in AD 64 or 65 and to <i><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a></i> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 98–117</span>). The first known <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Leptis_Magna" title="Diocese of Leptis Magna">bishop of Leptis Magna</a> was a certain priest called <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor</a> who became pope in 189.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leptis achieved its greatest prominence beginning in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>193, as the hometown of emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>. Septimius favored his hometown above all other provincial cities, and the buildings and wealth he lavished on it made Leptis Magna the third-most important city in Africa, rivaling Carthage and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. In AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>205, he and the imperial family visited the city and bestowed great honors. Among the changes that Severus introduced were the creation of a magnificent new <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a> and the rebuilding of the docks. The natural harbor had a tendency to silt up, but the Severan changes made this worse, and the eastern wharves are extremely well preserved, since they were scarcely used. </p><p>Leptis prospered through <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> in various valuable goods, including <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, wild animals for the <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiatorial</a> arena, gold dust, <a href="/wiki/Carbuncle_(gemstone)" title="Carbuncle (gemstone)">carbuncle</a>, precious woods like <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a> feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leptis overextended itself during this period. During the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the 3rd Century</a>, when trade declined precipitously, Leptis Magna's importance also fell into a decline, and by the middle of the 4th century, even before it was completely devastated by the <a href="/wiki/365_Crete_earthquake" title="365 Crete earthquake">365 tsunami</a>, large parts of the city had been abandoned. <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> recounts that the crisis was worsened by a corrupt Roman governor named Romanus, who demanded bribes to protect the city during a major tribal raid. The ruined city could not pay these and complained to the emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a>. Romanus then bribed people at court and arranged for the Leptan envoys to be punished "for bringing false accusations". It enjoyed a minor renaissance beginning in the reign of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vandal_Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vandal Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 439, Leptis Magna and the rest of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> fell under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> when their king, <a href="/wiki/Gaiseric" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a>, captured Carthage from the Romans and made it his capital. Unfortunately for the future of Leptis Magna, Gaiseric ordered the city's walls demolished so as to dissuade its people from rebelling against Vandal rule. The people of Leptis and the Vandals both paid a heavy price for this in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>523 when a group of Berber raiders sacked the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, general of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, recaptured Leptis Magna in the name of the Roman Empire ten years later, and <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">in 533–4</a> it was re-incorporated into the empire. Leptis became a provincial capital of the Eastern Empire, but never recovered from the destruction wreaked upon it by the Berbers. In 544, under the prefecture of Sergius, the city came under intensified attack of Berber tribes, and after some successes, Sergius was reduced to retreating into the city, with the <a href="/wiki/Leuathae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuathae">Leuathae</a> tribal confederation camped outside the gate demanding payments. Sergius admitted eighty deputies into the city to present their demands, but when Sergius moved to leave the conference he was detained by the robe by one deputy and crowded by others. This provoked an officer of the prefect's guard to kill the deputy laying hands on the prefect, which resulted in a general massacre. The Berbers reacted with an all-out attack and Sergius was eventually forced to abandon Leptis and retreat to Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeecheyBeechey182854–56_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeecheyBeechey182854–56-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_conquest">Islamic conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Islamic conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 6th century, the city was fully Christianized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1909Chapter_XIII._The_African_Provinces_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1909Chapter_XIII._The_African_Provinces-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> During the decade 565–578 AD, Christian missionaries from Leptis Magna even began to move once more among the Berber tribes as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> in the Libyan desert and converted the <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrevost2007462–463_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrevost2007462–463-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous new churches were built in the 6th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Livius.org''[httpswwwliviusorgarticlesplacelepcis-magnaphotoslepcis-magna-byzantine-church_Photos:_Lepcis_Magna,_Byzantine_Church]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Livius.org''[httpswwwliviusorgarticlesplacelepcis-magnaphotoslepcis-magna-byzantine-church_Photos:_Lepcis_Magna,_Byzantine_Church]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the city continued to decline, and by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of the Maghreb">Arab conquest</a> around 647 the city was mostly abandoned except for a Byzantine garrison force and a population of less than 1,000 inhabitants. By the 10th century, the city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Khums" title="Al-Khums">Al-Khums</a> had fully absorbed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullo2002185–188_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullo2002185–188-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavation">Excavation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, the site of Leptis Magna is the site of some of the most impressive ruins of the Roman period. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptis_Magna_ruins,_Virginia_Water_(1)_(geograph_3935706).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leptis_Magna_ruins%2C_Virginia_Water_%281%29_%28geograph_3935706%29.jpg/220px-Leptis_Magna_ruins%2C_Virginia_Water_%281%29_%28geograph_3935706%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leptis_Magna_ruins%2C_Virginia_Water_%281%29_%28geograph_3935706%29.jpg/330px-Leptis_Magna_ruins%2C_Virginia_Water_%281%29_%28geograph_3935706%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leptis_Magna_ruins%2C_Virginia_Water_%281%29_%28geograph_3935706%29.jpg/440px-Leptis_Magna_ruins%2C_Virginia_Water_%281%29_%28geograph_3935706%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Leptis Magna ruins, in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Water_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Water Lake">Virginia Water Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Part of an ancient temple was brought from Leptis Magna to the British Museum in 1816 and installed at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Belvedere,_Surrey" title="Fort Belvedere, Surrey">Fort Belvedere</a> royal residence in England in 1826. It now lies in part of <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park" title="Windsor Great Park">Windsor Great Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Atlantic'',_10_January_2018_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Atlantic'',_10_January_2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruins are located between the south shore of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Water" title="Virginia Water">Virginia Water</a> and Blacknest Road close to the junction with the <a href="/wiki/A30_road" title="A30 road">A30</a> London Road and <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Estate" title="Wentworth Estate">Wentworth Drive</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg/220px-Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg/330px-Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg/440px-Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3447" data-file-height="2277" /></a><figcaption>The Roman theatre</figcaption></figure> <p>When Italians conquered <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a> in the early 20th century, they dedicated huge efforts to the rediscovery of Leptis Magna. In the early 1930s, Italian archeological research was able to show again the buried remains of nearly all the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusso2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusso2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A 4th to 3rd century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC necropolis was found under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Roman theatre</a>. </p><p>In June 2005, it was revealed that archaeologists from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a> had been working along the coast of Libya when they uncovered a 30 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (length)">ft</a> length of five colorful <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> created during the 1st or 2nd century. The mosaics show with exceptional clarity depictions of a warrior in combat with a deer, four young men wrestling a wild bull to the ground, and a gladiator resting in a state of fatigue and staring at his slain opponent. The mosaics decorated the walls of a cold plunge pool in a <i>balneae</i> within a <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a> at Wadi Lebda in Leptis Magna. The gladiator mosaic is noted by scholars as one of the finest examples of representational mosaic art ever seen—a "masterpiece comparable in quality with the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic" title="Alexander Mosaic">Alexander Mosaic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>." The mosaics were originally discovered in the year 2000 but were kept secret in order to avoid looting. They are currently on display in the <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna_Museum" title="Leptis Magna Museum">Leptis Magna Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times'',_13_June_2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times'',_13_June_2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were reports that Leptis Magna was used as a cover for tanks and military vehicles by pro-Gaddafi forces during the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">First Libyan Civil War</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times'',_14_June_2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times'',_14_June_2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked if the historic site could be targeted in an airstrike, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> refused to rule out the possibility of such an action, saying that it had not been able to confirm the rebels' report that weapons were being hidden at the location.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECNN,_14_June_2011_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECNN,_14_June_2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the war, Libyan archaeologist Hafed Walda reported that Leptis Magna, along with nearby Rasaimergib Fort and the western <a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(region_of_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripolis (region of Africa)">Tripolis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Sabratha</a>, had "so far seen no visible loss" from either fighting on the ground or <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">bombings conducted by international forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAP,_4_November_2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAP,_4_November_2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2014–present)">Second Libyan Civil War</a> and the disappearance of governmental and international support for the site, people living in the area organized to voluntarily protect and maintain Leptis Magna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAFP,_23_December_2016_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAFP,_23_December_2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuters,_28_November_2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuters,_28_November_2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></div> <p>Since they are located on the coast, Leptis Magna ruins are vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>. In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> included them in the list of African cultural sites which would be threatened by <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a> by the end of the century, but only if <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> followed <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway#RCP_8.5" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">RCP 8.5</a>, which is the scenario of high and continually increasing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emissions associated with the warming of over 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C.,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is no longer considered very likely.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other, more plausible scenarios result in lower warming levels and consequently lower sea level rise: yet, sea levels would continue to increase for about 10,000 years under all of them.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if the warming is limited to 1.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C, global sea level rise is still expected to exceed 2–3 m (7–10 ft) after 2000 years (and higher warming levels will see larger increases by then), consequently exceeding 2100 levels of sea level rise under RCP 8.5 (~0.75 m (2 ft) with a range of 0.5–1 m (2–3 ft)) well before the year 4000. Thus, it is a matter of time before the Leptis Magna ruins are threatened by rising water levels, unless they can be protected by adaptation efforts such as <a href="/wiki/Sea_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea wall">sea walls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptis_magna_pillar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Some of Leptis Magna yet to be excavated"><img alt="Some of Leptis Magna yet to be excavated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Leptis_magna_pillar.jpg/250px-Leptis_magna_pillar.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Leptis_magna_pillar.jpg/330px-Leptis_magna_pillar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="723" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Some of Leptis Magna yet to be excavated</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_(macellum).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market place"><img alt="Market place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_%28macellum%29.jpg/330px-Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_%28macellum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_%28macellum%29.jpg/500px-Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_%28macellum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_%28macellum%29.jpg/960px-Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_%28macellum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="2799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market place</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptis_Magna_amphitheatre_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amphitheater"><img alt="Amphitheater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Leptis_Magna_amphitheatre_-_panoramio.jpg/315px-Leptis_Magna_amphitheatre_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Leptis_Magna_amphitheatre_-_panoramio.jpg/473px-Leptis_Magna_amphitheatre_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Leptis_Magna_amphitheatre_-_panoramio.jpg/630px-Leptis_Magna_amphitheatre_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amphitheater</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_5458_Leptis_Magna_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arch of Septimius Severus"><img alt="Arch of Septimius Severus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Libya_5458_Leptis_Magna_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/330px-Libya_5458_Leptis_Magna_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Libya_5458_Leptis_Magna_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/500px-Libya_5458_Leptis_Magna_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Libya_5458_Leptis_Magna_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/960px-Libya_5458_Leptis_Magna_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arch of Septimius Severus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeological_Site_of_Leptis_Magna-108958.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Severan Basilica"><img alt="Severan Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Archaeological_Site_of_Leptis_Magna-108958.jpg/280px-Archaeological_Site_of_Leptis_Magna-108958.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Archaeological_Site_of_Leptis_Magna-108958.jpg/420px-Archaeological_Site_of_Leptis_Magna-108958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Archaeological_Site_of_Leptis_Magna-108958.jpg/560px-Archaeological_Site_of_Leptis_Magna-108958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Severan Basilica</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptis_Magna_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="View on Leptis Magna from the theater wall"><img alt="View on Leptis Magna from the theater wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Leptis_Magna_view.JPG/280px-Leptis_Magna_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Leptis_Magna_view.JPG/420px-Leptis_Magna_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Leptis_Magna_view.JPG/560px-Leptis_Magna_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View on Leptis Magna from the theater wall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Leptis_Magna_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Measure converter, Market (founded 8 or 9 BC) (Phoenician colony)"><img alt="Measure converter, Market (founded 8 or 9 BC) (Phoenician colony)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Market_Leptis_Magna_03.JPG/280px-Market_Leptis_Magna_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Market_Leptis_Magna_03.JPG/420px-Market_Leptis_Magna_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Market_Leptis_Magna_03.JPG/560px-Market_Leptis_Magna_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Measure converter, Market (founded 8 or 9 BC) (Phoenician colony)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Severan_Basilica_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorative columns inside Basilica of Septimius Severus"><img alt="Decorative columns inside Basilica of Septimius Severus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Severan_Basilica_02.JPG/157px-Severan_Basilica_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Severan_Basilica_02.JPG/236px-Severan_Basilica_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Severan_Basilica_02.JPG/315px-Severan_Basilica_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorative columns inside Basilica of Septimius Severus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_of_the_Nile_Mosaic_fishermen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Angling in the 1st century CE. Villa of the Nile Mosaic, Leptis Magna, Tripoli National Museum"><img alt="Angling in the 1st century CE. Villa of the Nile Mosaic, Leptis Magna, Tripoli National Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Villa_of_the_Nile_Mosaic_fishermen.jpg/336px-Villa_of_the_Nile_Mosaic_fishermen.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Villa_of_the_Nile_Mosaic_fishermen.jpg/504px-Villa_of_the_Nile_Mosaic_fishermen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Villa_of_the_Nile_Mosaic_fishermen.jpg/672px-Villa_of_the_Nile_Mosaic_fishermen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">Angling</a> in the 1st century CE. Villa of the Nile Mosaic, Leptis Magna, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripoli National Museum">Tripoli National Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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London: Routledge. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83057-4"><bdi>978-0-203-83057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+cities%3A+the+archaeology+of+urban+life+in+the+ancient+Near+East+and+Egypt%2C+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pages=406&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-83057-4&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhaki201567-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhaki201567_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhaki2015">Ghaki (2015)</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroganWilson2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroganWilson2012_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroganWilson2012_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroganWilson2012_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroganWilson2012">Brogan & Wilson (2012)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead1911_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead1911_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead1911_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHead1911">Head (1911)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLSzNfdcqfoCpgPA345_345]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLSzNfdcqfoCpgPA345_345]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński2004">Lipiński (2004)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA345">345</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrabo,_''Geography''[httpdataperseusorgcitationsurnctsgreekLittlg0099tlg001perseus-eng217318_§17.3.18]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrabo,_''Geography''[httpdataperseusorgcitationsurnctsgreekLittlg0099tlg001perseus-eng217318_§17.3.18]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrabo,_Geography">Strabo, <i>Geography</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng2:17.3.18">§17.3.18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6485615&fid=3783&c=libya">"لَبْدَة, Libya"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+in+North+Africa&rft.btitle=Routledge+Companion+to+Christianity+in+Africa&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-134-50584-5&rft.aulast=Bongmba&rft.aufirst=Elias+Kifon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSxACwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeecheyBeechey182854–56-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeecheyBeechey182854–56_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeecheyBeechey1828">Beechey & Beechey (1828)</a>, pp. 54–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1909Chapter_XIII._The_African_Provinces-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1909Chapter_XIII._The_African_Provinces_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMommsen1909">Mommsen (1909)</a>, Chapter XIII. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Summary.+In%3A+Climate+Change+2021%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis.+Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pages=TS14&rft.pub=IPCC&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IPCC, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf">Summary for Policymakers</a>. 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Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Times,_13_June_2005" class="citation news cs1">Alberge, Dalya (13 June 2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/roman-mosaic-worthy-of-botticelli-glv8xjl32h2">"Roman mosaic 'worthy of Botticelli'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Roman+mosaic+%27worthy+of+Botticelli%27&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft.aulast=Alberge&rft.aufirst=Dalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Froman-mosaic-worthy-of-botticelli-glv8xjl32h2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlberge2005" class="citation news cs1">Alberge, Dalya (13 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romanhideout.com/news/2005/times20050613.asp">"Roman mosaic "worthy of Botticelli"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Times</i> – via The Roman Hideout.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Roman+mosaic+%22worthy+of+Botticelli%22&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft.aulast=Alberge&rft.aufirst=Dalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanhideout.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Ftimes20050613.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeecheyBeechey1828" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey, Frederick William</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Beechey" title="Henry William Beechey">Beechey, Henry William</a> (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b22008275"><i>Proceedings of the Expedition to Explore the Northern Coast of Africa, from Tripoly Eastward; in MDCCCXXI and MDCCCXXII. Comprehending an Account of the Greater Syrtis and Cyrenaica; and of the Ancient Cities Composing the Pentapolis</i></a>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/719432955">719432955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Expedition+to+Explore+the+Northern+Coast+of+Africa%2C+from+Tripoly+Eastward%3B+in+MDCCCXXI+and+MDCCCXXII.+Comprehending+an+Account+of+the+Greater+Syrtis+and+Cyrenaica%3B+and+of+the+Ancient+Cities+Composing+the+Pentapolis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1828&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F719432955&rft.aulast=Beechey&rft.aufirst=Frederick+William&rft.au=Beechey%2C+Henry+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb22008275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroganWilson2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olwen_Brogan" title="Olwen Brogan">Brogan, Olwen Phillis Frances</a>; Wilson, R. J. A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA821">"Lepcis Magna"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hornblower" title="Simon Hornblower">Hornblower, Simon</a>; Spawforth, Antony; <a href="/wiki/Esther_Eidinow" title="Esther Eidinow">Eidinow, Esther</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (4th ed.). Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. p. 821. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199545568" title="Special:BookSources/9780199545568"><bdi>9780199545568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lepcis+Magna&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford+%26+New+York&rft.pages=821&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199545568&rft.aulast=Brogan&rft.aufirst=Olwen+Phillis+Frances&rft.au=Wilson%2C+R.+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbVWcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBullo2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bullo, Silvia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3gQbIhDjkqkC"><i>Provincia Africa. Le città e il territorio dalla caduta di Cartagine a Nerone</i></a> [<i>Province of Africa: The Cities and the Territory from the Fall of Carthage to Nero</i>]. Le Rovine Circolari, 4 (in Italian). Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788882651688" title="Special:BookSources/9788882651688"><bdi>9788882651688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provincia+Africa.+Le+citt%C3%A0+e+il+territorio+dalla+caduta+di+Cartagine+a+Nerone&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Le+Rovine+Circolari%2C+4&rft.pub=L%27Erma+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788882651688&rft.aulast=Bullo&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3gQbIhDjkqkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Times,_14_June_2011" class="citation news cs1">Coghlan, Tom (14 June 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/wonder-of-the-ancient-world-at-risk-as-gaddafi-uses-ruins-to-hide-deadly-rockets-vnn68zp6rsh">"Wonder of the Ancient World at risk as Gaddafi uses ruins to hide deadly rockets"</a></span>. <i>The Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831211845/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/wonder-of-the-ancient-world-at-risk-as-gaddafi-uses-ruins-to-hide-deadly-rockets-vnn68zp6rsh">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Wonder+of+the+Ancient+World+at+risk+as+Gaddafi+uses+ruins+to+hide+deadly+rockets&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.aulast=Coghlan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fwonder-of-the-ancient-world-at-risk-as-gaddafi-uses-ruins-to-hide-deadly-rockets-vnn68zp6rsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Atlantic,_10_January_2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Cooper, Paul (10 January 2018). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/01/roman-ruins-windsor-castle/550199/">"How Ancient Roman Ruins Ended Up 2,000 Miles Away in a British Garden"</a></span>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223094831/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/01/roman-ruins-windsor-castle/550199/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+Ancient+Roman+Ruins+Ended+Up+2%2C000+Miles+Away+in+a+British+Garden&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2018%2F01%2Froman-ruins-windsor-castle%2F550199%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAP,_4_November_2011" class="citation news cs1">D'Emilio, Frances (4 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-expert-nato-raids-spared-libyan-antiquities-2011nov04-story.html">"Expert: NATO raids spared Libyan antiquities"</a>. <i>The San Diego Union-Tribune</i>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831213631/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-expert-nato-raids-spared-libyan-antiquities-2011nov04-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Expert%3A+NATO+raids+spared+Libyan+antiquities&rft.date=2011-11-04&rft.aulast=D%27Emilio&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-expert-nato-raids-spared-libyan-antiquities-2011nov04-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_MiroPolito2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Miro, Ernesto; Polito, Antonella (2005). <i>Leptis Magna. Dieci anni di scavi archeologici nell area del Foro Vecchio. I livelli fenici, punici e romani</i> [<i>Leptis Magna: Ten Years of Archaeological Excavations in the Area of the Old Forum. The Phoenician, Punic and Roman Levels.</i>]. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libya, 19 (in Italian and Arabic). Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788882653095" title="Special:BookSources/9788882653095"><bdi>9788882653095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leptis+Magna.+Dieci+anni+di+scavi+archeologici+nell+area+del+Foro+Vecchio.+I+livelli+fenici%2C+punici+e+romani&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Quaderni+di+Archeologia+della+Libya%2C+19&rft.pub=L%27Erma+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788882653095&rft.aulast=De+Miro&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft.au=Polito%2C+Antonella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFloriani_Squarciapino1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Floriani_Squarciapino" title="Maria Floriani Squarciapino">Floriani Squarciapino, Maria</a> (1966). <i>Leptis Magna</i>. Ruinenstädte Nordafrikas, 2 (in German). Basel: Raggi Verlag. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/625443">625443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leptis+Magna&rft.place=Basel&rft.series=Ruinenst%C3%A4dte+Nordafrikas%2C+2&rft.pub=Raggi+Verlag&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F625443&rft.aulast=Floriani+Squarciapino&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhaki2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ghaki, Mansour (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29670337">"Toponymie et onomastique. L'apport de l'ecriture punique neopunique"</a> [Toponymy and Onomastics: The Contribution of Neopunic Punic Writing] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Di Tolla, Anna Maria (ed.). <i>La lingua nella vita e la vita della lingua. Itinerari e percorsi degli studi berberi. Miscellanea per il Centenario di studi berberi a "L'Orientale" di Napoli. Scritti in onore di Francesco Beguinot</i> [<i>Language in Life and the Life of Language: Routes and Paths of Berber Studies. Miscellany for the Centenary of Berber Studies at "L'Orientale" in Naples: Written in Honor of Francesco Beguinot.</i>]. Studi Africanistici: Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-Berberi, 4 (in French). Naples: <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_degli_Studi_di_Napoli_%22L%27Orientale%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale"">Unior</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788867191253" title="Special:BookSources/9788867191253"><bdi>9788867191253</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-31</span></span> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toponymie+et+onomastique.+L%27apport+de+l%27ecriture+punique+neopunique&rft.btitle=La+lingua+nella+vita+e+la+vita+della+lingua.+Itinerari+e+percorsi+degli+studi+berberi.+Miscellanea+per+il+Centenario+di+studi+berberi+a+%22L%27Orientale%22+di+Napoli.+Scritti+in+onore+di+Francesco+Beguinot&rft.place=Naples&rft.series=Studi+Africanistici%3A+Quaderni+di+Studi+Berberi+e+Libico-Berberi%2C+4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Unior&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9788867191253&rft.aulast=Ghaki&rft.aufirst=Mansour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29670337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHead1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barclay_V._Head" title="Barclay V. Head">Head, Barclay</a>; et al. (assisted by <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Hill" title="George Francis Hill">G. F. Hill</a>, George MacDonald, and <a href="/wiki/Warwick_William_Wroth" title="Warwick William Wroth">W. Wroth</a>) (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snible.org/coins/hn/syrtica.html">"Syrtica"</a>. <i>Historia Numorum</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 875 – via <i>Digital Historia Numorum</i>, ed. Ed Snible.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syrtica&rft.btitle=Historia+Numorum&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=875&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Barclay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnible.org%2Fcoins%2Fhn%2Fsyrtica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKreikenbom2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kreikenbom, Detlev (2007). "Leptis Magna vor der arabischen Eroberung" [Leptis Magna Before the Arab Conquest]. In Kreikenbom, Detlev; Muth, Franz-Christoph; Thielmann, Jörn (eds.). <i>Arabische Christen – Christen in Arabien</i> [<i>Arab Christians – Christians in Arabia</i>]. Nordostafrikanisch-Westasiatische Studien, 6 (in German). Frankfurt am Main & New York: Peter Lang. pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631550403" title="Special:BookSources/9783631550403"><bdi>9783631550403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leptis+Magna+vor+der+arabischen+Eroberung&rft.btitle=Arabische+Christen+%E2%80%93+Christen+in+Arabien&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main+%26+New+York&rft.series=Nordostafrikanisch-Westasiatische+Studien%2C+6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783631550403&rft.aulast=Kreikenbom&rft.aufirst=Detlev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAFP,_23_December_2016" class="citation news cs1">Lamloun, Imed (23 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ArticlePrint.aspx?id=386437">"The unlikely saviors of Libya's Roman remains"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. Agence France-Presse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831215324/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ArticlePrint.aspx?id=386437">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=The+unlikely+saviors+of+Libya%27s+Roman+remains&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft.aulast=Lamloun&rft.aufirst=Imed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FArticlePrint.aspx%3Fid%3D386437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivius.org" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jona_Lendering" title="Jona Lendering">Lendering, Jona</a> (13 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/lepcis-magna/">"Lepcis Magna"</a>. <i>Livius.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831205155/https://www.livius.org/articles/place/lepcis-magna/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius.org&rft.atitle=Lepcis+Magna&rft.date=2020-08-13&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fplace%2Flepcis-magna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReuters,_28_November_2017" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Aidan (28 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-ruins/famed-libyan-ruins-rely-on-locals-for-support-idUSKBN1DS1UR">"Famed Libyan ruins rely on locals for support"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221071100/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-ruins/famed-libyan-ruins-rely-on-locals-for-support-idUSKBN1DS1UR">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Famed+Libyan+ruins+rely+on+locals+for+support&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-libya-security-ruins%2Ffamed-libyan-ruins-rely-on-locals-for-support-idUSKBN1DS1UR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipiński2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lipi%C5%84ski_(orientalist)" title="Edward Lipiński (orientalist)">Lipiński, Edward</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC"><i>Itineraria Phoenicia</i></a>. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 127; Studia Phoenicia, 18. Leuven; Paris; Dudley, MA: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042913448" title="Special:BookSources/9789042913448"><bdi>9789042913448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itineraria+Phoenicia&rft.place=Leuven%3B+Paris%3B+Dudley%2C+MA&rft.series=Orientalia+Lovaniensia+Analecta%2C+127%3B+Studia+Phoenicia%2C+18&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Peeters+en+Departement+Oosterse+Studies&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789042913448&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLSzNfdcqfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1957" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Kenneth D. Jr. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005745412"><i>Cities in the Sand: Leptis Magna and Sabratha in Roman Africa</i></a>. Photographs by Alfred W. Cook. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/414295">414295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+in+the+Sand%3A+Leptis+Magna+and+Sabratha+in+Roman+Africa&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F414295&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015005745412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMattingly2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Mattingly_(archaeologist)" title="David Mattingly (archaeologist)">Mattingly, D. J.</a> (2000). "Map 35: Tripolitana". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbert" title="Richard Talbert">Talbert, Richard J. A.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Barrington_Atlas_of_the_Greek_and_Roman_World" title="Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World">Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World</a></i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691031699" title="Special:BookSources/9780691031699"><bdi>9780691031699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Map+35%3A+Tripolitana&rft.btitle=Barrington+Atlas+of+the+Greek+and+Roman+World&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780691031699&rft.aulast=Mattingly&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMommsen1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen, Theodor</a> (1909) [1886]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abq2762.0002.001.umich.edu/"><i>The Provinces of the Roman Empire from Caesar to Diocletian</i></a>. Vol. 2. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Purdie_Dickson" title="William Purdie Dickson">Dickson, William P.</a> (Corrected ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4308504">4308504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Provinces+of+the+Roman+Empire+from+Caesar+to+Diocletian&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Corrected&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4308504&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabq2762.0002.001.umich.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMusso2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Musso, Luisa (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1352701">"Missione archeologica dell'Università Roma Tre, 1998-2007"</a> [Archaeological Mission of Roma Tre University, 1998-2007] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Department of Archaeology of Libya. <i>Libya Antiqua</i>. New series (in English and Italian). <b>V</b>. Contributions by Daniela Baldoni, Barbara Bianchi, Maria Gloria Calì, Barbara Davidde, Ginette Di Vita-Evrard, Massimiliano Munzi, Roberto Petriaggi, Beatrice Pinna Caboni, Gianni Ponti & Ramadan Shebani. Pisa & Rome: Fabrizio Serra Editore: <span class="nowrap">49–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4221464">4221464</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-31</span></span> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libya+Antiqua&rft.atitle=Missione+archeologica+dell%27Universit%C3%A0+Roma+Tre%2C+1998-2007&rft.volume=V&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4221464&rft.aulast=Musso&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1352701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrevost2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prevost, Virginie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frhr.5401">"Les dernières communautés chrétiennes autochtones d'Afrique du Nord"</a> [The Last Native Christian Communities of North Africa]. <i>Revue de l'histoire des religions</i> (in French). <b>224</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">461–</span>483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frhr.5401">10.4000/rhr.5401</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23618252">23618252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+l%27histoire+des+religions&rft.atitle=Les+derni%C3%A8res+communaut%C3%A9s+chr%C3%A9tiennes+autochtones+d%27Afrique+du+Nord&rft.volume=224&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E461-%3C%2Fspan%3E483&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Frhr.5401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23618252%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Prevost&rft.aufirst=Virginie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Frhr.5401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobin2010" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Daniel (2010). <i>This Holy Seed: Faith, Hope and Love in the Early Churches of North Africa</i> (2nd ed.). Chester: Tamarisk Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780953856534" title="Special:BookSources/9780953856534"><bdi>9780953856534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Holy+Seed%3A+Faith%2C+Hope+and+Love+in+the+Early+Churches+of+North+Africa&rft.place=Chester&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Tamarisk+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780953856534&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo,_Geography" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1903) [1854]. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">The Geography of Strabo</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bohn%27s_Classical_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohn's Classical Library">Bohn's Classical Library</a></i>. Vol. 3 vols. Translated by Hamilton, H. C.; <a href="/wiki/William_Falconer_(translator)" title="William Falconer (translator)">Falconer, W.</a> London: George Bell & Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/250411">250411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Strabo&rft.place=London&rft.series=%27%27Bohn%27s+Classical+Library%27%27&rft.pub=George+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F250411&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCNN,_14_June_2011" class="citation news cs1">Swails, Brent; Ward, Damien; Perez Maestro, Laura; Abdelaziz, Salma; <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pleitgen" title="Frederik Pleitgen">Pleitgen, Frederik</a> & Khadder, Kareem (14 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/14/libya.war/index.html">"South African president blasts NATO actions in Libya"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614224553/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/14/libya.war/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+African+president+blasts+NATO+actions+in+Libya&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.aulast=Swails&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft.au=Ward%2C+Damien&rft.au=Perez+Maestro%2C+Laura&rft.au=Abdelaziz%2C+Salma&rft.au=Pleitgen%2C+Frederik&rft.au=Khadder%2C+Kareem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2011%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F06%2F14%2Flibya.war%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomlinson1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Tomlinson_(academic)" title="Richard Tomlinson (academic)">Tomlinson, R. A.</a> (1993). "Lepcis Magna". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommycenaetovon0000toml"><i>From Mycenae to Constantinople: The Evolution of the Ancient City</i></a></span>. London & New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">191–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203412909" title="Special:BookSources/9780203412909"><bdi>9780203412909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lepcis+Magna&rft.btitle=From+Mycenae+to+Constantinople%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Ancient+City&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780203412909&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrommycenaetovon0000toml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBabelon1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Babelon, E.C.F. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leptis#Leptis Magna"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leptis#Leptis_Magna">"Leptis § Leptis Magna" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). p. 482.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leptis+%C2%A7+Leptis+Magna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=482&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Babelon&rft.aufirst=E.C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBianchi_BandinelliVergara_CaffarelliCaputo1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ranuccio_Bianchi_Bandinelli" title="Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli">Bianchi Bandinelli, Ranuccio</a>; Vergara Caffarelli, Ernesto; Caputo, Giacomo (1966). <i>The Buried City: Excavations at Leptis Magna</i>. Photographs by <a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Clerici" title="Fabrizio Clerici">Fabrizio Clerici</a>. New York: F. A. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/670109">670109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buried+City%3A+Excavations+at+Leptis+Magna&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=F.+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F670109&rft.aulast=Bianchi+Bandinelli&rft.aufirst=Ranuccio&rft.au=Vergara+Caffarelli%2C+Ernesto&rft.au=Caputo%2C+Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDraper2013" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Draper" title="Robert Draper">Draper, Robert</a> (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200830001456/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2013/02/ancient-libya/">"New Old Libya"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Photographs by <a href="/wiki/George_Steinmetz" title="George Steinmetz">George Steinmetz</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2013/02/ancient-libya/">the original</a> on 2020-08-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=New+Old+Libya&rft.date=2013-02&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmagazine%2F2013%2F02%2Fancient-libya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHußNiemeyer2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Hu%C3%9F" title="Werner Huß">Huß, Werner</a>; Niemeyer, Hans Georg (2006). "Leptis Magna". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth; Salazar, Christine F. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Brill%27s_New_Pauly" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill's New Pauly">Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World</a></i>. Antiquity. Vol. 7. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1574-9347_bnp_e701890">10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e701890</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004122598" title="Special:BookSources/9789004122598"><bdi>9789004122598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leptis+Magna&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly%3A+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Antiquity&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1574-9347_bnp_e701890&rft.isbn=9789004122598&rft.aulast=Hu%C3%9F&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Niemeyer%2C+Hans+Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Gemma (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theposthole.org/read/article/191">"Archaeologists, propaganda and the military: Libya's cultural heritage and the role of archaeologists in a political crisis"</a>. <i>The Post Hole</i> (27). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Archaeology,_University_of_York" title="Department of Archaeology, University of York">Department of Archaeology, University of York</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716015730/https://www.theposthole.org/read/article/191">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Post+Hole&rft.atitle=Archaeologists%2C+propaganda+and+the+military%3A+Libya%27s+cultural+heritage+and+the+role+of+archaeologists+in+a+political+crisis&rft.issue=27&rft.date=2013-02&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gemma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theposthole.org%2Fread%2Farticle%2F191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWard-Perkins1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bryan_Ward-Perkins" title="John Bryan Ward-Perkins">Ward-Perkins, J. B.</a> (1993). Kenrick, Philip (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.societyforlibyanstudies.org/ebook/the-severan-buildings-of-lepcis-magna/"><i>The Severan Buildings Of Lepcis Magna: An Architectural Survey</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Society for Libyan Studies Monograph, 2. With a contribution by <a href="/wiki/Barri_Jones" title="Barri Jones">Barri Jones</a> and Roger Ling; architectural drawings prepared and edited by R. Kronenburg. London: The Society for Libyan Studies, on behalf of the Department of Antiquities, Tripoli, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">SPLAJ</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780950836362" title="Special:BookSources/9780950836362"><bdi>9780950836362</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Severan+Buildings+Of+Lepcis+Magna%3A+An+Architectural+Survey&rft.place=London&rft.series=Society+for+Libyan+Studies+Monograph%2C+2&rft.pub=The+Society+for+Libyan+Studies%2C+on+behalf+of+the+Department+of+Antiquities%2C+Tripoli%2C+SPLAJ&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780950836362&rft.aulast=Ward-Perkins&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.societyforlibyanstudies.org%2Febook%2Fthe-severan-buildings-of-lepcis-magna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeptis+Magna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptis_Magna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leptis_Magna" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alnpete.co.uk/lepcis/">Lepcis Magna - The Roman Empire in Africa</a>, documenting the archaeological site and excavations undertaken in the 1990s, including teams from <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Archaeology" title="UCL Institute of Archaeology">UCL Institute of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/lepcis-magna/">Lepcis Magna</a> article on <i>Livius.org</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanhideout.com/places/leptis_magna1.asp">Lepcis (Leptis) Magna Images</a>, a gallery of photographs taken at the site in February 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/344448">Neapolis/Lepcis Magna</a> on <i>Pleiades</i>, a collaborative scholarly <a href="/wiki/Gazetteer" title="Gazetteer">gazetteer</a> to the ancient world</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_North_Africa246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_Africa" title="Template:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_Africa" title="Template talk:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_North_Africa246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Romano-Berber cities in Roman North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Sorted by contemporary national borders</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Cotta" title="Ancient Cotta">Cotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exilissa" title="Exilissa">Exilissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Iulia Constantia Zilil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Valentia_Banasa" title="Iulia Valentia Banasa">Iulia Valentia Banasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Campestris_Babba" title="Iulia Campestris Babba">Iulia Campestris Babba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Lixus</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar_el-Kebir" title="Ksar el-Kebir">Oppidum Novum (Tingitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Colonia">Sala</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamuda" title="Tamuda">Tamuda</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamusida" title="Thamusida">Thamusida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tingis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_(Timgad),_Algeria_04966r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg/200px-Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg/300px-Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg/400px-Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Calidae,_Algeria" title="Aquae Calidae, Algeria">Aquae Calidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albulae" title="Albulae">Albulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altava" title="Altava">Altava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auzia" title="Auzia">Auzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Calama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_in_Mauretania" title="Caesarea in Mauretania">Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartennas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartennas">Cartennas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellum_Dimmidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellum Dimmidi">Castellum Dimmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellum_Tingitii" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellum Tingitii">Castellum Tingitanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_Nova_(Mauretania)" title="Castra Nova (Mauretania)">Castra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Popthensis" title="Civitas Popthensis">Civitas Popthensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collo" title="Collo">Collo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohors_Breucorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohors Breucorum">Cohors Breucorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dj%C3%A9mila" title="Djémila">Cuicul</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Veteranorum" title="Diana Veteranorum">Diana Veteranorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemellae" title="Gemellae">Gemellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunugus" title="Gunugus">Gunugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Iomnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamasba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamasba">Lamasba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambaesis" title="Lambaesis">Lambaesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madauros" title="Madauros">Madauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascula" title="Mascula">Mascula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesarfelta" title="Mesarfelta">Mesarfelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milevum" title="Milevum">Milevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Defla" title="Aïn Defla">Oppidum Novum (Caesariensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenia_(Mauretania)" title="Parthenia (Mauretania)">Parthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Pomaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Divinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Portus Divinus">Portus Divinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Magnus,_Algeria" title="Portus Magnus, Algeria">Portus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiza_Xenitana" title="Quiza Xenitana">Quiza Xenitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidum" title="Rapidum">Rapidum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusguniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusguniae">Rusguniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusucurru" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusucurru">Rusucurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saldae" title="Saldae">Saldae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setifis" title="Setifis">Setifis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siga" title="Siga">Siga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thagaste" title="Thagaste">Thagaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamugadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamugadi">Thamugadi</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theveste" title="Theveste">Theveste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibilis" title="Thibilis">Thibilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubursicum" title="Thubursicum">Thubursicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiddis" title="Tiddis">Tiddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingartia">Tingartia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubusuctu" title="Tubusuctu">Tubusuctu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubunae">Tubunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unica_Colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Unica Colonia">Unica Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzinaza" title="Uzinaza">Uzinaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vescera_(Ad_Piscinam)" title="Vescera (Ad Piscinam)">Vescera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Zaraï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuccabar" title="Zuccabar">Zuccabar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Althiburos" title="Althiburos">Althiburos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsa_(Roman_colonia)" title="Capsa (Roman colonia)">Capsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Carthage#Roman_Carthage" title="History of Carthage">Carthago</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Cillilana" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia Cillilana">Cillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougga" title="Dougga">Dougga</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boughrara" title="Boughrara">Gightis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Diarrhytus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippo Diarrhytus">Hippo Diarrhytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Kelibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Leptis Parva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mactaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Mactaris">Mactaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheradi_Majus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheradi Majus">Pheradi Majus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupput" title="Pupput">Pupput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucuma" title="Rucuma">Rucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruspae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruspae">Ruspae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scillium" title="Scillium">Scillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicca_Veneria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicca Veneria">Sicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simitthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simitthus">Simitthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbeitla" title="Sbeitla">Sufetula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacapae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacapae">Tacapae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taparura" title="Taparura">Taparura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufes" title="Sufes">Sufes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabraca" class="mw-redirect" title="Thabraca">Thabraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanae">Thanae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuburbo_Majus" title="Thuburbo Majus">Thuburbo Majus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuburnica" title="Thuburnica">Thuburnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turris_Tamalleni" title="Turris Tamalleni">Turris Tamalleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthina" title="Uthina">Uthina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja" title="Béja">Vaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zama_Regia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zama Regia">Zama Regia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Oasis" title="Qara Oasis">Qara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septem_(Ceuta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Septem (Ceuta)">Septem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms<br />and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Creta et Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugitana" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeugitana">Zeugitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Praetorian prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa during classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Tripolitanus" title="Limes Tripolitanus">Limes Tripolitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Christianity in the Roman Africa province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Carthage">Church of Carthage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_colonies_in_North_Africa" title="Roman colonies in North Africa">Roman colonies in Berber Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> UNESCO World Heritage Sites <sup><small>2</small></sup> Proposed</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191504#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1490" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191504#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191504#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/229742148">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4111264-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120762613">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120762613">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Leptis Magna (zaniklé město)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge644114&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/1162">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007572935405171">Israel</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007534651905171">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/344448">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029057051">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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