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<span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fossil species</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fossil_species-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fossil species subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fossil_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foliage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foliage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foliage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foliage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pollen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Seeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Wood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Multiple organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unspecified" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unspecified"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Unspecified</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unspecified-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_species_formerly_placed_in_Picea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_species_formerly_placed_in_Picea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Fossil species formerly placed in <i>Picea</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_species_formerly_placed_in_Picea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sirococcus_blight_(Deuteromycotina,_Coelomtcetes)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sirococcus_blight_(Deuteromycotina,_Coelomtcetes)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span><i>Sirococcus</i> blight (Deuteromycotina, Coelomtcetes)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sirococcus_blight_(Deuteromycotina,_Coelomtcetes)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhizosphaera_kalkhoffi_needle_cast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhizosphaera_kalkhoffi_needle_cast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span><i>Rhizosphaera kalkhoffi</i> needle cast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhizosphaera_kalkhoffi_needle_cast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valsa_kunzei_branch_and_stem_canker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valsa_kunzei_branch_and_stem_canker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span><i>Valsa kunzei</i> branch and stem canker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valsa_kunzei_branch_and_stem_canker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Timber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulpwood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulpwood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pulpwood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulpwood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Food and medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonewood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonewood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Tonewood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonewood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Genome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spruce</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Псей – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Псей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichte" title="Fichte – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fichte" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="راتينجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راتينجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCknar" title="Küknar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Küknar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کوکنار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوکنار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Шыршы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шыршы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Елка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Елка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%87" title="Смърч – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Смърч" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feichtn" title="Feichtn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Feichtn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smr%C4%8Da" title="Smrča – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Smrča" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88" title="Чăрăш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чăрăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrk" title="Smrk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smrk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbriwsen" title="Sbriwsen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sbriwsen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran-sl%C3%A6gten" title="Gran-slægten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gran-slægten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guossa" title="Guossa – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Guossa" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichten" title="Fichten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fichten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BC%C3%B3" title="Chʼó – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼó" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0krjok" title="Škrjok – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Škrjok" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuusk_(perekond)" title="Kuusk (perekond) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuusk (perekond)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Куз – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Куз" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piceo" title="Piceo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Piceo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84" title="کاج نوئل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاج نوئل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruis" title="Spruis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Spruis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Корсам – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Корсам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%AC%B8%EB%B9%84%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%EC%86%8D" title="가문비나무속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가문비나무속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B2%D6%87%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Եղևնի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եղևնի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7)" title="सरल (वृक्ष) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सरल (वृक्ष)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0mr%C4%9Bk" title="Šmrěk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Šmrěk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smreka" title="Smreka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smreka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piceo" title="Piceo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Piceo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separ" title="Separ – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Separ" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Наз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Наз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greni" title="Greni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Greni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אשוחית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשוחית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ნაძვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაძვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Шырша – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шырша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Коз – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Коз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egles" title="Egles – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Egles" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiichten" title="Fiichten – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fiichten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egl%C4%97" title="Eglė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eglė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisea" title="Pisea – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pisea" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucfeny%C5%91" title="Lucfenyő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lucfenyő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Смрча – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Смрча" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ნოჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნოჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="تنوب (جنس من النباتات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تنوب (جنس من النباتات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Куз – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Куз" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Гацуур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гацуур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar" title="Spar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%83%92%E5%B1%9E" title="トウヒ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トウヒ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichten" title="Fichten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fichten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granslekten" title="Granslekten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Granslekten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granslekta" title="Granslekta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Granslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6" title="Кож – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кож" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoraqarag%CA%BBay" title="Qoraqaragʻay – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoraqaragʻay" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D0%B7" title="Кӧз – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кӧз" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awierk" title="Świerk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Świerk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea" title="Picea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Picea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Харыйа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харыйа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjuusdanne" title="Kjuusdanne – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kjuusdanne" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spruce" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrek_(rod)" title="Smrek (rod) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Smrek (rod)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smreka" title="Smreka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Smreka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Смрча – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Смрча" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smr%C4%8Da" title="Smrča – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Smrča" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuset" title="Kuuset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuuset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gransl%C3%A4ktet" title="Gransläktet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gransläktet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuwmert" title="Tuwmert – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tuwmert" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Чыршы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чыршы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B" title="สปรูซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สปรูซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladin" title="Ladin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ladin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Кыз – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кыз" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ялина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ялина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuz%27" title="Kuz' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kuz'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_V%C3%A2n_sam" title="Chi Vân sam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Vân sam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicia" title="Spicia – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Spicia" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparre" title="Sparre – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sparre" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the tree. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spruce_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spruce (disambiguation)">Spruce (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Spruce<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Valanginian–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:172.68307692308px; width:47.316923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:172.68307692308px; width:47.316923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:173.68307692308px; width:45.316923076923px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Picea_abies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Picea_abies.jpg/220px-Picea_abies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Picea_abies.jpg/330px-Picea_abies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Picea_abies.jpg/440px-Picea_abies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Norway_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway spruce">Norway spruce</a> (<i>Picea abies</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Picea" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnospermae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piceoideae</a><br /><small>Frankis</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Picea</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Philip_Miller" title="Philip Miller">Mill.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_abies" title="Picea abies">Picea abies</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Karl_Wilhelm_Hermann_Karsten" title="Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten">H. Karst.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>About 35; see text. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Veitchia</i> <small>Lindley</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>A <b>spruce</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> of the genus <i><b>Picea</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">py-<span style="font-size:90%">SEE</span>-ə</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a genus of about 40 species of <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">coniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> trees in the family <a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a>, found in the northern <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem" title="Boreal ecosystem">boreal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>) regions of the Earth. <i>Picea</i> is the sole genus in the <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <b>Piceoideae</b>. Spruces are large trees, from about 20 to 60 m (about 60–200 ft) tall when mature, and have <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorled</a> branches and <a href="/wiki/Cone_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone (geometry)">conical</a> form. </p><p>Spruces can be distinguished from other <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> of the family Pinaceae by their needles (leaves), which are four-sided and attached singly to small persistent peg-like structures (<a href="/wiki/Pulvini" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulvini">pulvini</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sterigmata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterigmata">sterigmata</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) on the branches, and by their <a href="/wiki/Seed_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed cone">cones</a> (without any protruding <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a>), which hang downwards after they are pollinated.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The needles are shed when 4–10 years old, leaving the branches rough with the retained pegs. In other similar genera, the branches are fairly smooth. </p><p>Spruce are used as food plants by the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> (moth and butterfly) species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Choristoneura_fumiferana" title="Choristoneura fumiferana">eastern spruce budworm</a>. They are also used by the larvae of <a href="/wiki/Gall_adelgid" title="Gall adelgid">gall adelgids</a> (<i>Adelges</i> species). </p><p>In the mountains of western <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, scientists have found a <a href="/wiki/Norway_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway spruce">Norway spruce</a>, nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Old_Tjikko" title="Old Tjikko">Old Tjikko</a>, which by reproducing through <a href="/wiki/Layering" title="Layering">layering</a>, has reached an age of 9,550 years and is claimed to be the world's oldest known living tree.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picea_abies_Nadelkissen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Picea_abies_Nadelkissen.jpg/220px-Picea_abies_Nadelkissen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Picea_abies_Nadelkissen.jpg/330px-Picea_abies_Nadelkissen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Picea_abies_Nadelkissen.jpg/440px-Picea_abies_Nadelkissen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>The peg-like base of the needles, or pulvinus, in <a href="/wiki/Norway_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway spruce">Norway spruce</a> (<i>Picea abies</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picea_glauca_twig_Denali_NP_AK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Picea_glauca_twig_Denali_NP_AK.jpg/220px-Picea_glauca_twig_Denali_NP_AK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Picea_glauca_twig_Denali_NP_AK.jpg/330px-Picea_glauca_twig_Denali_NP_AK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Picea_glauca_twig_Denali_NP_AK.jpg/440px-Picea_glauca_twig_Denali_NP_AK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Pulvini remain after the needles fall (white spruce, <i><a href="/wiki/Picea_glauca" title="Picea glauca">Picea glauca</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Determining that a tree is a spruce is not difficult; <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> needles that are more or less quadrangled, and especially the <a href="/wiki/Pulvinus" title="Pulvinus">pulvinus</a>, give it away. Beyond that, determination can become more difficult. Intensive sampling in the Smithers/Hazelton/Houston area of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> showed Douglas (1975),<sup id="cite_ref-doug_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doug-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Coates et al. (1994),<sup id="cite_ref-coat_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that cone scale <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> was the feature most useful in differentiating species of spruce; the length, width, length: width ratio, the length of free scale (the distance from the imprint of the seed wing to the tip of the scale), and the percentage free scale (length of free scale as a percentage of the total length of the scale) were most useful in this regard. Daubenmire (1974),<sup id="cite_ref-daub_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daub-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after range-wide sampling, had already recognized the importance of the two latter characters. Taylor (1959)<sup id="cite_ref-taylor_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had noted that the most obvious morphological difference between typical <i>Picea glauca</i> and typical <i>P. engelmannii</i> was the cone scale, and Horton (1956,1959)<sup id="cite_ref-horton1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horton1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-horton2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horton2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that the most useful diagnostic features of the two spruces are in the cone; differences occur in the flower, shoot and needle, "but those in the cone are most easily assessed" (Horton 1959).<sup id="cite_ref-horton2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horton2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coupé et al. (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-coup_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coup-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recommended that cone scale characters be based on samples taken from the midsection of each of ten cones from each of five trees in the population of interest. </p><p>Without cones, morphological differentiation among spruce species and their hybrids is more difficult. Species classification for seeds collected from spruce stands in which introgressive hybridization between white and Sitka spruces (<i>P. sitchensis</i>) may have occurred is important for determining appropriate cultural regimens in the nursery. If, for instance, white spruce grown at container nurseries in southwestern British Columbia are not given an extended photoperiod, leader growth ceases early in the first growing season, and seedlings do not reach the minimum height specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-arn1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arn1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arn2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arn2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, if an extended photoperiod is provided for Sitka spruce, seedlings become unacceptably tall by the end of the first growing season.<sup id="cite_ref-yeh_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yeh-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species classification of seedlots collected in areas where hybridization of white and Sitka spruces has been reported has depended on (i) easily measured cone scale characters of seed trees, especially free scale length, (ii) visual judgements of morphological characters, e.g., growth rhythm, shoot and root weight, and needle serration, or (iii) some combination of (i) and (ii) (Yeh and Arnott 1986).<sup id="cite_ref-yeh_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yeh-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Useful to a degree, these classification procedures have important limitations; genetic composition of the seeds produced by a stand is determined by both the seed trees and the pollen parents, and species classification of hybrid seedlots and estimates of their level of introgression on the basis of seed-tree characteristics can be unreliable when hybrid seedlots vary in their introgressiveness in consequence of spatial and temporal variations in contributions from the pollen parent (Yeh and Arnott 1986).<sup id="cite_ref-yeh_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yeh-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly, morphological characters are markedly influenced by ontogenetic and environmental influences, so that to discern spruce hybrid seedlot composition with accuracy, hybrid seedlots must differ substantially in morphology from both parent species. Yeh and Arnott (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-yeh_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yeh-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pointed out the difficulties of estimating accurately the degree of introgression between white and Sitka spruces; introgression may have occurred at low levels, and/or hybrid seed lots may vary in their degree of introgression in consequence of repeated backcrossing with parental species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spruce seedlings are most susceptible immediately following <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a>, and remain highly susceptible through to the following spring. More than half of spruce seedling mortality probably occurs during the first growing season and is also very high during the first winter,<sup id="cite_ref-alex_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alex-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when seedlings are subjected to freezing damage, frost heaving and erosion, as well as smothering by litter and snow-pressed vegetation. Seedlings that germinate late in the growing season are particularly vulnerable because they are tiny and have not had time to <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">harden off</a> fully. </p><p>Mortality rates generally decrease sharply thereafter, but losses often remain high for some years. "Establishment" is a subjective concept based on the idea that once a seedling has successfully reached a certain size, not much is likely to prevent its further development. Criteria vary, of course, but Noble and Ronco (1978),<sup id="cite_ref-nob_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nob-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance, considered that seedlings four to five years old, or 8 cm to 10 cm tall, warranted the designation "established", since only unusual factors such as <a href="/wiki/Phacidiaceae" title="Phacidiaceae">snow mold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">trampling</a>, or predation would then impair regeneration success. Eis (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-eis_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eis-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested that in dry habitats on either mineral soil or litter seedbeds a 3-year-old seedling may be considered established; in moist habitats, seedlings may need 4 or 5 years to become established on mineral soil, possibly longer on litter seedbeds. </p><p>Growth remains very slow for several to many years. Three years after <a href="/wiki/Shelterwood_cutting" title="Shelterwood cutting">shelterwood felling</a> in subalpine Alberta, dominant <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regeneration</a> averaged 5.5 cm in height in <a href="/wiki/Scarification" title="Scarification">scarified</a> blocks, and 7.3 cm in non-scarified blocks (Day 1970),<sup id="cite_ref-day2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly reflecting diminished fertility with the removal of the A horizon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> analyses have shown that traditional classifications based on the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> of needle and <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cone</a> are artificial.<sup id="cite_ref-Ran_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ran-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sigurgeirsson_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigurgeirsson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2006 study found that <i><a href="/wiki/Picea_breweriana" title="Picea breweriana">P. breweriana</a></i> had a <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> position, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Picea_sitchensis" title="Picea sitchensis">P. sitchensis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ran_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ran-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other species were further divided into three <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>, suggesting that <i>Picea</i> originated in North America. The oldest record of spruce that has been found in the fossil record is from the Early Cretaceous (<a href="/wiki/Valanginian" title="Valanginian">Valanginian</a>) of western Canada, around 136 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Phylogeny of <i>Picea</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:400px"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">section </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_sitchensis" title="Picea sitchensis">P. sitchensis</a></i> <small>(Bongard) Carrière</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Sitcha</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">section </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_breweriana" title="Picea breweriana">P. breweriana</a></i> <small>Watson</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Brewerianae</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">section </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">series </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_likiangensis" title="Picea likiangensis">P. likiangensis</a></i> <small>(Franchet) Pritzel</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_farreri" title="Picea farreri">P. farreri</a></i> <small>Page & Rushforth</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_spinulosa" title="Picea spinulosa">P. spinulosa</a></i> <small>(Griffith) Henry</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Likiangenses</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">series </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_schrenkiana" title="Picea schrenkiana">P. schrenkiana</a></i> <small>Fischer & Meyer</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Schrenkianae</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">series </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_smithiana" title="Picea smithiana">P. smithiana</a></i> <small>(Wallich) Boiss.</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_glauca" title="Picea glauca">P. glauca</a></i> <small>(Moench) Voss</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_engelmannii" title="Picea engelmannii">P. engelmannii</a></i> <small>Parry ex Engelmann</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>Glaucae</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">series </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_martinezii" title="Picea martinezii">P. martinezii</a></i> <small>T.F.Patt.</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_chihuahuana" title="Picea chihuahuana">P. chihuahuana</a></i> <small>Martínez</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_alcoquiana" title="Picea alcoquiana">P. alcoquiana</a></i> <small>(Veitch ex Lindley) Carrière</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_brachytyla" title="Picea brachytyla">P. brachytyla</a></i> <small>(Franchet) Pritzel</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_neoveitchii" title="Picea neoveitchii">P. neoveitchii</a></i> <small>Masters</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_morrisonicola" title="Picea morrisonicola">P. morrisonicola</a></i> <small>Hayata</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_purpurea" title="Picea purpurea">P. purpurea</a></i> <small>Masters</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_wilsonii" title="Picea wilsonii">P. wilsonii</a></i> <small>Masters</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_orientalis" title="Picea orientalis">P. orientalis</a></i> <small>(von Linné) Peterm.</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_maximowiczii" title="Picea maximowiczii">P. maximowiczii</a></i> <small>Regel ex Masters</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_polita" title="Picea polita">P. polita</a></i> <small>(Siebold & Zuccarini) Carrière</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Orientales</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>Casicta</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">section </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">series </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_pungens" class="mw-redirect" title="Picea pungens">P. pungens</a></i> <small>Engelmann</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>Pungentes</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">series </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_glehnii" title="Picea glehnii">P. glehnii</a></i> <small>(Schmidt) Masters</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_jezoensis" title="Picea jezoensis">P. jezoensis</a></i> <small>(Sieb. & Zuccarini) Carrière</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_rubens" title="Picea rubens">P. rubens</a></i> <small>Sargent</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_mariana" title="Picea mariana">P. mariana</a></i> <small>(Miller) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_omorika" title="Picea omorika">P. omorika</a></i> <small>(Panèiæ) Purkyne</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>Jezoenses</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">series </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_obovata" title="Picea obovata">P. obovata</a></i> <small>Ledeb.</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_abies" title="Picea abies">P. abies</a></i> <small>(von Linné) Karsten</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_koyamae" title="Picea koyamae">P. koyamae</a></i> <small>Shiras.</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_asperata" title="Picea asperata">P. asperata</a></i> <small>Masters</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_koraiensis" title="Picea koraiensis">P. koraiensis</a></i> <small>Nakai</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_torano" class="mw-redirect" title="Picea torano">P. torano</a></i> <small>(Siebold ex Koch) Koehne</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_retroflexa" title="Picea retroflexa">P. retroflexa</a></i> <small>Masters</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_shirasawae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea shirasawae (page does not exist)">P. shirasawae</a></i> <small>Hayashi</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_crassifolia" title="Picea crassifolia">P. crassifolia</a></i> <small>Komarov</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_meyeri" title="Picea meyeri">P. meyeri</a></i> <small>Rehder & Wilson</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Abies</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Picea</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>As of April 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a> accepted 37 species.<sup id="cite_ref-POWO_30005648-2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POWO_30005648-2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grouping is based on Ran et al. (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-Ran_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ran-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Basal species: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_breweriana" title="Picea breweriana">Picea breweriana</a></i> – Brewer's spruce, <a href="/wiki/Klamath_Mountains" title="Klamath Mountains">Klamath Mountains</a>, North America; local <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_sitchensis" title="Picea sitchensis">Picea sitchensis</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka</a> spruce, Pacific coast of North America; the largest species, to 95 m tall; important in <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Clade I (Northern and western <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">boreal forests</a> or high mountains) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_engelmannii" title="Picea engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</a></i> – Engelmann spruce, western North American mountains; important in forestry</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_glauca" title="Picea glauca">Picea glauca</a></i>, syn. <i>Picea laxa</i> – white spruce, northern North America; important in forestry</li></ul></li> <li>Clade II (throughout Asia, mostly in mountainous areas, a few isolated populations in higher elevations of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>,) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_brachytyla" title="Picea brachytyla">Picea brachytyla</a></i> – Sargent's spruce, southwest <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_chihuahuana" title="Picea chihuahuana">Picea chihuahuana</a></i> – Chihuahua spruce, northwest Mexico (rare)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_farreri" title="Picea farreri">Picea farreri</a></i> – Burmese spruce, northeast <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, southwest <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (mountains)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_likiangensis" title="Picea likiangensis">Picea likiangensis</a></i> – Likiang spruce, southwest China</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_martinezii" title="Picea martinezii">Picea martinezii</a></i> – Martinez spruce, northeast Mexico (very rare, endangered)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_maximowiczii" title="Picea maximowiczii">Picea maximowiczii</a></i> – Maximowicz spruce, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (rare, mountains)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_morrisonicola" title="Picea morrisonicola">Picea morrisonicola</a></i> – Taiwan spruce, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (high mountains)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_neoveitchii" title="Picea neoveitchii">Picea neoveitchii</a></i> – Veitch's spruce, northwest China (rare, endangered)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_orientalis" title="Picea orientalis">Picea orientalis</a></i> – Caucasian spruce or Oriental spruce, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, northeast <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_polita" title="Picea polita">Picea polita</a></i>, syn. <i>Picea torano</i> – tiger-tail spruce, Japan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_purpurea" title="Picea purpurea">Picea purpurea</a></i> – purple cone spruce, western China</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_schrenkiana" title="Picea schrenkiana">Picea schrenkiana</a></i> – Schrenk's spruce, mountains of central Asia</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_smithiana" title="Picea smithiana">Picea smithiana</a></i> – morinda spruce, western <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, northern and northwest <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_spinulosa" title="Picea spinulosa">Picea spinulosa</a></i> – Sikkim spruce, northeast India (<a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>), eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_wilsonii" title="Picea wilsonii">Picea wilsonii</a></i> – Wilson's spruce, western China</li></ul></li> <li>Clade III (Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly in boreal forests or mountainous areas) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_abies" title="Picea abies">Picea abies</a></i> – Norway spruce, Europe; important in forestry, the original <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_alcoquiana" title="Picea alcoquiana">Picea alcoquiana</a></i> – ("<i>P. bicolor</i>") Alcock's spruce, central Japan (mountains)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_asperata" title="Picea asperata">Picea asperata</a></i> – dragon spruce, western China; several varieties</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_crassifolia" title="Picea crassifolia">Picea crassifolia</a></i> – Qinghai spruce, China</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_glehnii" title="Picea glehnii">Picea glehnii</a></i> – Glehn's spruce, northern Japan, <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_jezoensis" title="Picea jezoensis">Picea jezoensis</a></i> – Jezo spruce, northeast Asia, <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka</a> south to Japan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_koraiensis" title="Picea koraiensis">Picea koraiensis</a></i> – Korean spruce, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, northeast China</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_koyamae" title="Picea koyamae">Picea koyamae</a></i> – Koyama's spruce, Japan (mountains)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_mariana" title="Picea mariana">Picea mariana</a></i> – black spruce, northern North America</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_meyeri" title="Picea meyeri">Picea meyeri</a></i> – Meyer's spruce, northern China (from Inner Mongolia to Gansu)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_obovata" title="Picea obovata">Picea obovata</a></i> – Siberian spruce, north <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>; often treated as a variant of <i>P. abies</i> (and hybridises with it), but has distinct cones</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_omorika" title="Picea omorika">Picea omorika</a></i> – Serbian spruce, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>; local <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemic</a>; important in horticulture</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_pungens" class="mw-redirect" title="Picea pungens">Picea pungens</a></i> – blue spruce or Colorado spruce, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, North America; important in horticulture</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_retroflexa" title="Picea retroflexa">Picea retroflexa</a></i> – green dragon spruce, China</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_rubens" title="Picea rubens">Picea rubens</a></i> – red spruce, northeastern North America; important in forestry, known as <a href="/wiki/Picea_rubens" title="Picea rubens">Adirondack</a> in musical-instrument making</li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_aurantiaca" title="Picea aurantiaca">Picea aurantiaca</a></i> <small>Mast.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_austropanlanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea austropanlanica (page does not exist)">Picea austropanlanica</a></i> <small>Silba</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_linzhiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea linzhiensis (page does not exist)">Picea linzhiensis</a></i> <small>(W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu) Rushforth</small></li></ul></li> <li>Hybrids <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_%C3%97_albertiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea × albertiana (page does not exist)"><i>Picea</i> × <i>albertiana</i></a> <small>S.Br.</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_%C3%97_fennica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea × fennica (page does not exist)"><i>Picea</i> × <i>fennica</i></a> <small>(Regel) Kom.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picea_%C3%97_lutzii" title="Picea × lutzii"><i>Picea</i> × <i>lutzii</i></a> <small>Little</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_%C3%97_notha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea × notha (page does not exist)"><i>Picea</i> × notha<i></i></a> <small>Rehder</small></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_species">Fossil species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fossil species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also a number of extinct species identified from fossil evidence: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cones">Cones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_anadyrensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea anadyrensis (page does not exist)">Picea anadyrensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kryshtofovich</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_antiqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea antiqua (page does not exist)">Picea antiqua</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Vasskovsky</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_beckii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea beckii (page does not exist)">Picea beckii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Mai</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_bilibinii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea bilibinii (page does not exist)">Picea bilibinii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Vasskovsky</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_burtonii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea burtonii (page does not exist)">Picea burtonii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Klymiuk & Stockey</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_camtschatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea camtschatica (page does not exist)">Picea camtschatica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Vasskovsky</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_deweyensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea deweyensis (page does not exist)">Picea deweyensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Axelrod</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_diettertiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea diettertiana (page does not exist)">Picea diettertiana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Miller</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_eichhornii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea eichhornii (page does not exist)">Picea eichhornii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Miller</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_evenica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea evenica (page does not exist)">Picea evenica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Vasskovsky</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_fimbriata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea fimbriata (page does not exist)">Picea fimbriata</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Chelebaeva</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_garoensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea garoensis (page does not exist)">Picea garoensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Tanai & Suzuki</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_harrimani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea harrimani (page does not exist)">Picea harrimani</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Knowlton</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_hondoensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea hondoensis (page does not exist)">Picea hondoensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Vasskovsky</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_indigirensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea indigirensis (page does not exist)">Picea indigirensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Peresvetov</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_latibracteata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea latibracteata (page does not exist)">Picea latibracteata</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Miki</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_latisquamosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea latisquamosa (page does not exist)">Picea latisquamosa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kinkelin</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_metechensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea metechensis (page does not exist)">Picea metechensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kharatishvili</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_mioorientalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea mioorientalis (page does not exist)">Picea mioorientalis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Usnadze</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_mugodzharica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea mugodzharica (page does not exist)">Picea mugodzharica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rajushkina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_oligocaenica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea oligocaenica (page does not exist)">Picea oligocaenica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Engelhardt</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_pevekensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea pevekensis (page does not exist)">Picea pevekensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Golovneva</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_praeajanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea praeajanensis (page does not exist)">Picea praeajanensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Vasskovsky</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_protopicea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea protopicea (page does not exist)">Picea protopicea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Velenovský) Tyroff</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_sookensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea sookensis (page does not exist)">Picea sookensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">LaMotte</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_sugaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea sugaii (page does not exist)">Picea sugaii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Tanai & Onoe</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_suifunensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea suifunensis (page does not exist)">Picea suifunensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kryshtofovich</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_vassiljevii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea vassiljevii (page does not exist)">Picea vassiljevii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Vasskovsky</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_vitjasii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea vitjasii (page does not exist)">Picea vitjasii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Vasskovsky</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_wolfei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea wolfei (page does not exist)">Picea wolfei</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Crabtree</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_wollosowiczii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea wollosowiczii (page does not exist)">Picea wollosowiczii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Sukaczev</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_yanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea yanensis (page does not exist)">Picea yanensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Golovneva & Shczepetov</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foliage">Foliage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foliage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_cretacea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea cretacea (page does not exist)">Picea cretacea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Velenovský</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_echinata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea echinata (page does not exist)">Picea echinata</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Müller-Stoll</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_korfiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea korfiensis (page does not exist)">Picea korfiensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Chelebaeva</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_lahontensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea lahontensis (page does not exist)">Picea lahontensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">MacGinitie</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_morosovae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea morosovae (page does not exist)">Picea morosovae</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Akhmetiev & Shevyreva</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_nakauchii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea nakauchii (page does not exist)">Picea nakauchii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Matsumoto, Ohsawa, & Nishida</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_palaeomorika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea palaeomorika (page does not exist)">Picea palaeomorika</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Müller-Stoll</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_quilchensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea quilchensis (page does not exist)">Picea quilchensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Penhallow</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_tranquillensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea tranquillensis (page does not exist)">Picea tranquillensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Penhallow</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollen">Pollen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pollen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_alata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea alata (page does not exist)">Picea alata</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Zaklinsk</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_bella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea bella (page does not exist)">Picea bella</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bolkhovitina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_complanatiformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea complanatiformis (page does not exist)">Picea complanatiformis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bolkhovitina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_depressa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea depressa (page does not exist)">Picea depressa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bolkhovitina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_distorta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea distorta (page does not exist)">Picea distorta</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bolkhovitina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_distracta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea distracta (page does not exist)">Picea distracta</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bolkhovitina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_exilioides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea exilioides (page does not exist)">Picea exilioides</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bolkhovitina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_gigantissima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea gigantissima (page does not exist)">Picea gigantissima</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bolkhovitina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_grandipollinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea grandipollinia (page does not exist)">Picea grandipollinia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ananova</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_grandis_(Panova)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea grandis (Panova) (page does not exist)">Picea grandis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Panova</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_grandivescipites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea grandivescipites (page does not exist)">Picea grandivescipites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Wodehouse</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_kryshtofovichii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea kryshtofovichii (page does not exist)">Picea kryshtofovichii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ammosov</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_longisaccata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea longisaccata (page does not exist)">Picea longisaccata</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rovnina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea media (page does not exist)">Picea media</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ananova</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_mesophytica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea mesophytica (page does not exist)">Picea mesophytica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Pokrovskaja</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_minor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea minor (page does not exist)">Picea minor</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Mtchedlishvili</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_multigruma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea multigruma (page does not exist)">Picea multigruma</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Chlonova</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_omoriciformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea omoriciformis (page does not exist)">Picea omoriciformis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bolkhovitina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_parvireticulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea parvireticulata (page does not exist)">Picea parvireticulata</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rovnina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_pseudorotundiformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea pseudorotundiformis (page does not exist)">Picea pseudorotundiformis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Maljavkina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_rara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea rara (page does not exist)">Picea rara</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Stanley</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_sacculifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea sacculifera (page does not exist)">Picea sacculifera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Maljavkina) Chlonova</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_samoilovitchiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea samoilovitchiana (page does not exist)">Picea samoilovitchiana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rovnina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_schrenkianiformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea schrenkianiformis (page does not exist)">Picea schrenkianiformis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Zaklinskaja</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_scotica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea scotica (page does not exist)">Picea scotica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Simpson</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_singularis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea singularis (page does not exist)">Picea singularis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bolkhovitina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_spirelliformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea spirelliformis (page does not exist)">Picea spirelliformis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Maljavkina) Bolkhovitina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_sutschanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea sutschanensis (page does not exist)">Picea sutschanensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Verbizkaja</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_tasaranica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea tasaranica (page does not exist)">Picea tasaranica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Zaklinskaja</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_tobolica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea tobolica (page does not exist)">Picea tobolica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Panova</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_valanjinica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea valanjinica (page does not exist)">Picea valanjinica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rovnina</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seeds">Seeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Seeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_altaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea altaica (page does not exist)">Picea altaica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rajushkina</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_hiyamensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea hiyamensis (page does not exist)">Picea hiyamensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Tanai & Suzuki</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_kaneharae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea kaneharae (page does not exist)">Picea kaneharae</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Tanai & Onoe</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_kanoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea kanoi (page does not exist)">Picea kanoi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Huzioka</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_magna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea magna (page does not exist)">Picea magna</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">MacGinitie</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_pinifructus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea pinifructus (page does not exist)">Picea pinifructus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Brown</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_sonomensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea sonomensis (page does not exist)">Picea sonomensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Axelrod</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood">Wood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_palaeomaximowiczii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea palaeomaximowiczii (page does not exist)">Picea palaeomaximowiczii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Watari</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_wakimizui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea wakimizui (page does not exist)">Picea wakimizui</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Watari) Watari</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_withamii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea withamii (page does not exist)">Picea withamii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Lindley & Hutton) Morris</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_organs">Multiple organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Multiple organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_columbiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea columbiensis (page does not exist)">Picea columbiensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Penhallow</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Picea_critchfieldii" title="Picea critchfieldii">Picea critchfieldii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Jackson & Weng</span> - <a href="/wiki/Late_Quaternary" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Quaternary">Late Quaternary</a> North America.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_farjonii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea farjonii (page does not exist)">Picea farjonii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Herrera <i>et al.</i></span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_heisseana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea heisseana (page does not exist)">Picea heisseana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">von Fritsch</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_koribae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea koribae (page does not exist)">Picea koribae</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Miki</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_miocenica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea miocenica (page does not exist)">Picea miocenica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Tanai</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_rotundosquamosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea rotundosquamosa (page does not exist)">Picea rotundosquamosa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ludwig) Mai & Walther</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_ugoana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea ugoana (page does not exist)">Picea ugoana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Huzioka</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unspecified">Unspecified</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unspecified"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_alba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea alba (page does not exist)">Picea alba</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Link</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_albertensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea albertensis (page does not exist)">Picea albertensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Penhallow</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_snatolensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea snatolensis (page does not exist)">Picea snatolensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Chelebaeva</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_species_formerly_placed_in_Picea">Fossil species formerly placed in <i>Picea</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fossil species formerly placed in Picea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_cliffwoodensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea cliffwoodensis (page does not exist)">Picea cliffwoodensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Berry</span> moved to †<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pityostrobus_cliffwoodensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pityostrobus cliffwoodensis (page does not exist)">Pityostrobus cliffwoodensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bery) Miller</span></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picea_succinifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picea succinifera (page does not exist)">Picea succinifera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Göppert & Berendt)</span> moved to <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_succinifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinus succinifera (page does not exist)">Pinus succinifera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Göppert) Conwentz</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the realm of spruce trees, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Dendroctonus_micans" title="Dendroctonus micans">Dendroctonus micans</a> beetles significantly impacts their health and vitality. These beetles, particularly the males, display territorial behavior, diligently defending areas that are attractive to females for mating. By safeguarding these regions and providing suitable host trees, they create an environment conducive to egg-laying, thereby ensuring their reproductive success. This territoriality is closely tied to male reproductive prowess and plays a crucial role in understanding the dynamics of beetle populations and their impact on the overall health of spruce trees. Moreover, the home range of Dendroctonus micans varies based on the availability and density of host trees, with individual beetles dispersing across their habitat in search of optimal nesting sites. <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuhmo.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kuhmo.vaakuna.svg/190px-Kuhmo.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kuhmo.vaakuna.svg/285px-Kuhmo.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kuhmo.vaakuna.svg/380px-Kuhmo.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption><i>Picea</i> used in coat-of-arms of <a href="/wiki/Kuhmo" title="Kuhmo">Kuhmo</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Spruce</i>, <i>spruse</i> (1412), and <i>Sprws</i> (1378) seem to have been generic terms for commodities brought to England by <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic</a> merchants (especially beer, boards, wooden chests and leather), and the tree thus was believed to be particular to Prussia, which for a time was figurative in England as a land of luxuries. It can be argued that the word is actually derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> term <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Pruce</i></span>, meaning literally Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fichtenstamm_entrindet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fichtenstamm_entrindet.jpg/220px-Fichtenstamm_entrindet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fichtenstamm_entrindet.jpg/330px-Fichtenstamm_entrindet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fichtenstamm_entrindet.jpg/440px-Fichtenstamm_entrindet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Manually <a href="/wiki/Debarking_(lumber)" title="Debarking (lumber)">decorticated</a> <a href="/wiki/Tree#Trunk" title="Tree">trunk</a> of a spruce as protection against <a href="/wiki/Bark_beetle" title="Bark beetle">bark beetles</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>Structure of spruce tree cells</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sirococcus_blight_(Deuteromycotina,_Coelomtcetes)"><span id="Sirococcus_blight_.28Deuteromycotina.2C_Coelomtcetes.29"></span><i>Sirococcus</i> blight (Deuteromycotina, Coelomtcetes)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sirococcus blight (Deuteromycotina, Coelomtcetes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The closely related species <i>Sirococcus conigenus</i> and <i>Sirococcus piceicola</i> cause shoot blight and seedling mortality of <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifers</a> in North America, Europe, and North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twig blight damage to seedlings of white and <a href="/wiki/Picea_rubens" title="Picea rubens">red spruces</a> in a nursery near Asheville, North Carolina, was reported by Graves (1914).<sup id="cite_ref-graves_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graves-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hosts include <a href="/wiki/White_spruce" title="White spruce">white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_mariana" title="Picea mariana">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_engelmannii" title="Picea engelmannii">Engelmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_abies" title="Picea abies">Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Picea_rubens" title="Picea rubens">red spruces</a>, although they are not the plants most commonly damaged. <i>Sirococcus</i> blight of spruces in nurseries show up randomly in <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedlings</a> to which the fungus was transmitted in infested seed. First-year seedlings are often killed, and larger plants may become too deformed for planting. Outbreaks involving < 30% of spruce seedlings in seedbeds have been traced to seed lots in which only 0.1% to 3% of seeds were infested. Seed infestation has in turn been traced to the colonization of spruce cones by <i>S. conigenus</i> in forests of the western interior. Infection develops readily if conidia are deposited on succulent plant parts that remain wet for at least 24 hours at 10 °C to 25 °C. Longer periods of wetness favour increasingly severe disease. Twig tips killed during growth the previous year show a characteristic crook. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhizosphaera_kalkhoffi_needle_cast"><i>Rhizosphaera kalkhoffi</i> needle cast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rhizosphaera kalkhoffi needle cast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rhizosphaera</i> infects white spruce, <a href="/wiki/Blue_spruce" title="Blue spruce">blue spruce</a> (<i>Picea pungens</i>), and Norway spruces throughout Ontario, causing severe defoliation and sometimes killing small, stressed trees. White spruce is intermediately susceptible. Dead needles show rows of black fruiting bodies. Infection usually begins on lower branches. On white spruce, infected needles are usually retained on the tree into the following summer. The fungicide Chlorthalonil is registered for controlling this needle cast (Davis 1997).<sup id="cite_ref-davis_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valsa_kunzei_branch_and_stem_canker"><i>Valsa kunzei</i> branch and stem canker</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Valsa kunzei branch and stem canker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A branch and stem canker associated with the <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> <i>Valsa kunzei</i> Fr. var. <i>picea</i> was reported on white and Norway spruces in Ontario (Jorgensen and Cafley 1961)<sup id="cite_ref-jorg_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jorg-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Quebec (Ouellette and Bard 1962).<sup id="cite_ref-ouel_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ouel-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ontario, only trees of low vigour were affected, but in Quebec vigorous trees were also infected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators">Predators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spruce_in_the_park_of_Peterhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Spruce_in_the_park_of_Peterhof.jpg/220px-Spruce_in_the_park_of_Peterhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Spruce_in_the_park_of_Peterhof.jpg/330px-Spruce_in_the_park_of_Peterhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Spruce_in_the_park_of_Peterhof.jpg/440px-Spruce_in_the_park_of_Peterhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Spruce in the park of Peterhof</figcaption></figure> <p>Small <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> ingest <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifer</a> seeds, and also consume <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedlings</a>. Cage feeding of deer mice (<i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i>) and red-backed vole (<i>Myodes gapperi</i>) showed a daily maximum seed consumption of 2000 white spruce seeds and of 1000 seeds of <a href="/wiki/Pinus_contorta" title="Pinus contorta">lodgepole pine</a>, with the two species of mice consuming equal amounts of seed, but showing a preference for the pine over the spruce (Wagg 1963).<sup id="cite_ref-wagg1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagg1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short-tailed meadow vole (<i>Microtus pennsylvanicus</i> Ord) voraciously ate all available white spruce and lodgepole pine seedlings, pulling them out of the ground and holding them between their front feet until the whole seedling had been consumed. Wagg (1963)<sup id="cite_ref-wagg1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagg1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attributed damage observed to the bark and cambium at ground level of small white spruce seedlings over several seasons to meadow voles. </p><p>Once shed, seeds contribute to the diet of small mammals, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Peromyscus" title="Peromyscus">deer mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clethrionomys" title="Clethrionomys">red-backed voles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montane_vole" title="Montane vole">mountain voles</a> (<i>Microtus montanus</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunks</a> (<i>Eutamias minimus</i>). The magnitude of the loss is difficult to determine, and studies with and without seed protection have yielded conflicting results. In western Montana, for example, spruce seedling success was little better on protected than on unprotected seed spots (Schopmeyer and Helmers 1947),<sup id="cite_ref-schop_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schop-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in British Columbia spruce regeneration depended on protection from rodents (Smith 1955).<sup id="cite_ref-smith_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important albeit indirect biotic constraint on spruce establishment is the depredation of seed by <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>. As much as 90% of a cone crop has been harvested by red squirrels (Zasada et al. 1978).<sup id="cite_ref-zasada_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zasada-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deer mice, voles, chipmunks, and shrews can consume large quantities of seed; one mouse can eat 2000 seeds per night.<sup id="cite_ref-rad2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rad2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repeated applications of half a million seeds/ha failed to produce the 750 trees/ha sought by Northwest Pulp and Power, Ltd., near Hinton, Alberta (Radvanyi 1972),<sup id="cite_ref-rad3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rad3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no doubt left a lot of well-fed small mammals. Foraging by squirrels for winter buds (Rowe 1952)<sup id="cite_ref-rowe1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowe1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has not been reported in relation to young plantations, but Wagg (1963)<sup id="cite_ref-wagg1_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagg1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noted that at Hinton AB, <a href="/wiki/American_red_squirrel" title="American red squirrel">red squirrels</a> were observed cutting the lateral and terminal twigs and feeding on the vegetative and flower buds of white spruce. </p><p><a href="/wiki/American_red_squirrel" title="American red squirrel">Red squirrels</a> in Alaska have harvested as much as 90% of a cone crop (Zasada et al. 1978);<sup id="cite_ref-zasada_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zasada-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their <i>modus operandi</i> is to cut off great numbers of cones with great expedition early in the fall, and then "spend the rest of the fall shelling out the seeds". In Manitoba, Rowe (1952)<sup id="cite_ref-rowe1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowe1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ascribed widespread severing of branch tips 5 cm to 10 cm long on white spruce ranging "from sapling to veteran size" to squirrels foraging for winter buds, cone failure having excluded the more usual food source. The damage has not been reported in relation to small trees, outplants or otherwise. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">Porcupines</a> (<i>Erethizon dorsatum</i> L.) may damage spruce (Nienstaedt 1957),<sup id="cite_ref-nien_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nien-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but prefer red pine.<sup id="cite_ref-mcleod_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcleod-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bark-stripping of white spruce by black bear (<i>Euarctos americanus perniger</i>) is locally important in Alaska (Lutz 1951),<sup id="cite_ref-lutz_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lutz-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the bark of white spruce is not attacked by field mice (<i>Microtus pennsylvanicus</i> Ord),<sup id="cite_ref-little_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-little-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even in years of heavy infestation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests">Pests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eastern spruce budworm (<i><a href="/wiki/Choristoneura_fumiferana" title="Choristoneura fumiferana">Choristoneura fumiferana</a></i>) is a major pest of spruce trees in forests throughout Canada and the eastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the main host plants are <a href="/wiki/Picea_mariana" title="Picea mariana">black spruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_spruce" title="White spruce">white spruce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bal2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bal2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Population levels oscillate, sometimes reaching extreme outbreak levels that can cause extreme defoliation of and damage to spruce trees. To reduce destruction, there are multiple methods of control in place, including pesticides.<sup id="cite_ref-Pheromone_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pheromone-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horntails, or Wood Wasps, use this tree for egg laying and the larvae will live in the outer inch of the tree under the bark. </p><p>Spruce beetles (<i><a href="/wiki/Dendroctonus_rufipennis" title="Dendroctonus rufipennis">Dendroctonus rufipennis</a></i>) have destroyed swathes of spruce forest in western North America from Alaska to Wyoming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spruce" title="Special:EditPage/Spruce">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timber">Timber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Timber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_picea_abies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wood_picea_abies.jpg/170px-Wood_picea_abies.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wood_picea_abies.jpg/255px-Wood_picea_abies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wood_picea_abies.jpg/340px-Wood_picea_abies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption><i>P. abies</i> wood</figcaption></figure> <p>Spruce is useful as a building wood, commonly referred to by several different names including North American timber, SPF (spruce, pine, fir) and whitewood (the collective name for spruce wood).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">Canadian Lumber Standard</a> graded wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Homebuilding_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homebuilding-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spruce wood is used for many purposes, ranging from general construction work and crates to highly specialised uses in wooden aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>' first aircraft, the <i><a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Flyer</a></i>, was built of spruce.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because this species has no insect or decay resistance qualities after logging, it is generally recommended for construction purposes as indoor use only (indoor drywall framing, for example). Spruce wood, when left outside cannot be expected to last more than 12–18 months depending on the type of climate it is exposed to.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pulpwood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spruce is one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">woods</a> for paper uses, as it has long wood fibres which bind together to make strong paper. The fibres are thin walled and collapse to thin bands upon drying. Spruces are commonly used in mechanical pulping as they are easily <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleached</a>. Together with northern <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pines</a>, northern spruces are commonly used to make <a href="/wiki/NBSK" class="mw-redirect" title="NBSK">NBSK</a>. Spruces are <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">cultivated</a> over vast areas as pulpwood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_medicine">Food and medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Food and medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpruceEssentialOil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SpruceEssentialOil.png/220px-SpruceEssentialOil.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SpruceEssentialOil.png/330px-SpruceEssentialOil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SpruceEssentialOil.png/440px-SpruceEssentialOil.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Spruce (<i>Picea mariana</i>) essential oil in a clear glass vial</figcaption></figure> <p>The fresh shoots of many spruces are a natural source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Captain_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Cook">Captain Cook</a> made alcoholic sugar-based <a href="/wiki/Spruce_beer" title="Spruce beer">spruce beer</a> during his sea voyages in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> in his crew.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaves and branches, or the essential oils, can be used to brew spruce beer. </p><p>In Finland, young spruce <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">buds</a> are sometimes used as a spice, or boiled with sugar to create spruce bud syrup.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In survival situations spruce needles can be directly ingested or boiled into a tea. This replaces large amounts of vitamin C. Also, water is stored in a spruce's needles, providing an alternative means of hydration <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Spruce can be used as a preventive measure for <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> in an environment where meat is the only prominent food source <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonewood">Tonewood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tonewood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spruce is the standard material used in soundboards for many musical instruments, including <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" title="Sound board (music)">soundboard</a> at the heart of a <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>. Wood used for this purpose is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Tonewood" title="Tonewood">tonewood</a>. </p><p>Spruce, along with <a href="/wiki/Thuja_plicata" title="Thuja plicata">cedar</a>, is often used for the <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" title="Sound board (music)">soundboard</a>/top of an <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic guitar</a>. The main types of spruce used for this purpose are Sitka, Engelmann, Adirondack and European spruces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> was used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch</a> in the past (before the use of <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemicals</a>); the scientific name <i>Picea</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/picea#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:picea">picea</a></i> "pitch pine" (referring to <a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piceus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:piceus">piceus</a></i>, an adjective from <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pix#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:pix">pix</a></i> "pitch". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Americas">Native Americans</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> use the thin, pliable roots of some species for weaving <a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">baskets</a> and for sewing together pieces of <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> bark for <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Kiidk%27yaas" title="Kiidk'yaas">Kiidk'yaas</a> for an unusual golden Sitka Spruce sacred to the <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida people</a>. </p><p>Spruces are popular ornamental trees in <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, admired for their evergreen, symmetrical narrow-conic growth habit. For the same reason, some (particularly <i>Picea abies</i> and <i>P. omorika</i>) are also extensively used as <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas trees</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Christmas_tree" title="Artificial Christmas tree">artificial Christmas trees</a> often being produced in their likenesses. </p><p>Spruce branches are also used at Aintree racecourse, Liverpool, to build several of the fences on the Grand National course. Spruce wood is also used to make sculptures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genome">Genome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Genome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nuclear,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mitochondrial<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chloroplast<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> genomes of British Columbia interior spruce have been sequenced. The large (20 Gbp) nuclear genome and associated gene annotations of interior spruce (genotype PG29) were published in 2013<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sunset Western Garden Book,</i> 1995:606–607</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hart, G.T. (2018) <i>Plants in Literature and Life: a wide-ranging dictionary of botanical terms</i>. FriesenPress. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1770674417" title="Special:BookSources/978-1770674417">978-1770674417</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lovettpinetum.org/pines/pine-relatives/">"Pine Relatives"</a>. Lovett Pinetum. 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pine+Relatives&rft.pub=Lovett+Pinetum&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lovettpinetum.org%2Fpines%2Fpine-relatives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=2AA00080-0AD4-55E1-EA50BC7A36A218C4&">"Swedish Spruce Is World's Oldest Tree: Scientific American Podcast"</a>. 27 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Karst.) as Nordic Specialty-Consumer Acceptance, Stability of Nutrients, and Bioactivities during Storage"</a>. <i>Molecules</i>. <b>25</b> (18): 4187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules25184187">10.3390/molecules25184187</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7570650">7570650</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32932686">32932686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.atitle=Sprouts+and+Needles+of+Norway+Spruce+%28Picea+abies+%28L.%29+Karst.%29+as+Nordic+Specialty-Consumer+Acceptance%2C+Stability+of+Nutrients%2C+and+Bioactivities+during+Storage&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=4187&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7570650%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32932686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmolecules25184187&rft.aulast=Jyske&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4%2C+E&rft.au=Kunnas%2C+S&rft.au=Sarjala%2C+T&rft.au=Raitanen%2C+JE&rft.au=M%C3%A4ki%2C+M&rft.au=Pastell%2C+H&rft.au=Korpinen%2C+R&rft.au=Kaseva%2C+J&rft.au=Tupasela%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7570650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=picea">pĭcĕa</a>. 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Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/ALWZ000000000.4/">"Picea glauca, whole genome shotgun sequencing project"</a>. 13 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Picea+glauca%2C+whole+genome+shotgun+sequencing+project&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fnuccore%2FALWZ000000000.4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/LKAM00000000">"Picea glauca, whole genome shotgun sequencing project"</a>. 12 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Picea+glauca%2C+whole+genome+shotgun+sequencing+project&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fnuccore%2FLKAM00000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackman_SD,_Warren_RL,_Gibb_EA,_Vandervalk_BP,_Mohamadi_H,_Chu_J,_Raymond_A,_Pleasance_S,_Coope_R,_Wildung_MR,_Ritland_CE,_Bousquet_J,_Jones_SJM,_Bohlmann_J,_Birol_I.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jackman SD, Warren RL, Gibb EA, Vandervalk BP, Mohamadi H, Chu J, Raymond A, Pleasance S, Coope R, Wildung MR, Ritland CE, Bousquet J, Jones SJM, Bohlmann J, Birol I. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Organellar+Genomes+of+White+Spruce+%28Picea+glauca%29%3A+Assembly+and+Annotation&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-41&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4758241%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26645680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevv244&rft.au=Jackman+SD%2C+Warren+RL%2C+Gibb+EA%2C+Vandervalk+BP%2C+Mohamadi+H%2C+Chu+J%2C+Raymond+A%2C+Pleasance+S%2C+Coope+R%2C+Wildung+MR%2C+Ritland+CE%2C+Bousquet+J%2C+Jones+SJM%2C+Bohlmann+J%2C+Birol+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4758241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a 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class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren_RL,_Keeling_CI,_Yuen_MMS,_Raymond_A,_Taylor_GA,_Vandervalk_BP,_Mohamadi_H,_Paulino_D,_Chiu_R,_Jackman_SD,_Robertson_G,_Yang_C,_Boyle_B,_Hoffmann_M,_Weigel_D,_Nelson_DR,_Ritland_C,_Isabel_N,_Jaquish_B,_Yanchuk_A,_Bousquet_J,_Jones_SJM,_Mackay_J,_Birol_I,_Bohlmann_J.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Warren RL, Keeling CI, Yuen MMS, Raymond A, Taylor GA, Vandervalk BP, Mohamadi H, Paulino D, Chiu R, Jackman SD, 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftpj.12886">"Improved white spruce (<i>Picea glauca</i>) genome assemblies and annotation of large gene families of conifer terpenoid and phenolic defense metabolism"</a>. <i>The Plant Journal</i>. <b>83</b> (2): 189–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftpj.12886">10.1111/tpj.12886</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017574">26017574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+Journal&rft.atitle=Improved+white+spruce+%28Picea+glauca%29+genome+assemblies+and+annotation+of+large+gene+families+of+conifer+terpenoid+and+phenolic+defense+metabolism&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-212&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Ftpj.12886&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26017574&rft.au=Warren+RL%2C+Keeling+CI%2C+Yuen+MMS%2C+Raymond+A%2C+Taylor+GA%2C+Vandervalk+BP%2C+Mohamadi+H%2C+Paulino+D%2C+Chiu+R%2C+Jackman+SD%2C+Robertson+G%2C+Yang+C%2C+Boyle+B%2C+Hoffmann+M%2C+Weigel+D%2C+Nelson+DR%2C+Ritland+C%2C+Isabel+N%2C+Jaquish+B%2C+Yanchuk+A%2C+Bousquet+J%2C+Jones+SJM%2C+Mackay+J%2C+Birol+I%2C+Bohlmann+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Ftpj.12886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpruce" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Picea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Picea">Picea</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1879 <i><a href="/wiki/American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Spruce" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Spruce">Spruce</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>theplantlist.org / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=picea"><i>Picea</i> (Spruce)</a></li> <li>conifers.org / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conifers.org/pi/Picea.php">Gymnosperm Database - <i>Picea</i></a></li> <li>efloras.org / <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222022025/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=125375">Picea</a></i></li> <li>pinetum.org / Arboretum de Villardebelle: Cones of selected species of 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href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaeplastida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picomonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomonas">Picomonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Rhodophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(red algae)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanidiophyceae" title="Cyanidiophyceae">Cyanidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyridiophyceae" title="Porphyridiophyceae">Porphyridiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylonematophyceae" title="Stylonematophyceae">Stylonematophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsopogonophyceae" title="Compsopogonophyceae">Compsopogonophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodellophyceae" title="Rhodellophyceae">Rhodellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiophyceae" title="Bangiophyceae">Bangiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florideophyceae" title="Florideophyceae">Florideophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucocystophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algospongia" title="Algospongia">Algospongia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu stricto; in the strict sense"><i>s.s.</i></span></a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> &<br /> land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prasinodermophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinodermophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmophyllophyceae" title="Palmophyllophyceae">Palmophyllophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Prasinophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamiellophyceae" title="Mamiellophyceae">Mamiellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramimonadophyceae" title="Pyramimonadophyceae">Pyramimonadophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Chlorophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephroselmidaceae" title="Nephroselmidaceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocystis" title="Picocystis">Picocystophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropicophyceae">Chloropicophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedinophyceae" title="Pedinophyceae">Pedinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC_clade" title="UTC clade">UTC clade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phragmoplastophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmoplastophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Anydrophyta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div id="Embryophytes_or_Plantae_sensu_strictissimo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="in the strictest sense"><i>sensu strictissimo</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bryophytes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(liverworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplomitriopsida" title="Haplomitriopsida">Haplomitriopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiopsida" title="Marchantiopsida">Marchantiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungermanniopsida" title="Jungermanniopsida">Jungermanniopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(hornworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leiosporoceros" title="Leiosporoceros">Leiosporocerotopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(mosses)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takakia" title="Takakia">Takakiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeobryum" title="Andreaeobryum">Andreaeobryopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeaceae" title="Andreaeaceae">Andreaeopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipodium" title="Oedipodium">Oedipodiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraphidaceae" title="Tetraphidaceae">Tetraphidopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytrichaceae" title="Polytrichaceae">Polytrichopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -55px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophyte" title="Polysporangiophyte">Polysporangiophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Protracheophytes*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Protracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Aglaophyton" title="Aglaophyton">Aglaophyton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(vascular plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Paratracheophytes*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Paratracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooksoniopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooksoniopsida (page does not exist)">Cooksoniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Rhyniophyte" title="Rhyniophyte">Rhyniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaliales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaliales (page does not exist)">Renaliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Eutracheophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lycophytes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Barinophyte" title="Barinophyte">Barinophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">Zosterophyllopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycopodiaceae" title="Lycopodiaceae">clubmosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">spikemosses</a> & <a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">quillworts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">Euphyllophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Eophyllophyton" title="Eophyllophyton">Eophyllophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Trimerophytopsida" title="Trimerophytopsida">Trimerophytopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moniliformopses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Moniliformopses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibykales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibykales (page does not exist)">Ibykales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cladoxylopsida" title="Cladoxylopsida">Cladoxylopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiopsida</a> (ferns and <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Lignophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Progymnosperms*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">Progymnosperms</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeggerathiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeggerathiopsida (page does not exist)">Noeggerathiopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aneurophytopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aneurophytopsida (page does not exist)">Aneurophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeopteridopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeopteridopsida (page does not exist)">Archaeopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopityales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protopityales (page does not exist)">Protopityales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(seed plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Pteridosperms</a><span class="nobold">*</span><br /><span class="nobold">(seed ferns)<br />and other extinct<br /> seed plant groups</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Calamopityales" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamopityales">Calamopityales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Callistophytales" title="Callistophytales">Callistophytales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Caytoniales" title="Caytoniales">Caytoniales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cordaitales" title="Cordaitales">Cordaitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Corystospermaceae" title="Corystospermaceae">Corystospermales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Czekanowskiales" title="Czekanowskiales">Czekanowskiales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gigantopteridales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantopteridales">Gigantopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">Glossopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Lyginopteridales" title="Lyginopteridales">Lyginopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Medullosales" title="Medullosales">Medullosales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Peltaspermales" title="Peltaspermales">Peltaspermopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pentoxylales" title="Pentoxylales">Pentoxylopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petriellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petriellales (page does not exist)">Petriellales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Acrogymnospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(living gymnosperms)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadopsida (cycads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales (<i>Ginkgo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida (conifers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(flowering plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Core angiosperms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li>† = <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_orders" title="List of plant orders">List of plant orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant#Current_definitions_of_Plantae" title="Plant">Current definitions of Plantae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classification_of_Acrogymnospermae_(living_Gymnosperms)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template talk:Acrogymnospermae classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acrogymnospermae classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classification_of_Acrogymnospermae_(living_Gymnosperms)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification of <a href="/wiki/Acrogymnospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrogymnospermae">Acrogymnospermae</a> (living <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoidae" title="Ginkgoidae">Ginkgoidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ginkgoales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoaceae" title="Ginkgoaceae">Ginkgoaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cycadidae" title="Cycadidae">Cycadidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cycadales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycadales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadales">Cycadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycadaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadaceae">Cycadaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cycas" title="Cycas">Cycas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamiaceae" title="Zamiaceae">Zamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diooideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dioon" title="Dioon">Dioon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zamioideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Macrozamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidozamia" title="Lepidozamia">Lepidozamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encephalartos" title="Encephalartos">Encephalartos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowenia" title="Bowenia">Bowenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratozamia" title="Ceratozamia">Ceratozamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stangeria" title="Stangeria">Stangeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zamia" title="Zamia">Zamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microcycas" title="Microcycas">Microcycas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pinidae" title="Pinidae">Pinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnetales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetales">Gnetales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)">Ephedra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnetaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetaceae">Gnetaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welwitschiaceae" title="Welwitschiaceae">Welwitschiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pinaceae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abietoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudolarix" title="Pseudolarix">Pseudolarix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothotsuga" title="Nothotsuga">Nothotsuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">Tsuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keteleeria" title="Keteleeria">Keteleeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abies" class="mw-redirect" title="Abies">Abies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pinoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga" title="Pseudotsuga">Pseudotsuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Larix" class="mw-redirect" title="Larix">Larix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathaya" title="Cathaya">Cathaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea" class="mw-redirect" title="Picea">Picea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Araucariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucariales">Araucariales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Araucariaceae" title="Araucariaceae">Araucariaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wollemia" title="Wollemia">Wollemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Agathis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">Podocarpaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phyllocladoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Halocarpus" title="Halocarpus">Halocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pectinopitys" title="Pectinopitys">Pectinopitys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sundacarpus" title="Sundacarpus">Sundacarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prumnopitys" title="Prumnopitys">Prumnopitys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parasitaxus" title="Parasitaxus">Parasitaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lagarostrobos" title="Lagarostrobos">Lagarostrobos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manoao" title="Manoao">Manoao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidothamnus" title="Lepidothamnus">Lepidothamnus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phyllocladus" title="Phyllocladus">Phyllocladus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Podocarpoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saxegothaea" title="Saxegothaea">Saxegothaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microcachrys" title="Microcachrys">Microcachrys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pherosphaera" title="Pherosphaera">Pherosphaera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acmopyle" title="Acmopyle">Acmopyle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacrycarpus" title="Dacrycarpus">Dacrycarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falcatifolium" title="Falcatifolium">Falcatifolium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium" title="Dacrydium">Dacrydium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Retrophyllum" title="Retrophyllum">Retrophyllum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afrocarpus" title="Afrocarpus">Afrocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nageia" title="Nageia">Nageia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus" title="Podocarpus">Podocarpus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressales">Cupressales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sciadopityaceae" title="Sciadopityaceae">Sciadopityaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciadopitys" title="Sciadopitys">Sciadopitys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxaceae" title="Taxaceae">Taxaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cephalotaxeae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaxus" title="Cephalotaxus">Cephalotaxus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amentotaxus" title="Amentotaxus">Amentotaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torreya" title="Torreya">Torreya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrotaxus" title="Austrotaxus">Austrotaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotaxus" title="Pseudotaxus">Pseudotaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Taxus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamioideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunninghamioideae">Cunninghamioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamia" title="Cunninghamia">Cunninghamia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanioideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanioideae">Taiwanioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwania" title="Taiwania">Taiwania</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxidoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Athrotaxidoideae">Athrotaxidoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxis" title="Athrotaxis">Athrotaxis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sequoioideae" title="Sequoioideae">Sequoioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Metasequoia" title="Metasequoia">Metasequoia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron" title="Sequoiadendron">Sequoiadendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(genus)" title="Sequoia (genus)">Sequoia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxodioideae" title="Taxodioideae">Taxodioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptomeria" title="Cryptomeria">Cryptomeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glyptostrobus" title="Glyptostrobus">Glyptostrobus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxodium" title="Taxodium">Taxodium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Callitroideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Callitroideae">Callitroideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Papuacedrus" title="Papuacedrus">Papuacedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrocedrus" title="Austrocedrus">Austrocedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilgerodendron" title="Pilgerodendron">Pilgerodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libocedrus" title="Libocedrus">Libocedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diselma" title="Diselma">Diselma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzroya" title="Fitzroya">Fitzroya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia" title="Widdringtonia">Widdringtonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neocallitropsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallitropsis">Neocallitropsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callitris" title="Callitris">Callitris</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressoideae">Cupressoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thujopsis" title="Thujopsis">Thujopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thuja" title="Thuja">Thuja</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis" title="Chamaecyparis">Chamaecyparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraclinis" title="Tetraclinis">Tetraclinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">Microbiota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platycladus" title="Platycladus">Platycladus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupressus" title="Cupressus">Cupressus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xanthocyparis" title="Xanthocyparis">Xanthocyparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis" title="Hesperocyparis">Hesperocyparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juniperus">Juniperus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sources_of_tannins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tannin_source" title="Template:Tannin source"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tannin_source" title="Template talk:Tannin source"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin_source" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin source"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sources_of_tannins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sources of <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">condensed tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Areca_catechu" title="Areca catechu">Areca catechu</a></i> seed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arecatannin" title="Arecatannin">arecatannins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Broad bean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">Vicia faba</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a> <ul><li><i>Vitis vinifera</i></li></ul></li> <li>Mimosa bark <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_mearnsii" title="Acacia mearnsii">Acacia mollissima</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Myrtan or black marlock <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_redunca" title="Eucalyptus redunca">Eucalyptus redunca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebracho_tree" title="Quebracho tree">Quebracho</a> wood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysable_tannin" title="Hydrolysable tannin">hydrolysable tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> wood</li> <li>Dhawa <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anogeissus_latifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anogeissus latifolia">Anogeissus latifolia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Myrobalan fruit <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_chebula" title="Terminalia chebula">Terminalia chebula</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak bark">Oak bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> wood</li> <li>Valonia oak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_macrolepis" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus macrolepis">Quercus macrolepis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a> <ul><li>Tanner's sumach leaves - <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_coriaria" title="Rhus coriaria">Rhus coriaria</a></i> or Chinese gall on <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_chinensis" title="Rhus chinensis">Rhus chinensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tara pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tara_spinosa" title="Tara spinosa">Tara spinosa</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sources<br />by organ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">Barks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>General : <a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_used_for_tannin_production" title="List of Acacia species used for tannin production">Acacias</a> (most notably <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_pycnantha" title="Acacia pycnantha">Acacia pycnantha</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_decurrens" title="Acacia decurrens">Acacia decurrens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a> <ul><li><i>Alnus sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Avaram <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senna_auriculata" title="Senna auriculata">Senna auriculata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Babul <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a> <ul><li><i>Betula sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Button mangrove <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Conocarpus_erectus" title="Conocarpus erectus">Conocarpus erectus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Hemlock <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">Tsuga</a> sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a> <ul><li><i>Larix sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> <ul><li><i>Pinus sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spruce</a> <ul><li><i>Picea sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Urunday <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Myracrodruon_urundeuva" title="Myracrodruon urundeuva">Myracrodruon urundeuva</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Willow <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salix_caprea" title="Salix caprea">Salix caprea</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Badan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergenia_crassifolia" title="Bergenia crassifolia">Bergenia crassifolia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_(extract)" title="Gambier (extract)">Gambier</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncaria_gambir" title="Uncaria gambir">Uncaria gambir</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Redoul <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coriaria_myrtifolia" title="Coriaria myrtifolia">Coriaria myrtifolia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canaigre <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumex_hymenosepalus" title="Rumex hymenosepalus">Rumex hymenosepalus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Garouille <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">Quercus coccifera</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sea lavender <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limonium" title="Limonium">Limonium</a> sp</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cutch <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senegalia_catechu" title="Senegalia catechu">Senegalia catechu</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Divi-divi pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Libidibia_coriaria" title="Libidibia coriaria">Libidibia coriaria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sant pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Teri pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moullava_digyna" title="Moullava digyna">Moullava digyna</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">Galls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gall oak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_lusitanica" title="Quercus lusitanica">Quercus lusitanica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_infectoria" title="Quercus infectoria">Quercus infectoria</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whole plant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis" title="Prosopis">Prosopis</a></i> sp. bark and wood <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_humilis" title="Prosopis humilis">Prosopis humilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_nigra" title="Prosopis nigra">Prosopis nigra</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tanoak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">Notholithocarpus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tizra heartwood and root <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Searsia_pentaphylla" title="Searsia pentaphylla">Searsia pentaphylla</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Undetermined organ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Anadenanthera colubrina</a></i> (vilca)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Woodworking" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Woodworking">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woodworking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Woodworking">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Picea</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26782" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q26782">Q26782</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Picea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Picea">Picea</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/126038">126038</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6Q7C">6Q7C</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/14029">14029</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PIEG">1PIEG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=125375">125375</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Picea">Picea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=125375">125375</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5284711">5284711</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=9366">9366</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/63573">63573</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/31978-1">31978-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=18033">18033</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000461246">NHMSYS0000461246</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3328">3328</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/985bd0e2-5f1b-415e-b9c1-0b1f02fa05dc">985bd0e2-5f1b-415e-b9c1-0b1f02fa05dc</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=517942">517942</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=83629">83629</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Panarctic Flora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panarcticflora.org/results?name=#paf-1302">1302</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/gymnosperma/coniferales/pinaceae/picea/genus-picea/">genus-picea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PICEA">PICEA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30005648-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005648-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40008450">40008450</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1547">1547</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/7d4376c8-2bfb-4445-905e-dd3fb50abd54">7d4376c8-2bfb-4445-905e-dd3fb50abd54</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000029600">wfo-4000029600</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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