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>Français</a></li> <li class=""><a class="text-white cree" href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/nc/" >ᐊᑎᒫᐲᓯᒻ</a></li> <li class=""><a class="text-white cree" href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/sc/" >ᔖᐧᐊᓅᑖᐦᒡ</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="btn-sm" href="#"></a></li> </ul> <script type="text/javascript"> //adjust menu function adjustMenu(){ $("ul.nav > li.page_item_has_children > a").addClass("dropdown-toggle").attr("data-toggle","dropdown").attr("role","button").attr( "aria-expanded","false").append(''); $("li.page_item_has_children").removeClass("page_item_has_children").addClass("dropdown"); $("li.current-menu-item, li.current_page_parent, li.current_page ").addClass("active"); } </script> </div> </nav> <header id="header" class="d-print-none "> <div class=" row" style="/*background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);*/ margin-top:-115px;"> <div class="col"> <div class="scene"> <div class="cube" > <div class="cube-face front" style=" "> East Cree language resources </div> <div class="cube-face back bg-snow" > ᒥᔪᒪᑯᔐᒌᔑᑲᓂᐦᑖᐦ miyumakushechiishikanihtaah </div> <div class="cube-face left bg-snow" > ᒑ ᐧᐄᐦ ᒥᔪᐱᔨᔨᓐ ᒑ ᐅᔅᒋᐱᐳᐦᒡ chaa wiih miyupiyiyin chaa uschipipuhch </div> <div class="cube-face right bg-snow"> Happy new year! Bonne année! </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="d-none col-md-6 d-md-block col-lg-7 text-right" style=" max-height:100px;background: transparent url(https://www.atlas-ling.ca/img/atlas-logo.png) no-repeat top right ; background-size: contain; "> </div> </div> <div class="d-none container-fluid mt-5 d-md-block" style="position: absolute; margin:0; padding:.35rem; bottom:0; left:0; right:0; background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-1"> </div> <div class="col-10 d-md-block"> <ol class="breadcrumb" style="margin:0; padding:0;"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/">Home</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/" class="">English</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/" class="">Grammar</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/" class="">Southern Dialect Grammar</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/" class="">Verbs</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/" class="">Cree Verb Classes</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/participles/" class="">Participles (nominalizations)</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main id="main" class="main container-fluid"> <section class="row" id="container"> <div id="sidenav" class="d-none d-md-block col-8 col-md-4 col-lg-3 "> <div class=" sidebar " id="sidebarnav"> <div class="card d-block"> <div class="card-header" style="font-size: 2em"> <img style="max-height: 80px" class=" rounded-circle" src="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/grammar.jpg"> Grammar </div> <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"><li class="page_item list-item page-item-13855"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/east-cree-dialects/">East Cree dialects</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-86 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/">Northern Dialect Grammar</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-93 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/">Nouns</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-101"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-number/">Number Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-105"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-gender/">Gender Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-3761 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-obviative/">Obviative Inflection</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4412"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-obviative/story-analysis/">Story Analysis</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-119"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-locative/">Locative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-124"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person/">Inflections: Person</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4797"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person-extended/">Inflections: Person-extended</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4778"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person-dependent/">Inflections: Person-Dependent</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-130"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-diminutive/">Diminutive Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-210"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/simulative/">Simulative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-127"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-vocative/">Vocative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-206"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-paradigms/">Noun Paradigms</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-212 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/">Noun Stems</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4200"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/noun-stems-vowel-u/">vowel + u</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-220"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/noun-stems-vowel-i/">vowel + i</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-218"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/noun-stems-consonant-w/">consonant + w</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-222"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/noun-stems-s/">-s</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-95 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/">Verbs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-14039"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-northern-verb-conjugation-applet-legend/">Cree Northern Verb Conjugation Applet Legend</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-228 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/">Cree Verbs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-231"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/transitivity/">Transitivity</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-233"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/gender/">Gender</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-235 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/">Cree Verb Classes</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-240"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vii/">VII</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-242"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vti/">VTI</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-244 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/">VTA</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-250"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-person-prefix/">VTA Person Prefix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-252"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-theme-suffix/">VTA Theme Suffix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-238"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-additional/">Additional VTA Verb Classes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-246 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/">VAI</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-254"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/vai-explicit/">VAI with Explicit Goals</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-256"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/vai-implicit/">VAI with Implicit Goals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-10817"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai-o/">VAI + O</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-248"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/participles/">Participles (nominalizations)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-258 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/">Cree Verb Inflection</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-262"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/initial-change/">Initial Change</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-267 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/">Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-271 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/">Independent Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-277"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-01/">01: Independent Indicative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-275"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-02/">02: Independent Indicative Neutral – Subjective</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-279"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-03/">03: Independent Indicative Preterit</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-281"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-05/">05: Independent Indirect</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-283"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-06/">06: Independent Indirect Subjective</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-285"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-09/">09: Independent Dubitative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-287"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-10/">10: Independent Dubitative Preterit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-273 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/">Conjunct Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-289"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-11/">11: Conjunct Indicative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-293"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-12a/">12a: Conjunct Indicative Neutral- Subjunctive</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-291"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-12b/">12b: Conjunct Indicative Neutral – Habitual/Iterative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-295"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-14/">14: Conjunct Dubitative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-297"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-15/">15: Conjunct Dubitative Preterit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-269"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-imperative/">Imperative Order</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-9919"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/person-inflection/">Person Inflection</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-299 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/">Cree Verb Stems</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-304"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vii/">VII</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-306"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vti/">VTI</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-308"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vta/">VTA</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-310"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vai/">VAI</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-301"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/preverbs/">Preverbs</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-98 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/">Pronouns</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-312"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/personal-emphatic/">Personal Emphatic</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-314"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/personal-prefixes/">Personal: Prefixes</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-318"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/personal-inclusive/">Personal: Inclusive</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-316"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/alternative/">Alternative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-325"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/indefinite/">Indefinite Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-327"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative/">Interrogative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2907"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative-place-2/">Interrogative: Place or selection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-331"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative/">Dubitative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-335"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative-selection/">Dubitative: Selection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-333"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative-animate/">Dubitative: aawiichaa</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-337"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/demonstrative/">Demonstrative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-339"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/absentative/">Absentative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-341"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/hesitation/">Hesitation Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-343"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/focus/">Focus Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-345"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/identification/">Identification Pronouns</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2961"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/particles/">Particles</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5826 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/">Word Formation</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5886"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/strategies-to-create-new-words/">Strategies to Create New Words</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5883"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/word-structure/">Word Structure</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5925 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/">Noun Structure</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5929"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/primary-noun-stems/">Primary Noun Stems</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6018"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/short-forms-of-animal-nouns-acting-as-finals-a5/">Stems with Two Elements: Animal Nouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6038"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b2/">Nouns Ending in -kin</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5998"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a4/">Noun + Noun final (concrete, body part)</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6031"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b1/">Nouns Ending in -win</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5933"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a1/">Noun Stem + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5977"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a3/">Verb Stem + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5948"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a2/">Preform + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6064"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-ending-in-siu/">Nouns Ending in -siu</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6076 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/">Verb Structure</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6075"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/stem-with-one-element/">Stem with one element</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6084"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c1/">Verb + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6092"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c2/">Verb Stem + Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6098"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c3/">Preform / Preverb + Verb Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6104"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c4/">Verbs of Appearance</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6110"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c5/">Noun + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5529"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c6/">Initial + Verb Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6126"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c7/">Initial + Medial + Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6133"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c8/">Preform / Preverb + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6152"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-from-a-noun-d1/">Verbs of Possession</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6158"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-being/">Verbs of Being</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6163"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-creation/">Verbs of Creation</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6173"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-from-a-noun-d4/">Verbs of Abundance</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6179"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-from-a-particle-e/">Making a Verb From a Particle</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6185"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-into-a-new-verb-f1/">Causative Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7467"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/reciprocal-verbs-secondary-derived-verbs-f2-2/">Reciprocal Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6193"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-into-a-new-verb-f2/">Reflexive Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6199"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-into-a-new-verb-f3/">Applicative Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6211"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-general-action/">Verbs of General Action</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6021"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/complex-particles-a6/">Particle Structure</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-9249"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/reduplication/">Reduplication</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-89 page_item list-item_has_children current_page_ancestor"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/">Southern Dialect Grammar</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-143 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/">Nouns</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-145"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-number/">Number Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-151"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-gender/">Gender Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-166 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-obviative/">Obviative Inflection</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4299"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-obviative/story-analysis/">Story Analysis</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-154"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-locative/">Locative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-168"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person/">Inflections: Person</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4780"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person-extended/">Inflections: Person-Extended</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4786"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person-dependent/">Inflections: Person-Dependent</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-170"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-vocative/">Vocative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-172"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-diminutive/">Diminutive Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-174"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/simulative/">Simulative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-176"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/noun-paradigms/">Noun Paradigms</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2675 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/">Noun Stems</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4354"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/noun-stems-vowel-u/">vowel + u</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4388"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/noun-stems-vowel-i/">vowel + i</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4382"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/noun-stems-consonant-w/">consonant + w</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2673"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/noun-stems-s/">-s/-sh</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-736 page_item list-item_has_children current_page_ancestor"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/">Verbs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-14041"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-southern-verb-conjugation-applet-legend/">Cree Southern Verb Conjugation Applet Legend</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5985"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/preverbs/">Preverbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-738 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/">Cree Verbs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-740"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/transitivity/">Transitivity</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-742"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/gender/">Gender</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-744 page_item list-item_has_children current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/">Cree Verb Classes</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-746"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vii/">VII</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-748"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vti/">VTI</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-750 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/">VTA</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-774"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-person-prefix/">VTA Person Prefix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-776"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-theme-suffix/">VTA Theme Suffix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-778"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-additional/">Additional VTA Verb Classes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-752 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/">VAI</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-754"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/vai-explicit/">VAI with Explicit Goals</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-756"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/vai-implicit/">VAI with Implicit Goals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-10810"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai-o/">VAI + O</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-758 current_page_item active list-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/participles/" aria-current="page">Participles (nominalizations)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7660 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/">Cree Verb Inflection</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7838"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/initial-change/">Initial Change</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7667 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/">Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7671 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/">Independent Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7676"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-01/">01: Independent Indicative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7688"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-02/">02: Independent Indicative Neutral – Subjective</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7748"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-09/">09: Independent Dubitative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7805"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-10/">10: Independent Dubitative Preterit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7812 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/">Conjunct Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7824"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-11/">11: Conjunct Indicative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7835"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-12a/">12a: Conjunct Indicative Neutral-Subjunctive</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7842"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-12b/">12b: Conjunct Indicative Neutral – Habitual/Iterative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7849"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-14/">14: Conjunct Dubitative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7854"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-15/">15: Conjunct Dubitative Preterit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7864"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-imperative/">Imperative Order</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-9920"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/person-inflection/">Person Inflection</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8260 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/">Cree Verb Stems</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8286"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vii/">VII</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8359"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vta/">VTA</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8348"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vti/">VTI</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8319"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vai/">VAI</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2831 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/">Pronouns</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2842"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/personal-emphatic/">Personal-Emphatic</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2853"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/personal-prefixes/">Personal-Prefixes</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2833"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/personal-inclusive/">Personal Inclusive</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2840"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/alternative/">Alternative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2861"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/indefinite/">Indefinite Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2851"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative/">Interrogative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2859"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative-place/">Interrogative-Place</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2865"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative-selection/">Interrogative-Selection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2835"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative/">Dubitative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2857"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative-place/">Dubitative-Place</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2848"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/demonstrative/">Demonstrative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2855"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/absentative/">Absentative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-9156"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/hesitation/">Hesitation Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2845"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/focus/">Focus Pronouns</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6331"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/particles/">Particles</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4806 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/">Word Formation</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4809"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/strategies-to-create-new-words/">Strategies to Create New Words</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4830"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/word-structure/">Word Structure</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4851 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/">Noun Structure</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4865"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/primary-noun-stems/">Primary Noun Stems</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5011"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/short-forms-of-animal-nouns-acting-as-finals-a5/">Stems with Two Elements – Animal Nouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5187"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b2/">Nouns Ending in -kan</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4970"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a4-not-published/">Noun + Noun final (concrete, body part)</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5164"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/verb-stem-win/">Nouns Ending in -win</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5254"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b4/">Nouns Ending in -suu</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5535"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b3/">Participles or Nominalizations</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4898"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a1/">Noun Stem + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4957"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/verb-noun/">Verb Stem + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4923"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/preform-noun/">Preform + Noun Stem</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4858 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/">Verb Structure</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5400"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/stem-one-element/">Stem with one element</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5408"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c1/">Verb + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5427"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verb-stem-final-secondary-derivation-c2/">Verb Stem + Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5502"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c3/">Preform + Verb Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5515"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-appearance-derived-verbs-c4/">Verbs of Appearance</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5525"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c5/">Noun + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6121"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/initial-verb-final-primary-derived-verbs-c6/">Initial + Verb Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5561"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/initial-medial-final-primary-derived-verb-c7/">Initial + Medial + Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5567"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c8/">Preverb + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5575"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-possession-secondary-derived-verbs-d1/">Verbs of Possession</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5599"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-being-secondary-derived-verbs-d2/">Verbs of Being</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5615"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-creation-secondary-derived-verbs-d3/">Verbs of Creation</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5626"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-abundance-secondary-derived-verbs-d4/">Verbs of Abundance</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5639"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-from-a-particle-primary-derived-verbs-e/">Making a Verb From a Particle</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5662"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-into-a-new-verb-f1/">Causative Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6553"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/reciprocal-verbs-secondary-derived-verbs-f2-2/">Reciprocal Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5689"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/reflexive-verbs-secondary-derived-verbs-f2-1/">Reflexive Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5700"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/applicative-verbs-secondary-derived-verbs-f3/">Applicative Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5707"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-general-action-secondary-derived-verbs-f4/">Verbs of General Action</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5125"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/complex-particles-a6/">Particle Structure</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5290"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/reduplication-south/">Reduplication</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11457 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/">Spelling East Cree</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11469 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/">Spelling Northern East Cree</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11770"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/dialect-differences/">Dialect Differences</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11771"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/use-of-dots/">The Use of Dots</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11772 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/">Syllabic Finals</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11809"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/end-of-word/">Small syllabic symbols at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11810"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/middle-of-word/">No ᒻ or ᓐ in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11811"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/k-kw-end-of-word/">ᒃ and ᒄ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11812"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/ending-added/">How the syllabic finals change when an ending is added.</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11813"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/sa-sha/">ᔅ and ᔥ</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11814 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/">The use of the ᐦ (h) final</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11825"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/h-middle/">ᐦ in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11826"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/h-end/">ᐦ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11827"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/locative-suffix/">Locative suffix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11828"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/verb-suffix/">ᐦ (h) in Verb Suffixes</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11773"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/i-ii-ya/">ᐃ, ᐄ and ᔨ</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11774"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/not-forget-write/">Syllabic symbols not to forget to write</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11775"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/double-consonants/">Double consonants</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11776"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/noun-endings/">Adding endings to nouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11777"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/siu-sii-end-word/">ᓯᐤ and ᓲ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11778 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/boundaries/">Boundaries</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11798"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/boundaries/personal-prefix/">Adding a personal prefix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11799"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/boundaries/preverbs/">Using preverbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11800"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/boundaries/compound-words/">Making compound words</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11779"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/punctuation/">Punctuation</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11803"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/writing-names/">Writing Names</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11804"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/sro/">Standard Roman Orthography (SRO)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11470 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/">Spelling Southern East Cree</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11472"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/dialect-differences/">Dialect Differences</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11502"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/use-of-dots/">The Use of Dots</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11532 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/">Syllabic Finals</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11538"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/end-of-word/">Small syllabic symbols at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11539"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/middle-of-word/">No ᒻ or ᓐ in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11540"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/k-kw-end-of-word/">ᒃ and ᒄ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11541"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/ending-added/">How the small syllabic symbols change when an ending is added</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11542"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/sa-sha/">ᔅ and ᔥ</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11543 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/">The use of the ᐦ (h) final</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11555"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/h-middle/">ᐦ (h) in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11556"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/h-final/">ᐦ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11557"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/locative-suffix/">ᐦ (h) in the locative suffix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11558"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/verb-suffix/">ᐦ (h) in verb suffixes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11544"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/large-syllabic-symbols-that-sound-like-finals/">Large syllabic symbols that sound like finals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11573 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/">ᐃ, ᐄ and ᔨ</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11581"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/i-ya-end-word/">ᐃ or ᔨ at the end of words</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11582"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/ii-i-middle-word/">ᐄ and ᐃ in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11583"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/using-ya/">Using ᔨ</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11584"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/new-spelling/">New spelling for ᑖᐤ and ᑕᑯᓐ, ᑐᑕᒻ and ᑐᑕᐧᐁᐤ</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11574"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/not-forget-write/">Syllabic symbols not to forget to write</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11575"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/noun-endings/">Adding endings to nouns and verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11576 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/boundaries/">Boundaries</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11612"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/boundaries/personal-prefix/">Adding a personal prefix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11613"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/boundaries/preverbs/">Using a preverb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11614"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/boundaries/compound-words/">Making compound words</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11577"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/new-spellings-2015/">New spellings as of summer 2015</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11578"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/punctuation/">Punctuation</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11579"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/writing-names/">Writing Names</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-12324"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/sro/">Standard Roman Orthography (SRO)</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-91 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/">The Sounds of East Cree</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1377"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/site-map-for-the-sounds-of-east-cree/">Site Map for the Sounds of East Cree</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-928"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/methodology/">Methodology</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-393 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/orthography/">Orthography</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-395 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/orthography/roman/">Roman</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2789"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/orthography/roman/glottal-stops/">Glottal Stops</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-397"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/orthography/rationale/">Rationale</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-950 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/">Sounds</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2302"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/syllabification/">Syllabification</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-401 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/">Consonants</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-403 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/plosives/">Plosives</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-405"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/plosives/about-plosives/">About Plosives</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1052"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/plosives/voicing-3/">Voicing</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-932"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/affricates/">Affricates</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-407 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/fricatives/">Fricatives</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1084"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/fricatives/h-sounds2/">H-sounds</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-409 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/nasals/">Nasals</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4761"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/nasals/mi-ni/">MI / NI</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-411"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/glides/">Glides</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-413 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/">Vowels</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-415 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/about-vowels/">About Vowels</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-973"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/about-vowels/long-short/">long-short</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-417"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/tense-vowels/">Tense Vowels</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-419"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/lax-vowels/">Lax Vowels</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-421"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/diphthongs/">Diphthongs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-975 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/silent-vowels/">Silent Vowels</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1195 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/silent-vowels/silent-letter-spelling/">Silent Letter Spelling</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1207"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/silent-vowels/silent-letter-spelling/final-u/">Final U</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-425"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/vowel-listening-practice/">Vowel Listening Practice</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-427 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/">Consonant Clusters</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-429"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/s-or-sh-clusters/">S or SH Clusters</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-431"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/h-clusters/">H Clusters</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-433"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/vowel-deletion/">Vowel Deletion</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-435"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/w-clusters/">W Clusters</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-437 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/accent/">Accent</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-439"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/accent/hearing-accent/">Hearing Accent</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card d-block mt-3 border "><div 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ul > li").addClass('list-item '); $(".sidebar .current-cat").addClass('active '); } </script> </div> <div class="col col-lg-9 " id="content"> <a id="topOfPage"></a> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <article id="post-758" class="post-758 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="entry-content"> <h1 class="pg-title"><a name="top"></a>Participles (nominalizations)</h1> <table class="med-table"><caption>Observation</caption> <tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᒋᔅᑯᑕᒫᒉᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex">chiskutamaacheu</td> <td class="gloss">he teaches</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᒋᔅᑯᑕᒫᒉᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex">kaachiskutamaachet</td> <td class="gloss">the one who teaches, a teacher</td> </tr></tbody></table>Words like ᑳᒋᔅᑯᑕᒫᒉᑦ kaachiskutamaachet are verbs that are used as nouns. They are called participles or nominalizations. Like nouns, participles are used to identify people and things, like professions and machines. Literally they mean ‘the one who…’ or ‘the thing that…’, but they become lexicalized and function as nouns in the sentence. <table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><th style="text-align: left;" colspan="2">Verb</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: left;" colspan="2">Participle</th></tr><tr><td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="bjcex" style="text-align: left;">ᓰᓂᐹᑕᐦᐄᒉᐸᔫ</td> <td> </td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="bjcex" style="text-align: left;">ᑳᓰᓂᐹᑕᐦᐄᒉᐸᔨᒡ</td> </tr><tr><td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/SWF-2-134a.mp3" alt="Click here to hear this word" src="/img/speak.gif"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">siinipaatahiichepayuu</td> <td> </td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/SWF-2-134b.mp3" alt="Click here to hear this word" src="/img/speak.gif"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaasiinipaatahiichepayich</td> </tr><tr class="bbottom"><td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">it wrings</td> <td> </td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">wringer on washing machine</td> </tr><tr><td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="bjcex" style="text-align: left;">ᐃᔅᐧᑳᐦᑐᐧᐄᐸᔫ</td> <td> </td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="bjcex" style="text-align: left;">ᑳᐃᔅᐧᑳᐦᑐᐧᐄᐸᔨᒡ</td> </tr><tr><td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/SWF-2-135a.mp3" alt="Click here to hear this word" src="/img/speak.gif"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">iswkaahtawiipayuu</td> <td> </td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/SWF-2-135b.mp3" alt="Click here to hear this word" src="/img/speak.gif"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaaiskwaahtuwiipayich</td> </tr><tr class="bbottom"><td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">it goes up</td> <td> </td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">elevator</td> </tr></tbody></table>Participles are made from the conjunct indicative neutral third person singular of a verb. They end with a conjunct verbal suffix -t, -k or –ch, depending on their original verb type (vai, vti, vii). They usually begin with the preverb kaa- which is written together with the verb to make a participle. Animate noun participles are marked as (nap) and Inanimate noun participles are marked as (nip) in the Cree lexicon. <table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᐧᐁᐸᐦᐋᑯᓀᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SVe/SV-111.mp3" alt="Click here to hear this word" src="/img/speak.gif"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaawepahaakunet</td> <td>(nap)</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">snow plow</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᓂᔥᑐᑳᑌᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/dictionary/mis/kaanishtukaatet.mp3" alt="Click here to hear this word" src="/img/speak.gif"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaanishtukaatet</td> <td>(nap)</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">three-wheeler</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᑲᔅᒋᐦᑖᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaakaschihtaat</td> <td>(nap)</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">hero, winner</td> </tr><tr class="bbottom"><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᑲᓇᐧᐁᔨᐦᑕᐦᒃ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaakanaweyihtahk</td> <td>(nap)</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">caretaker</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᒥᐦᑯᐸᔨᓈᓅᒡ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SVe/SV-109.mp3" alt="Click here to hear this word" src="/img/speak.gif"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaamihkupayinaanuuch</td> <td>(nip)</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">measles</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᐅᐦᑌᐸᔨᐦᒡ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SVe/SV-110.mp3" alt="Click here to hear this word" src="/img/speak.gif"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaauhtepayihch</td> <td>(nip)</td> <td style="text-align: left;">fruit salts, fizzing medicine (lit. it fizzes)</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᒋᐦᑳᔥᑌᐦᑎᐦᒡ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaachihkaashtehtihch</td> <td>(nip)</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">movie</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᑎᐦᑎᐸᔨᒡ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaatihtipayich</td> <td>(nip)</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">a tire</td> </tr></tbody></table><h3 class="head">Participle Inflection</h3> Their inflection pattern is partly like verbs, partly like nouns. In the Southern dialect, the verbal marker is used to form the plural and the obviative, while in the Northern dialect, the noun marker is used (see <a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/participles/%20">Northern participle inflection</a>). In the possessive, the kaa- is usually dropped except for a few (Inland) speakers who can say the possessive with and without the kaa-. This might be an influence from neighbouring languages, like Innu or Naskapi, which use a kaa- in the possessive. <table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><th colspan="5">Noun Animate Participle</th></tr><tr><td class="bright bleft">singular</td> <td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᐧᐁᐸᐦᐊᑯᓀᑦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaawepahaakunet</td> <td class="gloss bright" style="text-align: left;">a snow plow</td> </tr><tr><td class="bright bleft">plural</td> <td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᐧᐁᐸᐦᐊᑯᓀᐧᑖᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaawepahaakunetwaau</td> <td class="gloss bright" style="text-align: left;">snow plows</td> </tr><tr class="bbottom"><td class="bright bleft" style="min-width: 120px; max-width: 120px;">obviative (singular and plural)</td> <td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᐧᐁᐸᐦᐊᑯᓀᔨᒡᐦ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaawepahaakuneyacht</td> <td class="gloss bright" style="text-align: left;">(she sees a/many…) snow plow(s)</td> </tr></tbody></table><table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><th colspan="5">Noun Inanimate Participle</th></tr><tr><td class="bright bleft">singular</td> <td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᑎᐦᑎᐸᔨᒡ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaatihtipayich</td> <td class="gloss bright" style="text-align: left;">a tire</td> </tr><tr><td class="bright bleft">plural</td> <td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᑎᐦᑎᐸᔨᐧᑳᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaatihtipayikwaau</td> <td class="gloss bright" style="text-align: left;">many tires</td> </tr><tr><td class="bright bleft">obviative singular</td> <td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᑎᐦᑎᐸᔨᔨᒡ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaatihtipayirich</td> <td class="gloss bright" style="text-align: left;">(she sees a…) tire</td> </tr><tr class="bbottom"><td class="bright bleft">obviative plural</td> <td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᑎᐦᑎᐸᔨᔨᒡ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"> </td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaatihtipayiyacht</td> <td class="gloss bright" style="text-align: left;">(she sees many…) tires</td> </tr></tbody></table><h3 class="head">Possessive</h3> <table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᑳᐱᒥᐦᔮᒪᑲᐦᒡ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/phonetics/cree-south/kaapimihyaamakahch.mp3" alt="Click here to hear this word" src="/img/speak.gif"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">kaapimihyaamakahch*</td> <td>(nip)</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">airplane</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᓂᐱᒥᐦᐃᔮᒪᑲᓂᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/SWF-2-137b.mp3" alt="Click here to hear this word" src="/img/speak.gif"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">nipimihiyaamakanim (C)</td> <td>(nap)</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">my airplane</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right;">ᓂᑳᐱᒥᐦᐃᔮᒪᑲᓂᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"><img class="clickable" title="Click here to hear this word" data-sound-url="/snd/grammar/SWF/SWF-2-137a.mp3" alt="Click here to hear this word" src="/img/speak.gif"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left;">(?) nikaapimihiyaamakanim (I)</td> <td>(nap)</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left;">my airplane</td> </tr></tbody></table>* the final h of the stem becomes n<div id="cite" style="z-index: 2000000; display: none; position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;"> <div style="z-index: 2000000; position: fixed; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5); top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;" onclick="document.getElementById('cite').style.display='none';"></div> <div style="z-index: 5000000; position: relative; margin: 10% auto; width: 800px; min-height: 200px; max-height:600px; background-color: white; border-radius: 1em; padding: 1em 2em;"> <button class="closeButton close" title="close" style="float:right; max-height: 14px;" onclick="document.getElementById('cite').style.display='none';"></button> <table style="max-width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">APA:</td> <td>Junker, M.-O., Blacksmith, L., & MacKenzie, M. (2015). East Cree Verbs (Southern Dialect). [Revised and expanded from 2006 original and 2013 revised edition] In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. Retrieved from [URL]</td> </tr><tr><td> </td> <td> </td> </tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">MLA:</td> <td>Marie-Odile Junker, Louise Blacksmith and Marguerite MacKenzie. East Cree Verbs (Southern Dialect). [Revised and expanded from 2006 original and 2013 revised edition] In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. 2015. Web. 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