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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جيانغنان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيانغنان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jiangnan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A4iang-nan" title="Ťiang-nan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ťiang-nan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jiangnan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jiangnan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnano" title="Jiangnano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jiangnano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jiangnan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97" title="江南 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="江南" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जियांगनान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जियांगनान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jiangnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jiangnan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jiangnan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiangnanum" title="Kiangnanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kiangnanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jiangnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jiangnan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="江南 (中国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="江南 (中国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jiangnan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jiangnan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Цзяннань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цзяннань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جیانگنان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جیانگنان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="เจียงหนาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจียงหนาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giang_Nam" title="Giang Nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giang Nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97" title="江南 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="江南" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97" title="江南 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="江南" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97" title="江南 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="江南" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97" title="江南 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="江南" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jiangnan" title="Special:EditPage/Jiangnan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jiangnan%22">"Jiangnan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jiangnan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jiangnan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jiangnan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jiangnan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jiangnan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the former province, see <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_Province" title="Jiangnan Province">Jiangnan Province</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jiangnan (disambiguation)">Jiangnan (disambiguation)</a>.</div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiangnan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jiangnan.png/250px-Jiangnan.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jiangnan.png/375px-Jiangnan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jiangnan.png/500px-Jiangnan.png 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Extent of Jiangnan according to various criteria</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xi_Shi_bridge_in_town_of_Mudu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Xi_Shi_bridge_in_town_of_Mudu.JPG/250px-Xi_Shi_bridge_in_town_of_Mudu.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Xi_Shi_bridge_in_town_of_Mudu.JPG/375px-Xi_Shi_bridge_in_town_of_Mudu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Xi_Shi_bridge_in_town_of_Mudu.JPG/500px-Xi_Shi_bridge_in_town_of_Mudu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Xishi Bridge in <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Jiangnan</b> is a geographic area in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> referring to lands immediately to the south of the lower reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a>, including the southern part of its <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">delta</a>. The region encompasses the city of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> Province, the southeastern part of <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> Province, the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> Province and <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> Province. The most important cities in the area include <a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a>. </p><p>Jiangnan has long been regarded as one of the most prosperous regions in China due to its wealth in trade and very high <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Greater_China_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of administrative divisions of Greater China by Human Development Index">human development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people of the region speak <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu Chinese</a> dialects as their native languages. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Names"></span><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiangnan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Jiangnan is the <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</a> pronunciation of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:江南">江南</a></span></span>, meaning "[Lands] South of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">[Yangtze] River</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <i>jiang</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:江">江</a></span></span>) is now the common Chinese word for any <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">large river</a>, it was historically used in <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Ancient Chinese</a> to refer specifically to the Yangtze River, which defines the Jiangnan region.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In older and non-standard romanization systems, Jiangnan was historically written as <b>Chiang-nan</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Kiangnan</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Keang-nan</b><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in English and other European languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiangnan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Village_in_Jiang_Nan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Village_in_Jiang_Nan.jpg/220px-Village_in_Jiang_Nan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Village_in_Jiang_Nan.jpg/330px-Village_in_Jiang_Nan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Village_in_Jiang_Nan.jpg/440px-Village_in_Jiang_Nan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Village in Jiangnan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanking_sive_Kiangnan_imperii_sinarum_provincia_nona_-_(tir%C3%A9_du_P._Martini)_;_J._Blaeu_excud._-_btv1b59630645.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nanking_sive_Kiangnan_imperii_sinarum_provincia_nona_-_%28tir%C3%A9_du_P._Martini%29_%3B_J._Blaeu_excud._-_btv1b59630645.jpg/250px-Nanking_sive_Kiangnan_imperii_sinarum_provincia_nona_-_%28tir%C3%A9_du_P._Martini%29_%3B_J._Blaeu_excud._-_btv1b59630645.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nanking_sive_Kiangnan_imperii_sinarum_provincia_nona_-_%28tir%C3%A9_du_P._Martini%29_%3B_J._Blaeu_excud._-_btv1b59630645.jpg/500px-Nanking_sive_Kiangnan_imperii_sinarum_provincia_nona_-_%28tir%C3%A9_du_P._Martini%29_%3B_J._Blaeu_excud._-_btv1b59630645.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6088" data-file-height="5056" /></a><figcaption><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nanking sive Kiangnan</i></span> ("Nanjing or <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_Province" title="Jiangnan Province">Jiangnan</a>"), the 9th provincial map of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Chinese Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Martino_Martini" title="Martino Martini">Martino Martini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Blaeu" title="Joan Blaeu">Joan Blaeu</a>'s 1655 <span class="nowrap"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Novus_Atlas_Sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Novus Atlas Sinensis">Novus Atlas Sinensis</a></i></span></span> <span class="nowrap">("New Chinese Atlas").</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest archaeological evidences were of the <a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu cultures</a>. The later <a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu culture</a>, from around 2600–2000 BC, created complex and beautiful <a href="/wiki/Chinese_jade" title="Chinese jade">jade</a> artifacts. Their economy was based on rice cultivation, fishing and constructed houses on stilts over rivers or lakes. During the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> peoples inhabited the area with heavy aquaculture and stilt houses, but became increasingly sinicized through contact with northern Chinese states. They adopted the Chinese writing system and created excellent bronze swords. The <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu state</a> from the west (in <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>) expanded into this area and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a> state. After Chu was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin state</a>, China was unified. It was not until the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin dynasty">Western Jin dynasty</a> during the early 4th century AD that northern Chinese moved to Jiangnan in significant numbers. The Yellow River valley was becoming barren due to flooding (lack of trees after intensive logging to create farmland) and constant warfare during the <a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a>. </p><p>Although Chinese civilization originated in the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, natural climate change and continuous harassment from nomadic enemies damaged North China's agricultural productivity throughout the 1st millennium AD. Many people settled in South China, where the Jiangnan area's warm and wet climate were ideal for supporting agriculture and allowed highly sophisticated cities to arise. As early as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> (circa 2nd century AD), Jiangnan areas became one of the more economically prominent areas of China. Other than rice, Jiangnan produced highly profitable trade products such as tea, silk, and <a href="/wiki/Celadon" title="Celadon">celadon</a> porcelain (from <a href="/wiki/Shangyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangyu">Shangyu</a>). Convenient transportation – the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a> to the north, the Yangtze River to the west, and seaports such as <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a> – contributed greatly to local trade and also trade between ancient China and other nations. </p><p>Several Chinese dynasties were based in Jiangnan. After the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> fell, the insurgent state of <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> took control. Its ruler, <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a>, was born here. During the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period, Jianye (present-day <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>) was the capital of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a>. In the 3rd century, many northern Chinese moved here after nomadic groups controlled the north. In the 10th century, <a href="/wiki/Wuyue_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuyue (Ten Kingdoms)">Wuyue</a> was a small coastal kingdom founded by <a href="/wiki/Qian_Liu" title="Qian Liu">Qian Liu</a> who made a lasting cultural impact on Jiangnan and its people to this day. After the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> <a href="/wiki/Jingkang_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingkang Incident">completely overran northern China</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jin_campaigns_against_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin campaigns against the Song dynasty">Jin–Song war</a> of the 1120s, the exiled <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> government retreated south, establishing the new Southern Song capital at <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> in 1127. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanjing-Drum-Tower-Kangxi-stele-3049.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nanjing-Drum-Tower-Kangxi-stele-3049.jpg/220px-Nanjing-Drum-Tower-Kangxi-stele-3049.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nanjing-Drum-Tower-Kangxi-stele-3049.jpg/330px-Nanjing-Drum-Tower-Kangxi-stele-3049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nanjing-Drum-Tower-Kangxi-stele-3049.jpg/440px-Nanjing-Drum-Tower-Kangxi-stele-3049.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bixi_(tortoise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixi (tortoise)">stone tortoise</a> with a tablet commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>'s visit to Nanjing in 1684</figcaption></figure> <p>During the last years of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, Jiangnan was fought for by two major rebel states: <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuanzhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yuanzhang">Zhu Yuanzhang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming faction</a>, based in Nanjing, and the <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>-centered Wu faction led by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shicheng" title="Zhang Shicheng">Zhang Shicheng</a>. A ten-year rivalry ended with Zhu's capture of Suzhou in 1367; having thus reunified Jiangnan, Zhu proclaimed himself the first emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> on Chinese New Year's Day (20 January) of 1368, and a few months later expelled the Mongols from Northern China as well. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming dynasty until the early 15th century, when the third Ming ruler, the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a>, moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> first took over China, they renamed the "<a href="/wiki/Nanzhili" title="Nanzhili">Southern Directly-Controlled Area</a>" around the Ming's southern capital <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> to be their <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_Province" title="Jiangnan Province">Jiangnan Province</a>, which was later divided into the separate provinces of <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Viceroy of Liangjiang</a>. Besides assisting the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a> as long as possible, Jiangnan's gentry offered initial resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> Qing by interrupting tax collection in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> of the Qing dynasty made many visits to Jiangnan (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:乾">乾</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9A%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:隆">隆</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:下">下</a>江南</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qiánlóng Xià Jiāngnán</span></i>), which have been the popular subject of numerous <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese operas</a> and television dramas. Earlier, the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> visited the region as well. Jiangnan, specifically <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a>, was actually the southern terminus of Kangxi's so-called Southern Inspection Tour.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">regime established by the Taiping rebels</a> occupied much of Jiangnan and eventually made <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> its capital. The area suffered much damage as the rebellion was quelled and Qing imperial rule restored. </p><p>After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, and <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (ROC), following the wishes of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, made Nanjing the national capital. From the late 1920s until the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the Jiangnan area was the focus of Chinese economic development. Much of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>'s ruling elite and the ROC's economic elite hailed from the Jiangnan area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_identity">Geographical identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiangnan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographical identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shizilin001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Shizilin001.jpg/220px-Shizilin001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Shizilin001.jpg/330px-Shizilin001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Shizilin001.jpg/440px-Shizilin001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lion_Grove_Garden" title="Lion Grove Garden">Shizi Lin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dialect has also been used as a tool for regional identity and politics in the <a href="/wiki/Jiangbei_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangbei region">Jiangbei</a> and Jiangnan regions. While the city of <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a> was a flourishing and prosperous centre of trade, it was considered part of Jiangnan (south of the river), which was known to be wealthy, even though Yangzhou was north of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a>. Once <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>'s wealth and prosperity began to wane, it was then considered to be part of Jiangbei (literally "north of the river"), the "backwater". </p><p>In Yangzhou, the <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_massacre" title="Yangzhou massacre">Yangzhou massacre</a> during the transition from <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> to <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> has resulted in drastic decline of <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese-speaking_people" title="Wu Chinese-speaking people">Wu speaking population</a> in the city and the demographic change eventually made <a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Taihu Wu dialects">Taihu Wu dialects</a> extinct in Yangzhou, while <a href="/wiki/Jianghuai_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jianghuai Mandarin">Jianghuai Mandarin</a> becomes the more prominent dialect since then. This also made Yangzhou no longer perceived as part of Jiang Nan by some of the Wu speaking population. In the Jiangnan region itself, multiple subdialects of <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> fought for the position of the prestige dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cities">Notable cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiangnan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> – historic <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huzhou" title="Huzhou">Huzhou</a> - famous city for silk and fish in <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> province.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> – historical capital of China for various periods in history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a> – a prefecture-level city in <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> province.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> – a sub-provincial city in northeast Zhejiang province.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> – one of the most important financial and economic centres.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> – famous for its canals and beautiful architecture such as temples and gardens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a> – a city in southeastern Zhejiang.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a> - a city well known for its cultural reference in Chinese literature and historic sites.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a> – near Suzhou, famous for its beautiful sights of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tai" title="Lake Tai">Lake Tai</a> and culture.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiangnan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese-speaking_people" title="Wu Chinese-speaking people">Wu Chinese-speaking people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiangnan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiangnan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Historically, Jiangnan exported <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiangnan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Kiang-nan" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Kiang-nan">Apostolic Vicariate of Kiang-nan</a> for the missionary history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_macroregions_of_China" title="Physiographic macroregions of China">Physiographic macroregions of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu Chinese</a> (language group)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese-speaking_people" title="Wu Chinese-speaking people">Wu Chinese-speaking people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu (region)">Wu (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyue_culture" title="Wuyue culture">Wuyue culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze Delta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiangnan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225003321/http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/features/jiangnan/index.html">"Jiangnan: South of the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/features/jiangnan/index.html">the original</a> on 2017-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jiangnan%3A+South+of+the+Lower+Reaches+of+the+Yangtze+River&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultural-china.com%2FchinaWH%2Ffeatures%2Fjiangnan%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiangnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zdic.net/c/f/145/318861.htm">"江南 Jiāngnán"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zdic.net"><i>Zdic.net</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97+Ji%C4%81ngn%C3%A1n&rft.btitle=Zdic.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdic.net%2Fc%2Ff%2F145%2F318861.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiangnan" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">"江 jiāng", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zdic.net"><i>Zdic.net</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%B1%9F+ji%C4%81ng&rft.btitle=Zdic.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdic.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiangnan" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles romanization">Wade-Giles romanization</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartini1655" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Martino_Martini" title="Martino Martini">Martini, Martino</a> (1655), "Nanking sive Kiangnan", <i>Novus Atlas Sinensis</i> (in Latin)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nanking+sive+Kiangnan&rft.btitle=Novus+Atlas+Sinensis&rft.date=1655&rft.aulast=Martini&rft.aufirst=Martino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiangnan" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1837" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Edmund (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/122/"><i>Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embassy+to+the+Eastern+Courts+of+Cochin-China%2C+Siam%2C+and+Muscat&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7317%2Fview%2F1%2F122%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiangnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_E._Wakeman1977" class="citation cs2">Frederic E. Wakeman (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBmFSFcJKoC&pg=PA87"><i>The Fall of Imperial China</i></a>, Simon and Schuster, p. 87, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-933680-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-933680-5"><bdi>0-02-933680-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Imperial+China&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-02-933680-5&rft.au=Frederic+E.+Wakeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DORBmFSFcJKoC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiangnan" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/nanxuntu/html/scrolls/index.html">"Recording the Grandeur of the Qing"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recording+the+Grandeur+of+the+Qing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.mcah.columbia.edu%2Fnanxuntu%2Fhtml%2Fscrolls%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiangnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorothy_Ko1994" class="citation book cs1">Dorothy Ko (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teachersofinnerc00kodo"><i>Teachers of the inner chambers: women and culture in seventeenth-century China</i></a></span> (illustrated, annotated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teachersofinnerc00kodo/page/21">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2359-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2359-1"><bdi>0-8047-2359-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2011</span>. <q>With the exclusion of Yangzhou came the denigration of its dialect, a variant of Jianghuai "Mandarin" (guanhua). The various Wu dialects from the Lake Tai area became the spoken language of choice, to the point of replacing guanhua...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachers+of+the+inner+chambers%3A+women+and+culture+in+seventeenth-century+China&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+annotated&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8047-2359-1&rft.au=Dorothy+Ko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fteachersofinnerc00kodo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiangnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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