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Breast cancer: Symptoms, causes, stages, types, and more
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Outside of work, he is a hearing impaired musician, producer, and rapper who gigs globally. Adam also owns every Nic Cage movie and has a one-eyed hedgehog called Philip K. 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data-adbridg-ad-class="dlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-1jpwf16"></div></div></aside></div><aside data-testid="mobile-leaderboard" class="css-pdceuf"><div class="css-11egx89"><button class="icon-hl-close-thick css-1pr9u9e"></button><div data-empty="true" class="css-1fteite"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="mlb1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="mlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-bcus5s"></div></div></div></aside><div data-placement="subheader"></div><div><div class="css-m260rd"><div data-article-body="0" class="css-1h1rean css-1kdolwm"><div class="css-z468a2"><h1>What to know about breast cancer</h1><div data-preamp="social-proof-lessons"></div><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-19y29pm"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-1edxg1f"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Elizabeth-Berger-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span><a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medically reviewed</a> by <a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Elizabeth Berger, MD, MS</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Adam Felman</a></span></span></span></span> — <a class="css-90fpmc css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span> Updated on June 4, 2024</span></a></div></section></div><div><nav id="tab-bar-0" data-testid="tab-bar" class="css-11tsida"><ul class="css-17ztj4b"><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#symptoms" class="css-1a4mqop">Symptoms</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#causes" class="css-1a4mqop">Causes</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#types" class="css-1a4mqop">Types</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#stages" class="css-1a4mqop">Stages</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#risk-factors" class="css-1a4mqop">Risk factors</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#diagnosis" class="css-1a4mqop">Diagnosis</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#treatment" class="css-1a4mqop">Treatment</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#prevention-and-screening" class="css-1a4mqop">Prevention and screening</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#survival-rates" class="css-1a4mqop">Survival rates</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#faq" class="css-1a4mqop">FAQ</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#summary" class="css-1a4mqop">Summary</a></li></ul></nav><article class="article-body css-d2znx6 undefined"><div class="css-12va8w7"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div><p class="css-4aeg3z">Breast cancer is an invasive cancer. It most commonly occurs due to a genetic mutation or damage to DNA. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.</p></div></div><div><p>Breast cancer can affect females or males, but this article will focus on the condition in females. Although most breast cancers do not have symptoms, a person may feel a lump in the breast, changes to the nipple, and armpit or breast pain.</p></div><div><div data-preamp="serena-chatbot"></div></div><div><p>Anyone with symptoms of breast cancer should speak with a healthcare professional. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may improve a person’s outlook.</p></div><div><p>This article explains the symptoms, causes, and types of breast cancer. It also explores treatment options and outlook.</p></div><div><div id="widget_call_out_cf02720b-be6f-4e72-b5a3-21e87c6233c6" class="css-jyr0cb"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div class="css-11m4ja7"><div class="css-xqvouu"><h3 class="css-b9vh1e">A note about sex and gender</h3><div class="css-1hpp2pt"><p>Sex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232363" class="content-link css-90fpmc">Click here to learn more</a>.</p></div></div></div><div class="css-1uwjw6e"><div></div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline2__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="symptoms">Breast cancer symptoms</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div><figure class="css-yhe8zq"><span class="css-rwmw5v"><span class="css-mjp0j9"><picture class="css-16pk1is"><source srcSet="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/08/GettyImages-554200195_header-1024x575.jpg?w=1575 750w" media="(min-width: 1190px)"/><source srcSet="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/08/GettyImages-554200195_header-1024x575.jpg?w=1575 750w" media="(min-width: 990px)"/><source srcSet="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/08/GettyImages-554200195_header-1024x575.jpg?w=1845 879w" media="(min-width: 768px)"/><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/08/GettyImages-554200195_header-1024x575.jpg?w=1155&h=1528" alt="A female with breast cancer holding their breasts." class="css-1jytyml"/></picture></span><hl-share-overlay class="css-18moxll"><a class="icon-hl-pinterest css-ps2kh1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-event="Any Page|Image Pinterest Click|Icon Clicked" data-element-event="OPEN|CONTENTBLOCK|Any Page|Article Body|BUTTON|Image Widget Pinterest Click|" href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F37136&media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2019%2F08%2FGettyImages-554200195_header-1024x575.jpg&description=Breast%20cancer%3A%20Symptoms%2C%20causes%2C%20stages%2C%20types%2C%20and%20more" title="Share on Pinterest" data-pin-custom="true" data-share-url="https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/08/GettyImages-554200195_header-1024x575.jpg"><span class="css-8yl26h">Share on Pinterest</span></a></hl-share-overlay></span><figcaption class="css-13b3g0x">Peathegee Inc/Getty Images</figcaption></figure></div></div><div><p>According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), the <hl-trusted-source source="American Cancer Society" rationale="Highly respected international organization"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/breast-cancer-signs-and-symptoms.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">most common</a></hl-trusted-source> symptom of breast cancer is a mass or a <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/186084" class="content-link css-90fpmc">lump in the breast</a> or an <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317047" class="content-link css-90fpmc">armpit</a>.</p></div><div><p>Other symptoms may include:</p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314041" class="content-link css-90fpmc">pitting</a> or dimpling of breast tissue, like the surface of an orange</li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319539" class="content-link css-90fpmc">nipple discharge</a></li><li>swelling</li><li>nipple or <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263566" class="content-link css-90fpmc">breast pain</a></li><li>a sunken or <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323301" class="content-link css-90fpmc">inverted nipple</a></li><li>dryness, flaking, or thickening of the breast or nipple skin</li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324105" class="content-link css-90fpmc">swollen lymph nodes</a></li></ul></div><div><p>The ACS highlights that most breast lumps are not cancerous. However, anyone who notices a breast lump should see a healthcare professional.</p></div><div><p>Learn more about <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327488" class="content-link css-90fpmc">breast cancer symptoms</a>.</p></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="causes">Causes of breast cancer</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Breast cancer <hl-trusted-source source="American Cancer Society" rationale="Highly respected international organization"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-does-breast-cancer-form.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">develops</a></hl-trusted-source> due to genetic changes that can be inherited or acquired (not inherited).</p></div><div><p>Researchers <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">associate</a></hl-trusted-source> an increased risk of breast cancer with factors such as:</p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/277177" class="content-link css-90fpmc">estrogen</a> exposure</li><li>inherited genetic irregularities</li><li>inherited genes that increase the likelihood of cancer, such as <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/brca-gene" class="content-link css-90fpmc">BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations</a></li></ul></div><div><p>The immune system typically attacks atypical DNA or growths, but it does not do this when a person has cancer.</p></div><div><p>As a result, cells within breast tissue multiply uncontrollably and do not die as usual. This excessive cell growth forms a tumor that deprives surrounding cells of nutrients and energy. </p></div><div><p>Learn <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-does-breast-cancer-metastasize" class="content-link css-90fpmc">how breast cancer spreads</a>.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline7__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline7__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="types">Types of breast cancer</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>After <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156451.php" class="content-link css-90fpmc">puberty</a>, female breasts <hl-trusted-source source="National Cancer Institute " rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://training.seer.cancer.gov/breast/anatomy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">consist of</a></hl-trusted-source>: </p></div><div><ul><li>fat</li><li>connective tissue</li><li>lobes, which contain tiny milk-producing glands called lobules</li></ul></div><div><p>The <hl-trusted-source source="American Cancer Society" rationale="Highly respected international organization"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/types-of-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">most common</a></hl-trusted-source> types of breast cancer are <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lcis" class="content-link css-90fpmc">lobular carcinoma</a>, which begins in a lobule, and <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ" class="content-link css-90fpmc">ductal carcinoma</a>, which begins in one of the tiny ducts that carry milk from the lobules to the nipples.</p></div><div><h3>Invasive vs noninvasive</h3></div><div><p><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-to-know-about-invasive-breast-cancer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">Invasive breast cancer</a> involves cancerous cells spreading to nearby tissue. Cancer may then spread to other parts of the body.</p></div><div><p>In contrast, <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/non-invasive-cancer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">noninvasive breast cancer</a> remains in its place of origin. Doctors may consider this a “precancerous lesion.” These cells may eventually become invasive.</p></div><div><p>Learn more about <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breast-cancer-types" class="content-link css-90fpmc">breast cancer types</a>.</p></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="stages">Stages of breast cancer</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>A healthcare professional <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">may stage</a></hl-trusted-source> breast cancer using something called the TNM system, which consists of five different stages. To do this, doctors examine:</p></div><div><ul><li>primary tumor size (T)</li><li>regional lymph node status (N)</li><li>distant metastasis (M)</li></ul></div><div><p>Each category contains substages, which can indicate specific tumor characteristics, such as whether it is positive or negative for a protein called <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hr-positive-her2-negative-breast-cancer-treatments" class="content-link css-90fpmc">human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)</a>.</p></div><div><p>Staging <hl-trusted-source source="American Cancer Society" rationale="Highly respected international organization"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/stages-of-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">helps</a></hl-trusted-source> healthcare professionals learn whether cancer has spread and determine the best treatment options. People can speak with a doctor about cancer stages and what they mean.</p></div><div><p>Learn <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322760" class="content-link css-90fpmc">what happens at each breast cancer stage</a>.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline12__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline12__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="risk-factors">Breast cancer risk factors</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>The following factors may make developing breast cancer more likely.</p></div><div><h3>Age</h3></div><div><p>The risk of breast cancer <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325654" class="content-link css-90fpmc">increases</a> with age. </p></div><div><p>According to a <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">2024 article</a></hl-trusted-source> that cites older research, around 95% of new cases occur in females older than 40.</p></div><div><p>It states that breast cancer affects 1.5 in every 100,000 females ages 20 to 24, increasing to 421.3 in every 100,000 of those ages 75 to 79.</p></div><div><h3>Genetics</h3></div><div><p>Females who inherit certain mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a <hl-trusted-source source="JAMA" rationale="Highly respected journal,Expert written journal,Peer reviewed journal"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2748515" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">higher chance</a></hl-trusted-source> of developing breast cancer, <a class="content-link css-90fpmc keywords" title="What is ovarian cancer?" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159675.php">ovarian cancer</a>, or both. Mutations in the TP53 gene also have links to an increased breast cancer risk.</p></div><div><p>If a close relative experiences breast cancer, a person’s chance of developing breast cancer increases.</p></div><div><h3>Testing guidelines</h3></div><div><p>Current guidelines recommend people have genetic testing if their family history includes:</p></div><div><ul><li>breast cancer</li><li>ovarian cancer</li><li>fallopian tube cancer</li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/peritoneal-cancer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">peritoneal cancer</a></li><li>breast cancer related to BRCA gene mutations</li></ul></div><div><p>Around <hl-trusted-source source="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/young_women/bringyourbrave/hereditary_breast_cancer/jewish_women_brca.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">1 in 40</a></hl-trusted-source> females of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage have a BRCA gene mutation. This can raise their risk of breast cancer. </p></div><div><p>Experts recommend people with this heritage consider genetic testing if a first-degree relative, such as a sister, experiences breast cancer. They also recommend it if two second-degree relatives, such as a grandmother, on the same side of the family have a history of the condition.</p></div><div><h3>History of breast cancer or breast lumps</h3></div><div><p>A person with a previous history of breast cancer is <hl-trusted-source source="JAMA" rationale="Highly respected journal,Expert written journal,Peer reviewed journal"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2748515" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">more likely</a></hl-trusted-source> to develop the condition than a person who has not had it before.</p></div><div><p>Having some types of noncancerous breast conditions, including atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ, also <hl-trusted-source source="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/risk_factors.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">increases the risk</a></hl-trusted-source> of developing breast cancer.</p></div><div><h3>Estrogen exposure and hormone treatments</h3></div><div><p>Extended exposure to estrogen and progesterone <hl-trusted-source source="National Cancer Institute " rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">may increase</a></hl-trusted-source> the risk of breast cancer. This exposure could involve starting periods early or entering <a class="content-link css-90fpmc keywords" title="Everything you need to know about menopause" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155651.php">menopause</a> late. </p></div><div><p><hl-trusted-source source="American Cancer Society" rationale="Highly respected international organization"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/medical-treatments/menopausal-hormone-replacement-therapy-and-cancer-risk.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">Some research</a></hl-trusted-source> associates <a class="content-link css-90fpmc keywords" title="What you need to know about HRT" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181726.php">hormone replacement therapy (HRT)</a>, specifically estrogen-progesterone therapy, with an increased risk of breast cancer.</p></div><div><p>The <hl-trusted-source source="National Cancer Institute " rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/oral-contraceptives-fact-sheet" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">National Cancer Institute (NCI)</a></hl-trusted-source> also highlights studies suggesting that <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-control-and-breast-cancer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">oral contraceptives</a> may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. However, this risk declined after stopping the use of oral contraceptives.</p></div><div><h3>Race</h3></div><div><p>Although some <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">research</a></hl-trusted-source> suggests breast cancer rates are highest in the non-Hispanic white population, the <hl-trusted-source source="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/statistics/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a></hl-trusted-source> states breast cancer mortality is higher among Black females than white females. </p></div><div><p>According to a <hl-trusted-source source="JAMA" rationale="Highly respected journal,Expert written journal,Peer reviewed journal"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2775173" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">2021 study</a></hl-trusted-source>, Black females may be more susceptible to developing aggressive breast tumors.</p></div><div><p><hl-trusted-source source="Nature" rationale="Highly respected journal,Expert written journal,Peer reviewed journal"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-020-01038-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">Other research</a></hl-trusted-source> points out that other factors, such as socioeconomic disparities, contribute to racial differences in treatment options and cancer mortality. </p></div><div><p>For example, a <hl-trusted-source source="JAMA" rationale="Highly respected journal,Expert written journal,Peer reviewed journal"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2758266" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">2020 study</a></hl-trusted-source> suggests difficulty accessing quality health insurance may contribute to late breast cancer diagnoses among people from marginalized groups.</p></div><div><p>Even with treatment, people are less likely to have a positive outcome when doctors diagnose breast cancer at a late stage.</p></div><div><h3>Other risk factors</h3></div><div><p>The following factors may also increase the risk of breast cancer:</p></div><div><ul><li><strong>Obesity:</strong> Obesity after menopause may contribute to a <hl-trusted-source source="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/obesity/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">greater likelihood</a></hl-trusted-source> of developing breast cancer, possibly due to increased estrogen levels.</li><li><strong>Regular alcohol consumption:</strong> According to the <hl-trusted-source source="National Cancer Institute " rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol/alcohol-fact-sheet" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">NCI</a></hl-trusted-source>, studies consistently find that females who consume <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/alcohol-and-breast-cancer-2" class="content-link css-90fpmc">alcohol</a> have a higher risk of breast cancer than those who do not. </li><li><strong>Dense breast tissue:</strong> Dense breast tissue <hl-trusted-source source="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/risk_factors.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">is</a></hl-trusted-source> a risk factor for breast cancer.</li><li><strong>Radiation therapy:</strong> Undergoing mantle field irradiation treatment for a different cancer may <a href="https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2008.19.9174" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">increase the risk</a> of developing breast cancer later in life.</li></ul></div><div><p>Learn more about <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319502.php" class="content-link css-90fpmc">dense breast tissue</a>.</p></div><div><h3>Cosmetic implants and breast cancer survival</h3></div><div><p>Some research in a <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10526244/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">2023 systematic review</a></hl-trusted-source> associates certain rare cancers, such as <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breast-lymphoma" class="content-link css-90fpmc">lymphoma</a> or squamous cell carcinoma, with breast implants. </p></div><div><p>However, the review highlights that experts generally consider <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263567" class="content-link css-90fpmc">breast augmentation</a> to be safe. Other research had the following findings:</p></div><div><ul><li>A <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25568234/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">2015 meta-analysis</a></hl-trusted-source> of 17 studies that included participants who had undergone cosmetic breast augmentation found no increased risk of breast cancer associated with the procedure. The incidence among these participants was lower than expected.</li><li><a href="https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Abstract/2021/08000/Can_Breast_Implants_Induce_Breast_Cancer.4.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">Research from 2021</a> suggests females with cosmetic implants have significantly lower rates of breast cancer than those without. </li><li>A <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7247945/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">2020 study</a></hl-trusted-source> into the risk of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) in 3,546 people with macro-textured breast implants found the overall BIA-ALCL risk was higher than previous literature stated. The authors highlight the need for further evaluation.</li></ul></div><div><p>Learn more about <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breast-cancer-breast-implants" class="content-link css-90fpmc">breast implants and cancer</a>.</p></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="diagnosis">Diagnosing breast cancer</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>A doctor may diagnose breast cancer during routine screening or when a person reports symptoms. The following tests and procedures can help with a diagnosis:</p></div><div><h3>Breast exams</h3></div><div><p>This involves <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/physical_exam" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">checking</a> the breasts for lumps and other possible indications of cancer.</p></div><div><p>During the examination, the person may need to sit or stand with their arms in different positions, such as above their head or by their sides.</p></div><div><h3>Imaging tests</h3></div><div><p>The following scans may help detect breast cancer:</p></div><div><ul><li><strong>Mammogram:</strong> Doctors <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/mammograms" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">commonly use</a> this type of X-ray during initial breast cancer screening. It produces images that can show lumps or irregularities.</li><li><strong>Ultrasound:</strong> This scan <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">helps</a></hl-trusted-source> a doctor evaluate the size and consistency of a lump. It may help differentiate between a solid mass and a fluid-filled <a class="content-link css-90fpmc keywords" title="What to know about cysts" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160821.php">cyst</a>.</li><li><strong>MRI:</strong> This combines different images to help doctors identify cancer or other irregularities. A doctor <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/mri" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">may recommend</a> an MRI as a follow-up to a mammogram or <a class="content-link css-90fpmc keywords" title="How do ultrasound scans work?" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245491.php">ultrasound</a>.</li></ul></div><div><h3>Biopsy</h3></div><div><p>A biopsy <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/biopsy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">involves</a> extracting a tissue sample and sending it to a laboratory for analysis. The results can show:</p></div><div><ul><li>if cells are cancerous</li><li>the type of cancer, if present</li><li>whether the cancer is hormone-sensitive</li></ul></div><div><p>The doctor then stages the cancer using information such as the tumor size and how far the cancer has spread. This can provide information about the person’s outlook and the best course of treatment.</p></div><div><div id="widget_call_out_dac4ed25-3346-4b98-909a-b9710c3f5177" class="css-jyr0cb"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div class="css-11m4ja7"><div class="css-xqvouu"><h3 class="css-b9vh1e">Further resources</h3><div class="css-slwzda"><p>Learn more with the following articles:</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316898" class="content-link css-90fpmc">How to check your breasts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316688.php" class="content-link css-90fpmc">Preparing for a mammogram</a></li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265444" class="content-link css-90fpmc">A breast biopsy: What to expect</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="css-1uwjw6e"><div></div><div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="treatment">Treating breast cancer</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Treatment may depend on:</p></div><div><ul><li>the type and stage of the cancer</li><li>the tumor’s sensitivity to hormones</li><li>the person’s age, overall health, and preferences</li></ul></div><div><p>Cancer treatments can have adverse <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196135" class="content-link css-90fpmc">side effects</a>. Before deciding on a treatment, people can discuss the potential risks with a doctor.</p></div><div><p>Treatment options <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">include</a> the following:</p></div><div><h3>Surgery</h3></div><div><p>If surgery is necessary, the type will depend on the diagnosis and the person’s preferences. Types <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/surgery" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">include</a>:</p></div><div><ul><li><strong>Lumpectomy:</strong> A <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314151" class="content-link css-90fpmc">lumpectomy</a> involves removing the tumor and a small amount of healthy tissue around it. It may be an option if the tumor is small and easy to separate from surrounding tissue.</li><li><strong>Mastectomy:</strong> A <a class="content-link css-90fpmc keywords" title="What is a mastectomy?" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/302035.php">mastectomy</a> involves removing the breast’s lobules, ducts, fatty tissue, nipple, areola, and some skin. In some types, a surgeon also removes the lymph nodes.</li><li><strong>Sentinel node biopsy:</strong> This procedure involves the removal of lymph nodes to <hl-trusted-source source="National Cancer Institute " rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging/sentinel-node-biopsy-fact-sheet" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">help</a></hl-trusted-source> doctors see how far cancer has spread and decide the best treatment.</li><li><strong>Axillary lymph node dissection:</strong> If a doctor finds cancer cells in the sentinel nodes, they may recommend removing additional lymph nodes in the armpit with an axillary lymph node dissection.</li></ul></div><div><p>Following a mastectomy, a surgeon can reconstruct the breast so that it looks more natural. This can help a person cope with the psychological effects of breast removal.</p></div><div><p>The surgeon can reconstruct the breast during the mastectomy or at a later date. They may use a breast implant or tissue from another body part.</p></div><div><p>Learn about <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319215.php" class="content-link css-90fpmc">breast reconstruction surgery</a>.</p></div><div><h3>Radiation therapy</h3></div><div><p>A person may undergo radiation therapy <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/radiation-therapy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">during or after</a> surgery. It is most common following a lumpectomy, but some people may require radiation after a mastectomy.</p></div><div><p>This therapy involves targeting the tumor with controlled doses of radiation that kill any remaining cancer cells.</p></div><div><p>Learn more about <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158513.php" class="content-link css-90fpmc">radiation therapy</a>.</p></div><div><h3>Chemotherapy</h3></div><div><p>A doctor may prescribe <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chemotherapy" class="content-link css-90fpmc">chemotherapy</a> if there is a <a href="https://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/chemotherapy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">high risk</a> of recurrence or spread. Chemotherapy after surgery is called adjuvant chemotherapy.</p></div><div><p>A doctor may recommend chemotherapy before surgery to shrink the tumor and make it easier to remove. This is called <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/neoadjuvant-chemotherapy" class="content-link css-90fpmc">neoadjuvant chemotherapy</a>.</p></div><div><h3>Hormone-blocking therapy</h3></div><div><p>Hormone-blocking therapy may help treat estrogen receptor-positive and progesterone receptor-positive cancers. Healthcare professionals <hl-trusted-source source="American Cancer Society" rationale="Highly respected international organization"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/hormone-therapy-for-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">may administer</a></hl-trusted-source> it after surgery to prevent recurrence or beforehand to shrink the tumor.</p></div><div><p>Hormone-blocking therapy may be an option for people who cannot have surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy.</p></div><div><p>Examples of hormone-blocking medications may include:</p></div><div><ul><li>tamoxifen (Nolvadex)</li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/297297" class="content-link css-90fpmc">aromatase inhibitors</a></li><li>ovarian ablation or suppression</li><li><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/zoladex" class="content-link css-90fpmc">goserelin (Zoladex)</a></li></ul></div><div><p>Learn more about <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hormone-therapy-for-breast-cancer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">hormone therapy for breast cancer</a>.</p></div><div><h3>Biological treatment</h3></div><div><p>Targeted drugs, such as trastuzumab (Herceptin) and lapatinib (Tykerb), <a href="https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/824613/1736115/Tarantino%20and%20IEBT_A_1752176.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">can destroy</a> specific types of breast cancer.</p></div><div id="hl-incontent-video-ad" data-adbridg-ad-class="hl-incontent" class="css-pp6cpn"></div><div id="div-gpt-ad-out-of-page"></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="prevention-and-screening">Can people prevent breast cancer?</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>There is no way to prevent breast cancer. However, the following steps <a href="https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/risks-causes/reducing-breast-cancer-risk" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">may help</a> reduce the risk:</p></div><div><ul><li>limiting alcohol consumption</li><li>eating a <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324093" class="content-link css-90fpmc">balanced diet</a></li><li>getting enough <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153390" class="content-link css-90fpmc">exercise</a></li><li>maintaining a <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323446" class="content-link css-90fpmc">moderate weight</a></li></ul></div><div><p>Preventive surgery may also be an option for people with a high breast cancer risk.</p></div><div><p class="p1"><span class="s1">The <a href="https://go.onelink.me/faaH/4c607122" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">Bezzy Breast Cancer app</a> provides access to an online breast cancer community where users can connect with others and gain advice and support through group discussions.</span></p></div><div><p>Learn more about <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-to-prevent-breast-cancer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">breast cancer prevention</a>.</p></div><div><h3>Breast cancer screening</h3></div><div><p>Multiple different guidelines for screening exist. The following are some recommendations for females with an average risk of breast cancer:</p></div><div><div class="scrollTable css-1iwt4bv"><table class="responsive css-1pp4cxb css-1pp4cxb"><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Organization</th><th scope="col">Guidelines</th></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">United States Preventive Services Task Force</a>, 2024</td><td>• Ages 40 to 74: Have screenings every 2 years.</td></tr><tr><td><hl-trusted-source source="American Cancer Society" rationale="Highly respected international organization"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/american-cancer-society-recommendations-for-the-early-detection-of-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">ACS</a></hl-trusted-source>, 2023</td><td>• Ages 40 to 45: Have screenings every year if they wish.<br>• Ages 45 to 54: Have screenings every year.<br>• Ages 55 years and older: Have screenings every year or 2 years.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/m18-2147" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">American College of Physicians</a>, 2019</td><td>• Ages 40 to 49 years: Discuss the benefits and risks of regular screenings with a doctor.<br>• Ages 50 to 74: Have screenings every 2 years.<br>• Ages 75 or older: Continue with screenings if they have a life expectancy of 10 or more years.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><p>Despite the slight variations, most experts recommend at least speaking with a doctor about breast cancer screening from the age of 40 onward.</p></div><div><p>People can speak with their doctor about breast screening guidelines and create a screening plan that works for their circumstances.</p></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="survival-rates">Breast cancer survival rates</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>According to a 2019 article, breast cancer death rates declined by around <hl-trusted-source source="Wiley" rationale="Peer reviewed journal"><a href="https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21583" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">40%</a></hl-trusted-source> between 1989 and 2017. However, a 2019 study suggested the rate in the United States may no longer be declining among females ages <a href="https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2021203476" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">20 to 39 years</a>.</p></div><div><p>A survival rate describes how long a person with breast cancer is likely to live after diagnosis compared with someone who does not have the condition. </p></div><div><p>The NCI currently estimates that about <hl-trusted-source source="National Cancer Institute " rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">91%</a></hl-trusted-source> of females with breast cancer will survive for at least five years after diagnosis.</p></div><div><p>It is important to remember that researchers use survival rates to assess large populations. In calculating this rate, they exclude the risk of dying from other causes.</p></div><div><p>A survival rate cannot predict a specific individual’s outlook.</p></div><div><p>Learn more about <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316867" class="content-link css-90fpmc">breast cancer survival statistics</a>.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline23__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline23__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="faq">Frequently asked questions</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [{ "@type": "Question", "name": "Is breast cancer painful?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "A lump or a mass in the breast is the most common symptom of breast cancer. These lumps are usually painless. However, a person may experience pain in the nipple or breast area that appears connected to their menstrual cycle. Anyone who experiences breast pain, especially if it is severe or persistent, should consult a healthcare professional." } },{ "@type": "Question", "name": "How long can someone have breast cancer without knowing?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "How long a person has breast cancer without knowing may depend on the type of breast cancer, their symptoms, and screenings. For example, inflammatory breast cancer is a rare, aggressive type of breast cancer that does not usually cause a lump and may not show on a mammogram. Diagnosis may only occur when symptoms appear during advanced stages." } },{ "@type": "Question", "name": "What is the life expectancy for someone with breast cancer?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "According to research, around 91% of females with breast cancer will survive for at least five years following a diagnosis. However, the ACS suggests the outlook for a person who receives a diagnosis now may be better than this due to old data and constant improvements in treatment." } }] } </script></div><div><h3>Is breast cancer painful?</h3></div><div><p>A lump or a mass in the breast is the <hl-trusted-source source="American Cancer Society" rationale="Highly respected international organization"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/breast-cancer-symptoms-what-you-need-to-know.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">most common</a></hl-trusted-source> symptom of breast cancer. These lumps are usually painless. However, a person may experience pain in the nipple or breast area that appears connected to their menstrual cycle.</p></div><div><p>Anyone who experiences breast pain, especially if it is severe or persistent, should consult a healthcare professional.</p></div><div><h3>How long can someone have breast cancer without knowing?</h3></div><div><p>How long a person has breast cancer without knowing may depend on the type of breast cancer, their symptoms, and screenings. </p></div><div><p>For example, inflammatory breast cancer is a rare, aggressive type of breast cancer that <hl-trusted-source source="American Cancer Society" rationale="Highly respected international organization"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/types-of-breast-cancer/inflammatory-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">does not usually</a></hl-trusted-source> cause a lump and may not show on a mammogram. Diagnosis may only occur when symptoms appear during advanced stages.</p></div><div><h3>What is the life expectancy for someone with breast cancer?</h3></div><div><p>According to research, around <hl-trusted-source source="National Cancer Institute " rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">91%</a></hl-trusted-source> of females with breast cancer will survive for at least five years following a diagnosis. However, the <hl-trusted-source source="American Cancer Society" rationale="Highly respected international organization"><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/breast-cancer-survival-rates.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-90fpmc">ACS</a></hl-trusted-source> suggests the outlook for a person who receives a diagnosis now may be better than this due to old data and constant improvements in treatment.</p></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="summary">Summary</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Breast cancer may cause symptoms such as a lump, pain, or skin changes to the breast or nipple. Anyone with a breast lump should see a healthcare professional.</p></div><div><p>Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery. The most appropriate treatment may depend on the cancer type and stage.</p></div><div><p>A person can take steps to reduce their risk of breast cancer, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle and speaking with their doctor about the best pace of screening.</p></div><div><p><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/es/cancer-de-mama" class="content-link css-90fpmc">Read the article in Spanish.</a></p></div></div></article><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-5b5f7q"><ul><li itemProp="genre"><a class="css-90fpmc" data-event="Navigation|article tag click|Breast Cancer" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/breast-cancer">Breast Cancer</a></li><li itemProp="genre"><a class="css-90fpmc" data-event="Navigation|article tag click|Cancer / Oncology" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/cancer-oncology">Cancer / Oncology</a></li><li itemProp="genre"><a class="css-90fpmc" data-event="Navigation|article tag click|Women's Health / Gynecology" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/categories/womens_health">Women's Health / Gynecology</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="css-140fa3i"><div class="css-15lc7zf"><h3 id="bylineArticleTools">How we reviewed this article:</h3><div class="css-1g9ioi4"><button type="button" class="css-kxscys"><div class="css-rre5oz"><span class="css-1d75hb8"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M0 10C0 4.477 4.477 0 10 0s10 4.477 10 10-4.477 10-10 10S0 15.523 0 10Zm18.5 0a8.5 8.5 0 1 0-17 0 8.5 8.5 0 0 0 17 0ZM10 4c-.823 0-1.5.677-1.5 1.518C8.5 6.323 9.177 7 10 7c.841 0 1.5-.677 1.5-1.482A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 10 4Zm0 4.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1V15a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9.5a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span>Sources</span></div></button></div><div class="css-une8nx"><div class="css-1ubyuqj"><div id="article-resources" role="region" class="css-1ugaz02"><div class="css-0">Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our<!-- --> <a class="css-90fpmc" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/process">editorial policy</a>.</div><ul class="css-1vedeqe"><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>About cancer. (n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-90fpmc css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer">https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Alkabban FM, et al. (2022). Breast cancer.</span><br/><a class="css-90fpmc css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer. 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Outside of work, he is a hearing impaired musician, producer, and rapper who gigs globally. Adam also owns every Nic Cage movie and has a one-eyed hedgehog called Philip K. Prick.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/500x500_Adam_Felman.png"},"bioBlurb":{"nodes":["Adam Felman is an Editor for Medical News Today and Greatist. Outside of work, he is a hearing impaired musician, producer, and rapper who gigs globally. Adam…"]}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":6738,"name":{"display":"Elizabeth Berger, MD, MS","first":"Elizabeth","last":"Berger, MD, MS"},"userLogin":"eberger","links":{"website":"https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/elizabeth-berger/","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/elizabeth-berger-md-ms","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDr. Elizabeth Berger is an \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.abms.org/board-certification/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eABMS board certified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e assistant professor of surgery at \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/elizabeth-berger/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYale University School of Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e in the division of surgical oncology. Dr. Berger was an American College of Surgeons (ACS) Clinical Scholar-in-Residence, and she was selected as the Breast Cancer Alliance fellow while at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Her research focuses on improving health outcomes for women with elderly breast cancer, including perioperative surgical quality, cancer care quality measure development, and assessment of surveillance strategies after breast cancer treatment.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEducation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYale University, BA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLoyola University Stritch School of Medicine, MD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNorthwestern University, MS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLoyola University Health Systems, General Surgery Residency\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Breast Surgical Oncology Fellowship\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCertifications\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Board of Surgery \u0026#8211; Surgery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFellow of the American College of Surgeons (FACS)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eProfessional Accomplishments\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn 2022, she received the The C. Elton Cahow Teaching Award for Outstanding Faculty Teaching during Yale Surgery’s annual awards program\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHas served on national quality committees, including being a part of the National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers (NAPBC)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePublished in several high impact journals such as JAMA, Annals of Surgery, and the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, and has also contributed chapters to several surgical textbooks\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAffiliations\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.facs.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican College of Surgeons (ACS)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.surgonc.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSociety of Surgical Oncology (SSO)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.breastsurgeons.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Elizabeth-Berger-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png"},"bioBlurb":{"nodes":["Dr. Elizabeth Berger is an ABMS board certified assistant professor of surgery at Yale University School of Medicine in the division of surgical oncology. Dr…"]}}],"editors":[{"role":"Editor","name":{"display":"Megan Austwick"}}],"pinterestImage":{"path":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/08/GettyImages-554200195_thumb.jpg"},"hideFeedback":false,"isMedicare":false,"isBlog":false,"publishSource":"wordpress","isAmpSupported":false,"categories":[{"name":"Breast Cancer","slug":"breast-cancer","link":"/categories/breast-cancer","primary":true,"children":[]},{"name":"Cancer / Oncology","slug":"cancer-oncology","link":"/categories/cancer-oncology","children":[]},{"name":"Women's Health / 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effects"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-tamoxifen-cost","title":"Tamoxifen cost"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-truqap","title":"Truqap"},{"url":"/articles/tukysa","title":"Tukysa"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-tukysa-side-effects","title":"Tukysa side effects"},{"url":"/articles/drugs-zoladex-dosage","title":"Zoladex dosage"}]},"pathingTilesData":{},"pathingCardsData":{},"inArticlePathingCardsData":[],"quantitativeTrustData":{},"isPrependRecipeH2":false,"recipes":[],"hideTabs":false,"tabs":[{"id":"_noHeaderPrefixedContent","title":null,"header":null,"body":[{"tagName":"div","source":"\u003cp class=\"css-4aeg3z\"\u003eBreast cancer is an invasive cancer. It most commonly occurs due to a genetic mutation or damage to DNA. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Breast cancer can affect females or males, but this article will focus on the condition in females. Although most breast cancers do not have symptoms, a person may feel a lump in the breast, changes to the nipple, and armpit or breast pain."},{"tagName":"div","attributes":{"data-preamp":"serena-chatbot"},"source":""},{"tagName":"p","source":"Anyone with symptoms of breast cancer should speak with a healthcare professional. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may improve a person’s outlook."},{"tagName":"p","source":"This article explains the symptoms, causes, and types of breast cancer. It also explores treatment options and outlook."},{"widget":{"widgetFormat":"widget-call-out","items":[{"headerTitle":["A note about sex and gender"],"content":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Sex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232363\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eClick here to learn more\u003c/a\u003e."}]}]},"brandPage":{}}]},{"id":"symptoms","title":"Symptoms","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Breast cancer symptoms"],"body":[{"tagName":"div","source":"\u003cfigure class=\"css-yhe8zq\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"css-rwmw5v\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"css-mjp0j9\"\u003e\u003cpicture class=\"css-16pk1is\"\u003e\u003csource srcSet=\"//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/08/GettyImages-554200195_header-1024x575.jpg?w=1575 750w\" media=\"(min-width: 1190px)\"/\u003e\u003csource srcSet=\"//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/08/GettyImages-554200195_header-1024x575.jpg?w=1575 750w\" media=\"(min-width: 990px)\"/\u003e\u003csource srcSet=\"//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/08/GettyImages-554200195_header-1024x575.jpg?w=1845 879w\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\"/\u003e\u003cimg src=\"//i0.wp.com/post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/08/GettyImages-554200195_header-1024x575.jpg?w=1155\u0026h=1528\" alt=\"A female with breast cancer holding their breasts.\" class=\"css-1jytyml\"/\u003e\u003c/picture\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003chl-share-overlay class=\"css-18moxll\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"icon-hl-pinterest css-ps2kh1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-event=\"Any Page|Image Pinterest Click|Icon Clicked\" data-element-event=\"OPEN|CONTENTBLOCK|Any Page|Article Body|BUTTON|Image Widget Pinterest Click|\" href=\"https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F37136\u0026media=https%3A%2F%2Fpost.medicalnewstoday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2019%2F08%2FGettyImages-554200195_header-1024x575.jpg\u0026description=Breast%20cancer%3A%20Symptoms%2C%20causes%2C%20stages%2C%20types%2C%20and%20more\" title=\"Share on Pinterest\" data-pin-custom=\"true\" data-share-url=\"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/08/GettyImages-554200195_header-1024x575.jpg\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"css-8yl26h\"\u003eShare on Pinterest\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-share-overlay\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"css-13b3g0x\"\u003ePeathegee Inc/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), the \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"American Cancer Society\" rationale=\"Highly respected international organization\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/breast-cancer-signs-and-symptoms.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emost common\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e symptom of breast cancer is a mass or a \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/186084\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003elump in the breast\u003c/a\u003e or an \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317047\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003earmpit\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Other symptoms may include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314041\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003epitting\u003c/a\u003e or dimpling of breast tissue, like the surface of an orange\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319539\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003enipple discharge\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eswelling\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003enipple or \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263566\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ebreast pain\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ea sunken or \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323301\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003einverted nipple\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edryness, flaking, or thickening of the breast or nipple skin\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324105\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eswollen lymph nodes\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The ACS highlights that most breast lumps are not cancerous. However, anyone who notices a breast lump should see a healthcare professional."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Learn more about \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327488\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ebreast cancer symptoms\u003c/a\u003e."}]},{"id":"causes","title":"Causes","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Causes of breast cancer"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Breast cancer \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"American Cancer Society\" rationale=\"Highly respected international organization\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-does-breast-cancer-form.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003edevelops\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e due to genetic changes that can be inherited or acquired (not inherited)."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Researchers \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eassociate\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e an increased risk of breast cancer with factors such as:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/277177\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eestrogen\u003c/a\u003e exposure\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003einherited genetic irregularities\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003einherited genes that increase the likelihood of cancer, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/brca-gene\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eBRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The immune system typically attacks atypical DNA or growths, but it does not do this when a person has cancer."},{"tagName":"p","source":"As a result, cells within breast tissue multiply uncontrollably and do not die as usual. This excessive cell growth forms a tumor that deprives surrounding cells of nutrients and energy. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Learn \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-does-breast-cancer-metastasize\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ehow breast cancer spreads\u003c/a\u003e."}]},{"id":"types","title":"Types","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Types of breast cancer"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"After \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156451.php\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003epuberty\u003c/a\u003e, female breasts \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"National Cancer Institute \" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://training.seer.cancer.gov/breast/anatomy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003econsist of\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e: "},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003efat\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003econnective tissue\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003elobes, which contain tiny milk-producing glands called lobules\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"American Cancer Society\" rationale=\"Highly respected international organization\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/types-of-breast-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emost common\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e types of breast cancer are \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lcis\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003elobular carcinoma\u003c/a\u003e, which begins in a lobule, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eductal carcinoma\u003c/a\u003e, which begins in one of the tiny ducts that carry milk from the lobules to the nipples."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Invasive vs noninvasive"},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-to-know-about-invasive-breast-cancer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eInvasive breast cancer\u003c/a\u003e involves cancerous cells spreading to nearby tissue. Cancer may then spread to other parts of the body."},{"tagName":"p","source":"In contrast, \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/non-invasive-cancer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003enoninvasive breast cancer\u003c/a\u003e remains in its place of origin. Doctors may consider this a “precancerous lesion.” These cells may eventually become invasive."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Learn more about \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breast-cancer-types\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ebreast cancer types\u003c/a\u003e."}]},{"id":"stages","title":"Stages","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Stages of breast cancer"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"A healthcare professional \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emay stage\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e breast cancer using something called the TNM system, which consists of five different stages. To do this, doctors examine:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003eprimary tumor size (T)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eregional lymph node status (N)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edistant metastasis (M)\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Each category contains substages, which can indicate specific tumor characteristics, such as whether it is positive or negative for a protein called \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hr-positive-her2-negative-breast-cancer-treatments\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ehuman epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Staging \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"American Cancer Society\" rationale=\"Highly respected international organization\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/stages-of-breast-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ehelps\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e healthcare professionals learn whether cancer has spread and determine the best treatment options. People can speak with a doctor about cancer stages and what they mean."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Learn \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322760\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ewhat happens at each breast cancer stage\u003c/a\u003e."}]},{"id":"risk-factors","title":"Risk factors","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Breast cancer risk factors"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"The following factors may make developing breast cancer more likely."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Age"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The risk of breast cancer \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325654\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eincreases\u003c/a\u003e with age. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"According to a \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e2024 article\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e that cites older research, around 95% of new cases occur in females older than 40."},{"tagName":"p","source":"It states that breast cancer affects 1.5 in every 100,000 females ages 20 to 24, increasing to 421.3 in every 100,000 of those ages 75 to 79."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Genetics"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Females who inherit certain mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"JAMA\" rationale=\"Highly respected journal,Expert written journal,Peer reviewed journal\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2748515\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ehigher chance\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e of developing breast cancer, \u003ca class=\"content-link css-90fpmc keywords\" title=\"What is ovarian cancer?\" href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159675.php\"\u003eovarian cancer\u003c/a\u003e, or both. Mutations in the TP53 gene also have links to an increased breast cancer risk."},{"tagName":"p","source":"If a close relative experiences breast cancer, a person’s chance of developing breast cancer increases."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Testing guidelines"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Current guidelines recommend people have genetic testing if their family history includes:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003ebreast cancer\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eovarian cancer\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efallopian tube cancer\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/peritoneal-cancer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eperitoneal cancer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ebreast cancer related to BRCA gene mutations\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Around \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/young_women/bringyourbrave/hereditary_breast_cancer/jewish_women_brca.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e1 in 40\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e females of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage have a BRCA gene mutation. This can raise their risk of breast cancer. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Experts recommend people with this heritage consider genetic testing if a first-degree relative, such as a sister, experiences breast cancer. They also recommend it if two second-degree relatives, such as a grandmother, on the same side of the family have a history of the condition."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"History of breast cancer or breast lumps"},{"tagName":"p","source":"A person with a previous history of breast cancer is \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"JAMA\" rationale=\"Highly respected journal,Expert written journal,Peer reviewed journal\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2748515\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emore likely\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e to develop the condition than a person who has not had it before."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Having some types of noncancerous breast conditions, including atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ, also \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/risk_factors.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eincreases the risk\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e of developing breast cancer."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Estrogen exposure and hormone treatments"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Extended exposure to estrogen and progesterone \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"National Cancer Institute \" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emay increase\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e the risk of breast cancer. This exposure could involve starting periods early or entering \u003ca class=\"content-link css-90fpmc keywords\" title=\"Everything you need to know about menopause\" href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155651.php\"\u003emenopause\u003c/a\u003e late. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003chl-trusted-source source=\"American Cancer Society\" rationale=\"Highly respected international organization\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/medical-treatments/menopausal-hormone-replacement-therapy-and-cancer-risk.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eSome research\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e associates \u003ca class=\"content-link css-90fpmc keywords\" title=\"What you need to know about HRT\" href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181726.php\"\u003ehormone replacement therapy (HRT)\u003c/a\u003e, specifically estrogen-progesterone therapy, with an increased risk of breast cancer."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"National Cancer Institute \" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/oral-contraceptives-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eNational Cancer Institute (NCI)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e also highlights studies suggesting that \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-control-and-breast-cancer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eoral contraceptives\u003c/a\u003e may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. However, this risk declined after stopping the use of oral contraceptives."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Race"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Although some \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eresearch\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e suggests breast cancer rates are highest in the non-Hispanic white population, the \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/statistics/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e states breast cancer mortality is higher among Black females than white females. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"According to a \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"JAMA\" rationale=\"Highly respected journal,Expert written journal,Peer reviewed journal\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2775173\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e2021 study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e, Black females may be more susceptible to developing aggressive breast tumors."},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Nature\" rationale=\"Highly respected journal,Expert written journal,Peer reviewed journal\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-020-01038-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eOther research\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e points out that other factors, such as socioeconomic disparities, contribute to racial differences in treatment options and cancer mortality. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"For example, a \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"JAMA\" rationale=\"Highly respected journal,Expert written journal,Peer reviewed journal\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2758266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e2020 study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e suggests difficulty accessing quality health insurance may contribute to late breast cancer diagnoses among people from marginalized groups."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Even with treatment, people are less likely to have a positive outcome when doctors diagnose breast cancer at a late stage."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Other risk factors"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The following factors may also increase the risk of breast cancer:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObesity:\u003c/strong\u003e Obesity after menopause may contribute to a \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/obesity/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003egreater likelihood\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e of developing breast cancer, possibly due to increased estrogen levels.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegular alcohol consumption:\u003c/strong\u003e According to the \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"National Cancer Institute \" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol/alcohol-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eNCI\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e, studies consistently find that females who consume \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/alcohol-and-breast-cancer-2\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ealcohol\u003c/a\u003e have a higher risk of breast cancer than those who do not. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDense breast tissue:\u003c/strong\u003e Dense breast tissue \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/risk_factors.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eis\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e a risk factor for breast cancer.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRadiation therapy:\u003c/strong\u003e Undergoing mantle field irradiation treatment for a different cancer may \u003ca href=\"https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2008.19.9174\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eincrease the risk\u003c/a\u003e of developing breast cancer later in life.\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Learn more about \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319502.php\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003edense breast tissue\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Cosmetic implants and breast cancer survival"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Some research in a \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10526244/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e2023 systematic review\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e associates certain rare cancers, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breast-lymphoma\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003elymphoma\u003c/a\u003e or squamous cell carcinoma, with breast implants. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"However, the review highlights that experts generally consider \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263567\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ebreast augmentation\u003c/a\u003e to be safe. Other research had the following findings:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003eA \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25568234/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e2015 meta-analysis\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e of 17 studies that included participants who had undergone cosmetic breast augmentation found no increased risk of breast cancer associated with the procedure. The incidence among these participants was lower than expected.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Abstract/2021/08000/Can_Breast_Implants_Induce_Breast_Cancer.4.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eResearch from 2021\u003c/a\u003e suggests females with cosmetic implants have significantly lower rates of breast cancer than those without. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eA \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7247945/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e2020 study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e into the risk of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) in 3,546 people with macro-textured breast implants found the overall BIA-ALCL risk was higher than previous literature stated. The authors highlight the need for further evaluation.\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Learn more about \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breast-cancer-breast-implants\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ebreast implants and cancer\u003c/a\u003e."}]},{"id":"diagnosis","title":"Diagnosis","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Diagnosing breast cancer"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"A doctor may diagnose breast cancer during routine screening or when a person reports symptoms. The following tests and procedures can help with a diagnosis:"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Breast exams"},{"tagName":"p","source":"This involves \u003ca href=\"https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/physical_exam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003echecking\u003c/a\u003e the breasts for lumps and other possible indications of cancer."},{"tagName":"p","source":"During the examination, the person may need to sit or stand with their arms in different positions, such as above their head or by their sides."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Imaging tests"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The following scans may help detect breast cancer:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMammogram:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctors \u003ca href=\"https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/mammograms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ecommonly use\u003c/a\u003e this type of X-ray during initial breast cancer screening. It produces images that can show lumps or irregularities.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUltrasound:\u003c/strong\u003e This scan \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ehelps\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e a doctor evaluate the size and consistency of a lump. It may help differentiate between a solid mass and a fluid-filled \u003ca class=\"content-link css-90fpmc keywords\" title=\"What to know about cysts\" href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160821.php\"\u003ecyst\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMRI:\u003c/strong\u003e This combines different images to help doctors identify cancer or other irregularities. A doctor \u003ca href=\"https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/mri\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emay recommend\u003c/a\u003e an MRI as a follow-up to a mammogram or \u003ca class=\"content-link css-90fpmc keywords\" title=\"How do ultrasound scans work?\" href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245491.php\"\u003eultrasound\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Biopsy"},{"tagName":"p","source":"A biopsy \u003ca href=\"https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/biopsy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003einvolves\u003c/a\u003e extracting a tissue sample and sending it to a laboratory for analysis. The results can show:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003eif cells are cancerous\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe type of cancer, if present\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ewhether the cancer is hormone-sensitive\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The doctor then stages the cancer using information such as the tumor size and how far the cancer has spread. This can provide information about the person’s outlook and the best course of treatment."},{"widget":{"widgetFormat":"widget-call-out","items":[{"isBullets":true,"list":true,"headerTitle":["Further resources"],"content":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Learn more with the following articles:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316898\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eHow to check your breasts\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316688.php\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ePreparing for a mammogram\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265444\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eA breast biopsy: What to expect\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"}]}]},"brandPage":{}}]},{"id":"treatment","title":"Treatment","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Treating breast cancer"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Treatment may depend on:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003ethe type and stage of the cancer\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe tumor’s sensitivity to hormones\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe person’s age, overall health, and preferences\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Cancer treatments can have adverse \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196135\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eside effects\u003c/a\u003e. Before deciding on a treatment, people can discuss the potential risks with a doctor."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Treatment options \u003ca href=\"https://www.breastcancer.org/treatment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003einclude\u003c/a\u003e the following:"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Surgery"},{"tagName":"p","source":"If surgery is necessary, the type will depend on the diagnosis and the person’s preferences. Types \u003ca href=\"https://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/surgery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003einclude\u003c/a\u003e:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLumpectomy:\u003c/strong\u003e A \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314151\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003elumpectomy\u003c/a\u003e involves removing the tumor and a small amount of healthy tissue around it. It may be an option if the tumor is small and easy to separate from surrounding tissue.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMastectomy:\u003c/strong\u003e A \u003ca class=\"content-link css-90fpmc keywords\" title=\"What is a mastectomy?\" href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/302035.php\"\u003emastectomy\u003c/a\u003e involves removing the breast’s lobules, ducts, fatty tissue, nipple, areola, and some skin. In some types, a surgeon also removes the lymph nodes.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSentinel node biopsy:\u003c/strong\u003e This procedure involves the removal of lymph nodes to \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"National Cancer Institute \" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging/sentinel-node-biopsy-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ehelp\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e doctors see how far cancer has spread and decide the best treatment.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAxillary lymph node dissection:\u003c/strong\u003e If a doctor finds cancer cells in the sentinel nodes, they may recommend removing additional lymph nodes in the armpit with an axillary lymph node dissection.\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Following a mastectomy, a surgeon can reconstruct the breast so that it looks more natural. This can help a person cope with the psychological effects of breast removal."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The surgeon can reconstruct the breast during the mastectomy or at a later date. They may use a breast implant or tissue from another body part."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Learn about \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319215.php\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ebreast reconstruction surgery\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Radiation therapy"},{"tagName":"p","source":"A person may undergo radiation therapy \u003ca href=\"https://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/radiation-therapy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eduring or after\u003c/a\u003e surgery. It is most common following a lumpectomy, but some people may require radiation after a mastectomy."},{"tagName":"p","source":"This therapy involves targeting the tumor with controlled doses of radiation that kill any remaining cancer cells."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Learn more about \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158513.php\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eradiation therapy\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Chemotherapy"},{"tagName":"p","source":"A doctor may prescribe \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chemotherapy\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003echemotherapy\u003c/a\u003e if there is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/chemotherapy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ehigh risk\u003c/a\u003e of recurrence or spread. Chemotherapy after surgery is called adjuvant chemotherapy."},{"tagName":"p","source":"A doctor may recommend chemotherapy before surgery to shrink the tumor and make it easier to remove. This is called \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/neoadjuvant-chemotherapy\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eneoadjuvant chemotherapy\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Hormone-blocking therapy"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Hormone-blocking therapy may help treat estrogen receptor-positive and progesterone receptor-positive cancers. Healthcare professionals \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"American Cancer Society\" rationale=\"Highly respected international organization\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/hormone-therapy-for-breast-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emay administer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e it after surgery to prevent recurrence or beforehand to shrink the tumor."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Hormone-blocking therapy may be an option for people who cannot have surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Examples of hormone-blocking medications may include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003etamoxifen (Nolvadex)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/297297\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003earomatase inhibitors\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eovarian ablation or suppression\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/zoladex\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003egoserelin (Zoladex)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Learn more about \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hormone-therapy-for-breast-cancer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ehormone therapy for breast cancer\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Biological treatment"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Targeted drugs, such as trastuzumab (Herceptin) and lapatinib (Tykerb), \u003ca href=\"https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/824613/1736115/Tarantino%20and%20IEBT_A_1752176.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ecan destroy\u003c/a\u003e specific types of breast cancer."}]},{"id":"prevention-and-screening","title":"Prevention and screening","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Can people prevent breast cancer?"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"There is no way to prevent breast cancer. However, the following steps \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/risks-causes/reducing-breast-cancer-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emay help\u003c/a\u003e reduce the risk:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003elimiting alcohol consumption\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eeating a \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324093\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ebalanced diet\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003egetting enough \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153390\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eexercise\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emaintaining a \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323446\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emoderate weight\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Preventive surgery may also be an option for people with a high breast cancer risk."},{"tagName":"p","attributes":{"className":"p1"},"source":"\u003cspan class=\"s1\"\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://go.onelink.me/faaH/4c607122\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eBezzy Breast Cancer app\u003c/a\u003e provides access to an online breast cancer community where users can connect with others and gain advice and support through group discussions.\u003c/span\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Learn more about \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-to-prevent-breast-cancer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ebreast cancer prevention\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Breast cancer screening"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Multiple different guidelines for screening exist. The following are some recommendations for females with an average risk of breast cancer:"},{"tagName":"div","attributes":{"className":"scrollTable css-1iwt4bv"},"source":"\u003ctable class=\"responsive css-1pp4cxb css-1pp4cxb\"\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth scope=\"col\"\u003eOrganization\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth scope=\"col\"\u003eGuidelines\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eUnited States Preventive Services Task Force\u003c/a\u003e, 2024\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e• Ages 40 to 74: Have screenings every 2 years.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003chl-trusted-source source=\"American Cancer Society\" rationale=\"Highly respected international organization\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/american-cancer-society-recommendations-for-the-early-detection-of-breast-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eACS\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e, 2023\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e• Ages 40 to 45: Have screenings every year if they wish.\u003cbr\u003e• Ages 45 to 54: Have screenings every year.\u003cbr\u003e• Ages 55 years and older: Have screenings every year or 2 years.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/m18-2147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eAmerican College of Physicians\u003c/a\u003e, 2019\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e• Ages 40 to 49 years: Discuss the benefits and risks of regular screenings with a doctor.\u003cbr\u003e• Ages 50 to 74: Have screenings every 2 years.\u003cbr\u003e• Ages 75 or older: Continue with screenings if they have a life expectancy of 10 or more years.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Despite the slight variations, most experts recommend at least speaking with a doctor about breast cancer screening from the age of 40 onward."},{"tagName":"p","source":"People can speak with their doctor about breast screening guidelines and create a screening plan that works for their circumstances."}]},{"id":"survival-rates","title":"Survival rates","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Breast cancer survival rates"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"According to a 2019 article, breast cancer death rates declined by around \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Wiley\" rationale=\"Peer reviewed journal\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21583\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e40%\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e between 1989 and 2017. However, a 2019 study suggested the rate in the United States may no longer be declining among females ages \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2021203476\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e20 to 39 years\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"p","source":"A survival rate describes how long a person with breast cancer is likely to live after diagnosis compared with someone who does not have the condition. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"The NCI currently estimates that about \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"National Cancer Institute \" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e91%\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e of females with breast cancer will survive for at least five years after diagnosis."},{"tagName":"p","source":"It is important to remember that researchers use survival rates to assess large populations. In calculating this rate, they exclude the risk of dying from other causes."},{"tagName":"p","source":"A survival rate cannot predict a specific individual’s outlook."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Learn more about \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316867\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003ebreast cancer survival statistics\u003c/a\u003e."}]},{"id":"faq","title":"FAQ","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Frequently asked questions"],"body":[{"tagName":"script","attributes":{"type":"application/ld+json"},"source":"\n{\n \"@context\": \"https://schema.org\",\n \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n \"mainEntity\": [{\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"Is breast cancer painful?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"A lump or a mass in the breast is the most common symptom of breast cancer. These lumps are usually painless. However, a person may experience pain in the nipple or breast area that appears connected to their menstrual cycle.\n\nAnyone who experiences breast pain, especially if it is severe or persistent, should consult a healthcare professional.\"\n }\n },{\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"How long can someone have breast cancer without knowing?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"How long a person has breast cancer without knowing may depend on the type of breast cancer, their symptoms, and screenings. \n\nFor example, inflammatory breast cancer is a rare, aggressive type of breast cancer that does not usually cause a lump and may not show on a mammogram. Diagnosis may only occur when symptoms appear during advanced stages.\"\n }\n },{\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"What is the life expectancy for someone with breast cancer?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"According to research, around 91% of females with breast cancer will survive for at least five years following a diagnosis. However, the ACS suggests the outlook for a person who receives a diagnosis now may be better than this due to old data and constant improvements in treatment.\"\n }\n }]\n}\n"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Is breast cancer painful?"},{"tagName":"p","source":"A lump or a mass in the breast is the \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"American Cancer Society\" rationale=\"Highly respected international organization\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/breast-cancer-symptoms-what-you-need-to-know.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003emost common\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e symptom of breast cancer. These lumps are usually painless. However, a person may experience pain in the nipple or breast area that appears connected to their menstrual cycle."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Anyone who experiences breast pain, especially if it is severe or persistent, should consult a healthcare professional."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"How long can someone have breast cancer without knowing?"},{"tagName":"p","source":"How long a person has breast cancer without knowing may depend on the type of breast cancer, their symptoms, and screenings. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"For example, inflammatory breast cancer is a rare, aggressive type of breast cancer that \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"American Cancer Society\" rationale=\"Highly respected international organization\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/types-of-breast-cancer/inflammatory-breast-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003edoes not usually\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e cause a lump and may not show on a mammogram. Diagnosis may only occur when symptoms appear during advanced stages."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"What is the life expectancy for someone with breast cancer?"},{"tagName":"p","source":"According to research, around \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"National Cancer Institute \" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003e91%\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e of females with breast cancer will survive for at least five years following a diagnosis. However, the \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"American Cancer Society\" rationale=\"Highly respected international organization\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/breast-cancer-survival-rates.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eACS\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e suggests the outlook for a person who receives a diagnosis now may be better than this due to old data and constant improvements in treatment."}]},{"id":"summary","title":"Summary","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Summary"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Breast cancer may cause symptoms such as a lump, pain, or skin changes to the breast or nipple. Anyone with a breast lump should see a healthcare professional."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery. The most appropriate treatment may depend on the cancer type and stage."},{"tagName":"p","source":"A person can take steps to reduce their risk of breast cancer, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle and speaking with their doctor about the best pace of screening."},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/es/cancer-de-mama\" class=\"content-link css-90fpmc\"\u003eRead the article in Spanish.\u003c/a\u003e"}]}],"hasAffiliateLinks":false,"affiliates":[],"propsFor":{"articleResources":[{"displayLink":"cancer.gov/about-cancer","link":"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"About cancer. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Alkabban FM, et al. (2022). Breast cancer."}},{"displayLink":"cancer.org/cancer/screening/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer.html","link":"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/screening/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer.html","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer. (2023)."}},{"displayLink":"training.seer.cancer.gov/breast/anatomy/","link":"https://training.seer.cancer.gov/breast/anatomy/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Breast anatomy. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"cdc.gov/cancer/breast/index.htm","link":"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/index.htm","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Breast cancer. (2023)."}},{"displayLink":"cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer.html","link":"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer.html","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Breast cancer. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening","link":"https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Breast cancer: Screening. (2024)."}},{"displayLink":"seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html","link":"https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Cancer stat facts: Female breast cancer. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7247945/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7247945/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Cordeiro PG, et al. (2020). Risk of breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) in a cohort of 3546 women prospectively followed long term after reconstruction with textured breast implants."}},{"displayLink":"ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2008.19.9174","link":"https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2008.19.9174","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"De Bruin ML, et al. (2009). Breast cancer risk in female survivors of Hodgkin\u0026apos;s Lymphoma: Lower risk after smaller radiation volumes."}},{"displayLink":"acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21583","link":"https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21583","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"DeSantis CE, et al. (2019). Breast cancer statistics, 2019."}},{"displayLink":"journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Abstract/2021/08000/Can_Breast_Implants_Induce_Breast_Cancer.4.aspx","link":"https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Abstract/2021/08000/Can_Breast_Implants_Induce_Breast_Cancer.4.aspx","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Fracol M, et al. (2021). Can breast implants induce breast cancer immunosurveillance? An analysis of antibody response to breast cancer antigen following implant placement."}},{"displayLink":"pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2021203476","link":"https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2021203476","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Hendrick RE, et al. (2021). Breast cancer mortality rates have stopped declining in U.S. women younger than 40 years."}},{"displayLink":"jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2775173","link":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2775173","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Hoskins KF, et al. (2021). Association of race/ethnicity and the 21-gene recurrence score with breast cancer\u0026ndash;specific mortality among US women."}},{"displayLink":"jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2758266","link":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2758266","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Ko NY, et al. (2020). Association of insurance status and racial disparities with the detection of early-stage breast cancer."}},{"displayLink":"bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2399","link":"https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2399","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Lavigne E, et al. (2013). Breast cancer detection and survival among women with cosmetic breast implants: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies."}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10526244/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10526244/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Niraula S, et al. (2023). A systematic review of breast implant-associated squamous cell carcinoma."}},{"displayLink":"pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25568234/","link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25568234/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Noels EC, et al. (2015). Breast implants and the risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of cohort studies."}},{"displayLink":"cdc.gov/cancer/obesity/index.htm","link":"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/obesity/index.htm","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Obesity and cancer. (2023)."}},{"displayLink":"breastcancer.org/risk/risk-factors/chest-face-radiation","link":"https://www.breastcancer.org/risk/risk-factors/chest-face-radiation","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Prior radiation to chest or face area. (2023)."}},{"displayLink":"acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/m18-2147","link":"https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/m18-2147","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Qaseem A, et al. (2019). Screening for breast cancer in average-risk women: A guidance statement from the American College of Physicians."}},{"displayLink":"cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/risks-causes/reducing-breast-cancer-risk","link":"https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/risks-causes/reducing-breast-cancer-risk","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Reducing your risk of breast cancer. (2023)."}},{"displayLink":"jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2748515","link":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2748515","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Risk assessment, genetic counseling, and genetic testing for\u0026nbsp;BRCA-related CancerUS Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. (2019)."}},{"displayLink":"air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/824613/1736115/Tarantino%20and%20IEBT_A_1752176.pdf","link":"https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/824613/1736115/Tarantino%20and%20IEBT_A_1752176.pdf","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Tarantino T, et al. (2019). Biologic therapy for advanced breast cancer: Recent advances and future directions."}},{"displayLink":"breastcancer.org/treatment","link":"https://www.breastcancer.org/treatment","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Treatment options. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"breastcancer.org/screening-testing","link":"https://www.breastcancer.org/screening-testing","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Uscher J. (2023). Screening and testing."}},{"displayLink":"nature.com/articles/s41416-020-01038-6","link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-020-01038-6","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Zavala VA, et al. (2021). Cancer health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities in the United States."}}],"byline":{"authors":[{"id":904,"name":{"display":"Adam Felman","first":"Adam","last":"Felman"},"link":"/authors/adam-felman","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eAdam Felman is an Editor for Medical News Today and Greatist. Outside of work, he is a hearing impaired musician, producer, and rapper who gigs globally. Adam also owns every Nic Cage movie and has a one-eyed hedgehog called Philip K. Prick.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/500x500_Adam_Felman.png"}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":6738,"name":{"display":"Elizabeth Berger, MD, MS","first":"Elizabeth","last":"Berger, MD, MS"},"userLogin":"eberger","links":{"website":"https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/elizabeth-berger/","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/elizabeth-berger-md-ms","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDr. Elizabeth Berger is an \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.abms.org/board-certification/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eABMS board certified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e assistant professor of surgery at \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/elizabeth-berger/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYale University School of Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e in the division of surgical oncology. Dr. Berger was an American College of Surgeons (ACS) Clinical Scholar-in-Residence, and she was selected as the Breast Cancer Alliance fellow while at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Her research focuses on improving health outcomes for women with elderly breast cancer, including perioperative surgical quality, cancer care quality measure development, and assessment of surveillance strategies after breast cancer treatment.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEducation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYale University, BA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLoyola University Stritch School of Medicine, MD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNorthwestern University, MS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLoyola University Health Systems, General Surgery Residency\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Breast Surgical Oncology Fellowship\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCertifications\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Board of Surgery \u0026#8211; Surgery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFellow of the American College of Surgeons (FACS)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eProfessional Accomplishments\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn 2022, she received the The C. Elton Cahow Teaching Award for Outstanding Faculty Teaching during Yale Surgery’s annual awards program\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHas served on national quality committees, including being a part of the National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers (NAPBC)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePublished in several high impact journals such as JAMA, Annals of Surgery, and the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, and has also contributed chapters to several surgical textbooks\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAffiliations\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.facs.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican College of Surgeons (ACS)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.surgonc.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSociety of Surgical Oncology (SSO)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.breastsurgeons.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Elizabeth-Berger-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"id":"mnt-3281414","updateReason":["The article was updated with additional information to ensure it provides our readers with a comprehensive overview of the topic.","The article was updated with current verified sources and links to relevant information."],"editor":"Megan Austwick","factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2019-08-12":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Adam Felman","editor":"Steven O'Brien","medicallyReviewedBy":"Yamini Ranchod, PhD, MS"},"2023-05-24":{"updateReason":["The article was updated with additional information to ensure it provides our readers with a comprehensive overview of the topic."],"authors":"Adam Felman","editor":"Alina Sharon","copyEditor":"Gianna D'Emilio"},"2021-10-25":{"medicallyReviewedBy":"Teresa Hagan Thomas PHD, BA, RN"},"2024-06-04":{"updateReason":["The article was updated with additional information to ensure it provides our readers with a comprehensive overview of the topic.","The article was updated with current verified sources and links to relevant information."],"authors":"Adam Felman","editor":"Megan Austwick","copyEditor":"Kate Phelan","medicallyReviewedBy":"Elizabeth Berger, MD, MS"}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":null,"display":""},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":1717512180,"display":"June 4, 2024"},"published":{"date":1565607600,"display":"August 12, 2019"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1717512179,"display":"June 4, 2024"},"modified":{"date":1717516684,"display":"June 4, 2024"}},"type":"healthfeature","language":"en"},"readNext":{"items":[{"title":["Is breast cancer painful?"],"text":["Breast pain is common and tends to result from an injury or hormones. Learn when to consult a doctor about unexplained breast pain here."],"link":"/articles/is-breast-cancer-painful","imageAlt":"Is breast cancer painful?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/11/breast-cancer-pain-bra-window-thumb-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5639,"name":{"display":"Christine Richardson","first":"Christine","last":"Richardson"},"userLogin":"crichardson","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":""},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Breast cancer: Is it curable?"],"text":["Breast cancer is more likely to be curable if a person receives treatment in the early stages. Learn more here."],"link":"/articles/is-breast-cancer-curable","imageAlt":"Breast cancer: Is it curable?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/12/woman-gym-breast-cancer-curable-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":3880,"name":{"display":"Vanessa Haye","first":"Vanessa","last":"Haye"},"userLogin":"vhaye","links":{"website":"http://www.vanessahaye.com","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"@itsvanessahaye","instagram":"@vanessahaye","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/vanessa-haye","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":["",""],"guestTitle":"About Me","bio":{"text":""},"avatar":{"title":"","width":1607,"height":2560,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/08/4D1315BA-9971-4495-A8E7-ACEBDA86EAF1-scaled.jpeg"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Breast Cancer Facts"],"text":["Video explainers on the different types of breast cancer"],"link":"/articles/breast-cancer-facts","imageAlt":"Breast Cancer Facts","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/03/MBC_stories_facts-732x549-feature.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":4102,"name":{"display":"MNT Editorial Team","first":"MNT","last":"Editorial Team"},"userLogin":"mnteditorial","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":""},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Arimidex interactions: Alcohol, medications, and other factors"],"text":["Learn about interactions between Arimidex (anastrozole) and other medications, supplements, foods, alcohol, and more. Also find out when to avoid…"],"link":"/articles/drugs-arimidex-interactions","imageAlt":"Arimidex interactions: Alcohol, medications, and other factors","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/01/MNT-tablet-732x549-thumbnail-001.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":961,"name":{"display":"Helen Marshall, BPharm, MRPharmS","first":"Helen","last":"Marshall, BPharm, MRPharmS"},"userLogin":"hemarshall","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/helen-marshall-bpharm-mrpharms","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eHelen Marshall is a UK-registered pharmacist specializing in drug information. She has more than 20 years of experience providing evidence-based, easy-to-understand information about medications for the general public. She received her BPharm from the University of Manchester and completed her registration training at the Royal London Hospitals NHS Trust. 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She has more than 20 years of experience providing evidence-based, easy-to-understand information about medications for the general public. She received her BPharm from the University of Manchester and completed her registration training at the Royal London Hospitals NHS Trust. She is also a member of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/08/H-Marshall-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"}]},"isCorp":false,"isReference":false,"isPremiumVideo":false,"isStandaloneVideo":false,"isStandaloneRecipe":false,"schemaObj":{"@context":"https://schema.org","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Medical News Today","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://cdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com/structure/images/logo/logo-2017-640-60.png"}},"@type":"MedicalWebPage","headline":"What to know about breast cancer","description":"Breast cancer survival rates are rising as screening and treatment improve. However, this is still the most invasive cancer among females. Learn more here.","keywords":"breast cancer","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Adam Felman"},"lastReviewed":"2024-06-04T14:43:00Z","url":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37136","datePublished":"2019-08-12T11:00:00Z","dateModified":"2024-06-04T14:42:59Z","articleSection":"Breast Cancer,Cancer / Oncology,Women's Health / Gynecology","correction":{"@type":"CorrectionComment","text":"The article was updated with additional information to ensure it provides our readers with a comprehensive overview of the topic. 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Outside of work, he is a hearing impaired musician, producer, and rapper who gigs globally. Adam also owns every Nic Cage movie and has a one-eyed hedgehog called Philip K. Prick.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/500x500_Adam_Felman.png"}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":6738,"name":{"display":"Elizabeth Berger, MD, MS","first":"Elizabeth","last":"Berger, MD, MS"},"userLogin":"eberger","links":{"website":"https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/elizabeth-berger/","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/elizabeth-berger-md-ms","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDr. Elizabeth Berger is an \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.abms.org/board-certification/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eABMS board certified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e assistant professor of surgery at \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/elizabeth-berger/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYale University School of Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e in the division of surgical oncology. Dr. Berger was an American College of Surgeons (ACS) Clinical Scholar-in-Residence, and she was selected as the Breast Cancer Alliance fellow while at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Her research focuses on improving health outcomes for women with elderly breast cancer, including perioperative surgical quality, cancer care quality measure development, and assessment of surveillance strategies after breast cancer treatment.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEducation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYale University, BA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLoyola University Stritch School of Medicine, MD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNorthwestern University, MS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLoyola University Health Systems, General Surgery Residency\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Breast Surgical Oncology Fellowship\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCertifications\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Board of Surgery \u0026#8211; Surgery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFellow of the American College of Surgeons (FACS)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eProfessional Accomplishments\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn 2022, she received the The C. Elton Cahow Teaching Award for Outstanding Faculty Teaching during Yale Surgery’s annual awards program\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHas served on national quality committees, including being a part of the National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers (NAPBC)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePublished in several high impact journals such as JAMA, Annals of Surgery, and the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, and has also contributed chapters to several surgical textbooks\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAffiliations\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.facs.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican College of Surgeons (ACS)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.surgonc.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSociety of Surgical Oncology (SSO)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.breastsurgeons.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Elizabeth-Berger-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"id":"mnt-3281414","updateReason":["The article was updated with additional information to ensure it provides our readers with a comprehensive overview of the topic.","The article was updated with current verified sources and links to relevant information."],"editor":"Megan Austwick","factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2019-08-12":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Adam Felman","editor":"Steven O'Brien","medicallyReviewedBy":"Yamini Ranchod, PhD, MS"},"2023-05-24":{"updateReason":["The article was updated with additional information to ensure it provides our readers with a comprehensive overview of the topic."],"authors":"Adam Felman","editor":"Alina Sharon","copyEditor":"Gianna D'Emilio"},"2021-10-25":{"medicallyReviewedBy":"Teresa Hagan Thomas PHD, BA, RN"},"2024-06-04":{"updateReason":["The article was updated with additional information to ensure it provides our readers with a comprehensive overview of the topic.","The article was updated with current verified sources and links to relevant information."],"authors":"Adam Felman","editor":"Megan Austwick","copyEditor":"Kate Phelan","medicallyReviewedBy":"Elizabeth Berger, MD, MS"}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":null,"display":""},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":1717512180,"display":"June 4, 2024"},"published":{"date":1565607600,"display":"August 12, 2019"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1717512179,"display":"June 4, 2024"},"modified":{"date":1717516684,"display":"June 4, 2024"}},"type":"healthfeature","language":"en"},"cesData":{"metaDescription":"Breast cancer survival rates are rising as screening and treatment improve. 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