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<span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kitsch_in_art_theory_and_aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitsch_in_art_theory_and_aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kitsch in art theory and aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitsch_in_art_theory_and_aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kitsch_in_Milan_Kundera's_The_Unbearable_Lightness_of_Being" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitsch_in_Milan_Kundera's_The_Unbearable_Lightness_of_Being"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kitsch in Milan Kundera's <i>The Unbearable Lightness of Being</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitsch_in_Milan_Kundera's_The_Unbearable_Lightness_of_Being-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melancholic_kitsch_vs._nostalgic_kitsch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melancholic_kitsch_vs._nostalgic_kitsch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Melancholic kitsch vs. nostalgic kitsch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melancholic_kitsch_vs._nostalgic_kitsch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Further usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Historical fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reclamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reclamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reclamation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reclamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Kitsch</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="كيتش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيتش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C3%A7" title="Kitç – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kitç" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%87" title="Кіч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кіч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%87" title="Кіч – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кіч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Кич – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кич" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BD%C4%8D" title="Kýč – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kýč" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C5%A1" title="Kitš – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kitš" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Κιτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%89o" title="Kiĉo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kiĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%86" title="کیچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%AD%E5%9A%8C" title="咭嚌 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="咭嚌" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%EC%B9%98" title="키치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="키치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8D" title="Kič – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kič" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9" title="קיטש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיטש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87" title="Китч – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Китч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8Das" title="Kičas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kičas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giccs" title="Giccs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Giccs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Кич – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кич" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5" title="キッチュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キッチュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicz" title="Kicz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kicz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87" title="Китч – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китч" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A7i" title="Kiçi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kiçi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BD%C4%8D" title="Gýč – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gýč" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Кич – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кич" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8D" title="Kič – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kič" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kitsch" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%87" title="Кіч – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кіч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AA%9A%E4%BF%97" title="媚俗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="媚俗" data-language-autonym="中文" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Art or other objects that appeal to popular rather than high art tastes</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the art term. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kitsch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kitsch (disambiguation)">Kitsch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Tacky" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacky_(song)" title="Tacky (song)">Tacky (song)</a>.</span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Friend_in_Need_1903_C.M.Coolidge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/A_Friend_in_Need_1903_C.M.Coolidge.jpg/220px-A_Friend_in_Need_1903_C.M.Coolidge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/A_Friend_in_Need_1903_C.M.Coolidge.jpg/330px-A_Friend_in_Need_1903_C.M.Coolidge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/A_Friend_in_Need_1903_C.M.Coolidge.jpg/440px-A_Friend_in_Need_1903_C.M.Coolidge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption><i>A Friend in Need</i>, a 1903 <i><a href="/wiki/Dogs_Playing_Poker" title="Dogs Playing Poker">Dogs Playing Poker</a></i> painting by <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Marcellus_Coolidge" title="Cassius Marcellus Coolidge">Cassius Marcellus Coolidge</a>, is a common example of modern kitsch.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puppy_de_Jeff_Koons_(2)_--_2021_--_Bilbao,_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Puppy_de_Jeff_Koons_%282%29_--_2021_--_Bilbao%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/220px-Puppy_de_Jeff_Koons_%282%29_--_2021_--_Bilbao%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Puppy_de_Jeff_Koons_%282%29_--_2021_--_Bilbao%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/330px-Puppy_de_Jeff_Koons_%282%29_--_2021_--_Bilbao%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Puppy_de_Jeff_Koons_%282%29_--_2021_--_Bilbao%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/440px-Puppy_de_Jeff_Koons_%282%29_--_2021_--_Bilbao%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3597" data-file-height="3597" /></a><figcaption><i>Puppy</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a> (2010) is a self-aware display of kitsch, specifically as a combination of opulence and cuteness.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Kitsch</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KICH</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from German)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a term applied to art and design that is perceived as <a href="/wiki/Naivety" title="Naivety">naïve</a> imitation, overly eccentric, gratuitous or of banal <a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">taste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> traditionally opposed kitsch for its <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodramatic</a> tendencies, its superficial relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a> and its naturalistic standards of <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>. In the first half of the 20th century, kitsch was used in reference to mass-produced, <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop-cultural</a> products that lacked the conceptual depth of <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a>. However, since the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop Art</a> in the 1950s, kitsch has taken on newfound highbrow appeal, often wielded in knowingly <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">ironic</a>, humorous or <a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">earnest</a> manners. </p><p>To brand visual art as "kitsch" is often still <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>, though not exclusively. Art deemed kitsch may be enjoyed in an entirely positive and <a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">sincere</a> manner. For example, it carries the ability to be quaint or "quirky" without being offensive on the surface, as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dogs_Playing_Poker" title="Dogs Playing Poker">Dogs Playing Poker</a></i> paintings. </p><p>Along with visual art, the quality of kitsch can be used to describe works of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> or any other creative medium. Kitsch relates to <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">camp</a>, as they both incorporate irony and extravagance.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Price_Kensington_Cottage_Ware.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Price_Kensington_Cottage_Ware.jpg/220px-Price_Kensington_Cottage_Ware.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Price_Kensington_Cottage_Ware.jpg/330px-Price_Kensington_Cottage_Ware.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Price_Kensington_Cottage_Ware.jpg/440px-Price_Kensington_Cottage_Ware.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4475" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mass-produced" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass-produced">mass-produced</a> <a href="/wiki/Teapot" title="Teapot">teapot</a> and milk jug set, themed after an old <a href="/wiki/Cottage" title="Cottage">cottage</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzescu-Roma-Village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Buzescu-Roma-Village.jpg/220px-Buzescu-Roma-Village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Buzescu-Roma-Village.jpg/330px-Buzescu-Roma-Village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Buzescu-Roma-Village.jpg/440px-Buzescu-Roma-Village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>Examples of kitsch in architecture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liche%C5%84_bazylika_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Liche%C5%84_bazylika_2.JPG/220px-Liche%C5%84_bazylika_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Liche%C5%84_bazylika_2.JPG/330px-Liche%C5%84_bazylika_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Liche%C5%84_bazylika_2.JPG/440px-Liche%C5%84_bazylika_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Liche%C5%84" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń"> Basilica of Licheń</a> in Poland, as an example of kitsch in sacred architecture</figcaption></figure> <p>As a descriptive term, <i>kitsch</i> originated in the art markets of <a href="/wiki/Munich#Capital_of_reunited_Bavaria" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany in the 1860s and the 1870s, describing cheap, popular, and marketable pictures and sketches.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Das Buch vom Kitsch</i> (<i>The Book of Kitsch</i>), published in 1936, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Reimann_(writer)" title="Hans Reimann (writer)">Hans Reimann</a> defined it as a professional expression "born in a painter's studio". </p><p>The study of kitsch was done almost exclusively in Germany until the 1970s, with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> being an important scholar in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-menninghaus_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menninghaus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kitsch is regarded as a modern phenomenon, coinciding with social changes in recent centuries such as the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, mass production, modern materials and media such as <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a>—all of which have factored into a perception of oversaturation of art produced for the popular taste. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitsch_in_art_theory_and_aesthetics">Kitsch in art theory and aesthetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kitsch in art theory and aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernist</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a> argues that the essence of kitsch is imitation: kitsch mimics its immediate predecessor with no regard to ethics—it aims to copy the beautiful, not the good.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Walter Benjamin, kitsch, unlike art, is a utilitarian object lacking all critical distance between object and observer. According to critic Winfried Menninghaus, Benjamin's stance was that kitsch "offers instantaneous emotional gratification without intellectual effort, without the requirement of distance, without sublimation".<sup id="cite_ref-menninghaus_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menninghaus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a short essay from 1927, Benjamin observed that an artist who engages in kitschy reproductions of things and ideas from a bygone age deserved to be called a "furnished man"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in the way that someone rents a "<a href="/wiki/Apartment#Facilities" title="Apartment">furnished apartment</a>" where everything is already supplied). </p><p>Kitsch is less about the thing observed than about the observer.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a>, "Kitsch is fake art, expressing fake emotions, whose purpose is to deceive the consumer into thinking he feels something deep and serious."<sup id="cite_ref-Scruton_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scruton-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tomáš Kulka, in <i>Kitsch and Art</i>, starts from two basic facts that kitsch "has an undeniable mass-appeal" and "considered (by the art-educated elite) bad", and then proposes three essential conditions: </p> <ol><li>Kitsch depicts a beautiful or highly emotionally charged subject;</li> <li>The depicted subject is instantly and effortlessly identifiable;</li> <li>Kitsch does not substantially enrich our associations related to the depicted subject.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitsch_in_Milan_Kundera's_The_Unbearable_Lightness_of_Being"><span id="Kitsch_in_Milan_Kundera.27s_The_Unbearable_Lightness_of_Being"></span>Kitsch in Milan Kundera's <i>The Unbearable Lightness of Being</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kitsch in Milan Kundera's The Unbearable Lightness of Being"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of kitsch is a central motif in <a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera's</a> 1984 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unbearable_Lightness_of_Being" title="The Unbearable Lightness of Being">The Unbearable Lightness of Being</a></i>. Towards the end of the novel, the book's narrator posits that the act of defecation (and specifically, the shame that surrounds it) poses a metaphysical challenge to the theory of divine creation: "Either/or: either shit is acceptable (in which case don't lock yourself in the bathroom!) or we are created in an unacceptable manner".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in order for us to continue to believe in the essential propriety and rightness of the universe (what the narrator calls "the categorical agreement with being"), we live in a world "in which shit is denied and everyone acts as though it did not exist". For Kundera's narrator, this is the definition of kitsch: an "aesthetic ideal" which "excludes everything from its purview which is essentially unacceptable in human existence". </p><p>The novel goes on to relate this definition of kitsch to politics, and specifically—given the novel's setting in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">1968 invasion by the Soviet Union</a>—to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>. He gives the example of the Communist <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> ceremony, and of the sight of children running on the grass and the feeling this is supposed to provoke. This emphasis on feeling is fundamental to how kitsch operates: </p> <blockquote><p>Kitsch causes two tears to flow in quick succession. The first tear says: How nice to see children running on the grass! The second tear says: How nice to be moved, together with all mankind, by children running on the grass! It is the second tear that makes kitsch kitsch.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to the narrator, kitsch is "the aesthetic ideal of all politicians and all political parties and movements"; however, where a society is dominated by a single political movement, the result is "totalitarian kitsch": </p> <blockquote><p>When I say "totalitarian," what I mean is that everything that infringes on kitsch must be banished for life: every display of individualism (because a deviation from the collective is a spit in the eye of the smiling brotherhood); every doubt (because anyone who starts doubting details will end by doubting life itself); all irony (because in the realm of kitsch everything must be taken quite seriously).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kundera's concept of "totalitarian kitsch" has since been invoked in the study of the art and culture of regimes such as <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalin's Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist Italy</a> and Iraq under <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kundera's narrator ends up condemning kitsch for its "true function" as an ideological tool under such regimes, calling it "a folding screen set up to curtain off death".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melancholic_kitsch_vs._nostalgic_kitsch">Melancholic kitsch vs. nostalgic kitsch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Melancholic kitsch vs. nostalgic kitsch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%82obrzeg_snow_globe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ko%C5%82obrzeg_snow_globe.JPG/220px-Ko%C5%82obrzeg_snow_globe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ko%C5%82obrzeg_snow_globe.JPG/330px-Ko%C5%82obrzeg_snow_globe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ko%C5%82obrzeg_snow_globe.JPG/440px-Ko%C5%82obrzeg_snow_globe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A souvenir snow globe with an underwater motif</figcaption></figure> <p>In her 1999 book <i>The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience</i>, cultural historian <a href="/wiki/Celeste_Olalquiaga" title="Celeste Olalquiaga">Celeste Olalquiaga</a> develops a theory of kitsch that situates its emergence as a specifically nineteenth-century phenomenon, relating it to the feelings of loss elicited by a world transformed by science and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focusing on examples such as <a href="/wiki/Paperweights" class="mw-redirect" title="Paperweights">paperweights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquariums" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquariums">aquariums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">mermaids</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">the Crystal Palace</a>, Olalquiaga uses Benjamin's concept of the <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">"dialectical image"</a> to argue for the utopian potential of "melancholic kitsch", which she differentiates from the more commonly discussed "nostalgic kitsch".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These two types of kitsch correspond to two different forms of memory. Nostalgic kitsch functions through "reminiscence", which "sacrifices the intensity of experience for a conscious or fabricated sense of continuity": </p> <blockquote><p>Incapable of tolerating the intensity of the moment, reminiscence selects and consolidates an event's acceptable parts into a memory perceived as complete. […] This reconstructed experience is frozen as an emblem of itself, becoming a cultural fossil.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In contrast, melancholic kitsch functions through "remembrance", a form of memory that Olalquiaga links to the "<a href="/wiki/Souvenir" title="Souvenir">souvenir</a>", which attempts "to repossess the experience of intensity and immediacy through an object".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While reminiscence translates a remembered event to the realm of the symbolic ("deprived of immediacy in favour of representational meaning"), remembrance is "the memory of the unconscious", which "sacrific[es] the continuity of time for the intensity of the experience".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Far from denying death, melancholic kitsch can only function through a recognition of its multiple "deaths" as a fragmentary remembrance that is subsequently commodified and reproduced. It "glorifies the perishable aspect of events, seeking in their partial and decaying memory the confirmation of its own temporal dislocation".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, for Olalquiaga, melancholic kitsch is able to function as a Benjaminian dialectical image: "an object whose decayed state exposes and reflects its utopian possibilities, a remnant constantly reliving its own death, a ruin".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_usage">Further usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_fiction">Historical fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish-American author <a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a> coined the term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Holo-kitsch" class="extiw" title="wikt:Holo-kitsch">Holo-kitsch</a>" to describe mass-market, overly sentimental depictions of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> onwards, including works inspired by his own graphic novel on the subject, <i><a href="/wiki/Maus" title="Maus">Maus</a></i>. The term is usually used to criticize works seen as relying on <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a> and mass recognition to commercialize the experiences of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Life_Is_Beautiful" title="Life Is Beautiful">Life Is Beautiful</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boy_in_the_Striped_Pajamas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boy in the Striped Pajamas">The Boy in the Striped Pajamas</a></i>, but also includes more positively received works like Polanski's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pianist_(2002_film)" title="The Pianist (2002 film)">The Pianist</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reclamation">Reclamation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reclamation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a> is an international movement of classical painters, founded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in 1998 upon a philosophy proposed by <a href="/wiki/Odd_Nerdrum" title="Odd Nerdrum">Odd Nerdrum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he clarified in his 2001 book <i>On Kitsch</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in cooperation with Jan-Ove Tuv and others incorporating the techniques of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Master" title="Old Master">Old Masters</a> with narrative, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, and emotionally charged imagery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a> – Idea which has become overused to the point of losing its original meaning or being irritating</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow (art movement)</a> – Underground visual art movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Bad_Art" title="Museum of Bad Art">Museum of Bad Art</a> – Art museum in Boston, Massachusetts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poshlost" title="Poshlost">Poshlost</a> – Russian word for a particular negative human character trait or man-made thing or idea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolefeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolefeed">Prolefeed</a>—in <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> for entertaining Oceania's working class</li></ul> <dl><dt>Notable examples</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Elvis" title="Velvet Elvis">Velvet Elvis</a> – Painting of Elvis Presley on velvet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Girl" title="Chinese Girl"><i>Chinese Girl</i></a> – 1952 painting by Vladimir Tretchikoff</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas cards">Christmas cards</a> – Major type of greeting cards<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_box_art" title="Chocolate box art">Chocolate box art</a> – Term describing idealistic paintings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kinkade" title="Thomas Kinkade">Thomas Kinkade</a> – American painter of popular realistic, bucolic, and idyllic subjects</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Informational notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despite being a direct borrowing from modern German, kitsch is most often left uncapitalized and without <a href="/wiki/Italics" class="mw-redirect" title="Italics">italics</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i>). Pronunciation may also be colloquially realized as <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KISH</span></i></a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kitsch">"Definition of KITSCH"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+KITSCH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fkitsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKitsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~randall/Readings%20W2/Horkheimer_Max_Adorno_Theodor_W_Dialectic_of_Enlightenment_Philosophical_Fragments.pdf">"Dialectic of Enlightenment - Philosophical Fragments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wayback Machine Internet Archive</i>. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614021407/http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~randall/Readings%20W2/Horkheimer_Max_Adorno_Theodor_W_Dialectic_of_Enlightenment_Philosophical_Fragments.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wayback+Machine+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Dialectic+of+Enlightenment+-+Philosophical+Fragments&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu%2F~randall%2FReadings%2520W2%2FHorkheimer_Max_Adorno_Theodor_W_Dialectic_of_Enlightenment_Philosophical_Fragments.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKitsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton2003" class="citation cs2">Dutton, Denis (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t046768">"Kitsch"</a>, <i>Oxford Art Online</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t046768">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t046768</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Art+Online&rft.atitle=Kitsch&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t046768&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t046768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKitsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a> (21 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerscruton/2014/02/21/a-fine-line-between-art-and-kitsch/#7fbd667e3679">"A fine line between art and kitsch"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=A+fine+line+between+art+and+kitsch&rft.date=2014-02-21&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frogerscruton%2F2014%2F02%2F21%2Fa-fine-line-between-art-and-kitsch%2F%237fbd667e3679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKitsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calinescu, Matei. Five Faces of Modernity. Kitsch, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-menninghaus-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-menninghaus_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-menninghaus_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenninghaus2009" class="citation book cs1">Menninghaus, Winfried (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFx1D_BC5tsC&pg=PA40">"On the Vital Significance of 'Kitsch': Walter Benjamin's Politics of 'Bad Taste'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Andrew Benjamin and Charles Rice (ed.). <i>Walter Benjamin and the Architecture of Modernity</i>. re.press. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780980544091" title="Special:BookSources/9780980544091"><bdi>9780980544091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Vital+Significance+of+%27Kitsch%27%3A+Walter+Benjamin%27s+Politics+of+%27Bad+Taste%27&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin+and+the+Architecture+of+Modernity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=re.press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780980544091&rft.aulast=Menninghaus&rft.aufirst=Winfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUFx1D_BC5tsC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKitsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroch2002" class="citation book cs1">Broch, Hermann (2002). "Evil in the Value System of Art". <i>Geist and Zeitgeist: The Spirit in an Unspiritual Age. Six Essays by Hermann Broch</i>. Counterpoint. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781582431680" title="Special:BookSources/9781582431680"><bdi>9781582431680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evil+in+the+Value+System+of+Art&rft.btitle=Geist+and+Zeitgeist%3A+The+Spirit+in+an+Unspiritual+Age.+Six+Essays+by+Hermann+Broch&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Counterpoint&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781582431680&rft.aulast=Broch&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKitsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edwardviesel.eu/0056.html">"Walter Benjamin: Dream Kitsch (trans. Edward Viesel) - -"</a>. <i>www.edwardviesel.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.edwardviesel.eu&rft.atitle=Walter+Benjamin%3A+Dream+Kitsch+%28trans.+Edward+Viesel%29+-+-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edwardviesel.eu%2F0056.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKitsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaglestone2017" class="citation book cs1">Eaglestone, Robert (25 May 2017). <i>The Broken Voice: Reading Post-Holocaust Literature</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191084201" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191084201"><bdi>978-0191084201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Broken+Voice%3A+Reading+Post-Holocaust+Literature&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft.isbn=978-0191084201&rft.aulast=Eaglestone&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKitsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scruton-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scruton_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30439633">"A Point of View: The strangely enduring power of kitsch"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=A+Point+of+View%3A+The+strangely+enduring+power+of+kitsch&rft.date=2014-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-30439633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKitsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomas1996" class="citation book cs1">Tomas, Kulka (1996). <i>Kitsch and art</i>. Pennsylvania State Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271015941" title="Special:BookSources/978-0271015941"><bdi>978-0271015941</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/837730812">837730812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitsch+and+art&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F837730812&rft.isbn=978-0271015941&rft.aulast=Tomas&rft.aufirst=Kulka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKitsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginsKulka1998" class="citation journal cs1">Higgins, Kathleen Marie; Kulka, Tomas (1998). "Kitsch and Art". <i>The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism</i>. <b>56</b> (4). JSTOR: 410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F432137">10.2307/432137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8529">0021-8529</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/432137">432137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Aesthetics+and+Art+Criticism&rft.atitle=Kitsch+and+Art&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=410&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0021-8529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F432137%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F432137&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Marie&rft.au=Kulka%2C+Tomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKitsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kundera, Milan (1984). <i>The Unbearable Lightness of Being</i>. Harper Perennial. p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kundera, Milan (1984). <i>The Unbearable Lightness of Being</i>. Harper Perennial. p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makiya, Kanan (2011). Review: What Is Totalitarian Art? Cultural Kitsch From Stalin to Saddam. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>90</b> (3): 142–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kundera, Milan (1984). <i>The Unbearable Lightness of Being</i>. Harper Perennial. p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olalquiaga, Celeste (1999). <i>The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience</i>. Bloomsbury.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olalquiaga, Celeste (1999). <i>The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience</i>. Bloomsbury. pp. 26, 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olalquiaga, Celeste (1999). <i>The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Olalquiaga, Celeste (1999). <i>The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olalquiaga, Celeste (1999). <i>The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 294, 292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olalquiaga, Celeste (1999). <i>The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Audi, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/art-spiegelman-if-it-walks-like-a-fascist/">"Art Spiegelman: If It Walks Like a Fascist…"</a> <i>Literary Hub</i>, 22 March 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bourne, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themillions.com/2011/11/beyond-holokitsch-spiegelman-goes-meta.html">"Beyond Holokitsch: Spiegelman Goes Meta"</a>, <i>The Millions</i>, 22 November 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corliss, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1869229,00.html">"Defiance: Beyond Holo-kitsch"</a>, <i>Time</i>, 1 January, 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.J. Pettinger <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/the-kitsch-campaign/Content?oid=926148">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407050738/http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/the-kitsch-campaign/Content?oid=926148">Archived</a> 7 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The Kitsch Campaign" [Boise Weekly], 29 December 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dag Solhjell and Odd Nerdrum. <i>On Kitsch</i>, Kagge Publishing, August 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8248901238" title="Special:BookSources/8248901238">8248901238</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorkheimerAdorno2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer, Max</a>; <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno, Theodor W.</a> (2002). Schmid Noerr, Gunzelin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614021407/http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~randall/Readings%20W2/Horkheimer_Max_Adorno_Theodor_W_Dialectic_of_Enlightenment_Philosophical_Fragments.pdf"><i>Dialectic of enlightenment : philosophical fragments</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Jephcott, Edmund. Stanford, California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8809-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8809-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-8809-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/919087055">919087055</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~randall/Readings%20W2/Horkheimer_Max_Adorno_Theodor_W_Dialectic_of_Enlightenment_Philosophical_Fragments.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialectic+of+enlightenment+%3A+philosophical+fragments&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F919087055&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8809-0&rft.aulast=Horkheimer&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Adorno%2C+Theodor+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu%2F~randall%2FReadings%2520W2%2FHorkheimer_Max_Adorno_Theodor_W_Dialectic_of_Enlightenment_Philosophical_Fragments.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKitsch" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Adorno, Theodor (2001). <i>The Culture Industry</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25380-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25380-2">0-415-25380-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorsten_Botz-Bornstein" title="Thorsten Botz-Bornstein">Botz-Bornstein, Thorsten</a> (2008). "Wabi and Kitsch: Two Japanese Paradigms" in <i>Æ: Canadian Aesthetics Journal</i> 15.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorsten_Botz-Bornstein" title="Thorsten Botz-Bornstein">Botz-Bornstein, Thorsten</a> (2019) <i>The New Aesthetics of Deculturation: Neoliberalism, Fundamentalism and Kitsch</i> (Bloomsbury). Foreword by Olivier Roy.</li> <li>Braungart, Wolfgang (2002). "Kitsch. Faszination und Herausforderung des Banalen und Trivialen". Max Niemeyer Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-32112-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-32112-1">3-484-32112-1</a>/0083-4564.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Cheetham" title="Mark Cheetham">Cheetham, Mark A</a> (2001). "Kant, Art and Art History: moments of discipline". <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80018-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80018-8">0-521-80018-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillo_Dorfles" title="Gillo Dorfles">Dorfles, Gillo</a> (1969, translated from the 1968 Italian version, <i>Il Kitsch</i>). <i>Kitsch: The World of Bad Taste</i>, Universe Books. LCCN 78-93950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias, Norbert</a> (1998[1935]). "The Kitsch Style and the Age of Kitsch," in J. Goudsblom and S. Mennell (eds) <i>The Norbert Elias Reader</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell</a>.</li> <li>Gelfert, Hans-Dieter (2000). "Was ist Kitsch?". <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a> in Göttingen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-34024-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-34024-9">3-525-34024-9</a>.</li> <li>Giesz, Ludwig (1971). <i>Phänomenologie des Kitsches</i>. 2. vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage München: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. [Partially translated into English in Dorfles (1969)]. Reprint (1994): Ungekürzte Ausgabe. Frankfurt am Main: <a href="/wiki/S._Fischer_Verlag" title="S. Fischer Verlag">S. Fischer Verlag</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-596-12034-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-596-12034-9">3-596-12034-9</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-596-12034-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-596-12034-5">978-3-596-12034-5</a>.</li> <li>Gorelik, Boris (2013). <i>Incredible Tretchikoff: Life of an artist and adventurer</i>. Art / Books, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908970-08-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908970-08-4">978-1-908970-08-4</a></li> <li>Greenberg, Clement (1978). <i>Art and Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-6681-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-6681-8">0-8070-6681-8</a></li> <li>Holliday, Ruth and Potts, Tracey (2012) Kitsch! Cultural Politics and Taste, Manchester University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6616-0">978-0-7190-6616-0</a></li> <li>Karpfen, Fritz (1925). "Kitsch. Eine Studie über die Entartung der Kunst". Weltbund-Verlag, Hamburg.</li> <li>Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1990). "The Modern System of the Arts" (In "Renaissance Thought and the Arts"). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02010-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02010-5">978-0-691-02010-5</a></li> <li>Kulka, Tomas (1996). <i>Kitsch and Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University Press">Pennsylvania State University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01594-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01594-2">0-271-01594-2</a></li> <li>Moles, Abraham (nouvelle édition 1977). <i>Psychologie du Kitsch: L'art du Bonheur</i>, Denoël-Gonthier</li> <li>Nerdrum, Odd (Editor) (2001). <i>On Kitsch</i>. <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Art_Publishers" title="Distributed Art Publishers">Distributed Art Publishers</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-489-0123-8" title="Special:BookSources/82-489-0123-8">82-489-0123-8</a></li> <li>Olalquiaga, Celeste (2002). <i>The Artificial Kingdom: On the Kitsch Experience</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-4117-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-4117-X">0-8166-4117-X</a></li> <li>Reimann, Hans (1936). "Das Buch vom Kitsch". <a href="/wiki/Piper_Verlag" title="Piper Verlag">Piper Verlag</a>, München.</li> <li>Richter, Gerd, (1972). <i>Kitsch-Lexicon</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-570-03148-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-570-03148-9">3-570-03148-9</a></li> <li>Ryynänen, Max (2018). "Contemporary Kitsch: The Death of Pseudo Art and the Birth of Everyday Cheesiness (A Postcolonial Inquiry)" in <i>Terra Aestheticae</i> 1, pp. 70–86.</li> <li>Scruton, Roger (2009). <i>Beauty: A Very Short Introduction</i>, Oxford University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199229759" title="Special:BookSources/0199229759">0199229759</a></li> <li>Scruton, Roger (1983). <i>The Aesthetic Understanding: Essays in the Philosophy of Art and Culture</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1890318027" title="Special:BookSources/1890318027">1890318027</a></li> <li>Shiner, Larry (2001). "The Invention of Art". <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-75342-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-75342-5">0-226-75342-5</a>.</li> <li>Thuller, Gabrielle (2006 and 2007). "Kunst und Kitsch. Wie erkenne ich?", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7630-2463-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7630-2463-8">3-7630-2463-8</a>. "Kitsch. Balsam für Herz und Seele", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7630-2493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7630-2493-3">978-3-7630-2493-3</a>. (Both on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belser-Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belser-Verlag (page does not exist)">Belser-Verlag</a>, Stuttgart.)</li> <li>Ward, Peter (1994). <i>Kitsch in Sync: A Consumer's Guide to Bad Taste</i>, <a href="/wiki/Plexus_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Plexus Publishing">Plexus Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85965-152-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85965-152-5">0-85965-152-5</a></li> <li>"Kitsch. Texte und Theorien", (2007). <a href="/wiki/Reclam" title="Reclam">Reclam</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-15-018476-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-15-018476-9">978-3-15-018476-9</a>. (Includes classic texts of kitsch criticism from authors like Theodor Adorno, Ferdinand Avenarius, Edward Koelwel, Walter Benjamin, Ernst Bloch, Hermann Broch, Richard Egenter, etc.).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artdesigncafe.com/kitsch-1992">"Kitsch"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103001119/http://www.artdesigncafe.com/kitsch-1992">Archived</a> 3 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In John Walker's <i>Glossary of art, architecture & design since 1945</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/kitsch.html">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a> – essay by Clement Greenberg</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a 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