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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Web+service" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Web_services_(generic)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_services_(generic)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Web services (generic)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Web_services_(generic)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Web services (generic) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Web_services_(generic)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asynchronous_JavaScript_and_XML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asynchronous_JavaScript_and_XML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Asynchronous JavaScript and XML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asynchronous_JavaScript_and_XML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-REST" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#REST"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>REST</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-REST-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_services_that_use_markup_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_services_that_use_markup_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Web services that use markup languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_services_that_use_markup_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_API" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_API"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Web API</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_API-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-W3C_Web_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#W3C_Web_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>W3C Web services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-W3C_Web_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle W3C Web services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-W3C_Web_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Explanation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automated_design_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_design_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Automated design methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automated_design_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regression_testing_of_Web_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regression_testing_of_Web_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Regression testing of Web services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regression_testing_of_Web_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_service_change_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_service_change_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Web service change management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_service_change_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovering_and_Searching_for_Web_Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovering_and_Searching_for_Web_Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Discovering and Searching for Web Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovering_and_Searching_for_Web_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Web service</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="خدمة ويب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خدمة ويب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="ওয়েব সার্ভিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েব সার্ভিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Уеб услуга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уеб услуга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servei_web" title="Servei web – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Servei web" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webov%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Webová služba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Webová služba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webservice" title="Webservice – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Webservice" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webservice" title="Webservice – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Webservice" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veebiteenus" title="Veebiteenus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veebiteenus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_web" title="Servicio web – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Servicio web" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retservo" title="Retservo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Retservo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_zerbitzu" title="Web zerbitzu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Web zerbitzu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A8" title="خدمت وب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدمت وب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_web" title="Service web – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Service web" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servizo_Web" title="Servizo Web – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Servizo Web" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%B9_%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4" title="웹 서비스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웹 서비스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="वेब सेवा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेब सेवा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layanan_web" title="Layanan web – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Layanan web" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Web service" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Web service" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ვებ-სერვისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვებ-სერვისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serv%C3%AEsa_Web" title="Servîsa Web – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Servîsa Web" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webszolg%C3%A1ltat%C3%A1s" title="Webszolgáltatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Webszolgáltatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വെബ് സർവ്വീസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെബ് സർവ്വീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webservice" title="Webservice – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Webservice" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9" title="Webサービス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Webサービス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webtjeneste" title="Webtjeneste – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Webtjeneste" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ویب خدمات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویب خدمات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us%C5%82uga_sieciowa" title="Usługa sieciowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Usługa sieciowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Web service" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serviciu_web" title="Serviciu web – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Serviciu web" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Веб-служба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Веб-служба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueb_sherbimet" title="Ueb sherbimet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ueb sherbimet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Web service" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webov%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Webová služba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Webová služba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%A8" title="ڕاژەی وێب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕاژەی وێب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Web service" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Web service" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="வலைத்தள சேவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலைத்தள சேவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="వెబ్ సర్వీస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెబ్ సర్వీస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B" title="เว็บเซอร์วิซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เว็บเซอร์วิซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Хадамоти Веб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хадамоти Веб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_servis" title="Web servis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Web servis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Вебслужба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вебслужба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویب سروس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویب سروس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8Bch_v%E1%BB%A5_web" title="Dịch vụ web – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dịch vụ web" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" title="Web服务 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Web服务" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193424#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Service offered between electronic devices via the internet</div> <p>A <b>web service</b> (<b>WS</b>) is either: </p> <ul><li>a service offered by an electronic device to another electronic device, communicating with each other via the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, or</li> <li>a server running on a computer device, listening for requests at a particular port over a network, serving web documents (<a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>, <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, images).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>In a web service, a web technology such as <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> is used for transferring machine-readable file formats such as <a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XML</a> and JSON. </p><p>In practice, a web service commonly provides an <a href="/wiki/Object_database" title="Object database">object-oriented</a> web-based interface to a database server, utilized for example by another web server, or by a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">mobile app</a>, that provides a user interface to the end-user. Many organizations that provide data in formatted HTML pages will also provide that data on their server as XML or JSON, often through a Web service to allow <a href="/wiki/Web_syndication" title="Web syndication">syndication</a>. Another application offered to the end-user may be a <a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">mashup</a>, where a Web server consumes several Web services at different machines and compiles the content into one user interface. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Web_services_(generic)"><span id="Web_services_.28generic.29"></span>Web services (generic)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Web services (generic)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asynchronous_JavaScript_and_XML">Asynchronous JavaScript and XML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Asynchronous JavaScript and XML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax (programming)</a></div> <p>Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) is a dominant technology for Web services. Developing from the combination of HTTP servers, JavaScript clients and <a href="/wiki/Plain_Old_XML" title="Plain Old XML">Plain Old XML</a> (as distinct from <a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a> and W3C Web Services), now it is frequently used with <a href="/wiki/JSON_Web_Token" title="JSON Web Token">JSON</a> as well as, or instead of, XML. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="REST">REST</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: REST"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/REST" title="REST">REST</a></div> <p>Representational State Transfer (REST) is an architecture for well-behaved Web services that can function at Internet scale. </p><p>In a 2004 document, the W3C sets following REST as a key distinguishing feature of Web services: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We can identify two major classes of Web services: </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/REST" title="REST">REST</a>-compliant Web services, in which the primary purpose of the service is to manipulate XML representations of <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">Web resource</a>s using a uniform set of <a href="/wiki/Stateless_protocol" title="Stateless protocol">stateless</a> operations; and</li> <li>arbitrary Web services, in which the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>W3C, Web Services Architecture<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></li></ul></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_services_that_use_markup_languages">Web services that use markup languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Web services that use markup languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of Web services that use markup languages: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JSON-RPC" title="JSON-RPC">JSON-RPC</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-WSP" title="JSON-WSP">JSON-WSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representational_state_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Representational state transfer">Representational state transfer</a> (REST) versus <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">remote procedure call</a> (RPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Object_Access_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple Object Access Protocol">Simple Object Access Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Conversation_Language" title="Web Services Conversation Language">Web Services Conversation Language</a> (WSCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language" title="Web Services Description Language">Web Services Description Language</a> (WSDL), developed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Flow_Language" title="Web Services Flow Language">Web Services Flow Language</a> (WSFL), superseded by <a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Execution_Language" title="Business Process Execution Language">BPEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_template" class="mw-redirect" title="Web template">Web template</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-MetadataExchange" title="WS-MetadataExchange">WS-MetadataExchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Interface_for_Network_Services" title="XML Interface for Network Services">XML Interface for Network Services</a> (XINS), provides a <a href="/wiki/Plain_Old_XML" title="Plain Old XML">POX</a>-style web service specification format</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_API">Web API</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Web API"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_API" title="Web API">Web API</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Web_API" title="Web API">Web API</a> is a development in Web services where emphasis has been moving to simpler <a href="/wiki/Representational_state_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Representational state transfer">representational state transfer</a> (REST) based communications.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restful APIs do not require XML-based Web service protocols (<a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a> and WSDL) to support their interfaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="W3C_Web_services">W3C Web services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: W3C Web services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In relation to W3C Web services, the <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> defined a Web service as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A web service is a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically <a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language" title="Web Services Description Language">WSDL</a>). Other systems interact with the web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP-messages, typically conveyed using <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> with an <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> <a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">serialization</a> in conjunction with other web-related standards.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>W3C, Web Services Glossary<sup id="cite_ref-W3WSG_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W3WSG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>W3C Web Services may use SOAP over HTTP protocol, allowing less costly (more efficient) interactions over the Internet than via proprietary solutions like EDI/B2B. Besides SOAP over HTTP, Web services can also be implemented on other reliable transport mechanisms like <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a>. In a 2002 document, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/2002/ws/arch/">Web Services Architecture Working Group</a> defined a Web services architecture, requiring a standardized implementation of a "Web service." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanation">Explanation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Explanation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Webservices-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Webservices-en.svg/220px-Webservices-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Webservices-en.svg/330px-Webservices-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Webservices-en.svg/440px-Webservices-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Web services architecture: the service provider sends a WSDL file to UDDI. The service requester contacts UDDI to find out who is the provider for the data it needs, and then it contacts the service provider using the SOAP protocol. The service provider validates the service request and sends structured data in an XML file, using the SOAP protocol. This XML file would be validated again by the service requester using an XSD file.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Web service" describes a standardized way of integrating Web-based applications using the <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, SOAP, WSDL and UDDI open standards over an <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> backbone. XML is the data format used to contain the data and provide metadata around it, SOAP is used to transfer the data, WSDL is used for describing the services available and UDDI lists what services are available. </p><p>A Web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over a network. It is a software function provided at a <a href="/wiki/Network_address" title="Network address">network address</a> over the Web with the service <i>always-on</i> as in the concept of utility computing. </p><p>Many organizations use multiple software systems for management.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Different software systems often need to exchange data with each other, and a Web service is a method of communication that allows two software systems to exchange this data over the Internet. The software system that requests data is called a <i>service requester</i>, whereas the software system that would process the request and provide the data is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Service_provider" title="Service provider">service provider</a></i>. </p><p>Different software may use different programming languages, and hence there is a need for a method of <a href="/wiki/Data_exchange" title="Data exchange">data exchange</a> that doesn't depend upon a particular programming language. Most types of software can, however, interpret XML tags. Thus, Web services can use XML files for data exchange. </p><p>Rules for communication with different systems need to be defined, such as: </p> <ul><li>How one system can request data from another system.</li> <li>Which specific parameters are needed in the data request.</li> <li>What would be the structure of the data produced. (Normally, data is exchanged in XML files, and the structure of the XML file is validated against a .xsd file.)</li> <li>What error messages to display when a certain rule for communication is not observed, to make <a href="/wiki/Troubleshooting" title="Troubleshooting">troubleshooting</a> easier.</li></ul> <p>All of these rules for communication are defined in a file called <a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language" title="Web Services Description Language">WSDL</a> (Web Services Description Language), which has a <code>.wsdl</code> extension. (Proposals for <b>Autonomous Web Services</b> (<b>AWS</b>) seek to develop more flexible Web services that do not rely on strict rules.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>A directory called <a href="/wiki/Universal_Description_Discovery_and_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Description Discovery and Integration">UDDI</a> (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration) defines which software system should be contacted for which type of data. So when one software system needs one particular report/data, it would go to the UDDI and find out which other systems it can contact for receiving that data. Once the software system finds out which other systems it should contact, it would then contact that system using a special protocol called <a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a> (Simple Object Access Protocol). The service provider system would first validate the data request by referring to the WSDL file, and then process the request and send the data under the SOAP protocol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automated_design_methods">Automated design methods<span class="anchor" id="Design_methods"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Automated design methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SOA_Detailed_Diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SOA_Detailed_Diagram.png/440px-SOA_Detailed_Diagram.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SOA_Detailed_Diagram.png/660px-SOA_Detailed_Diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SOA_Detailed_Diagram.png/880px-SOA_Detailed_Diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Web services in a <a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">service-oriented architecture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Automated tools can aid in the creation of a Web service. For services using WSDL, it is possible to either automatically generate WSDL for existing classes (a bottom-up model) or to generate a class skeleton given existing WSDL (a top-down model). </p> <ul><li>A developer using a bottom-up model writes implementing classes first (in some programming language) and then uses a WSDL generating tool to expose methods from these classes as a Web service. This is simpler to develop but may be harder to maintain if the original classes are subject to frequent change.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A developer using a top-down model writes the WSDL document first and then uses a code generating tool to produce the class skeleton, to be completed as necessary. This model is generally considered more difficult but can produce cleaner designs and is generally more resistant to change. As long as the message formats between the sender and receiver do not change, changes in the sender and receiver themselves do not affect the Web service. The technique is also referred to as <i>contract first</i> since the WSDL (or contract between sender and receiver) is the starting point.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A developer using a Subset WSDL (SWSDL)<sup id="cite_ref-SWSDL_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWSDL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (i.e. a WSDL with the subset operation in the original WSDL) can perform Web service testing and top-down development.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of non-RESTful Web services often complain that they are too complex<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and based upon large software vendors or integrators, rather than typical <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open source</a> implementations. </p><p>There are also concerns about performance due to Web services' use of XML as a message format and SOAP/HTTP in enveloping and transporting.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regression_testing_of_Web_services">Regression testing of Web services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regression testing of Web services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Functional and non-functional testing of Web services is done with the help of WSDL parsing. <a href="/wiki/Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">Regression testing</a> is performed by identifying the changes made to upgrade software. Web service regression testing needs can be categorized in three different ways, namely, changes in WSDL, changes in the code, and selective re-testing of operations. We can capture the above three needs in three intermediate forms of Subset WSDL,<sup id="cite_ref-SWSDL_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWSDL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namely, Difference WSDL (DWSDL), Unit WSDL (UWSDL), and Reduced WSDL (RWSDL), respectively. These three Subset WSDLs are then combined to form Combined WSDL (CWSDL) that is further used for regression testing of the Web service. This will help in Automated Web Service Change Management (AWSCM),<sup id="cite_ref-AWSCM_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWSCM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by performing the selection of the relevant test cases to construct a reduced test suite from the old test suite. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Web services testing can also be automated using several test automation tools like <a href="/wiki/SoapUI" title="SoapUI">SoapUI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Application_Testing_Suite" title="Oracle Application Testing Suite">Oracle Application Testing Suite</a> (OATS),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unified Functional Testing, Selenium, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_service_change_management">Web service change management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Web service change management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Work-related to the capture and visualization of changes made to a Web service. Visualization and computation of changes can be done in the form of intermediate artifacts (Subset WSDL).<sup id="cite_ref-SWSDL_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWSDL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insight on the computation of change impact is helpful in testing, top-down development and reduce regression testing. AWSCM<sup id="cite_ref-AWSCM_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWSCM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a tool that can identify subset operations in a WSDL file to construct a subset WSDL. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovering_and_Searching_for_Web_Services">Discovering and Searching for Web Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Discovering and Searching for Web Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While UDDI was intended to serve as a service directory and become the means to discovering web services, many vendors discontinued their UDDI solutions or repositories between 2005-2008, including Microsoft, SAP, IBM, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key study published in WWW2008 Conference (Beijing, China)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presented the state of SOAP-based web services and concluded that only 63% of the available SOAP-based web services at the time of the study were actually active or can be invoked. The study also found that search engines were becoming an ideal source for searching for web services compared to that of service registries like the UDDI due its design complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_web_service_frameworks" title="List of web service frameworks">List of web service frameworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_web_service_protocols" title="List of web service protocols">List of web service protocols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_web_service_specifications" title="List of web service specifications">List of web service specifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service-oriented architecture</a> (SOA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Map_Service" title="Web Map Service">Web Map Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_API" title="Web API">Web API</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <a href="#CITEREFOya2008">Oya 2008</a>, "Under the current Web Services, […] stakeholder systems must follow the predefined rules for a particular business service including those about business protocols to send/receive messages and about system operation. […] More flexible mechanism is desired where freely built and autonomously running systems can exchange business messages without pre-agreed strict rules. We call it Autonomous Web Services (AWS) and proposed the framework called Dynamic Model Harmonization (DMH) with its algorithm, which dynamically adjusts different business process models between systems […]."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2004/NOTE-ws-arch-20040211/#relwwwrest">"Web Services Architecture § Relationship to the World Wide Web and REST Architectures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=Web+Services+Architecture+%C2%A7+Relationship+to+the+World+Wide+Web+and+REST+Architectures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2F2004%2FNOTE-ws-arch-20040211%2F%23relwwwrest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenslimaneDustdarSheth2008" class="citation journal cs1">Benslimane, D.; Dustdar, S.; <a href="/wiki/Amit_Sheth" title="Amit Sheth">Sheth, A.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://works.bepress.com/amit_sheth/292/download/">"Services Mashups: The New Generation of Web Applications"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Computing" title="IEEE Internet Computing">IEEE Internet Computing</a></i>. <b>10</b> (5): 13–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIC.2008.110">10.1109/MIC.2008.110</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8124905">8124905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Internet+Computing&rft.atitle=Services+Mashups%3A+The+New+Generation+of+Web+Applications&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=13-15&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIC.2008.110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8124905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Benslimane&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Dustdar%2C+S.&rft.au=Sheth%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Famit_sheth%2F292%2Fdownload%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W3WSG-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W3WSG_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2004/NOTE-ws-gloss-20040211/#webservice">"Web Services Glossary § Web service"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></i>. 11 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 795–804. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1367497.1367605">10.1145/1367497.1367605</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-085-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-085-2"><bdi>978-1-60558-085-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12570844">12570844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Investigating+web+services+on+the+world+wide+web&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+17th+international+conference+on+World+Wide+Web&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=WWW+%2708&rft.pages=795-804&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12570844%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1367497.1367605&rft.isbn=978-1-60558-085-2&rft.aulast=Al-Masri&rft.aufirst=Eyhab&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+Qusay+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F1367497.1367605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_service&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Web_services" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Web services">Web services</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Web_service" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Web service">Web service</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soapatterns.org/candidate_patterns/messaging_design_pattern">Messaging Design Pattern</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009132036/http://soapatterns.org/candidate_patterns/messaging_design_pattern">Archived</a> 2018-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> documentation at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soapatterns.org/">SOA Patterns</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/2002/ws/">Web Services Activity</a> page at <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/ws-arch/">Web Services Architecture</a>, the W3C Working Group Note (11 February 2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2008.org/papers/pdf/p795-almasriA.pdf">Investigating Web Services on the World Wide Web</a>, the analysis presented at the <a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conference">WWW2008</a> conference</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-95/final">Guide to Secure Web Services</a> (SP 800-95) at <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_interfaces" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_interfaces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_API" title="Web API">Web interfaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Server-side"><a href="/wiki/Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">Server-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">v2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">v3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Simple Common Gateway Interface">SCGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastCGI" title="FastCGI">FCGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_JServ_Protocol" title="Apache JServ Protocol">AJP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_for_Remote_Portlets" title="Web Services for Remote Portlets">WSRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server_application_programming_interface" title="Server application programming interface">Server APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Netscape Server Application Programming Interface">C NSAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server#Feature_overview" title="Apache HTTP Server">C ASAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Internet Server Application Programming Interface">C ISAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">COM ASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Servlet" title="Jakarta Servlet">Jakarta Servlet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_container" title="Web container">container</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Interface_for_.NET" title="Open Web Interface for .NET">CLI OWIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_handler" title="HTTP handler">ASP.NET Handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Python WSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface">Python ASGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_(web_server_interface)" title="Rack (web server interface)">Ruby Rack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSGI" title="JSGI">JavaScript JSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plack_(software)#PSGI" title="Plack (software)">Perl PSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">Portlet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">container</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apache_modules" title="List of Apache modules">Apache modules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Server_Side_Includes" title="Server Side Includes">mod_include</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_jk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod jk">mod_jk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_lisp" title="Mod lisp">mod_lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_mono" title="Mod mono">mod_mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod parrot">mod_parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_perl" title="Mod perl">mod_perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">mod_php</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_proxy" title="Mod proxy">mod_proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_python" title="Mod python">mod_python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_wsgi" title="Mod wsgi">mod_wsgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_ruby" title="Mod ruby">mod_ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phusion_Passenger" title="Phusion Passenger">Phusion Passenger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Web service</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">Web resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web-oriented_architecture" title="Web-oriented architecture">WOA</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Resource-oriented_architecture" title="Resource-oriented architecture">ROA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_API" title="Open API">Open API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_application_servers" title="List of application servers">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">Scripting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Client-side"><a href="/wiki/Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">Client-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">Browser APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI" title="NPAPI">C NPAPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#LiveConnect" title="NPAPI">LiveConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#XPConnect" title="NPAPI">XPConnect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#NPRuntime" title="NPAPI">C NPRuntime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client#Pepper" title="Google Native Client">C PPAPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">NaCl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">BHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAML_Browser_Applications" title="XAML Browser Applications">XBAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_API#Client_side" title="Web API">Web APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server-sent_events" title="Server-sent events">SSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_video" title="HTML video">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Messaging" title="Web Messaging">Web messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_worker" title="Web worker">Web worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOM_event" title="DOM event">DOM events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">EME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML5_File_API" title="HTML5 File API">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation 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