CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="zh-hans" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721","20240303154801","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1709480881"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-7de20fdcb72d0357be8",applicationID:"529481584"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.252.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>v,Mt:()=>b,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>w,OP:()=>S,lF:()=>T,Yu:()=>x,Dg:()=>m,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>_,sU:()=>R});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}const u=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var d=r(7056),l=r(50);const f="[data-nr-mask]",g=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{feature_flags:[],proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1,autoStart:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,inline_stylesheet:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){u(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_selector was provided. '*' will be used.",t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){u(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.block_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_input_option was provided and will not be used",t)}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0}}},p={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function v(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);p[e]=(0,i.D)(t,g());const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=v(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const y={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},A={};function w(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!A[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return A[e]}function _(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");A[e]=(0,i.D)(t,y);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=A[e])}const x=(0,n.mF)().o;var E=r(385),D=r(6818);const k={buildEnv:D.Re,customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:D.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(E._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||E._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+E._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof E._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:D.q4,denyList:void 0},j={};function S(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!j[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return j[e]}function R(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,i.D)(t,k);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.runtime=j[e])}function T(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.252.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Nk:()=>d,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,cv:()=>l,iS:()=>a,il:()=>n,ux:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>u});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=Boolean("hidden"===o?.document?.visibilityState),s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(o.navigator?.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=((()=>{const e=o.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode)),d=!!o.navigator?.sendBeacon,l=Math.floor(o?.performance?.timeOrigin||o?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now())},1117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(8325),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature",r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return c(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const a=[...s[e]];function c(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)l(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}a.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(a.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),a.forEach((t=>{let[r]=t;s[e].delete(r),c(r)})))}function l(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},8325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(234);class a{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}var s=r(3117);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.a),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},f=!1;try{f=16===r.length&&(0,o.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var g={on:h,addEventListener:h,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=p(n),c=v(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var f=b()[s[e]];f&&f.push([g,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:v,context:p,buffer:function(e,t){const r=b();if(t=t||"feature",g.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((e=>{let[n,i]=e;s[i]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:function(e){return!!b()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:f?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return g;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof a?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,c,(()=>new a(c))):new a(c)}function h(e,t){n[e]=v(e).concat(t)}function v(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(g,t)}function b(){return g.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.fP)();function l(){u.aborted=!0,Object.keys(u.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete u.backlog[e]}))}d.ee||(d.ee=u)},5546:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(8325).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},3117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>n});const n=(0,r(4402).Rl)()},4402:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},7056:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,IK:()=>c,oD:()=>i,uT:()=>s,wO:()=>a});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5,a={PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},s={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},c={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},7894:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},50:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2825:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>d,T:()=>l});var n=r(8325),i=r(5546),o=r(3325),a=r(385);const s="newrelic";const c={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa],sr:[o.D.sessionReplay,o.D.sessionTrace]},u=new Set;function d(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(u.has(t)||(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;c[t]?c[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),l[t]=Boolean(n)})),Object.keys(c).forEach((e=>{void 0===l[e]&&(c[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),l[e]=!1)})),u.add(t),function(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};try{a._A.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(s,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}const l={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(8325);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{KB:()=>a,b2:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,ce:()=>o,ek:()=>u,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>l,h5:()=>c,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3081:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},7633:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent},9251:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},5938:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(8325);class i{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},7530:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>b});var n=r(3325),i=r(234),o=r(5546),a=r(8325),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),l=r(50),f=r(3081),g=r(8632);function p(){const e=(0,g.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start","recordReplay","pauseReplay"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];let o=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var h=r(2825);const v=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let m=!1;function b(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},b=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,y=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:A,info:w,loader_config:_,runtime:x={loaderType:b},exposed:E=!0}=t;const D=(0,g.gG)();w||(A=D.init,w=D.info,_=D.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e.agentIdentifier,A||{}),(0,i.GE)(e.agentIdentifier,_||{}),w.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(w.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e.agentIdentifier,w);const k=(0,i.P_)(e.agentIdentifier),j=[w.beacon,w.errorBeacon];m||(k.proxy.assets&&(v(k.proxy.assets),j.push(k.proxy.assets)),k.proxy.beacon&&j.push(k.proxy.beacon),p(),(0,g.EZ)("activatedFeatures",h.T)),x.denyList=[...k.ajax.deny_list||[],...k.ajax.block_internal?j:[]],(0,i.sU)(e.agentIdentifier,x),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const g={};var p=a.ee.get(e),h=p.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),w(v,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"].forEach((e=>{g[e]=w(v,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=w(v,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),g.setCurrentRouteName=w(v,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/http://custom.transaction")+t,w(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string, number or boolean type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setApplicationVersion. Expected <String | null>, but got <".concat(typeof e,">."))},g.start=e=>{try{const t=e?"defined":"undefined";(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/start/".concat(t,"/called")],void 0,n.D.metrics,p);const r=Object.values(n.D);if(void 0===e)e=r;else{if((e=Array.isArray(e)&&e.length?e:[e]).some((e=>!r.includes(e))))return(0,l.Z)("Invalid feature name supplied. Acceptable feature names are: ".concat(r));e.includes(n.D.pageViewEvent)||e.push(n.D.pageViewEvent)}e.forEach((e=>{p.emit("".concat(e,"-opt-in"))}))}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("An unexpected issue occurred",e)}},g.recordReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("recordReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.pauseReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("pauseReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var A=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,p),function(){if(h.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw h.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],r),e}finally{h.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function w(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,p),r?void 0:this}}function _(){r.e(75).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>{(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed..."),(0,c.L)(e,"api",!0)}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{A[e]=w(m,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),g.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,p)},d.il?(0,u.b2)((()=>_()),!0):_(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,y)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=E),m=!0}},1926:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},3325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.252.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.252.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={75:"sha512-85KXSsv643MTRPulZfmcwj8IKIbJeT9JfNpsSBckCZNUr+o/ILbmpOISx04Ol69WzHRZplUy/y2FaJ3KUChaTw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={50:0,832:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.252.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.252.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(1926);var e=i(50);class t{#e(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...n);(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api ".concat(t," failed. The API is not currently initialized."))}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}start(e){return this.#e("start",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e("recordReplay")}pauseReplay(){return this.#e("pauseReplay")}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}}var r=i(3325),n=i(234);const o=Object.values(r.D);function a(e){const t={};return o.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!1!==(0,n.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var s=i(7530);var c=i(8e3),u=i(5938),d=i(3960),l=i(385);class f extends u.W{constructor(e,t,r){let i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=i,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"".concat(this.featureName,".autoStart"))&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto&&(0,c.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate)return;if(!this.auto)return void this.ee.on("".concat(this.featureName,"-opt-in"),(()=>{(0,c.R)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator()}));const r=l.il&&!0===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let o;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{o=e}));const a=async()=>{let n;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,957));n=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,n))return(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void o(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:r}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new r(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,t),o(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),o(!1)}};l.il?(0,d.b2)((()=>a()),!0):a()}shouldImportAgg(e,t){return e!==r.D.sessionReplay||!!n.Yu.MO&&(!1!==(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplayMode))}}var g=i(7633);class p extends f{static featureName=g.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,g.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}var h=i(1117),v=i(1284);class m extends h.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,v.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=b(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,v.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=b(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=y(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=b(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=A(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function b(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=y(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function y(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function A(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,v.D)(e,w)}function w(e,t){return t}var _=i(8632),x=i(4402),E=i(4351);var D=i(5546),k=i(7956),j=i(3239),S=i(7894),R=i(9251);class T extends f{static featureName=R.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,R.t,r),l.il&&((0,k.N)((()=>(0,D.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,j.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,D.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var I=i(3081);class P extends f{static featureName=I.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,I.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends t{constructor(t){let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,x.ky)(16);super(),l._A?(this.agentIdentifier=r,this.sharedAggregator=new m({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},(0,_.h5)(r,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(p),(0,s.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,n.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,n.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}run(){try{const t=a(this.agentIdentifier),n=[...this.desiredFeatures];n.sort(((e,t)=>r.p[e.featureName]-r.p[t.featureName])),n.forEach((n=>{if(t[n.featureName]||n.featureName===r.D.pageViewEvent){const i=function(e){switch(e){case r.D.ajax:return[r.D.jserrors];case r.D.sessionTrace:return[r.D.ajax,r.D.pageViewEvent];case r.D.sessionReplay:return[r.D.sessionTrace];case r.D.pageViewTiming:return[r.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(n.featureName);i.every((e=>t[e]))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(n.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,E.P)(i),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[n.featureName]=new n(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}}))}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,_.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[p,T,P],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <script>window['sa_metadata'] = {"title":"\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u5236\u88c1\u65b0\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u7528\u65bc\u904f\u963b\u4fb5\u6743","langcode":"zh-hans","node_id":"375721","entity_type":"node","node_type":"news","created":"1594094400","region_country":["Europe\/Central Asia","United Kingdom"],"news_type":["Dispatches"],"division":"Europe\/Central Asia"};</script> <script async defer src="/web/20240303154801js_/https://www.hrw.org/libraries/custom/simpleanalytics.js"></script> <script src="/web/20240303154801js_/https://www.hrw.org/modules/custom/hrw_consent/js/hrwconsent.js?v=1.7"></script> <script> HrwConsent = new HrwConsent; HrwConsentSettings.domain = 'hrw.org'; HrwConsentSettings.expires = 365; </script> <script>var _mtm = window._mtm = window._mtm || [];_mtm.push({"mtm.startTime": (new Date().getTime()), "event": "mtm.Start"});var d = document, g = d.createElement("script"), s = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];g.type = "text/javascript";g.async = true;g.src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://open-analytics.hrw.org/js/container_MOFt5fSb.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(g, s);</script> <meta name="description" content="本周启动的英国人权制裁制度，将让受害者有机会看到他们所受的伤害获得一定程度的正义。但若要发挥实效，必须以公平、一致的方式加以执行。"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721"/> <meta name="google" content="H_DzcJuJMJKVAO6atlPsK4HHr2WienspT6e74P5fVFY"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Human Rights Watch"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721"/> <meta property="og:title" content="英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权"/> <meta property="og:description" content="本周启动的英国人权制裁制度，将让受害者有机会看到他们所受的伤害获得一定程度的正义。但若要发挥实效，必须以公平、一致的方式加以执行。"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/opengraph/public/multimedia_images_2017/2017-06-uk-europe-parliament-flag.jpg?itok=292nqoyI"/> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/opengraph/public/multimedia_images_2017/2017-06-uk-europe-parliament-flag.jpg?itok=292nqoyI"/> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="英国伦敦议会大厦和英国国旗，2017年6月7日。"/> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2020-10-25T18:31:23-0400"/> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/HumanRightsWatch"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2020-07-07T00:00:00-0400"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2020-10-25T18:31:23-0400"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@hrw"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="本周启动的英国人权制裁制度，将让受害者有机会看到他们所受的伤害获得一定程度的正义。但若要发挥实效，必须以公平、一致的方式加以执行。"/> <meta name="twitter:site:id" content="14700316"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/opengraph/public/multimedia_images_2017/2017-06-uk-europe-parliament-flag.jpg?itok=292nqoyI"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="英国伦敦议会大厦和英国国旗，2017年6月7日。"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "NewsArticle", "headline": "英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权", "description": "本周启动的英国人权制裁制度，将让受害者有机会看到他们所受的伤害获得一定程度的正义。但若要发挥实效，必须以公平、一致的方式加以执行。", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/opengraph/public/multimedia_images_2017/2017-06-uk-europe-parliament-flag.jpg?itok=292nqoyI" }, "datePublished": "2020-07-07T00:00:00-0400", "dateModified": "2020-10-25T18:31:23-0400", "author": { "@id": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/node/222376", "name": "Benjamin Ward", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/node/222376" }, "publisher": { "@type": "NGO", "@id": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans", "name": "Human Rights Watch", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "False", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/logo.svg" } }, "mainEntityOfPage": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721" }, { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721", "speakable": { "@type": "SpeakableSpecification", "cssSelector": "#block-hrw-design-content" } } ] }</script> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <script src="/web/20240303154801js_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/google_tag/hrw_tag_manager/google_tag.script.js?s9oebo" defer></script> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/main/Fonts/38b5004a-00f0-4ad8-a6f6-4c8fe48b074b.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin/> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/main/Fonts/32a02776-64bf-464c-9c4f-4f57df3d72d6.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin/> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/main/Fonts/b273cf7b-f375-4188-9216-9101312446b2.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin/> <link rel="preload" as="image" href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/480w/public/multimedia_images_2017/2017-06-uk-europe-parliament-flag.jpg?itok=YAUSBpkU" fetchpriority="high"/> <title>英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权 | Human Rights Watch</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240303154801cs_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/css/css_xJGQjkebz91IWZN_K7Ou2smQRmxdJTMF7EzU3GIgwjQ.css?delta=0&language=zh-hans&theme=hrw_design&include=eJxVju0OgzAIRV-ok0dqsGWT2YIp-PX2M8Zl7g_hkHNzyehYcKcGPQ24sDYLQ1tjUjESh9sebDenCj0anU4m45dA0vbH73lznPSQaPPCMkJu84Slu_DuPlU8Fk50NMSKLMEcnc052Tf2u4TKwhVLtAEbwUWPk8LxIfseqfaUIeHkrBIWptXgnF3VPBf6ACAVX0o"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240303154801cs_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/css/css_yHpgZM07hGzRnOWMChNRz3gDPkpBGzvgfkMZ0fwGbcw.css?delta=1&language=zh-hans&theme=hrw_design&include=eJxVju0OgzAIRV-ok0dqsGWT2YIp-PX2M8Zl7g_hkHNzyehYcKcGPQ24sDYLQ1tjUjESh9sebDenCj0anU4m45dA0vbH73lznPSQaPPCMkJu84Slu_DuPlU8Fk50NMSKLMEcnc052Tf2u4TKwhVLtAEbwUWPk8LxIfseqfaUIeHkrBIWptXgnF3VPBf6ACAVX0o"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240303154801cs_/https://fast.fonts.net/t/1.css?apiType=css&projectid=b0af8052-798a-4f60-9b66-62993aa79ad2"/> </head> <body class="ltr"> <noscript><iframe src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801if_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-W5D7ZP" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="page page--node--news"> <header> <a href="#hrw-cookie-dialog" id="hrw-cookie-popup-skip-link" class="visually-hidden focusable" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Skip to cookie privacy notice </a> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <div> <div id="block-donationcalloutheaderbar"> </div> </div> <div> <div class="header-bar flex w-full justify-center relative z-30"> <span class="bg-gray-900 absolute h-16 w-full z-n10"></span> <div class="header-bar__container flex w-lg mt-4"> <div class="header-bar__logo block absolute z-10 w-14 h-14 xl:w-24 xl:h-24 xl:relative flex-shrink-0"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 700 700" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" class="max-w-full"><title>Human Rights Watch</title><path fill="#0071CE" d="M0 700h700V0H0z"/><path fill="#fff" d="M177 232v-56h-12v22h-16v-22h-11v56h11v-25h16v25zm94-18v-38h-12v41c0 4-3 6-8 6-4 0-7-1-8-4l-1-6v-37h-11v39c0 5 0 7 2 10 3 5 9 8 18 8 12 0 18-6 19-11l1-8zm110 18l-5-56h-14l-8 28-2 9-2-9-7-28h-15l-5 56h11l2-29 1-11 2 10 8 30h10l8-31 3-8v9l2 30h11zm94 0l-17-56h-12l-19 56h12l4-13h16l4 13h12zm-18-23h-11l3-10 2-11 3 10 3 11zm105 23v-56h-11l1 23 1 15-7-16-10-22h-13v56h11v-24l-1-16 8 18 9 22h12zM178 380l-13-22-2-3c7 0 12-7 12-15 0-10-6-17-16-17h-21v57h11v-24l2 1c2 1 3 3 9 13l5 10h13zm-15-40c0 3 0 5-2 6-1 1-3 2-8 2h-4v-15h10c3 1 4 4 4 7zm70 40v-57h-12v57zm88-5v-27h-22l2 10h8v12l-6 2c-4 0-7-1-9-3-3-3-4-8-4-16 0-9 1-15 5-18 2-2 4-3 8-3s8 1 11 4l6-7c-4-4-11-6-17-6s-10 1-14 4c-8 5-12 13-12 25 0 8 2 14 6 20 5 5 11 8 19 8 7 0 13-1 19-5zm85 5v-57h-11v22h-16v-22h-12v57h12v-25h16v25zm83-57h-41v10h14v47h12v-47h13zm78 39c0-8-5-14-14-17l-7-2c-5-1-6-2-6-5 0-4 3-7 8-7 4 0 8 1 13 5l5-9c-5-3-12-5-19-5-12 0-20 7-20 17l3 9c2 3 5 5 11 7l6 1c5 2 7 4 7 8 0 5-3 7-10 7-5 0-10-1-15-4l-4 9c5 3 13 5 19 5 14 0 23-8 23-19zM199 471h-12l-4 21-3 19-3-15-5-25h-12l-5 23-3 18-3-19-5-22h-12l14 57h12l5-23 3-16 2 16 5 23h13l13-57zm95 56l-17-56h-13l-18 56h12l4-13h16l4 13h12zm-19-22h-10a160 160 0 005-22 1386 1386 0 015 22zm103-34h-40v10h14v46h11v-46h13zm90 52l-5-7c-4 3-7 3-10 3-5 0-8-2-11-6-1-3-2-7-2-15 0-6 1-11 3-14s6-5 10-5l9 3 5-8c-3-2-9-4-15-4-9 0-17 5-21 13-3 5-4 10-4 17 0 9 2 15 7 20 5 6 11 8 18 8s11-1 16-5zm94 4v-56h-11v22h-16v-22h-12v56h12v-25h16v25z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="header-bar__content flex flex-col w-full"> <div class="header-bar__content-inner flex justify-end w-full xl:justify-between xl:pl-6 bg-gray-900 text-white"> <button title="The main menu" aria-label="Open the main menu" aria-expanded="false" data-toggle-label="Close the main menu" class="header-bar__toggle my-2 ml-16 pl-2 pr-2 flex border-r border-gray-800 xl:hidden"> <div class="toggle-menu"> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-header-menu"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="toggle-close rotate-away"> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-header-cross"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </button> <div class="header-bar__language hidden xl:inline-flex items-center"> <nav aria-label="语言" class="translations-bar items-baseline inline-flex flex-wrap "> <ul class="translations-bar__languages-list inline-flex flex-wrap "> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/ar" title="Arabic" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-gray-400 hover-focus:text-white" xml:lang="ar" lang="ar"> العربية </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <span class=" font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 active underline text-gray-400" xml:lang="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"> 简中 </span> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hant/news/2020/07/07/375721" title="Chinese Traditional" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-gray-400 hover-focus:text-white" xml:lang="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant"> 繁中 </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/07/uks-new-human-rights-sanctions-offer-tool-curb-abuse" title="English" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-gray-400 hover-focus:text-white" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> English </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/fr" title="French" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-gray-400 hover-focus:text-white" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr"> Français </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/de" title="German" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-gray-400 hover-focus:text-white" xml:lang="de" lang="de"> Deutsch </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/ja" title="Japanese" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-gray-400 hover-focus:text-white" xml:lang="ja" lang="ja"> 日本語 </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/ru" title="Russian" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-gray-400 hover-focus:text-white" xml:lang="ru" lang="ru"> Русский </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/pt" title="Portugese" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-gray-400 hover-focus:text-white" xml:lang="pt" lang="pt"> Português </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/es" title="Spanish" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-gray-400 hover-focus:text-white" xml:lang="es" lang="es"> Español </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/languages?language=zh-hans" title="More" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-gray-400 hover-focus:text-white"> More <span class="sr-only">languages</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-4 inline-block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-plus"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="header-bar__utilities flex flex-col-reverse w-full xl:w-auto xl:flex-row xl:items-center"> <div class="header-bar__search hidden xl:p-0 xl:mr-2 xl:flex"> <div class="search-input"> <form class="search-form" action="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/sitesearch" method="get" id="search_form_351841493" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="flex"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield inline-block flex-grow"> <label class="sr-only text-white" for="apachesolr_panels_search_form_1165657018">搜寻</label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="text" id="apachesolr_panels_search_form_1165657018" name="search" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text relative bg-gray-700 text-white h-8 py-1 px-2 text-sm font-light w-full"> </div> <button type="submit" value="Search" title="搜寻" class="form-submit inline-flex justify-center h-8 w-8 bg-gray-900 hover-focus:bg-black text-white xl:bg-gray-800"> <div class="icon fill-current self-center w-4 inline-block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-search"></use> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="header-bar__cta flex justify-end xl:block"> <a class="uppercase btn btn-secondary btn-lg h-12 font-bold w-full" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://donate.hrw.org/page/107245/donate/1?ea.tracking.id=EP2022EVpgdonate&promo_id=1000"> <span class="btn-text ">捐款赞助</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-bar__nav flex mobile-hide-position flex-col max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition justify-start xl:flex-row xl:overflow-visible xl:max-h-full"> <div class="header-bar__search-mobile px-6 pt-6 bg-gray-800 xl:hidden"> <div class="search-input"> <form class="search-form" action="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/sitesearch" method="get" id="search_form_798603330" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="flex"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield inline-block flex-grow"> <label class="sr-only text-white" for="apachesolr_panels_search_form_1458637920">搜寻</label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="text" id="apachesolr_panels_search_form_1458637920" name="search" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text relative bg-gray-700 text-white h-8 py-1 px-2 text-sm font-light w-full"> </div> <button type="submit" value="Search" title="搜寻" class="form-submit inline-flex justify-center h-8 w-8 bg-gray-900 hover-focus:bg-black text-white xl:bg-gray-800"> <div class="icon fill-current self-center w-4 inline-block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-search"></use> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="header-bar__nav-wrapper w-full xl:pt-1 xl:pl-5"> <noscript> <header class="w-full"> <div class="nav-desktop"> <div class="nav-desktop__content flex w-full justify-start"> <ul role="tablist" class="nav-desktop__primary flex flex-row flex-wrap flex-grow mb-4 relative list-none p-0 border-b border-gray-200"> <li itemid="" role="tab" class="nav-desktop__menu-item items-baseline p-0 relative separator-bar-absolute"> <div class="menu-item__item-content py-2 xl:p-1 x2l:px-3 x3l:px-5 bg-white text-blue-700 text-xl font-light relative hover:text-white hover-focus:bg-blue-700"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/countries">国家</a> </div> </li> <li itemid="" role="tab" class="nav-desktop__menu-item items-baseline p-0 relative separator-bar-absolute"> <div class="menu-item__item-content py-2 xl:p-1 x2l:px-3 x3l:px-5 bg-white text-blue-700 text-xl font-light relative hover:text-white hover-focus:bg-blue-700"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/topic/womens-rights">主题</a> </div> </li> <li itemid="" role="tab" class="nav-desktop__menu-item items-baseline p-0 relative separator-bar-absolute"> <div class="menu-item__item-content py-2 xl:p-1 x2l:px-3 x3l:px-5 bg-white text-blue-700 text-xl font-light relative hover:text-white hover-focus:bg-blue-700"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/publications">报告</a> </div> </li> <li itemid="" role="tab" class="nav-desktop__menu-item items-baseline p-0 relative separator-bar-absolute"> <div class="menu-item__item-content py-2 xl:p-1 x2l:px-3 x3l:px-5 bg-white text-blue-700 text-xl font-light relative hover:text-white hover-focus:bg-blue-700"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/video-photos">录像&相片</a> </div> </li> <li itemid="" role="tab" class="nav-desktop__menu-item items-baseline p-0 relative separator-bar-absolute"> <div class="menu-item__item-content py-2 xl:p-1 x2l:px-3 x3l:px-5 bg-white text-blue-700 text-xl font-light relative hover:text-white hover-focus:bg-blue-700"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/node/378413">影响</a> </div> </li> <li itemid="" role="tab" class="nav-desktop__menu-item items-baseline p-0 relative separator-bar-absolute"> <div class="menu-item__item-content py-2 xl:p-1 x2l:px-3 x3l:px-5 bg-white text-blue-700 text-xl font-light relative hover:text-white hover-focus:bg-blue-700"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/about/about-us">关于</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> </noscript> <div id="vue-header"></div> </div> <div class="header-bar__language-mobile inline-flex items-center pl-4 pt-6 bg-white transition xl:hidden"> <nav aria-label="语言" class="translations-bar items-baseline inline-flex flex-wrap "> <ul class="translations-bar__languages-list inline-flex flex-wrap "> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/ar" title="Arabic" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="ar" lang="ar"> العربية </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <span class=" font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 active underline text-gray-800" xml:lang="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"> 简中 </span> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hant/news/2020/07/07/375721" title="Chinese Traditional" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant"> 繁中 </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/07/uks-new-human-rights-sanctions-offer-tool-curb-abuse" title="English" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> English </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/fr" title="French" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr"> Français </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/de" title="German" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="de" lang="de"> Deutsch </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/ja" title="Japanese" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="ja" lang="ja"> 日本語 </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/ru" title="Russian" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="ru" lang="ru"> Русский </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/pt" title="Portugese" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="pt" lang="pt"> Português </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/es" title="Spanish" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="es" lang="es"> Español </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/languages?language=zh-hans" title="More" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800"> More <span class="sr-only">languages</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-4 inline-block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-plus"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="main" role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div><div id="block-hrw-design-content"> <div class="multi-header-bar fixed top-0 left-0 h-12 sticky-header scroll-fade transition hidden xl:flex w-full justify-center z-20"> <span class="multi-header-bar__runner bg-white h-12 absolute w-full z-1"></span> <div class="multi-header-bar__container flex w-lg"> <div class="multi-header-bar__logo block absolute z-10 w-14 h-14"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 700 700" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" class="max-w-full"><title>Human Rights Watch</title><path fill="#0071CE" d="M0 700h700V0H0z"/><path fill="#fff" d="M177 232v-56h-12v22h-16v-22h-11v56h11v-25h16v25zm94-18v-38h-12v41c0 4-3 6-8 6-4 0-7-1-8-4l-1-6v-37h-11v39c0 5 0 7 2 10 3 5 9 8 18 8 12 0 18-6 19-11l1-8zm110 18l-5-56h-14l-8 28-2 9-2-9-7-28h-15l-5 56h11l2-29 1-11 2 10 8 30h10l8-31 3-8v9l2 30h11zm94 0l-17-56h-12l-19 56h12l4-13h16l4 13h12zm-18-23h-11l3-10 2-11 3 10 3 11zm105 23v-56h-11l1 23 1 15-7-16-10-22h-13v56h11v-24l-1-16 8 18 9 22h12zM178 380l-13-22-2-3c7 0 12-7 12-15 0-10-6-17-16-17h-21v57h11v-24l2 1c2 1 3 3 9 13l5 10h13zm-15-40c0 3 0 5-2 6-1 1-3 2-8 2h-4v-15h10c3 1 4 4 4 7zm70 40v-57h-12v57zm88-5v-27h-22l2 10h8v12l-6 2c-4 0-7-1-9-3-3-3-4-8-4-16 0-9 1-15 5-18 2-2 4-3 8-3s8 1 11 4l6-7c-4-4-11-6-17-6s-10 1-14 4c-8 5-12 13-12 25 0 8 2 14 6 20 5 5 11 8 19 8 7 0 13-1 19-5zm85 5v-57h-11v22h-16v-22h-12v57h12v-25h16v25zm83-57h-41v10h14v47h12v-47h13zm78 39c0-8-5-14-14-17l-7-2c-5-1-6-2-6-5 0-4 3-7 8-7 4 0 8 1 13 5l5-9c-5-3-12-5-19-5-12 0-20 7-20 17l3 9c2 3 5 5 11 7l6 1c5 2 7 4 7 8 0 5-3 7-10 7-5 0-10-1-15-4l-4 9c5 3 13 5 19 5 14 0 23-8 23-19zM199 471h-12l-4 21-3 19-3-15-5-25h-12l-5 23-3 18-3-19-5-22h-12l14 57h12l5-23 3-16 2 16 5 23h13l13-57zm95 56l-17-56h-13l-18 56h12l4-13h16l4 13h12zm-19-22h-10a160 160 0 005-22 1386 1386 0 015 22zm103-34h-40v10h14v46h11v-46h13zm90 52l-5-7c-4 3-7 3-10 3-5 0-8-2-11-6-1-3-2-7-2-15 0-6 1-11 3-14s6-5 10-5l9 3 5-8c-3-2-9-4-15-4-9 0-17 5-21 13-3 5-4 10-4 17 0 9 2 15 7 20 5 6 11 8 18 8s11-1 16-5zm94 4v-56h-11v22h-16v-22h-12v56h12v-25h16v25z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="multi-header-bar__content flex w-full"> <div class="multi-header-bar__title-wrapper ml-16 grid items-center text-gray-800 font-bold text-sm font-sans-main pl-2 z-1"> <h2 class="multi-header-bar__title z-1 truncate"></h2> </div> <div class="multi-header-bar__utilities flex "> <div class="multi-header-bar__print relative items-center lg:flex z-10"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/node/375721/printable/print" class="download-item-title pl-2 text-sm text-gray-800 font-bold font-sans-main"> <button class="multi-header-bar__print-button flex hover:bg-gray-200 border-gray-400 border items-center leading-snug my-1 h-8 px-2 "> Print <div class="icon fill-current w-6 inline-block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-print"></use> </svg> </div> </button> </a> </div> <div class="multi-header-bar__cta z-1"> <a class="uppercase btn btn-secondary btn-lg-sm h-12 text-sm md:text-lg lg:font-bold" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://donate.hrw.org/page/107245/donate/1?ea.tracking.id=EP2022EVpgdonate&promo_id=1000"> <span class="btn-text ">捐款赞助</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article> <div> <div class="container-large max-w-lg mx-auto px-6 sm:px-8 md:pr-14 md:pl-24 x2l:px-0 x2l:mx-32 x3l:mx-auto"> <div> <div> <header class="news-header max-w-lg mt-6 md:mt-0 mb-4 sm:mb-6 md:mb-12"> <div class="news-header__info mb-5 pb-3 flex flex-col justify-between items-baseline lg:flex-row border-gray-200 lg:flex-row lg:border-b"> <div class="news-header__dateline pb-2 flex flex-row text-gray-700 items-baseline border-b border-gray-200 w-full lg:w-auto lg:border-0 lg:pb-0"> <time class="news-header__dateline-date flex font-sans text-base lg:text-base" datetime="2020-07-07T00:00:00-0400">2020年 07月 7日 12:00AM EDT</time> </div> <nav aria-label="语言选项" class="translations-bar items-baseline inline-flex flex-wrap "> <span class="font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm font-bold pr-2 text-gray-800 "> 语言选项 </span> <ul class="translations-bar__languages-list inline-flex flex-wrap "> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/07/uks-new-human-rights-sanctions-offer-tool-curb-abuse" title="English" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> English </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <span class=" font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 active underline text-gray-800" xml:lang="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"> 简体中文 </span> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hant/news/2020/07/07/375721" title="Chinese, Traditional" class="language-link font-sans text-xs lg:text-sm px-1 x2l:px-2 hover-focus:underline text-blue-700 hover-focus:text-blue-800" xml:lang="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant"> 繁體中文 </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="news-header__main text-gray-800"> <h1 class="news-header__title text-2xl font-medium leading-tight break-words md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl xl:text-6xl ">英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权</h1> <p class="news-header__subtitle text-base md:text-2xl ">伦敦外交政策应对人权采取一贯立场</p> </div> <div class="byline__container mt-3 flex flex-wrap text-gray-800 flex-col"> <div class="byline__content flex flex-row ml-1 mb-1 mt-4"> <div class="byline__img flex h-16 w-16 min-w-16 mr-4"> <img src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/square_100/public/multimedia_images_2020/202003eca_europe_ben_ward_0.jpg?itok=xr8NictU" alt="" loading="lazy" class="unloaded" width="100" height="100"/> </div> <div class="byline__info flex-col pr-16"> <div class="byline__name flex"> <a class="text-lg font-semibold leading-snug hover:underline focus:underline leading-none" href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/node/222376">Benjamin Ward</a> </div> <div class="byline__position text-sm pt-1 leading-tight">Deputy Director, Europe and Central Asia Division</div> <a class="byline__icon text-blue-700 flex items-center mt-1 text-sm leading-tight hover:underline focus:underline" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://twitter.com/Benjamin_P_Ward"> <div class="icon fill-current w-5 inline-block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-twitter"></use> </svg> </div> <span class="sr-only">Benjamin_P_Ward</span> <p class="byline__handle font-bold">Benjamin_P_Ward</p> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hrw-share hrw-share--gray flex lg:hidden"><p class="minimal-share"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721" title="Share this via Facebook" class="facebook ms-icon" data-ms="facebook"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Facebook</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 571.4 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M535.2 6.7V154h-87.7q-47.9 0-64.7 20.1t-16.7 60.3v105.4h163.5L507.8 505H366.1v423.6H195.3V505H53V339.8h142.3V218.2q0-103.8 58-161T407.9 0Q490 0 535.2 6.7z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权&url=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721" title="Share this via Twitter" class="twitter ms-icon" data-ms="twitter"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Twitter</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="1.414"><path d="M16 3.038c-.59.26-1.22.437-1.885.517.677-.407 1.198-1.05 1.443-1.816-.634.374-1.337.647-2.085.794-.598-.638-1.45-1.036-2.396-1.036-1.812 0-3.282 1.468-3.282 3.28 0 .258.03.51.085.75C5.152 5.39 2.733 4.084 1.114 2.1.83 2.583.67 3.147.67 3.75c0 1.14.58 2.143 1.46 2.732-.538-.017-1.045-.165-1.487-.41v.04c0 1.59 1.13 2.918 2.633 3.22-.276.074-.566.114-.865.114-.21 0-.415-.02-.616-.058.418 1.304 1.63 2.253 3.067 2.28-1.123.88-2.54 1.404-4.076 1.404-.265 0-.526-.015-.783-.045 1.454.93 3.18 1.474 5.033 1.474 6.038 0 9.34-5 9.34-9.337 0-.143-.004-.284-.01-.425.64-.463 1.198-1.04 1.638-1.7z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/whatsapp://send/?text=英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权%20-%20https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721" title="Share this via WhatsApp" class="whatsapp ms-icon" data-ms="whatsapp"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via WhatsApp</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="1.414"><path d="M11.665 9.588c-.2-.1-1.177-.578-1.36-.644-.182-.067-.315-.1-.448.1-.132.197-.514.643-.63.775-.116.13-.232.147-.43.05-.2-.1-.842-.31-1.602-.985-.592-.525-.99-1.174-1.107-1.373-.116-.198-.013-.305.087-.404.09-.09.2-.232.3-.348.098-.116.13-.198.198-.33.066-.133.033-.248-.017-.348-.05-.1-.448-1.074-.614-1.47-.16-.387-.325-.334-.448-.34-.115-.006-.248-.007-.38-.007-.134 0-.35.05-.532.247-.182.2-.696.678-.696 1.653s.713 1.917.812 2.05c.1.132 1.404 2.133 3.4 2.99.476.205.846.327 1.136.418.476.15.91.13 1.253.08.383-.058 1.178-.48 1.344-.943.168-.463.168-.86.118-.943-.05-.083-.182-.133-.382-.232M8.034 14.52H8.03c-1.187 0-2.353-.318-3.37-.918l-.24-.143-2.507.653.67-2.43-.16-.25c-.662-1.05-1.012-2.263-1.01-3.508 0-3.633 2.97-6.59 6.623-6.59 1.77.002 3.43.688 4.68 1.934 1.252 1.244 1.94 2.9 1.94 4.66-.003 3.634-2.973 6.59-6.623 6.59m5.636-12.2C12.163.83 10.163.003 8.03 0 3.642 0 .07 3.556.067 7.928c0 1.397.366 2.76 1.063 3.964L0 16l4.223-1.102c1.164.63 2.474.964 3.807.965h.004c4.39 0 7.964-3.557 7.966-7.93 0-2.117-.827-4.11-2.33-5.608"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/mailto:/?subject=英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权&body=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721" title="Share this via Email" class="email ms-icon" data-ms="email"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Email</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 33 32" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M.064 24.032V5.6q0-.032.096-.608l10.848 9.28-10.816 10.4q-.128-.448-.128-.64zm1.44-20.32q.224-.096.544-.096h29.216q.288 0 .576.096l-10.88 9.312-1.44 1.152-2.848 2.336-2.848-2.336-1.44-1.152zm.032 22.208l10.912-10.464 4.224 3.424 4.224-3.424L31.808 25.92q-.256.096-.544.096H2.048q-.256 0-.512-.096zm20.8-11.648l10.816-9.28q.096.288.096.608v18.432q0 .288-.096.64z"/></svg> </a> <a href="" title="Share this via Share" class="share ms-icon" data-ms="share"> <span class="sr-only">Other ways to share</span> <svg fill="#fff" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="30px" height="30px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 23 3 A 4 4 0 0 0 19 7 A 4 4 0 0 0 19.09375 7.8359375 L 10.011719 12.376953 A 4 4 0 0 0 7 11 A 4 4 0 0 0 3 15 A 4 4 0 0 0 7 19 A 4 4 0 0 0 10.013672 17.625 L 19.089844 22.164062 A 4 4 0 0 0 19 23 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 27 A 4 4 0 0 0 27 23 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 19 A 4 4 0 0 0 19.986328 20.375 L 10.910156 15.835938 A 4 4 0 0 0 11 15 A 4 4 0 0 0 10.90625 14.166016 L 19.988281 9.625 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 11 A 4 4 0 0 0 27 7 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 3 z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721&title=英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权" title="Share this via LinkedIn" class="linkedin ms-icon" data-ms="linkedin"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via LinkedIn</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 857.1 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M194.8 348.8v553H10.6v-553h184.2zM206.5 178q.5 40.8-28.2 68.1t-75.6 27.3h-1.1q-45.8 0-73.7-27.3T0 178q0-41.3 28.7-68.3t75.1-27.1 74.2 27.1 28.5 68.3zm650.6 406.8v317H673.5V606q0-58.6-22.6-91.8T580.4 481q-35.2 0-58.9 19.3T486 548q-6.1 16.7-6.1 45.2v308.6H296.3q1.1-222.7 1.1-361.1t-.5-165.1l-.6-26.8h183.6v80.3h-1.1q11.2-17.8 22.9-31.2t31.5-29 48.6-24.3 63.8-8.7q95.5 0 153.5 63.4t58 185.5z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721&title=英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权" title="Share this via Reddit" class="reddit ms-icon" data-ms="reddit"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Reddit</span> <svg fill="#000000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="30px" height="30px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 17.662109 2 C 15.565005 2 14 3.7131367 14 5.6621094 L 14 9.0351562 C 11.24971 9.1810926 8.7344872 9.9143634 6.7265625 11.064453 C 5.9527826 10.321405 4.9166871 9.991448 3.9121094 9.9921875 C 2.8229214 9.9929893 1.7094525 10.370413 0.94140625 11.234375 L 0.92382812 11.253906 L 0.90625 11.273438 C 0.16947928 12.194228 -0.12225605 13.427747 0.07421875 14.652344 C 0.25365009 15.770711 0.90137168 16.893419 2.0273438 17.628906 C 2.0199689 17.753058 2 17.874618 2 18 C 2 22.962 7.832 27 15 27 C 22.168 27 28 22.962 28 18 C 28 17.874618 27.980031 17.753058 27.972656 17.628906 C 29.098628 16.893419 29.74635 15.770711 29.925781 14.652344 C 30.122256 13.427747 29.830521 12.194228 29.09375 11.273438 L 29.076172 11.253906 L 29.058594 11.234375 C 28.290448 10.370294 27.177168 9.9929893 26.087891 9.9921875 C 25.08323 9.991448 24.046988 10.321133 23.273438 11.064453 C 21.265513 9.9143634 18.75029 9.1810926 16 9.0351562 L 16 5.6621094 C 16 4.6830821 16.565214 4 17.662109 4 C 18.182797 4 18.817104 4.2609042 19.810547 4.609375 C 20.650361 4.9039572 21.743308 5.2016984 23.140625 5.2910156 C 23.474875 6.2790874 24.402814 7 25.5 7 C 26.875 7 28 5.875 28 4.5 C 28 3.125 26.875 2 25.5 2 C 24.561213 2 23.747538 2.5304211 23.320312 3.3007812 C 22.125831 3.2346294 21.248238 2.9947078 20.472656 2.7226562 C 19.568849 2.4056271 18.738422 2 17.662109 2 z M 3.9121094 11.992188 C 4.3072494 11.991896 4.6826692 12.095595 4.9921875 12.263672 C 3.8881963 13.18517 3.0505713 14.261821 2.5449219 15.4375 C 2.2764358 15.106087 2.114647 14.734002 2.0507812 14.335938 C 1.9430146 13.664243 2.1440212 12.966045 2.4628906 12.552734 C 2.7642172 12.228395 3.3144613 11.992626 3.9121094 11.992188 z M 26.085938 11.992188 C 26.683756 11.992627 27.235874 12.22849 27.537109 12.552734 C 27.855979 12.966045 28.056985 13.664243 27.949219 14.335938 C 27.885353 14.734002 27.723564 15.106087 27.455078 15.4375 C 26.949429 14.261821 26.111804 13.18517 25.007812 12.263672 C 25.316626 12.095792 25.690955 11.991896 26.085938 11.992188 z M 10 14 C 11.105 14 12 14.895 12 16 C 12 17.105 11.105 18 10 18 C 8.895 18 8 17.105 8 16 C 8 14.895 8.895 14 10 14 z M 20 14 C 21.105 14 22 14.895 22 16 C 22 17.105 21.105 18 20 18 C 18.895 18 18 17.105 18 16 C 18 14.895 18.895 14 20 14 z M 20.238281 19.533203 C 19.599281 21.400203 17.556 23 15 23 C 12.444 23 10.400719 21.400969 9.7617188 19.667969 C 10.911719 20.600969 12.828 21.267578 15 21.267578 C 17.172 21.267578 19.088281 20.600203 20.238281 19.533203 z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://telegram.me/share/url?url=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721&text=英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权" title="Share this via Telegram" class="telegram ms-icon" data-ms="telegram"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Telegram</span> <svg fill="#000000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24px" height="24px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 19.976562 3.1210938 L 19.611328 3.2695312 C 19.611328 3.2695312 6.6375504 8.5740484 2.6132812 10.267578 L 2.0019531 10.525391 L 2.0019531 12.779297 L 6.9472656 14.755859 L 8.6796875 19.996094 L 10.251953 20.005859 L 12.955078 17.720703 L 16.355469 20.996094 L 18.808594 20.996094 L 21.964844 3.875 L 19.976562 3.1210938 z M 19.646484 5.4179688 L 17.146484 18.980469 L 13.044922 15.029297 L 10.224609 17.410156 L 11 14.375 L 17.28125 8 L 17.082031 7.7988281 C 17.082031 7.7988281 10.706702 11.473998 8.0019531 13.023438 L 4.5371094 11.638672 C 9.0770415 9.7455758 18.697943 5.8058761 19.646484 5.4179688 z"/></svg> </a> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/node/375721/printable/print" title="Share this via Printer" class="printer ms-icon" data-ms="printer"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Printer</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 924 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 900V567l116-129h85v64h-56l-80 89v245h795V591l-80-89h-56v-64h85l115 129v333H0zm201-319V251l151-151h372v481H201zm60-61h403V160H412v151H261v209z"/></svg> </a> </p> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mb-8 md:mb-14"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-large max-w-lg mx-auto px-6 sm:px-8 md:pr-14 md:pl-24 x2l:px-0 x2l:mx-32 x3l:mx-auto"> <div class="grid-2-1-content x2l:flex lg:flex mx-auto justify-between "> <div class="grid-2 w-full flex-col lg:flex lg:w-3/5 lg:px-0 "> <div> <div class="mb-8 md:mb-14"> <div> <div class="article-body article-body--contained rich-text mx-auto"> <div class="embed align-center embedded-entity embedded-entity-type-media embedded-entity-bundle-image embedded-entity-viewmode-embeddable embed--center"> <div> <figure class="figure figure--expand text-center info "><div class="figure__media relative inline-block mx-auto"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/modal/32149" rel="modal:open" class="figure__link"> <img srcset="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/480w/public/multimedia_images_2017/2017-06-uk-europe-parliament-flag.jpg?itok=YAUSBpkU 480w, /web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/embed_xxl/public/multimedia_images_2017/2017-06-uk-europe-parliament-flag.jpg?itok=jPBrK9Vz 946w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 480px, 946px" width="946" height="630" data-responsive-image-style="embedded_images" src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/embed_xxl/public/multimedia_images_2017/2017-06-uk-europe-parliament-flag.jpg?itok=jPBrK9Vz" alt="The Union Flag flies near the Houses of Parliament in London, Britain, June 7, 2017." loading="lazy"/><div class="figure__expand absolute block bottom-0 right-0 w-8 h-8 bg-white text-gray-700"> <span class="sr-only">Click to expand Image</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-full inline-block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-expand"></use></svg></div> </div> </a> </div> <figcaption class="figure__info text-left font-serif text-xs md:text-sm lg:text-base mx-auto text-gray-700 mt-1"><span class="figure__caption">The Union Flag flies near the Houses of Parliament in London, Britain, June 7, 2017. </span> <span class="figure__credit">© 2017 Reuters</span> </figcaption></figure></div> </div> <p>本周启动的<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/uk-global-human-rights-sanctions?utm_source=6a4b1ca4-e11f-45a1-aaed-1628905a6b4d&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=govuk-notifications&utm_content=immediate">英国人权制裁制度</a>，将让受害者有机会看到他们所受的伤害获得一定程度的正义。但若要发挥实效，必须以公平、一致的方式加以执行。</p> <p>有关制裁措施，包括冻结人权侵犯者的资产、禁止其入境英国，可适用於涉及重大人权侵犯的政府官员和私人，包括杀人、酷刑、强迫劳动以及特定情况下的性侵与性暴力。</p> <p>美国和加拿大已经建立类似机制，欧洲联盟和澳大利亚也正在研拟。</p> <p>首批制裁名单包括沙特阿拉伯、俄罗斯和缅甸人士，以及数个北韩机构。令人讶异的是，里面竟没有任何涉及香港或新疆人权侵犯的中国官员。</p> <p>经验显示，尽管针对个人的人权制裁可能是一种重要工具，但它并非魔术子弹。<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/global-human-rights-sanctions-guidance">英国政府本身的指导原则指出</a>，唯有当刑事司法等更强有力的工具无用武之地时，才会考虑动用个人制裁。</p> <p>冻结资产和禁止访问英国对某些侵权者可能不痛不痒，特别是那些跟英国并无密切往来者。如果侵权国家评估维持其侵权政策的利益高於个别官员所付代价，个人制裁也将难以发挥吓阻作用。</p> <p>再者，若执行时带有选择性──例如只针对弱国或与英国不和的国家──就可能染上政治色彩。还有一个危险是，它可能被当作替代方案，反而阻碍对侵犯人权者采取全面性的政治或经济应对措施。</p> <p>欲弥补以上各项缺陷，英国应当与其他国家协调行动，不因政治或外交上的不便而收手，并确保其成为崇尚人权的英国外交大战略的一环。</p> <p>由此观之，英国在对沙特阿拉伯官员实施人权制裁之後不到24小时，竟然无视沙国为首联军在叶门犯下战争罪行的确凿證据，迳行解除对沙国的武器禁运，著实令人深感失望。</p> <p>设若英国政府有心发挥淑世作用，就必须确保新的制裁方案成为英国持续捍卫全球人权大战略的一环。</p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="mb-8 md:mb-14"> <div class="donation-block"> <div class="donation-block__content bg-cover bg-top bg-black text-white border-t-4 border-orange-500 md:bg-center"> <div class="donation-block__content-inner p-6 background-vert md:background-horz"> <div class="donation-block__form-wrapper pt-40 sm:pt-48 md:pt-0 md:w-1/2"> <h2 class="donation-block__form-heading mb-6 text-xl sm:text-2xl leading-tight">Your tax deductible gift can help stop human rights violations and save lives around the world.</h2> <form action="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://donate.hrw.org/page/107245/donate/1" id="donation-block__form" class="donation-block__form" method="get"> <input type="hidden" name="transaction.recurrpay" value="N"/> <input type="hidden" name="ea.tracking.id" value="EP2022EVpgnewscta"/> <div class="flex flex-wrap"> <div class="donation-block__form-toggle w-1/2 sm:w-1/3 p-px"> <div class="toggle"> <input id="$50" name="Donation Amount" type="radio" value="50"/> <label for="$50" class="block relative z-10 w-full py-2 border border-white bg-white text-center text-gray-800 text-xl leading-tight font-bold cursor-pointer sm:text-2xl">$50</label> </div> </div> <div class="donation-block__form-toggle w-1/2 sm:w-1/3 p-px"> <div class="toggle"> <input id="$100" name="Donation Amount" type="radio" value="100"/> <label for="$100" class="block relative z-10 w-full py-2 border border-white bg-white text-center text-gray-800 text-xl leading-tight font-bold cursor-pointer sm:text-2xl">$100</label> </div> </div> <div class="donation-block__form-toggle w-1/2 sm:w-1/3 p-px"> <div class="toggle"> <input id="$250" name="Donation Amount" type="radio" value="250"/> <label for="$250" class="block relative z-10 w-full py-2 border border-white bg-white text-center text-gray-800 text-xl leading-tight font-bold cursor-pointer sm:text-2xl">$250</label> </div> </div> <div class="donation-block__form-toggle w-1/2 sm:w-1/3 p-px"> <div class="toggle"> <input id="$500" name="Donation Amount" type="radio" value="500"/> <label for="$500" class="block relative z-10 w-full py-2 border border-white bg-white text-center text-gray-800 text-xl leading-tight font-bold cursor-pointer sm:text-2xl">$500</label> </div> </div> <div class="donation-block__form-toggle w-1/2 sm:w-1/3 p-px"> <div class="toggle"> <input id="$1000" name="Donation Amount" type="radio" value="1000"/> <label for="$1000" class="block relative z-10 w-full py-2 border border-white bg-white text-center text-gray-800 text-xl leading-tight font-bold cursor-pointer sm:text-2xl">$1000</label> </div> </div> <div class="donation-block__form-toggle other-input w-1/2 sm:w-1/3 p-px"> <div class="toggle"> <input id="Other" name="Donation Amount" type="radio" value=""/> <label for="Other" class="block relative z-10 w-full py-2 border border-white bg-white text-center text-gray-800 text-xl leading-tight font-bold cursor-pointer sm:text-2xl">Other</label> <label class="other-input-prefix hidden" for="OtherInput">$</label> <input class="block w-full py-2 border border-gray-200 bg-blue-700 text-white text-center text-xl leading-tight font-bold cursor-pointer sm:text-2xl hidden" id="OtherInput" aria-label="Other amount" type="text" inputmode="numeric" pattern="[0-9]*"/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="donation-block__form-action p-px"> <button type="submit" value="捐款赞助" class="uppercase btn btn-secondary btn-xl-sm w-full" form="donation-block__form"> <span class="btn-text ">捐款赞助</span> </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-2 md:mb-0"> <div> <div class="tag-block"> <div class="tag-block__region flex flex-wrap"> <div class="tag-block__region-title text-gray-800 text-lg flex pr-2">区域／国家</div> <ul class="tag-block__region-list flex flex-wrap"> <li class="tag-block__region-item text-lg text-blue-700 pl-1"><a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/europe/central-asia" class="tag-block__region-link">欧洲和中亚</a></li> <li class="tag-block__region-item text-lg text-blue-700 pl-1"><a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/europe/central-asia/united-kingdom" class="tag-block__region-link">英国</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="related-content mb-8 md:mb-14"> <div class="media-list mx-auto flex flex-col"> <div class="block-header flex justify-between items-baseline pb-3 border-b border-gray-200 "> <h2 class="block-header__title font-sans media-list__title text-base font-medium uppercase text-gray-800"> 更多报导 </h2> </div> <div class="media-list__content"> <ul class="media-list__list flex flex-wrap "> <li class="media-list__item py-4 w-full md:pr-4 md:w-1/2"> <article class="media-block flex w-full flex-row-reverse justify-end "> <div class="media-block__content"> <div class="media-block__info text-sm text-gray-700"> <span class="media-block__date">2023年 10月 19日</span> <span class="media-block__tag separator-bar font-serif"> 评论 </span> </div> <h3 class="media-block__title text-gray-800 media-block__link-gray text-lg font-medium mt-1"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2023/10/19/international-humanitarian-law-applies-all-states"><span>国际人道法适用所有国家</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="media-block__image relative flex-none mr-4 w-24"> <div class="media-block__image-wrapper relative"> <img src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media_2023/10/202310eca_lithuania_nato_leaders.jpg?h=6acbff97&itok=wMNGnrrh" alt="NATO leaders meet on the first day of the 2023 NATO Summit on July 11, 2023 in Vilnius, Lithuania. " loading="lazy" class="w-24 unloaded" width="374" height="374"/> </div> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2023/10/19/international-humanitarian-law-applies-all-states" class="hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </div> </article> </li> <li class="media-list__item py-4 w-full md:pr-4 md:w-1/2"> <article class="media-block flex w-full flex-row-reverse justify-end "> <div class="media-block__content"> <div class="media-block__info text-sm text-gray-700"> <span class="media-block__date">2023年 10月 5日</span> <span class="media-block__tag separator-bar font-serif"> 新闻稿 </span> </div> <h3 class="media-block__title text-gray-800 media-block__link-gray text-lg font-medium mt-1"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2023/10/05/russia-china-unfit-uns-top-rights-body"><span>俄罗斯、中国不适任联合国最高人权机构</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="media-block__image relative flex-none mr-4 w-24"> <div class="media-block__image-wrapper relative"> <img src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media_2020/06/202006un_hrc_geneva.jpg?h=e5aec6c8&itok=ekSWyFT8" alt="Delegates sit at the opening of the 41th session of the Human Rights Council, at the European headquarters of the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, June 24, 2019." loading="lazy" class="w-24 unloaded" width="374" height="374"/> </div> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2023/10/05/russia-china-unfit-uns-top-rights-body" class="hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </div> </article> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="related-report mb-8 md:mb-14"> <div class="media-list mx-auto flex flex-col"> <div class="block-header flex justify-between items-baseline pb-3 border-b border-gray-200 "> <h2 class="block-header__title font-sans media-list__title text-base font-medium uppercase text-gray-800"> 报告 </h2> </div> <div class="media-list__content"> <ul class="media-list__list flex flex-wrap "> <li class="media-list__item py-4 w-full md:pr-4 md:w-1/2"> <article class="media-block flex w-full flex-row-reverse justify-end "> <div class="media-block__content"> <div class="media-block__info text-sm text-gray-700"> <span class="media-block__date">2021年 06月 29日</span> <span class="media-block__tag separator-bar font-serif"> Report </span> </div> <h3 class="media-block__title text-gray-800 media-block__link-gray text-lg font-medium mt-1"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/report/2021/06/30/they-dont-understand-fear-we-have/how-chinas-long-reach-repression-undermines"><span>“他们不懂我们的恐惧”</span> </a> </h3> <p class="media-block__subtitle text-gray-700 text-sm">中国跨国镇压危害澳大利亚大专院校学术自由</p> </div> <div class="media-block__image relative flex-none mr-4 w-24"> <div class="media-block__image-wrapper relative"> <img src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media_2021/06/202106australia_china_campusintimidation_main.jpg?h=95dc4871&itok=VAoh3R2J" alt="A black and white illustration of a storm clouds hanging over a university building as a student walks towards it" loading="lazy" class="w-24 unloaded" width="374" height="374"/> </div> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/report/2021/06/30/they-dont-understand-fear-we-have/how-chinas-long-reach-repression-undermines" class="hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </div> </article> </li> <li class="media-list__item py-4 w-full md:pr-4 md:w-1/2"> <article class="media-block flex w-full flex-row-reverse justify-end "> <div class="media-block__content"> <div class="media-block__info text-sm text-gray-700"> <span class="media-block__date">2021年 05月 28日</span> <span class="media-block__tag separator-bar font-serif"> Report </span> </div> <h3 class="media-block__title text-gray-800 media-block__link-gray text-lg font-medium mt-1"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/report/2021/06/01/take-maternity-leave-and-youll-be-replaced/chinas-two-child-policy-and-workplace"><span>“你请产假就换人”</span> </a> </h3> <p class="media-block__subtitle text-gray-700 text-sm">中国二孩政策与职场性别歧视</p> </div> <div class="media-block__image relative flex-none mr-4 w-24"> <div class="media-block__image-wrapper relative"> <img src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media_2021/05/202105asia_china_two_child_policy.jpg?h=666ef3ed&itok=jW54kwzu" alt="202105asia_china_two_child_policy" loading="lazy" class="w-24 unloaded" width="374" height="374"/> </div> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/report/2021/06/01/take-maternity-leave-and-youll-be-replaced/chinas-two-child-policy-and-workplace" class="hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </div> </article> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-1 flex-col lg:flex lg:w-3/10 lg:px-0 "> <div> <div> <div class="related-content-sidebar mb-8 md:mb-14"> <div class="media-list mx-auto hidden lg:flex flex-col"> <div class="block-header flex justify-between items-baseline pb-3 border-b border-gray-200 "> <h2 class="block-header__title font-sans media-list__title text-base font-medium uppercase text-gray-800"> 更多报导 </h2> </div> <div class="media-list__content"> <ul class="media-list__list flex flex-wrap flex-col"> <li class="media-list__item py-4 border-t border-gray-200 first:border-0"> <article class="media-block flex w-full flex-row-reverse justify-end "> <div class="media-block__content"> <div class="media-block__info text-sm text-gray-700"> <span class="media-block__date">2023年 10月 19日</span> <span class="media-block__tag separator-bar font-serif"> 评论 </span> </div> <h3 class="media-block__title text-gray-800 media-block__link-gray text-lg font-medium mt-1"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2023/10/19/international-humanitarian-law-applies-all-states"><span>国际人道法适用所有国家</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="media-block__image relative flex-none mr-4 w-24"> <div class="media-block__image-wrapper relative"> <img src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media_2023/10/202310eca_lithuania_nato_leaders.jpg?h=6acbff97&itok=wMNGnrrh" alt="NATO leaders meet on the first day of the 2023 NATO Summit on July 11, 2023 in Vilnius, Lithuania. " loading="lazy" class="w-24 unloaded" width="374" height="374"/> </div> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2023/10/19/international-humanitarian-law-applies-all-states" class="hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </div> </article> </li> <li class="media-list__item py-4 border-t border-gray-200 first:border-0"> <article class="media-block flex w-full flex-row-reverse justify-end "> <div class="media-block__content"> <div class="media-block__info text-sm text-gray-700"> <span class="media-block__date">2023年 10月 5日</span> <span class="media-block__tag separator-bar font-serif"> 新闻稿 </span> </div> <h3 class="media-block__title text-gray-800 media-block__link-gray text-lg font-medium mt-1"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2023/10/05/russia-china-unfit-uns-top-rights-body"><span>俄罗斯、中国不适任联合国最高人权机构</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="media-block__image relative flex-none mr-4 w-24"> <div class="media-block__image-wrapper relative"> <img src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media_2020/06/202006un_hrc_geneva.jpg?h=e5aec6c8&itok=ekSWyFT8" alt="Delegates sit at the opening of the 41th session of the Human Rights Council, at the European headquarters of the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, June 24, 2019." loading="lazy" class="w-24 unloaded" width="374" height="374"/> </div> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2023/10/05/russia-china-unfit-uns-top-rights-body" class="hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </div> </article> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="block-header flex justify-between items-baseline pb-3 border-b border-gray-200 "> <h2 class="block-header__title font-sans most-viewed__title text-base font-medium uppercase text-gray-800"> 最多人浏览 </h2> </div> <div class="views-element-container form-group mx-sm-3"><div class="js-view-dom-id-27d23d3fd0b2020a04a102e687536946326789daf088e4792b2e1dd17fb4c487"> <div class="most-viewed"> <div class="most-viewed__list-container"> <ol class="most-viewed__list list-decimal font-sans text-gray-600"> <li class="most-viewed__list-item flex mt-4 font-medium w-full leading-tight"> <article class="media-block flex w-full justify-between "> <div class="media-block__content"> <div class="media-block__info text-sm text-gray-700"> <span class="media-block__date">2018年 11月 12日</span> <span class="media-block__tag separator-bar font-serif"> 新闻稿 </span> </div> <h3 class="media-block__title text-gray-800 media-block__link-gray text-lg font-medium mt-1"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2018/11/12/323980"><span>巴基斯坦：女童被剥夺教育机会</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="media-block__image relative flex-none ml-4 w-24"> <div class="media-block__image-wrapper relative"> <img src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/multimedia_images_2018/201811wrd_pakistan_girlseducation.jpg?itok=5GF0mQuc" alt="201811wrd_pakistan_girlseducation" loading="lazy" class="w-24 unloaded" width="374" height="374"/> </div> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2018/11/12/323980" class="hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </div> </article> </li> <li class="most-viewed__list-item flex mt-4 font-medium w-full leading-tight"> <article class="media-block flex w-full justify-between "> <div class="media-block__content"> <div class="media-block__info text-sm text-gray-700"> <span class="media-block__date">2015年 07月 1日</span> <span class="media-block__tag separator-bar font-serif"> 新闻稿 </span> </div> <h3 class="media-block__title text-gray-800 media-block__link-gray text-lg font-medium mt-1"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2015/07/01/278765"><span>孟加拉：少女因童婚受摧残</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="media-block__image relative flex-none ml-4 w-24"> <div class="media-block__image-wrapper relative"> <img src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/multimedia_images_2015/201504wrd_bangladesh_childmarriage_presser_updated.jpg?itok=vFG2VR6R" alt="15岁的贝吉丝抱着1岁的儿子回到娘家。她13岁结婚，但被丈夫抛弃。" loading="lazy" class="w-24 unloaded" width="374" height="374"/> </div> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2015/07/01/278765" class="hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </div> </article> </li> <li class="most-viewed__list-item flex mt-4 font-medium w-full leading-tight"> <article class="media-block flex w-full justify-between "> <div class="media-block__content"> <div class="media-block__info text-sm text-gray-700"> <span class="media-block__date">2023年 10月 18日</span> <span class="media-block__tag separator-bar font-serif"> 新闻稿 </span> </div> <h3 class="media-block__title text-gray-800 media-block__link-gray text-lg font-medium mt-1"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2023/10/18/israel/palestine-videos-hamas-led-attacks-verified"><span>以色列／巴勒斯坦：哈马斯领导攻击影片查核属实</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="media-block__image relative flex-none ml-4 w-24"> <div class="media-block__image-wrapper relative"> <img src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media_2023/10/202310mena_Israel_Palestine_dashcam_stills.jpg?h=c673cd1c&itok=fHlgGpvx" alt="202310mena_Israel_Palestine_dashcam_stills" loading="lazy" class="w-24 unloaded" width="374" height="374"/> </div> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2023/10/18/israel/palestine-videos-hamas-led-attacks-verified" class="hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </div> </article> </li> <li class="most-viewed__list-item flex mt-4 font-medium w-full leading-tight"> <article class="media-block flex w-full justify-between "> <div class="media-block__content"> <div class="media-block__info text-sm text-gray-700"> <span class="media-block__date">2024年 02月 8日</span> <span class="media-block__tag separator-bar font-serif"> 新闻稿 </span> </div> <h3 class="media-block__title text-gray-800 media-block__link-gray text-lg font-medium mt-1"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2024/02/08/ukraine-new-findings-russias-devastation-mariupol"><span>乌克兰：俄罗斯摧毁马里乌波尔的新发现</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="media-block__image relative flex-none ml-4 w-24"> <div class="media-block__image-wrapper relative"> <img src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media_2024/01/202401eca_ukraine_mariupol_cyclist.jpg?h=ac778ff2&itok=EzSaFiiW" alt="A cyclist walks down a damaged road with destroyed buildings on either side" loading="lazy" class="w-24 unloaded" width="374" height="374"/> </div> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2024/02/08/ukraine-new-findings-russias-devastation-mariupol" class="hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </div> </article> </li> <li class="most-viewed__list-item flex mt-4 font-medium w-full leading-tight"> <article class="media-block flex w-full justify-between "> <div class="media-block__content"> <div class="media-block__info text-sm text-gray-700"> <span class="media-block__date">2018年 11月 1日</span> <span class="media-block__tag separator-bar font-serif"> Report </span> </div> <h3 class="media-block__title text-gray-800 media-block__link-gray text-lg font-medium mt-1"> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/report/2018/11/01/323617"><span>“你会在夜里莫名哭泣”</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="media-block__image relative flex-none ml-4 w-24"> <div class="media-block__image-wrapper relative"> <img src="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/multimedia_images_2018/201811asia_northkorea_main2.jpg?itok=-C00dEPa" alt="Women the sitting position in a pre-trial detention facility run by the police. Detainees are commonly forced to assume this position in pre-trial detention and temporary holding facilities. " loading="lazy" class="w-24 unloaded" width="374" height="374"/> </div> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/report/2018/11/01/323617" class="hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </div> </article> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hrw-share hrw-share--vertical hidden lg:block"><p class="minimal-share"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721" title="Share this via Facebook" class="facebook ms-icon" data-ms="facebook"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Facebook</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 571.4 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M535.2 6.7V154h-87.7q-47.9 0-64.7 20.1t-16.7 60.3v105.4h163.5L507.8 505H366.1v423.6H195.3V505H53V339.8h142.3V218.2q0-103.8 58-161T407.9 0Q490 0 535.2 6.7z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权&url=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721" title="Share this via Twitter" class="twitter ms-icon" data-ms="twitter"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Twitter</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="1.414"><path d="M16 3.038c-.59.26-1.22.437-1.885.517.677-.407 1.198-1.05 1.443-1.816-.634.374-1.337.647-2.085.794-.598-.638-1.45-1.036-2.396-1.036-1.812 0-3.282 1.468-3.282 3.28 0 .258.03.51.085.75C5.152 5.39 2.733 4.084 1.114 2.1.83 2.583.67 3.147.67 3.75c0 1.14.58 2.143 1.46 2.732-.538-.017-1.045-.165-1.487-.41v.04c0 1.59 1.13 2.918 2.633 3.22-.276.074-.566.114-.865.114-.21 0-.415-.02-.616-.058.418 1.304 1.63 2.253 3.067 2.28-1.123.88-2.54 1.404-4.076 1.404-.265 0-.526-.015-.783-.045 1.454.93 3.18 1.474 5.033 1.474 6.038 0 9.34-5 9.34-9.337 0-.143-.004-.284-.01-.425.64-.463 1.198-1.04 1.638-1.7z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/whatsapp://send/?text=英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权%20-%20https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721" title="Share this via WhatsApp" class="whatsapp ms-icon" data-ms="whatsapp"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via WhatsApp</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="1.414"><path d="M11.665 9.588c-.2-.1-1.177-.578-1.36-.644-.182-.067-.315-.1-.448.1-.132.197-.514.643-.63.775-.116.13-.232.147-.43.05-.2-.1-.842-.31-1.602-.985-.592-.525-.99-1.174-1.107-1.373-.116-.198-.013-.305.087-.404.09-.09.2-.232.3-.348.098-.116.13-.198.198-.33.066-.133.033-.248-.017-.348-.05-.1-.448-1.074-.614-1.47-.16-.387-.325-.334-.448-.34-.115-.006-.248-.007-.38-.007-.134 0-.35.05-.532.247-.182.2-.696.678-.696 1.653s.713 1.917.812 2.05c.1.132 1.404 2.133 3.4 2.99.476.205.846.327 1.136.418.476.15.91.13 1.253.08.383-.058 1.178-.48 1.344-.943.168-.463.168-.86.118-.943-.05-.083-.182-.133-.382-.232M8.034 14.52H8.03c-1.187 0-2.353-.318-3.37-.918l-.24-.143-2.507.653.67-2.43-.16-.25c-.662-1.05-1.012-2.263-1.01-3.508 0-3.633 2.97-6.59 6.623-6.59 1.77.002 3.43.688 4.68 1.934 1.252 1.244 1.94 2.9 1.94 4.66-.003 3.634-2.973 6.59-6.623 6.59m5.636-12.2C12.163.83 10.163.003 8.03 0 3.642 0 .07 3.556.067 7.928c0 1.397.366 2.76 1.063 3.964L0 16l4.223-1.102c1.164.63 2.474.964 3.807.965h.004c4.39 0 7.964-3.557 7.966-7.93 0-2.117-.827-4.11-2.33-5.608"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/mailto:/?subject=英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权&body=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721" title="Share this via Email" class="email ms-icon" data-ms="email"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Email</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 33 32" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M.064 24.032V5.6q0-.032.096-.608l10.848 9.28-10.816 10.4q-.128-.448-.128-.64zm1.44-20.32q.224-.096.544-.096h29.216q.288 0 .576.096l-10.88 9.312-1.44 1.152-2.848 2.336-2.848-2.336-1.44-1.152zm.032 22.208l10.912-10.464 4.224 3.424 4.224-3.424L31.808 25.92q-.256.096-.544.096H2.048q-.256 0-.512-.096zm20.8-11.648l10.816-9.28q.096.288.096.608v18.432q0 .288-.096.64z"/></svg> </a> <a href="" title="Share this via Share" class="share ms-icon" data-ms="share"> <span class="sr-only">Other ways to share</span> <svg fill="#fff" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="30px" height="30px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 23 3 A 4 4 0 0 0 19 7 A 4 4 0 0 0 19.09375 7.8359375 L 10.011719 12.376953 A 4 4 0 0 0 7 11 A 4 4 0 0 0 3 15 A 4 4 0 0 0 7 19 A 4 4 0 0 0 10.013672 17.625 L 19.089844 22.164062 A 4 4 0 0 0 19 23 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 27 A 4 4 0 0 0 27 23 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 19 A 4 4 0 0 0 19.986328 20.375 L 10.910156 15.835938 A 4 4 0 0 0 11 15 A 4 4 0 0 0 10.90625 14.166016 L 19.988281 9.625 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 11 A 4 4 0 0 0 27 7 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 3 z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721&title=英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权" title="Share this via LinkedIn" class="linkedin ms-icon" data-ms="linkedin"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via LinkedIn</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 857.1 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M194.8 348.8v553H10.6v-553h184.2zM206.5 178q.5 40.8-28.2 68.1t-75.6 27.3h-1.1q-45.8 0-73.7-27.3T0 178q0-41.3 28.7-68.3t75.1-27.1 74.2 27.1 28.5 68.3zm650.6 406.8v317H673.5V606q0-58.6-22.6-91.8T580.4 481q-35.2 0-58.9 19.3T486 548q-6.1 16.7-6.1 45.2v308.6H296.3q1.1-222.7 1.1-361.1t-.5-165.1l-.6-26.8h183.6v80.3h-1.1q11.2-17.8 22.9-31.2t31.5-29 48.6-24.3 63.8-8.7q95.5 0 153.5 63.4t58 185.5z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721&title=英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权" title="Share this via Reddit" class="reddit ms-icon" data-ms="reddit"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Reddit</span> <svg fill="#000000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="30px" height="30px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 17.662109 2 C 15.565005 2 14 3.7131367 14 5.6621094 L 14 9.0351562 C 11.24971 9.1810926 8.7344872 9.9143634 6.7265625 11.064453 C 5.9527826 10.321405 4.9166871 9.991448 3.9121094 9.9921875 C 2.8229214 9.9929893 1.7094525 10.370413 0.94140625 11.234375 L 0.92382812 11.253906 L 0.90625 11.273438 C 0.16947928 12.194228 -0.12225605 13.427747 0.07421875 14.652344 C 0.25365009 15.770711 0.90137168 16.893419 2.0273438 17.628906 C 2.0199689 17.753058 2 17.874618 2 18 C 2 22.962 7.832 27 15 27 C 22.168 27 28 22.962 28 18 C 28 17.874618 27.980031 17.753058 27.972656 17.628906 C 29.098628 16.893419 29.74635 15.770711 29.925781 14.652344 C 30.122256 13.427747 29.830521 12.194228 29.09375 11.273438 L 29.076172 11.253906 L 29.058594 11.234375 C 28.290448 10.370294 27.177168 9.9929893 26.087891 9.9921875 C 25.08323 9.991448 24.046988 10.321133 23.273438 11.064453 C 21.265513 9.9143634 18.75029 9.1810926 16 9.0351562 L 16 5.6621094 C 16 4.6830821 16.565214 4 17.662109 4 C 18.182797 4 18.817104 4.2609042 19.810547 4.609375 C 20.650361 4.9039572 21.743308 5.2016984 23.140625 5.2910156 C 23.474875 6.2790874 24.402814 7 25.5 7 C 26.875 7 28 5.875 28 4.5 C 28 3.125 26.875 2 25.5 2 C 24.561213 2 23.747538 2.5304211 23.320312 3.3007812 C 22.125831 3.2346294 21.248238 2.9947078 20.472656 2.7226562 C 19.568849 2.4056271 18.738422 2 17.662109 2 z M 3.9121094 11.992188 C 4.3072494 11.991896 4.6826692 12.095595 4.9921875 12.263672 C 3.8881963 13.18517 3.0505713 14.261821 2.5449219 15.4375 C 2.2764358 15.106087 2.114647 14.734002 2.0507812 14.335938 C 1.9430146 13.664243 2.1440212 12.966045 2.4628906 12.552734 C 2.7642172 12.228395 3.3144613 11.992626 3.9121094 11.992188 z M 26.085938 11.992188 C 26.683756 11.992627 27.235874 12.22849 27.537109 12.552734 C 27.855979 12.966045 28.056985 13.664243 27.949219 14.335938 C 27.885353 14.734002 27.723564 15.106087 27.455078 15.4375 C 26.949429 14.261821 26.111804 13.18517 25.007812 12.263672 C 25.316626 12.095792 25.690955 11.991896 26.085938 11.992188 z M 10 14 C 11.105 14 12 14.895 12 16 C 12 17.105 11.105 18 10 18 C 8.895 18 8 17.105 8 16 C 8 14.895 8.895 14 10 14 z M 20 14 C 21.105 14 22 14.895 22 16 C 22 17.105 21.105 18 20 18 C 18.895 18 18 17.105 18 16 C 18 14.895 18.895 14 20 14 z M 20.238281 19.533203 C 19.599281 21.400203 17.556 23 15 23 C 12.444 23 10.400719 21.400969 9.7617188 19.667969 C 10.911719 20.600969 12.828 21.267578 15 21.267578 C 17.172 21.267578 19.088281 20.600203 20.238281 19.533203 z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://telegram.me/share/url?url=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721&text=英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权" title="Share this via Telegram" class="telegram ms-icon" data-ms="telegram"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Telegram</span> <svg fill="#000000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24px" height="24px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 19.976562 3.1210938 L 19.611328 3.2695312 C 19.611328 3.2695312 6.6375504 8.5740484 2.6132812 10.267578 L 2.0019531 10.525391 L 2.0019531 12.779297 L 6.9472656 14.755859 L 8.6796875 19.996094 L 10.251953 20.005859 L 12.955078 17.720703 L 16.355469 20.996094 L 18.808594 20.996094 L 21.964844 3.875 L 19.976562 3.1210938 z M 19.646484 5.4179688 L 17.146484 18.980469 L 13.044922 15.029297 L 10.224609 17.410156 L 11 14.375 L 17.28125 8 L 17.082031 7.7988281 C 17.082031 7.7988281 10.706702 11.473998 8.0019531 13.023438 L 4.5371094 11.638672 C 9.0770415 9.7455758 18.697943 5.8058761 19.646484 5.4179688 z"/></svg> </a> <a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/node/375721/printable/print" title="Share this via Printer" class="printer ms-icon" data-ms="printer"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Printer</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 924 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 900V567l116-129h85v64h-56l-80 89v245h795V591l-80-89h-56v-64h85l115 129v333H0zm201-319V251l151-151h372v481H201zm60-61h403V160H412v151H261v209z"/></svg> </a> </p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div> <div id="block-donationfooterblock"> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div> <footer class="footer bg-gray-900 text-gray-500 w-full pt-16 pb-32 px-6 xl:px-0" role="contentinfo"> <div class="footer__content flex max-w-sm mx-auto flex-wrap-reverse md:flex-no-wrap"> <div class="footer__main flex flex-col w-full"> <div class="footer__upper flex flex-col h-fit justify-between border-b border-gray-600 lg:flex-row"> <div class="footer__signup pb-4 border-b border-gray-600 lg:border-0"> <div class="signup-form" id="signup-form--footer-md-signup"> <label class="signup-form__header text-2xl font-sans text-white leading-snug" for="signup-email-address">获取全球人权最新消息（英文）</label> <div class="signup-form__content pt-2"> <form id="footer-md-signup" action="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/hrw-newsletter/subscribe" class="signup-form__form flex flex-wrap" method="post"> <input type="email" autocomplete="email" class="signup-form__input bg-gray-800 px-2 py-1 text-sm text-white" name="supporter.emailAddress" id="signup-email-address" required placeholder="填入电邮地址"> <div class="hidden"> <label class="absolute text-md text-white w-full" for="supporterFirstName">Leave blank</label> <input type="text" name="supporter.firstName" id="supporterFirstName" class="form-text" autocomplete="off"> <label class="absolute text-md text-white w-full" for="supporterLastName">Leave blank</label> <input type="text" name="supporter.lastName" id="supporterLastName" class="form-text" autocomplete="off"> <label class="absolute text-md text-white w-full" for="supporterCountry">Leave blank</label> <input type="text" name="supporter.country" id="supporterCountry" class="form-text" autocomplete="off"> <input type="hidden" name="hp" value="supporter.country"> </div> <button type="submit" value="注册" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm" onclick="if (!this.form.reportValidity()) {return false;} this.form.submit(); this.disabled = true;"> <span class="btn-text ">注册</span> </button> <input name="supporter.questions.96991" type="hidden" value="Y"> <input checked="checked" name="supporter.questions.1748" type="hidden" value="Y"> <input type="hidden" name="subscribeTo" value="a2X3i0000001Nn4EAE"> <input type="hidden" name="subscribemd" value="1"> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="hrw_footer"> <input type="hidden" name="submitF" value="true"> </form> </div> </div> <div class="signup-form" id="signup-form--footer-alt-signup"> <label class="signup-form__header text-2xl font-sans text-white leading-snug" for="signup-email-address">获取每日全球人权消息（英文）</label> <div class="signup-form__content pt-2"> <form id="footer-alt-signup" action="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/hrw-newsletter/subscribe" class="signup-form__form flex flex-wrap" method="post"> <input type="email" autocomplete="email" class="signup-form__input bg-gray-800 px-2 py-1 text-sm text-white" name="supporter.emailAddress" id="signup-email-address" required placeholder="填入电邮地址"> <div class="hidden"> <label class="absolute text-md text-white w-full" for="supporterFirstName">Leave blank</label> <input type="text" name="supporter.firstName" id="supporterFirstName" class="form-text" autocomplete="off"> <label class="absolute text-md text-white w-full" for="supporterLastName">Leave blank</label> <input type="text" name="supporter.lastName" id="supporterLastName" class="form-text" autocomplete="off"> <label class="absolute text-md text-white w-full" for="supporterCountry">Leave blank</label> <input type="text" name="supporter.country" id="supporterCountry" class="form-text" autocomplete="off"> <input type="hidden" name="hp" value="supporter.country"> </div> <button type="submit" value="注册" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm" onclick="if (!this.form.reportValidity()) {return false;} this.form.submit(); this.disabled = true;"> <span class="btn-text ">注册</span> </button> <input name="supporter.questions.96991" type="hidden" value="Y"> <input checked="checked" name="supporter.questions.1748" type="hidden" value="Y"> <input type="hidden" name="subscribeTo" value="a2X3i0000001NmbEAE"> <input type="hidden" name="subscribemd" value="1"> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="hrw_footer"> <input type="hidden" name="submitF" value="true"> </form> </div> </div> <script> const formIds = ['signup-form--footer-md-signup', 'signup-form--footer-alt-signup']; let idToRemove = formIds[Math.floor(Math.random() * formIds.length)]; if (window.location.href.indexOf('location_override') > 0) { idToRemove = 'signup-form--footer-alt-signup'; } document.getElementById(idToRemove).remove(); </script> </div> <div class="footer__social pt-4 lg:pt-0"> <div class="social-links flex flex-wrap justify-between py-1 lg:flex-col lg:items-end"> <h2 class="social-links__heading text-white text-2xl font-light font-sans">与我们联络</h2> <div class="social-links__content"> <ul class="social-links__items flex"> <li class="social-link__item px-1"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://twitter.com/hrw_chinese" class="text-white text-3xl font-sans font-medium" title="Twitter"> <span class="sr-only">Twitter</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 inline-block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-twitter-nopad"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </li> <li class="social-link__item px-1"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.facebook.com/HRW.Chinese" class="text-white text-3xl font-sans font-medium" title="Facebook"> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 inline-block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-facebook"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </li> <li class="social-link__item px-1"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.youtube.com/user/hrwchinese" class="text-white text-3xl font-sans font-medium" title="YouTube"> <span class="sr-only">YouTube</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 inline-block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-youtube"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </li> <li class="social-link__item px-1"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.instagram.com/hrw_chinese" class="text-white text-3xl font-sans font-medium" title="Instagram"> <span class="sr-only">Instagram</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 inline-block"> <svg viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/web/20240303154801im_/https://www.hrw.org/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=#sprite-instagram"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer__lower flex flex-col max-w-sm"> <div class="flex flex-col justify-between border-b border-gray-600 lg:flex-row"> <div class="footer__region-content"> <nav role="navigation" class="inline-block" aria-labelledby="block-hrw-design-footer-menu" id="block-hrw-design-footer"><h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-hrw-design-footer-menu">Footer menu</h2><div class="footer-nav"><ul class="nav-list py-2"><li class="nav-item inline-block my-2 px-2 leading-none border-r border-gray-500"><a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/corrections" class="nav-lint text-sm text-white hover:underline focus:underline">修正</a></li><li class="nav-item inline-block my-2 px-2 leading-none border-r border-gray-500"><a href="/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/sitemap" class="nav-lint text-sm text-white hover:underline focus:underline">网站地图</a></li></ul></div></nav><div class="inline-block my-4" id="block-hrw-textonly-link"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://text.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2020/07/07/375721" class="inline-block text-sm text-white leading-none px-2 hover:underline focus:underline" hreflang="zh-hans">Text Version</a> </div> </div> <span class="copyright text-sm text-gray-500 py-4 border-t border-gray-600 my-auto lg:py-2 lg:border-0">© 2024 Human Rights Watch</span> </div> <div class="footer__info flex-col"> <div class="footer__info-address v-card font-sans text-gray-500 text-sm py-2 flex-row"> <strong>Human Rights Watch</strong> | 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor | New York, <abbr>NY</abbr> 10118-3299 <abbr>USA</abbr> | <strong>t</strong> 1.212.290.4700 </div> <div class="footer__info-reg py-2"> <p class="text-sm text-gray-500 font-sans"><strong>Human Rights Watch </strong> is a 501(C)(3) nonprofit registered in the US under EIN: 13-2875808</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer__logo block w-24 text-white mx-auto mb-10 md:m-0 md:ml-auto md:pl-8 md:w-auto"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154801/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="180" height="180" viewbox="0 0 700 700" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" class="max-w-full h-auto"><title>Human Rights Watch</title><path fill="#0071CE" d="M0 700h700V0H0z"/><path fill="#fff" d="M177 232v-56h-12v22h-16v-22h-11v56h11v-25h16v25zm94-18v-38h-12v41c0 4-3 6-8 6-4 0-7-1-8-4l-1-6v-37h-11v39c0 5 0 7 2 10 3 5 9 8 18 8 12 0 18-6 19-11l1-8zm110 18l-5-56h-14l-8 28-2 9-2-9-7-28h-15l-5 56h11l2-29 1-11 2 10 8 30h10l8-31 3-8v9l2 30h11zm94 0l-17-56h-12l-19 56h12l4-13h16l4 13h12zm-18-23h-11l3-10 2-11 3 10 3 11zm105 23v-56h-11l1 23 1 15-7-16-10-22h-13v56h11v-24l-1-16 8 18 9 22h12zM178 380l-13-22-2-3c7 0 12-7 12-15 0-10-6-17-16-17h-21v57h11v-24l2 1c2 1 3 3 9 13l5 10h13zm-15-40c0 3 0 5-2 6-1 1-3 2-8 2h-4v-15h10c3 1 4 4 4 7zm70 40v-57h-12v57zm88-5v-27h-22l2 10h8v12l-6 2c-4 0-7-1-9-3-3-3-4-8-4-16 0-9 1-15 5-18 2-2 4-3 8-3s8 1 11 4l6-7c-4-4-11-6-17-6s-10 1-14 4c-8 5-12 13-12 25 0 8 2 14 6 20 5 5 11 8 19 8 7 0 13-1 19-5zm85 5v-57h-11v22h-16v-22h-12v57h12v-25h16v25zm83-57h-41v10h14v47h12v-47h13zm78 39c0-8-5-14-14-17l-7-2c-5-1-6-2-6-5 0-4 3-7 8-7 4 0 8 1 13 5l5-9c-5-3-12-5-19-5-12 0-20 7-20 17l3 9c2 3 5 5 11 7l6 1c5 2 7 4 7 8 0 5-3 7-10 7-5 0-10-1-15-4l-4 9c5 3 13 5 19 5 14 0 23-8 23-19zM199 471h-12l-4 21-3 19-3-15-5-25h-12l-5 23-3 18-3-19-5-22h-12l14 57h12l5-23 3-16 2 16 5 23h13l13-57zm95 56l-17-56h-13l-18 56h12l4-13h16l4 13h12zm-19-22h-10a160 160 0 005-22 1386 1386 0 015 22zm103-34h-40v10h14v46h11v-46h13zm90 52l-5-7c-4 3-7 3-10 3-5 0-8-2-11-6-1-3-2-7-2-15 0-6 1-11 3-14s6-5 10-5l9 3 5-8c-3-2-9-4-15-4-9 0-17 5-21 13-3 5-4 10-4 17 0 9 2 15 7 20 5 6 11 8 18 8s11-1 16-5zm94 4v-56h-11v22h-16v-22h-12v56h12v-25h16v25z"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="hrw-design-cookie-container"></div> </div> </div> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({"drupalLanguage":"zh-hans","drupalCountry":"","siteName":"Human Rights Watch","entityCreated":"1594094400","entityType":"node","entityBundle":"news","entityId":"375721","entityTitle":"英国人权制裁新制度可用於遏阻侵权","division":{"value":"Europe\/Central Asia"},"entityTaxonomy":{"news_type":{"9430":"Dispatches"},"region_country":{"9453":"Europe\/Central Asia","9631":"United Kingdom"}},"userUid":0});</script> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"zh-hans\/","currentPath":"node\/375721","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"zh-hans"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"dataLayer":{"defaultLang":"en","languages":{"en":{"id":"en","name":"English","direction":"ltr","weight":-40},"hy":{"id":"hy","name":"Armenian","direction":"ltr","weight":-39},"sq":{"id":"sq","name":"Albanian","direction":"ltr","weight":-38},"am":{"id":"am","name":"Amharic","direction":"ltr","weight":-37},"ar":{"id":"ar","name":"Arabic","direction":"rtl","weight":-36},"ay":{"id":"ay","name":"Aymara","direction":"ltr","weight":-35},"az":{"id":"az","name":"Azerbaijani","direction":"ltr","weight":-34},"be":{"id":"be","name":"Belarusian","direction":"ltr","weight":-33},"bn":{"id":"bn","name":"Bengali","direction":"ltr","weight":-32},"bs":{"id":"bs","name":"Bosnian","direction":"ltr","weight":-31},"sh":{"id":"sh","name":"Bosnian\/Croatian\/Serbian","direction":"ltr","weight":-30},"bg":{"id":"bg","name":"Bulgarian","direction":"ltr","weight":-29},"my":{"id":"my","name":"Burmese","direction":"ltr","weight":-28},"ca":{"id":"ca","name":"Catalan","direction":"ltr","weight":-27},"ceb":{"id":"ceb","name":"Cebuano","direction":"ltr","weight":-26},"zh-hans":{"id":"zh-hans","name":"Chinese, Simplified","direction":"ltr","weight":-25},"zh-hant":{"id":"zh-hant","name":"Chinese, Traditional","direction":"ltr","weight":-24},"hr":{"id":"hr","name":"Croatian","direction":"ltr","weight":-23},"cs":{"id":"cs","name":"Czech","direction":"ltr","weight":-22},"da":{"id":"da","name":"Danish","direction":"ltr","weight":-21},"gbz":{"id":"gbz","name":"Dari","direction":"rtl","weight":-20},"dv":{"id":"dv","name":"Dhivehi","direction":"rtl","weight":-19},"nl":{"id":"nl","name":"Dutch","direction":"ltr","weight":-18},"et":{"id":"et","name":"Estonian","direction":"ltr","weight":-17},"fi":{"id":"fi","name":"Finnish","direction":"ltr","weight":-16},"fr":{"id":"fr","name":"French","direction":"ltr","weight":-15},"ka":{"id":"ka","name":"Georgian","direction":"ltr","weight":-14},"de":{"id":"de","name":"German","direction":"ltr","weight":-13},"el":{"id":"el","name":"Greek","direction":"ltr","weight":-12},"ht":{"id":"ht","name":"Haitian Creole","direction":"ltr","weight":-11},"he":{"id":"he","name":"Hebrew","direction":"rtl","weight":-10},"hi":{"id":"hi","name":"Hindi","direction":"ltr","weight":-9},"hu":{"id":"hu","name":"Hungarian","direction":"ltr","weight":-8},"id":{"id":"id","name":"Indonesian","direction":"ltr","weight":-7},"it":{"id":"it","name":"Italian","direction":"ltr","weight":-6},"ja":{"id":"ja","name":"Japanese","direction":"ltr","weight":-5},"kk":{"id":"kk","name":"Kazakh","direction":"ltr","weight":-4},"km":{"id":"km","name":"Khmer","direction":"ltr","weight":-3},"rw":{"id":"rw","name":"Kinyarwanda","direction":"ltr","weight":-2},"ko":{"id":"ko","name":"Korean","direction":"ltr","weight":-1},"ku":{"id":"ku","name":"Kurdish","direction":"ltr","weight":0},"ky":{"id":"ky","name":"Kyrgyz","direction":"ltr","weight":1},"lv":{"id":"lv","name":"Latvian","direction":"ltr","weight":2},"lt":{"id":"lt","name":"Lithuanian","direction":"ltr","weight":3},"mk":{"id":"mk","name":"Macedonian","direction":"ltr","weight":4},"ms":{"id":"ms","name":"Malay","direction":"ltr","weight":5},"mr":{"id":"mr","name":"Marathi","direction":"ltr","weight":6},"ne":{"id":"ne","name":"Nepali","direction":"ltr","weight":7},"nb":{"id":"nb","name":"Norwegian Bokm\u00e5l","direction":"ltr","weight":8},"nn":{"id":"nn","name":"Norwegian Nynorsk","direction":"ltr","weight":9},"om":{"id":"om","name":"Oromo","direction":"ltr","weight":10},"ps":{"id":"ps","name":"Pashto","direction":"rtl","weight":11},"fa":{"id":"fa","name":"Persian","direction":"rtl","weight":12},"pl":{"id":"pl","name":"Polish","direction":"ltr","weight":13},"pt":{"id":"pt","name":"Portuguese, International","direction":"ltr","weight":14},"qu":{"id":"qu","name":"Quechua","direction":"ltr","weight":15},"rom":{"id":"rom","name":"Romani","direction":"ltr","weight":16},"ro":{"id":"ro","name":"Romanian","direction":"ltr","weight":17},"ru":{"id":"ru","name":"Russian","direction":"ltr","weight":18},"sr":{"id":"sr","name":"Serbian","direction":"ltr","weight":19},"si":{"id":"si","name":"Sinhalese","direction":"ltr","weight":20},"sk":{"id":"sk","name":"Slovak","direction":"ltr","weight":21},"sl":{"id":"sl","name":"Slovenian","direction":"ltr","weight":22},"so":{"id":"so","name":"Somali","direction":"ltr","weight":23},"ku-so":{"id":"ku-so","name":"Sorani","direction":"rtl","weight":24},"es":{"id":"es","name":"Spanish","direction":"ltr","weight":25},"sw":{"id":"sw","name":"Swahili","direction":"ltr","weight":26},"sv":{"id":"sv","name":"Swedish","direction":"ltr","weight":27},"tl":{"id":"tl","name":"Tagalog","direction":"ltr","weight":28},"tg":{"id":"tg","name":"Tajik","direction":"ltr","weight":29},"ta":{"id":"ta","name":"Tamil","direction":"ltr","weight":30},"tet":{"id":"tet","name":"Tetum","direction":"ltr","weight":31},"th":{"id":"th","name":"Thai","direction":"ltr","weight":32},"vi":{"id":"vi","name":"Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t","direction":"ltr","weight":33},"ti":{"id":"ti","name":"Tigrinya","direction":"ltr","weight":34},"tr":{"id":"tr","name":"Turkish","direction":"ltr","weight":35},"tk":{"id":"tk","name":"Turkmen","direction":"ltr","weight":36},"uk":{"id":"uk","name":"Ukrainian","direction":"ltr","weight":37},"ur":{"id":"ur","name":"Urdu","direction":"rtl","weight":38},"uz":{"id":"uz","name":"Uzbek","direction":"ltr","weight":39}}},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":true,"extTargetNoOverride":true,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":true,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"0","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":false,"extAlertText":"This link will take you to an external web site. We are not responsible for their content.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":["hrw.org","www.hrw.org"]}},"statistics":{"data":{"nid":"375721"},"url":"\/core\/modules\/statistics\/statistics.php"},"minimalShare":{"sizes":{"printer":{"width":600,"height":600},"telegram":{"width":600,"height":500},"reddit":{"width":600,"height":500},"linkedin":{"width":520,"height":570},"share":{"width":600,"height":500},"twitter":{"width":600,"height":260},"facebook":{"width":600,"height":500}}},"hrwHeader":{"data":[{"id":"menu_link_content:2cddc307-64ce-4763-90a6-8129bf70afe4","text":"\u56fd\u5bb6","url":"","sub":{"type":"countries","data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9455","text":"\u4e2d\u4e1c\u548c\u5317\u975e","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/n-africa","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9650","text":"\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8054\u5408\u914b\u957f\u56fd","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/n-africa\/united-arab-emirates"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9635","text":"\u57c3\u53ca","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/n-africa\/egypt"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9634","text":"\u5df4\u6797","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/n-africa\/bahrain"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9646","text":"\u5361\u5854\u5c14","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/n-africa\/qatar"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9641","text":"\u9ece\u5df4\u5ae9","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/n-africa\/lebanon"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9642","text":"\u5229\u6bd4\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/n-africa\/libya"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9647","text":"\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/n-africa\/saudi-arabia"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9648","text":"\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/n-africa\/syria"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9651","text":"\u4e5f\u95e8","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/n-africa\/yemen"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9637","text":"\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/n-africa\/iraq"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9636","text":"\u4f0a\u6717","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/n-africa\/iran"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9638","text":"\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\uff0f\u5df4\u52d2\u65af\u5766","url":"\/zh-hans\/middle-east\/north-africa\/israel\/palestine"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9452","text":"\u4e9a\u6d32","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9538","text":"\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/afghanistan"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9539","text":"\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/australia"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9566","text":"\u5df4\u5e03\u4e9a\u65b0\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/papua-new-guinea"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9564","text":"\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/pakistan"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9563","text":"\u671d\u9c9c","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/north-korea"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9567","text":"\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/philippines"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9571","text":"\u97e9\u56fd","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/south-korea"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9544","text":"\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/cambodia"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9554","text":"\u8001\u631d","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/laos"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9555","text":"\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/malaysia"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9540","text":"\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/bangladesh"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9543","text":"\u7f05\u7538","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/myanmar-burma"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9560","text":"\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/nepal"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9552","text":"\u65e5\u672c","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/japan"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9572","text":"\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/sri-lanka"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9573","text":"\u53f0\u6e7e","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/taiwan"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9574","text":"\u6cf0\u56fd","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/thailand"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9569","text":"\u65b0\u52a0\u5761","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/singapore"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9550","text":"\u5370\u5ea6","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/india"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9551","text":"\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/indonesia"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9578","text":"\u8d8a\u5357","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/vietnam"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9545","text":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u897f\u85cf","url":"\/zh-hans\/asia\/china-and-tibet"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9453","text":"\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u4e2d\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9602","text":"\u7231\u5c14\u5170","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/ireland"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9584","text":"\u767d\u7f57\u65af","url":"\/zh-hans\/ouzhouhezhongya\/bailuosi"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9585","text":"\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/belgium"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9597","text":"\u5fb7\u56fd","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/germany"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9619","text":"\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af","url":"\/zh-hans\/ouzhouhezhongya\/eluosi"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9595","text":"\u6cd5\u56fd","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/france"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9604","text":"\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/kazakhstan"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9614","text":"\u8377\u5170","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/netherlands"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9605","text":"\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u65af\u5766","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/kyrgyzstan"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9618","text":"\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/romania"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9593","text":"\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u76df","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/european-union"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9625","text":"\u745e\u5178","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/sweden"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9621","text":"\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff0f\u79d1\u7d22\u6c83","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/serbia\/kosovo"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9628","text":"\u571f\u8033\u5176","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/turkey"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9630","text":"\u4e4c\u514b\u5170","url":"\/zh-hans\/ouzhouhezhongya\/wukelan"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9632","text":"\u4e4c\u5179\u522b\u514b\u65af\u5766","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/Uzbekistan"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9598","text":"\u5e0c\u814a","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/greece"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9600","text":"\u5308\u7259\u5229","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/hungary"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9581","text":"\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/ouzhouhezhongya\/yameiniya"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9603","text":"\u610f\u5927\u5229","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/italy"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9631","text":"\u82f1\u56fd","url":"\/zh-hans\/europe\/central-asia\/united-kingdom"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9456","text":"\u7f8e\u56fd","url":"\/zh-hans\/meiguo","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9855","text":"\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d2b\u56f0\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49","url":"\/zh-hans\/united-states\/poverty-and-economic-inequality"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9785","text":"\u5211\u4e8b\u53f8\u6cd5","url":"\/zh-hans\/united-states\/criminal-justice"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9659","text":"\u79fb\u6c11","url":"\/zh-hans\/united-states\/immigration"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9856","text":"\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6","url":"\/zh-hans\/united-states\/racial-discrimination"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9451","text":"\u7f8e\u6d32","url":"\/zh-hans\/meizhou","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9513","text":"\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/americas\/colombia"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9515","text":"\u53e4\u5df4","url":"\/zh-hans\/americas\/cuba"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9524","text":"\u6d2a\u90fd\u62c9\u65af","url":"\/zh-hans\/americas\/honduras"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9511","text":"\u52a0\u62ff\u5927","url":"\/zh-hans\/americas\/canada"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9526","text":"\u58a8\u897f\u54e5","url":"\/zh-hans\/americas\/mexico"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9537","text":"\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9","url":"\/zh-hans\/americas\/venezuela"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9450","text":"\u975e\u6d32","url":"\/zh-hans\/feizhou","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9473","text":"\u57c3\u585e\u4fc4\u6bd4\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/ethiopia"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9457","text":"\u5b89\u54e5\u62c9","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/angola"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9460","text":"\u5e03\u57fa\u7eb3\u6cd5\u7d22","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/burkina-faso"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9461","text":"\u5e03\u9686\u8fea","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/burundi"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9471","text":"\u8d64\u9053\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/equatorial-guinea"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9472","text":"\u5384\u7acb\u7279\u91cc\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/eritrea"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9469","text":"\u521a\u679c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/democratic-republic-congo"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9477","text":"\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/guinea"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9503","text":"\u6d25\u5df4\u5e03\u97e6","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/zimbabwe"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9462","text":"\u5580\u9ea6\u9686","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/cameroon"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9468","text":"\u79d1\u7279\u8fea\u74e6","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/cote-divoire"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9479","text":"\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/kenya"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9481","text":"\u5229\u6bd4\u91cc\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/liberia"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9490","text":"\u5362\u65fa\u8fbe","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/rwanda"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9486","text":"\u83ab\u6851\u6bd4\u514b","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/mozambique"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9495","text":"\u5357\u975e","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/south-africa"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9496","text":"\u5357\u82cf\u4e39","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/south-sudan"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9488","text":"\u5c3c\u65e5\u5c14","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/niger"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9489","text":"\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/nigeria"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9493","text":"\u585e\u62c9\u5229\u6602","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/sierra-leone"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9491","text":"\u585e\u5185\u52a0\u5c14","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/senegal"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9497","text":"\u82cf\u4e39","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/sudan"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9494","text":"\u7d22\u9a6c\u91cc","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/somalia"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9499","text":"\u5766\u6851\u5c3c\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/tanzania-and-zanzibar"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9501","text":"\u4e4c\u5e72\u8fbe","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/uganda"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9502","text":"\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/zambia"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9465","text":"\u4e4d\u5f97","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/chad"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.region.9464","text":"\u4e2d\u975e\u5171\u548c\u56fd","url":"\/zh-hans\/africa\/central-african-republic"}]}}]}},{"id":"menu_link_content:73c3de2d-949e-4270-b46c-a51cba0071a9","text":"\u4e3b\u9898","url":"","sub":{"type":"list","data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9681","text":"\u6b66\u5668","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/Arms","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9703","text":"\u96c6\u675f\u5f39\u836f","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/arms\/cluster-munitions"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9705","text":"\u6740\u624b\u673a\u5668\u4eba","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/wuqi\/shashoujiqiren"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9706","text":"\u5730\u96f7","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/wuqi\/delei"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9704","text":"\u71c3\u70e7\u6b66\u5668","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/arms\/incendiary-weapons"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9683","text":"\u513f\u7ae5\u6743\u5229","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/childrens-rights","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9713","text":"\u6559\u80b2","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/childrens-rights\/education"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9714","text":"\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u51b2\u7a81","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/ertongquanli\/jiaoyuhechongtu"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9712","text":"\u513f\u7ae5\u5175","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/ertongquanli\/ertongbing"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9711","text":"\u7ae5\u5de5","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/ertongquanli\/tonggong"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9715","text":"\u5c11\u5e74\u53f8\u6cd5","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/ertongquanli\/shaoniansifa"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9717","text":"\u96be\u6c11\u548c\u79fb\u6c11","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/ertongquanli\/nanminheyimin"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9870","text":"\u53cc\u6027\u513f\u7ae5","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/childrens-rights\/intersex-children"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9716","text":"\u88ab\u8feb\u4e0e\u5bb6\u5ead\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u513f\u7ae5","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/childrens-rights\/children-separated-from-families"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9861","text":"\u5371\u673a\u4e0e\u51b2\u7a81","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/crisis-and-conflict"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9682","text":"\u5546\u4e1a","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/shangye","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9898","text":"\u4f01\u4e1a\u95ee\u8d23","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/economic-justice-and-rights\/corporate-accountability"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9871","text":"\u8d2b\u7a77\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/economic-justice-and-rights\/poverty-and-inequality"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9708","text":"\u91c7\u6398\u4e1a","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/business\/caijueye"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9709","text":"\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\uff0c \u56fd\u9645\u8d27\u5e01\u57fa\u91d1\u7ec4\u7ec7","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/shangye\/shijieyinxing-guojihuobijijinzuzhi"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9685","text":"\u8eab\u5fc3\u969c\u788d\u8005\u6743\u5229","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/disability-rights"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9686","text":"\u73af\u5883","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/environment","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9876","text":"\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/climate-change"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9688","text":"\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/free-speech","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9763","text":"\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/free-speech\/press-freedom"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9764","text":"\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/free-speech\/religious-freedom"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9689","text":"\u5065\u5eb7","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/health","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9732","text":"\u6027\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u751f\u6b96\u5065\u5eb7","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/jiankang\/xingjiankangheshengzhijiankang"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9726","text":"\u770b\u5b88\u6240","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/health\/detention-centers"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9727","text":"\u707e\u5bb3\u548c\u6d41\u79bb\u5931\u6240\u8005","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/health\/disasters-and-displaced-populations"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9728","text":"\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u5065\u5eb7","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/health\/huanjingyujiankang"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9729","text":"\u4f7f\u7528\u4fdd\u5065","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/health\/health-care-access"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9730","text":"\u827e\u6ecb\u75c5\u6bd2\/ \u7ed3\u6838\u75c5","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/health\/aizibingdu\/jiehebing"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9731","text":"\u7f13\u548c\u533b\u7597","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/health\/huanheyiliao"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9808","text":"\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5065\u5eb7","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/health\/attacks-health"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9691","text":"LGBT\u6743\u5229","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/lgbt-rights"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9693","text":"\u96be\u6c11\u548c\u79fb\u6c11","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/refugees-and-migrants","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9741","text":"\u5bfb\u6c42\u5e87\u62a4\u8005 ","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/refugee-rights\/xun-qiu-bi-hu-zhe"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9742","text":"\u5883\u5185\u6d41\u79bb\u5931\u6240\u8005","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/refugee-rights\/jing-nei-liu-chi-shi-suo-zhe"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9740","text":"\u5265\u524a\uff0c\u5f3a\u8feb\u52b3\u52a8\u4e0e\u4eba\u53e3\u8d29\u5356","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/migration\/exploitation-forced-labor-trafficking"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9743","text":"\u79fb\u6c11","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/refugee-rights\/yi-min"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9690","text":"\u56fd\u9645\u53f8\u6cd5","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/international-justice","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9734","text":"\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u6cf0\u52d2","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/international-justice\/cha-er-si-tai-le"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9735","text":"\u56fd\u9645\u5211\u4e8b\u6cd5\u9662","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/international-justice\/guojixingshifayuan"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9736","text":"\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u79d1\u5c3c-\u5723\u4e3b\u62b5\u6297\u519b","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/international-justice\/yue-se-fu-ke-ni-sheng-zhu-di-kang-jun"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9737","text":"\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u6b63\u4e49","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/international-justice\/he-ping-yu-zheng-yi"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9733","text":"\u535a\u65af\u79d1\u30fb\u6069\u5854\u7518\u8fbe","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/international-justice\/bosikeentaganda"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9762","text":"\u79d1\u6280\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/technology-and-rights"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9684","text":"\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0f\u53cd\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/terrorism-counterterrorism","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9720","text":"\u4e2d\u60c5\u5c40\u6d3b\u52a8","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/terrorism\/counterterrorism\/zhongqingjuhuodong"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9721","text":"\u672a\u7ecf\u5ba1\u5224\u62d8\u7559","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/terrorism\/counterterrorism\/detention-without-trial"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9723","text":"\u5173\u5854\u90a3\u6469","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/terrorism\/counterterrorism\/guantanamo"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9724","text":"\u5173\u5854\u90a3\u6469 - \u519b\u4e8b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/terrorism\/counterterrorism\/guantanamo-military-commissions"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9725","text":"\u5b9a\u70b9\u6e05\u9664\u4e0e\u65e0\u4eba\u673a","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/terrorism\/counterterrorism\/targeted-killings-and-drones"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9696","text":"\u9177\u5211","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/torture"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9697","text":"\u8054\u5408\u56fd","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/united-nations","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9744","text":"\u4eba\u6743\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/united-nations\/renquanlishihui"}]}},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9698","text":"\u5987\u5973\u6743\u5229","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/womens-rights","sub":{"data":[{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9746","text":"\u7ae5\u5a5a","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/womens-rights\/child-marriage"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9747","text":"\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b ","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/womens-rights\/jiatingbaoli"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9748","text":"\u5bb6\u52a1\u52b3\u5de5","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/womens-rights\/jiawulaogong"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9757","text":"\u6027\u5225\u5e73\u7b49","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/womens-rights\/gender-equality"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9752","text":"\u751f\u80b2\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u6d41\u4ea7","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/womens-rights\/reproductive-rights-and-abortion"},{"id":"taxonomy_menu.menu_link:taxonomy_menu.menu_link.topic.9753","text":"\u6027\u66b4\u529b","url":"\/zh-hans\/topic\/womens-rights\/xingbaoli"}]}}]}},{"id":"menu_link_content:688f2c40-b121-4f88-9b77-ab9843172122","text":"\u62a5\u544a","url":"\/zh-hans\/publications"},{"id":"menu_link_content:bdabecec-539f-481a-bd96-8330a90e11f4","text":"\u5f55\u50cf\u0026\u76f8\u7247","url":"\/zh-hans\/video-photos"},{"id":"menu_link_content:44a0b2bc-0a01-41c2-ab89-1f9a122d54f7","text":"\u6210\u679c","url":"\/zh-hans\/node\/378413"},{"id":"menu_link_content:1e9465e3-d8ab-4c32-9a9d-931a2f8f2ee6","text":"\u5173\u4e8e","url":"","sub":{"type":"list","data":[{"id":"menu_link_content:4779f30c-10fe-4d29-9fdf-017d4b053fc5","text":"\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec","url":"\/zh-hans\/about\/about-us"}]}}],"buttons":[],"header_type":"internal","trending":[{"text":"\u8d8b\u52bf","data":[{"id":"a1d743d1-8f69-485a-a2ad-9d3dee38e620","text":"\u9999\u6e2f\u53cd\u4fee\u4f8b\u6297\u4e89","url":"\/zh-hans\/blog-feed\/hong-kong-protests","count":0,"post_dates":[]},{"id":"42c7cf42-0004-48bb-b61a-1636a977b46b","text":"\u65b0\u51a0\u75c5\u6bd2","url":"\/zh-hans\/tag\/coronavirus","count":0,"post_dates":[]},{"id":"57e3ba10-7259-4e26-87d8-22c6c87a28bb","text":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u76d1\u63a7","url":"\/zh-hans\/tag\/mass-surveillance-china","count":0,"post_dates":[]},{"id":"c3f75f87-5dbe-4b4d-a257-73dd99d79a92","text":"\u7f57\u5174\u4e9a\u5371\u673a","url":"\/zh-hans\/tag\/luoxingyaweiji","count":0,"post_dates":[]}]}]},"csp":{"nonce":"T2RJlDeCP6XnexuikafEnw"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"76d0a8cb16fbd0c649914442354392881459e01d00db35239e4ff2eee7e55ace"}}</script> <script src="/web/20240303154801js_/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/js/js_xSnXAFYg1e_4-YP0ZQ0pTa3kheugMdkoKOl7qLjZxR4.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=zh-hans&theme=hrw_design&include=eJxVju0OgzAIRV-ok0dqsGWT2YIp-PX2M8Zl7g_hkHNzyehYcKcGPQ24sDYLQ1tjUjESh9sebDenCj0anU4m45dA0vbH73lznPSQaPPCMkJu84Slu_DuPlU8Fk50NMSKLMEcnc052Tf2u4TKwhVLtAEbwUWPk8LxIfseqfaUIeHkrBIWptXgnF3VPBf6ACAVX0o"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-7de20fdcb72d0357be8","applicationID":"529481584","transactionName":"b1xaNxcHVhVXBxddX1YWexYWElcLGQENQFlMQBYNCgJdSFUFDVteUVpZD18IXRFF","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":441,"atts":"QxtZQV8dRRs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>